(. .

-
-

.

.
.

.


.

2
 (. . )

: .


.

..
.

.

.

.

.

3
 (. . )

:
.
.

:

.

Overcurrent Relay
" : Overcurrent Relay
" ...
.
.
.

4
 (. . )

( ) " :
:
.. ...... "

" : " .

. .

2006

mahmoudgilany@yahoo.com :

5
 (. . )

( ) www.saydsaad.com


. ( )
.

6
 (. . )

7
 (. . )

1-1
Synchrounous Generator
Transformer

(Overhead
) Transmission Lines
( )Underground Cables
Distribution Transformers
( )
( )
.Distribution Boards
Bus Bars
1-1 .



.
.

Relaying Signals

8
 (. . )

Protective Relays
Circuit Breakers .

20kV 300 kV

Doha Generation Station

R 300 kV 132 kV

SLBY A
SLBC M SLBY A33 132 kV
SLBC M11 33 kV 33 kV
11kV

ABDY M11 ABDY M

11 kV 33 kV

PEE3 M SLBY A11

PEE3 M11 33 kV / 11 kV
11 kV

1-1

9
 (. . )

1-1
1-1-1

.



.

Open Circuit
. Over load

2-1-1
:

- Phases :
Single Line to Ground.
Double Lines to Ground .
Three Lines .
Phase to Phase .
Three Lines to Ground

- Phases
Unsymmetrical Faults
Phase
Symmetrical Fault Phases.
- Earth Faults Phase Faults
EF

10
 (. . )

Phase Faults
.

-
Permanant Faults Transient Faults
.

.
.

2-1

1-2-1


.
:

Trip Signal Circuit Breaker
Block Signal
. Protective Relay
.

:
Protective Relays PR -1
Circuit Breakers CB -2

:

11
 (. . )

-3 and Current Transformer CT & VT :

.Voltage

.
CBs

Circuit Breakers
.

2-2-1


Transmission Line Generator
Transformer . 1-1

.
CT VT .
GIS
.1-1

1-1
Relay + CB + ( (VT + CT
.

1- 1 GIS
SF6 .
:

12
 (. . )

)Circuit Breaker (CB

)Voltage Transformer, (VT
)Current Transformer (CT

.

.

Earthing
Switch, ES, Isolator . Busbars

1-1 . GIS

13
 (. . )

gkigaonm somngiS 3-2-1

- -

( )Relaying Signals :
( ).

) ).

Phases ( ).

Circuit Impedance Z

.
(

) .

-

.

4-2-1 :

.
.

1-1 ANSI Code

. IEC

14
 (. . )

1-1

25 Synchronizing Check 40 Field Failure

52 Circuit Breaker 86 Lock out

15
 (. . )

5-2-1 toriroC srkgakrS

Circuit Breakers
( ) Relay
.
CBs (
)Arc CB

Breaker Poles
. :

.CBs
CB :
Oil-CB ) ( 30 kV
.

. ) (Pump
.
.
CB :
Air Compressor CB
.
CB :

CB
. CB
) (Vacuum CB
.

16
 (. . )

. SF6

CB : SF6
CBs ( SF6 ).
) (SF6


.
) ( Lime Stone .
SF6
SF6 SF6 .
.
CBs ( ).


- -
Short Circuit


.
Busbars SF6
GIS Short
Circuit Phases .

.

17
 (. . )

6-2-1 tsS

Protective Relay
CBs . Relaying Signals
Relay Current/Volatge Transformer Relay
) CB
( Trip Coil .
2-1 Overcurrent Relay
Relay Inverse Relay
Contacts CB Trip Coil
. CB Poles CB ANSI code 52
Relay 51 .1-1

( ) Trip or Block 20
( Delay Time Relays
)Reverse OC Relays
50 100
. Fault Clearing Time
:
.CB. ( Relay
+ )Relay ( CB Relay
.)CB

18
 (. . )

Bus bar

CT Relay 51

a ct
C ont
lay
Re
C
B

52 52 52 52a

CB 2-1 Relay

7-2-1 Relay CB

Trip .
Breaker Failure,
. BF . 3-1

19
 (. . )

CB CT

BF
T

3-1 Breaker Failure

R Trip CB
. BF BF
Timer CB
. CB
CT
BF CB Auxilary Contacts
BF .

CB Timer
BF Trip
.3-1

3-1


.

20
 (. . )

Protective Zones 1-3-1

Zones

.
.

. 4-1

Zone-3 Zone-5
Zone-2 Zone-6
Zone-4
Zone-1

Zone-7

: 4-1

) Zone-1 ( 1
2
3
Busbars 4
. Transmission Lines

.

21
 (. . )

( (Overlap
. Busbars

2-3-1 Main and Backup Protection

Breaker Failure Relay
Trip CB CB
Breaker Failure

.

3-3-1 Directional Protection

5-1 F

R3, R4 .

22
 (. . )

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
F C D
A B

: 5-1

R1, R6
Time Delay R2, R5

R3, R4 R3, R4 R2,
R5 B
C - . R2, R5
Directional
Protection .

( .) 5-1
.
F 5-1 R2, R5
.
R1, R3, R4, R6
.

:
Forward Faults

Reverse Faults

R1, R3, R4, R6 ) (F 5-1

.R2, R5

23
 (. . )

:
Internal Faults

External Faults

.

6-1
:
) (F1
Relays 15 .16

15

Relays 7 .9
G1
G2 .

10 8

.
7
2, 4, 30 CBs
G3 . G2
.

24
 (. . )

G1

G2
B2 40

B1 30 9 11
L6
1 3 7 L5
B4 12
B3 10
L1 L2 L3 13
8 15

B5 4 L7 L8
5 F1
16
B6
L4 17

L9
2 6
B7 50 18
B8
B9
19 14
G3
G4
60 20 L10 B10

6-1

4-1

:

Reliability

Reliable
( )16
F1 Unreliable .

25
 (. . )

* Selectivity

Relaiable Relay
Reliable


Selective :
. . Selective
6-1 F1
9 15
9 ) (Unselective .
* Sensitivity

Sensetive



.
* Adequateness

Relay
.
: Relays
- ( ) Power Rating . Relay
- .
- .

26
 (. . )

-
Busbar .

,
,
250
.

* Speed

,
Short Circuit BB 40
80
,
5 80
.
Stability
)( Protection Schemes
.
(Time
) Delay :

.1 .
.2 Relays :
)(Starting Current
() Transient Faults
). ( Load Fluctuations

27
 (. . )

* Stability

Short Circuit
Transient Faults .

Economics

5-1
Electromagnetic
Relays Static Relays
. Digital Relays
Overcurrent Relay
.
1-5-1 cicEegamortcelE



Hinged Armature Relay Plunger
.Type Relay
Induction Disc
. Relays Electromechanical Relays
. 2-1 .
(
) .

28
 (. . )

. CB
Stable


.
Inertia

.

2- 1

2-5-1 seoelE cciotS

Static Relays

29
 (. . )

Operational Amplifer

Op Amp CB.
. 3-1

3-1 Static

Op Amp
Unstable

. Digital Relays

3-5-1 llrleoi cciotS

Digital Protection
Numerical Relays
.

Digital Numbers
1

30
 (. . )

Cycle
.


.

( Static or electromechanical
)
Digital
Communications

. .4-1

4-1

31
 (. . )

4-5-1 Adaptive Digital gkigaS

Microprocessor Technology.

.

Relay

.
.

5-5-1 Multifunction Digital gkigaS

.
Hardware
Software
Relay
Multifunction Relay .


.


:

.

32
 ) .. (

Digital Protection

1. Rockefeller, G.D., "Fault Protection with Digital Computer",

IEEE Transactions on PAS, Vol. PAS-88, No. 3, pp 438-461,
April 1969.

2. A.G. Phadke, T. Hlibka and M. Ibrahim, "A digital computer

system for EHV substations: Analysis and field tests", IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-95,
No. 1, pp 291-301, Jan/Feb 1976.

3. Horowitz, S.H., Phadke, A.G., Throp, J.S., "Adaptive

Transmission System Relaying", IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp 1436-1445, Oct. 1988.

4. M. Ramamoorty, "Application of Digital Computers to Power

System Protection", Journal of Inst. Eng. (India), Vol. 52, No.
10, June 1972, pp. 235-238.

5. Horowitz, S.H., Phadke, A.G., Throp, J.S., "Adaptive

Transmission System Relaying", IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp 1436-1445, Oct. 1988.

6. Rockefeller, G.D., Wagner, C.L., Linders, J.R., "Adaptive

Transmission Relaying Concepts for Improved performance",
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 1446-
1458, Oct. 1988.

7. Jampala, A.K., Venkata, S.S., Domborg, M.J., "Adaptive

Transmission Protection: Concepts and computational issues",
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp 177-
185, Jan. 1989.

33
 (. . )

34
 (. . )

) ( CT and VT
Relaying Signals

CT & VT

.


: .
.

-1

-2 ( /)
.
-3 / .

35
 (. . )

1-2
VTs 100 110
kV, kW, kWh , kVARh
VTs Directional O/C , E/F , Over/Under Voltage
.Load Shedding Interlock

- - Rated
Power
V.A
. 300MVA


.

:

(
)Turns Ratio Voltage drop VT

Saturation .

VT 1-1
CT GIS Out-door Stations
VT . 1-2

36
 (. . )

1-2

Potential
Transformer Capacitive Voltage Transformer
.

1-1-2
:

37
 (. . )

Rated Voltage .1 ( 12
)kV
Level Voltage .2 (12
) 28 75 110 - 100.
Breakdown - Pulse Voltage .3
.
Turns Ratio .4 .
Accurecy Class .5
.

. VT

0.1
0.2 0.5 1.0 . 3.0
P 3P and 5P
.Protection
.

2-1-2
Error

K nV s V p
Error )100.............................(2 1
Vp

Kn
Vs
VP

38
 (. . )

Bs 3941/197s

1-2 .2-2

1-2

Accuracy Class 0.8- 1.2 Rated Voltage

Phase
% )(minutes
0.1 -/+ 0.1 -/+ 5
0.2 -/+ 0.2 -/+ 10
0.5 -/+ 0.5 -/+ 20
1.0 -/+ 1.0 -/+ 40
3.0 -/+ 3.0

2-2
Accuracy Class 0.25- 1.0 Rated Burden at0.8 pf
Phase
% )(minutes
3P -/+ 3.0 -/+ 120
6P -/+ 6.0 -/+ 240

3-1-2 TV

VT PhaseNeutral
( . ) VA , VB, VC
1-2 VT Phases .

39
 (. . )

High Voltage Side

VT
Relay
( )

1-2 VT

Phases
Phase . 2-2
Residual Connection
Unsymmetrical Faults Three
Phases

.Unsymmetrical Faults
Symmetrical Faults

Residual
. Voltage Zero Sequence
Zero Vresidual Voltage
Sequence Voltage .

Broken Delta
.

40
 (. . )

Residual Voltage

( )
( )

2-2 Residual Connection

4-1-2

.
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
CVT VT 3-2
Phases
Capacitor divider
VT

.

CVT VT


.
.

41
 (. . )

( )

( )

Relay

3-2

2-2 tV

5
Turns Ratio - 100 : 5 :
300 : 5 - 200 : 5 . 3000:1
Outdoor 2-2
. GIS 1-1

.2-2

42
 (. . )

2-2

1-2-2
Relay
4-2 .


CT 4-2 .
Digital
Numbers . A/D Converter

43
 (. . )

Vs I s R
Relay IS Relay

R
IS

IP IP

4-2

2-2-2
CT
CT BB CB
5-2 CT BB protection CB
. Overlap
.
.
CTs -2
5 F BB Protection
. BB
CB .

.

44
 (. . )

F
BB-Protection

Feeder
Protection
BB-Protection

Feeder
Protection

5-2

3-2

/
.


NS
IP IS IS N
NP
N
.Turns Ratio
ZB
EMF
ES IS

45
 (. . )

. 6-2 / Vo/p

Vo / p I S Z B ES I S RCT
RCT
.RL

NP
IP

IS
NS
ES
RCT

ZB

: 6-2 .

d
ES
dt
ES

B A
) . ) Tesla = wb/m2 B

A . m2

46
 (. . )

EK
Knee-point Voltage

EK = 4.44 * N* F * A * BMax ] [2-1

F Hz N .

ZB
:
1-

:
CT Ratio 2000/5
RCT+L = 0.31
IPri-max = 40 kA
Bmax = 1.6 Tesla
Core CSA = 20 cm2

N = 2000/5 = 400
Isec-max = 40,000/400 = 100A

2-1
EK = 4.44 * N * F * A * BMax
EK = 4.44 * 400 * 50 * 20 * 10-4 * 1.6 = 284 Volts

Burden

Rmax = 284 / 100 = 2.84

47
 (. . )

0.31

ZB = 2.84 -0.31 = 2.53

4-2
CT

.Excitation Current, Ie
Ze
.7-2 /
.

7-2

Magnitization 8-2
Knee- Curve . Excitation Curve
point .

48
 (. . )

) International Electric Code ( IEC

%10 Es Ie
.%50 CT
. Saturation
.
Sec. Induced Voltage

ES
10%

EK

%50

IK Ie
Excitation Current

8-2

5-2


( )
(. )Saturation

49
 (. . )

( ( ) " "
d
)
dt
) . (
. 9-2
9-2 DC Component

R, X
R, X.
Turns Ratio
Saturation

) (Distorion
.
.

9-2

50
 (. . )

6-2

mmf

mmf .

mmf
mmf core
Shunt
Impedance, Ze 7-2

.
.

Short Circuit
mmf
.

7-2 CT
Burden VA Load
( ) .
-
.

Burden CT

51
 (. . )

5A Burden 12.5 VA
Burden :
ZB = P / I2 = 12.5 /25 = 0.5

Burden
: +
.

Measurements .

Low Burden
.
Low Burden
) . ) Electromagnetic or Static Relays

10-2
/

.

52
 (. . )

1A ES

100/1 ES 1
1V

Ie

1A
ES

100/1 ES 10
10 V

Ie

1A ES

100 V
100/1 ES
100

Ie

1A ES

?=V

100/1 ES
1000

Ie

10 -2

1-7-2 tVS
CT :

Protection CT
Instrument CT

53
 (. . )

CT

CT
.

CT
( Es )7-2

. ,11-2
.

11-2

CT
:

Non Directional Over Current Protection O/C

Non Directional Earth Fault Protection E/F
Differential Protection

54
 (. . )

CT VT
:
Directional Earth Fault
Distance Protection

CT
.
kWH , kVARH meters
kW , kVAR meters
.

Measurements
( ZB : + ZL
).

8-2
:
- Rated Burden VA
)2.5 , 5.0, 7.5 , 10, 15, 30 VA ( :
Continous Rated Current -
.
Short circuit current and duration time -

.
- Rated 1 2 5 .

30
. 1A

55
 (. . )

- 3000/1 .
- Class Class
.
5P, 10P Classes
Class X
. BS Class 5P Instantenous OC Relays
Class 10P Overcurrent
. IDMT
Class
.Class-X

IEC Classes 5P, 10P, TPX,

. TPY, TPZ
:

Accuracy Limit Factor ALF

. Saturation Factor


.

200/1 ALF = 5

. 200 * 5 = 1000A

ALF 2-2
CT : ALF

56
 (. . )

rated VA
Vk ALF I n RCT ALF ][2 2
In
Vk 1-2
1-2 Bmax
.

1-8-2

100/1 , 5P10 CT

CT %5
1A . 10

) Accurecy Limit Factor( ALF 10

. CT
10A 1000A
. % 5

9-2

Commissining Tests :
Turns Ratio Magnitization Curve
.

57
 (. . )

.
.

1-9-2
.
( S1 S2
) P1 P2
. 12-2
.

P1 P2
IPri

ISec

S1 S2

12-2

CT
Flicker Test CT
6 13-2

S1 .

58
 (. . )

IP

P2 S1 P1
S2

IS
V

13-2 Flicker CT

2-9-2 Saturation Test

Variac
. Variac

.

:
.
Demagnetization .
.8 -2

59
 (. . )

TC 01-2
CT
. Vk
VS Relay
> VK VS
Relay :

2-
OC Relay 0.02 ohm
: 7226
CTR = 1000/5 , 7.5VA, 10P20
RCT = 0.26
RL = 0.15

) VS = If-Sec (RCT + RL + Rr
= 7226 * 5/1000 * (0.26 + 0.02 + 0.15) = 15.54 Volts
rated VA
Vk ALF I n RCT ALF
In
VK = 7.5/5 * 20 + 5 * 0.26 * 20 = 56 Volts
5A = In

Relay VS < VK
. CT

60
 (. . )

-1 (
.) 14-2

IPri

ISec Es
RCT

ZB

14-2

)ES = ISec (RCT + ZB ) ..(2-3

. RCT
Burden ( + ZB
).

-2 ( ) ES Bmax
:

ES = 4.44 *F *A *N* Bmax 10-8 ..

)(2-4

)(in2 A
)(50 Hz F

61
 (. . )

Turns Ratio N
Lines/in2 Bmax

: m2 wb/m2
Es . 10-8

-3 Bmax
" " ( )100,000 Lines/in2
Bmax ( )2-4

.

3-
A= 3.25in 2
N= 2000 : 5
0.31 ( )Burden . 2

350000A 50Hz

:
IL

5
I L 35000 87.5 A
2000

Es

Es = IL (ZB + ZL) = 87.5 (0.31 + 2) = 202.1 V

62
 (. . )

) (2-4
:

ES 202.1
Bmax 8
70,030 Lines / in 2
4.44 F A N 10 4.44 50 3.25
2000
10 8
5

( ) 100,000 Lines/in2
.

63
 ) .. (

1- M.I. Gilany , K. El-Naggar, A discrete dynamic filter for

detecting and compensating CT saturation, Accepted in
Journal of Electric Power Systems Research, May, 2006.

2- M. Gilany, E. Aboul-Zahab, Saber M. Saleh, Neural Network-

Based Technique For Reducing CCVT Errors Under Fault
Conditions", 10th International Middle East Power System
Conference, MEPCON 2005, Port Said, Egypt, pp. 489-493,
Dec. 13-15, 2005.

3- IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used

for Protective Relaying Purposes IEEE Standard C37.110-1996.

4- Y. C. Kang, J. K. Park , S. H. Kang , A. T. Johns and, R. K.

Aggarwal, An Algorithm for Compensating Secondary
Currents of Current Transformers, IEEE Transaction on Power
Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 1, Jan. 1997, PP 116-124.

5- Yong Cheol Kang, Ui Jai Lim , Sang Hee Kang, and Peter A.
Crossley, Compensation of the Distortion in the Secondary
Current Caused by Saturation and Remanence in a C.T , IEEE
Transaction on power delivery, Vol.19, No.4 , October, 2004,
PP 1642-1649.

6- jiuping Pan , Khoi Vu, and Yi Hu, An Efficient Compensation

Algorithm for Current Transformer Saturation Effects, IEEE
Transaction on power delivery, Vol.19, No.4 , October, 2004,
PP 1623-1628.

7- D. Hou and J. Roberts, Capacitive Voltage Transformers:

Transient Overreach Concerns and Solutions for Distance
Relaying, 22nd Annual Western Protective Relay Conference,
Spokane, WA, USA, October 2426, 1995.

64
 (. . )

65
 (. . )

Overcrrent Relays


.
. Overcurrent Relays

1-3


:

1-1-3
Relay
Relay .
.

2-1-3 RF
) (Short Circuit
R ( ) ZLF
Fault Resistance, RF . 1-3
( ..)

:

VS
IF ).......................................(3 1
Z LF RF

66
 (. . )

High
Impedance Fault
.

.
.

Xs
Z LF

Xs
R R
Xs
IF RF

1-3

RF
.
.
:

8750
Rarc
I 1 .4
350 /Ft of Arc )(3-2
Rarc
I
3000
Rarc 1.3
I

.
.

67
 (. . )

3-1-3

. Low Source Impedance.
1-3
( ) Xs/3
.
Strong Source

XS
XS/3
. .Weak Source

2-3 sycteRttcer ucrevO

Overcurrent Relays


.
Overcurent Relays :

Definite Current Relay -1

( 1- )2-3
-2
( Definite Time Relay 2- . ) 2-3

68
 (. . )

1 2

: 2-3 Overcurrent Relays

Instantenous OC


.

F1& F2
.3-3

69
 (. . )

B A
F2 F1

50 50

B F1 , F2 3-3

( ) Definite Time

Transient Fault


Permenent Fault
.

ZSource ( ZLine
) Short Circuit
.

4-3 .

70
 (. . )

B A

51 51

0.6 Sec 0.2 Sec

4-3

-3 ( )Normal Inverse OC
,
.

. 5-3
.
Short Circuit ZSource ZLine
.

71
 (. . )

5-3 Normal Inverse

Overcurrent Relay :
Inverse OC
Instantenous
Setting .6-3

72
 (. . )

6-3 Inverse OC Instanentous OC

.

.

Inverse Relay :

Very inverse 1
characteristic . 7-3

Setting
Relays .
. Time multiplaier .

Extremely inverse - 2
characteristic 7-3
.Fuse
.

73
 (. . )

Overheating
.

7 3 )Very Inverse (Left) and Extermely Inverse (Right

-4 OC Relays InverseDefinite IDMT

Minimum Time Inverse
( Instantaneous )
. Inverse + Definite Time . 8-3
.

( )Directional Unit ( ) Directional OC
Setting
.

74
 (. . )

IDMT 8-3

9-3 .

75
 (. . )

9-3 DT Realay IDMT Relay

OC Relay Setting 3-3

.
Inverse
Instantenous .

OC :
-1 CT
-2 Pickup
Time Dial Setting -3

Inverse
. Overcurrent Relay

1-3-3

Current
).Transformer Ratio (CTR

76
 (. . )

CTR :

-1 ( .) Full Load Current

-2 .CT

CTR
1A 5A .

CTR
.

1-
4600
130 CT 100
) X : 5( CTR :

X 5 X 5

ISC <100 4600 <100

4600 * 5
X 230
100
CTR 300 : 5 300
.230 :
130 5
2.1A
300
( 5) .
:

4600 5
I SC 75 A
300

77
 (. . )

100A CTR .

2-3-3 : toiaru trrrknC

( ) Pickup Inverse
TAP
Induction Disc
. Plug Setting Multiplier PSM .
"
. ">I Pickup value
TAP Multiple of TAP
TAP TAP
5-3 .TAP

Setting TAP
CT %100
. EF Relay
OC Relays TAP
% 50 % 200 Standard Input
. Relay Standard Input 1A . 5A
IS .Setting

OC Relay Standard Input 1A

100% Is = TAP = 1A %75
%150 0.75 A TAP
..TAP =1.5A

78
 (. . )

2-
OC Relay %75
CTR = 100/1 300
.CT

:
Relay %75 :

TAP = 0.75 * 1A = 0.75A

CTR
300 * 1/100 = 3A
TAP
3A / 0.75A = 4 TAP
TAP .

Time Dial Setting , TDS 3-3-3 :

TAP
5-3
. Time Dial Setting Time Multiplier
Setting, TMS TDS : TMS
.

3-
Overcurrent 5-3
12 Relay Pickup
4 ) (TDS 4 .5-3

79
 (. . )

Relay

TAP :

12 A
I F (as a multiple of TAP) 3 TAP
4A
5-3 TAP=3 4
. 2.0 Sec

4-
A B .10-3
.

B A
IF-Max = 1400A
CT 200/5 CT 100/5

51 51

IS = 5A IS = 5A, TDS = 0.5

10-3 . 4

. TAP = 5A

Relay A

1400
IF 5 A 14 TAP
100
5
5-3 TMS = 0.5
0.15.

80
 (. . )

Relay-B :

1400
IF 5 A 7 TAP
200
5
5-3 0.25
TMS .
- 0.3 sec. . Coordination Time
- 4-3-3 TMS
0.5 .1
.

4-3-3
TDS
10-3
0.15 Sec B A
) . ( A
Time Gap
. 0.4 sec
. Reset

)t tCB t Re set t Inacc t M arg .......................................(3 3

tCB = Operating time for the circuit breaker = 40 : 100 msec.

treset = Reaset time for the relay = 40 : 70 msec.
tinacc = The sum of inaccuracy in time measurement = 50 : 100 msec.
tmarg = Saftey margin

81
 (. . )

Relays 400
300 .

5-3-3
TAP
.
.

1 Pickup
"
- OC ">I - Pickup

I Load
1.2 ) I 0.7 * I SC min .........................................................(3 4
Kr
>I = Pick-up current
Iload = Maximum load current
Kr = Resetting ratio for the relay (Drop off/Pick up).
ISC min = The samallest fault current that must be detected by
the relay.
1.2 = Safety margins Between 1.5 & 0.7.
Kr Relay
. Setting Relay Reset
0.95 Setting Kr
. 0.95

2 Pickup :
OC Pickup
:

82
 (. . )

In
* I 1.5 )........................................................(3 5
Kr
>I = Pick-up current
Kr = Resetting ratio for the relay (Drop off/Pick up).
In = Nominal current on the side of the transformer where the relay
is installed
1.5 = Safety margins
5-
11-3 132
600( )conductor rated current
800 Standard Input 1A OC Relay
.1: TAP . R1 & R2 : SC
. 8000 A Current

R1 R2 F1

11 -3 5-

TAP
. 4-3
I Load
1.2 I 0.7 * I SC min
Kr
Tap R1 R2

83
 (. . )

600
* 1.2 I 0.7 * 8000
0.98

734.693 I 5600

Reset Factor 0.98

.
Pickup 800 % 100
TAP=1A 1
. 800

R2
. Relays 5-3
. 0.5 = TMS

8000
0.16 ( )TAP
.

Relay R1
400 .
R1 8000 TMS 2
0.5 . Relay R2
350 3 = TMS
450

.TMS = 2

84
 (. . )

% 25
% 125 . Pickup Load 600 : 800
. Overload

OC Relay
1.15 : 1.1 TAP
%25 :

I> = 800* 1.1 = 880 A

1.375 ,
. Overload

6-3-3 stSeotectanS cciotS

OC
.
.

: 11-3
Instantenous unit Pickup
1.20 Symmetrical r.m.s Fault
"
">>I Current . Pickup
.

R1
R1 R2

85
 (. . )

20 % R2
.

R1 %20
R2
CT
20%
.

%50
Power Transforner

Transformer Inrush Current
50% . 20%

Cooled Inrush 4-3

%50 .

Starting
Current
.

Starting Currents Overcurrent Relays
. Fault Current
Inrush
"" . Cooled Inrush

86
 (. . )

OC Relay
5-3
Starting Currents Relay
.
Inrush

.

5-3 Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Relays
. Earth Faults, EF
.
. Phase Faults Earth Fault
Relays .

Overcurrent Relay Earth Fault Relay

( 51 . overcurrent
) Inverse ) Inst( 50 Earth Fault Relay 64
.

1-5-3 gkSojrgi tFnnkiCkj vgrCn wgriC gkiga

IC
. = IB = IA
.
) EF (64
. 12-3
( %20 . (Phases

87
 (. . )

CT

CT

CT

EF
Relay

12-3

Zero Sequence
Current
Symmetrical Components = IA + IB
Zero sequence 3Io + IC
component
.Zero Sequence Relay

EF In Neutral Connection 2-5-3

Solid .
Earthing Connection
Stray .
Capacitances - -
.

88
 (. . )

. (
)
.


EF .13-3
Relay CT

20% .

EF
CT

Relay

13-3

3-5-3 CFrk sgignik vw trFCkiection

.
. 14-3 Core

89
 (. . )

EF Relay
.
.
.

Ia
Ib
Ic

14 -3

Earth Connection
Relay 15-3
. Core
Sheath Core Earth Connection Core
.

90
 (. . )

15- 3 Earth Connection

4-5-3

. 16-3

.

91
 (. . )

Earthing bar

16-3 CT

Combined EF and Phase Fault Protection 5-5-3

EF Protection Phase
Protection . 17-3
.

CT

CT

CT

OC-3 OC-2 OC-1

EF Relay

17-3

92
 (. . )

6-5-3 Residual Voltage Relay

. VA + VB + VC Residual Voltage
3Vo
( .) 2-2 VT

7-5-3 co tgaecEelat
EF Relays
Phase OC Relays
EF Relay
) (

.

OC
) (Phase Current

EF Discrimination
.Protection

6-3 sy ucrevO
OC Relays OC Protection
Phase . Schemes OC Relay
. 18-3
.

93
 (. . )

CT

OC OC OC

Trip

Phase 18-3 OC Relay

Earth Fault Realy
. 19-3

CT

Trip OC OC OC

EF

19-3 OC Phase EF

94
 (. . )

OC Relays Two
Phases EF Realy
Phases . 20-3
.

CT

Trip OC OC

EF

Two Phases EF 20-3 OC

Phase

7-3

. Overcurrent
Standard Input 1A 5A EF Relay 1A
20% . TAP = 0.2A

95
 (. . )

6 -
EF Relay with 1A %20
CTR = 100/1 60
.CT

:
Relay %20 . TAP = 0.2A

CTR
60 * 1/100 = 0.6 A

0.6A / 0.2A = 3 TAP
TAP .
%20 %150 OC Relays
EF
Relay
%20
Phases .

20%
Unsymmetrical
Currents Setting
.
.

96
 (. . )

8-3
. Setting
.

( A )
0.1 Time Gap
0.3 0.1
. 1.6 -1.3 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.1
) 0.3 ( a
. 21-3

1.6 A 1.3 1.0

B C

0.1 0.4 0.7

f e d

F 0.1 E
0.4 D 0.7

1.6 1.3 1.0

a b c

OC Relays 21-3

9-3
)(TDS

) (T ) (IS.C

.

22-3
.

97
 (. . )

7-
) (1/0 AWG .10 KA
.

:
22-3 ( 1/0 AWG )
16 cycle
1/0 10kA
0.267

0.267.

98
 (. . )

22-3

11-3 Directional Relay

Electromechanical Relays
. Overcurrent Relay
.

99
 (. . )

( )
.

Torque,T
:
)T = KVI cos () ..(3-6

Maximum
) Torque Angle (MTA .

Directional Relay Overcurrent Relay

Overcurrent Relay
Circuit Breaker
(
).

:


)T = K Va Ia cos ( )..(3-7
Phase A
phase
.
.

)TA = K IA VBC cos (
)TB = K IB VCA cos ( )..(3-8
)TC = K IC VAB cos (

100
 (. . )

90 connection 23-3
) ) IA ( ) VBC .90
. 90 connection

23-3 shifting 30
Vbc ( . ) 30 90
( ) 60
Va R , Ia . Vbc Ia
. X Shifting

( ) 30
150
Forward
(.) Reverse Direction

101
 (. . )

Ia

Va

30
150 Vbc
line
Negative to rque
Ma x
torque
region 30 Vbc
30

Vb
Zero
Torq
u
e line

23-3 () Power factor = 1.0

11-3 sycteRttcer
Digital
. Electromechanical
) (Digital Overcurrent .

Overcurrent Realy
.
:

-1 Protective Function .
-2 .

102
 (. . )

-3 (
)
.
-4 Output Contacts (5
200)
CB ) .
-5 Power Supply
). ( 110 220
). -6 (
-7 .Inrush current
-8 .
Man Machine Interface MMI -9
Password
.
-10 ) (Event Recording
( ).

.

1-11-3 .
. Tester
. Tester
. Tester
. Timer

-1 ( 1 A )5 A

Pichup Current -2

103
 (. . )

-3 ( Pickup
).

Tester
Tester Relay
Pickup current Tester
Relay Trip Signal Relay
Timer
Tester .

Relay Trip Signal

Pickup current
.

Relay

.

.1-3
.

1-3

Low Setting
Phase
Setting Test Results

Pickup Op- Ipickup Trip Time Reset Rest Factor Pickup Current Op-Time
Time Time Error Error
Current

R 0.25 0.5 0.244 0.51 0.49 0.993 -2.2% 2%

S 0.25 0.5 0.244 0.51 0.49 0.993 -2.2% 2%

T 0.25 0.5 0.244 0.51 0.49 0.993 -2.2% 2%

104
 (. . )

Relay
High Setting Low
Setting OC
EF .
.
. 1-3 .

2-11-3
-1 Relay Pickup current
.

-2 Relay Tester Pickup

.

-3 ( Relay
) .

-4 Relay Tester
Trip Trip . Relay
Ipickup .

-4 Relay Pickup current

( )Contacts

Relay
. .

:

105
 (. . )

Reset Factor 3-11-3

Pickup
Current
Trip Signal
Relay ""
. Relay
.

Relay Pickup
.Contact Points Contact
"" Realy Points .Relay
Reset Factor .

)Reset Factor = (IReset)/ Ipickup .(3-9

.
.
.

4-11-3
Ipickup
Isetting .

( %3
).

106
 (. . )

High Setting

.

1-3 Relay Tester.

1-3 Testers

107
 ) .. (

1. M. Gilany, A New Technique for High Impedance Fault
Detection in Parallel Distribution Circuits, 14th International
Conference on Power System Protection, Bled, Solvenia, pp.
187-191 , Sept. 29-October 1, 2004.

2. M. Gilany, A New Digital Overcurrent Relay for

Distribution Systems, Journal of Engineering and Applied
Science , Cairo University , Vol. 44, No. 6, pp.1091-1105,
Dec.1997.

3. M. Gilany, M.M. Abd El-Aziz, D. Khlil, High Impedance

Fault Detection Using A Communication Based Element, 2nd
IASTED International Conference on Power and Energy
Systems (EuroPES), pp. 661-664, June 25-28, Crete, Greece,
2002.

4. IEEE Committee Report, "Computer representation of

overcurrent Relay Characteristic", IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp 1659-1667, July 1989.

5. M.S. Sachdev, J.Singh and R.J. Fleming, "Mathematical

models Representing Time-Current Characteristic of
Overcurrent Relays for Computer Applications", IEEE PES
Winter Meeting, New York, Paper No. A78 131-5, pp 1-8,
Jan.-Feb. 1978.

6. Aucoin, B.M., and Russell, B. D., Detection of distribution

High impedance faults using Burst noise signals near 60 Hz,
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-2, No. 2,
pp. 342-348, April 1987.

108
 (. . )

109
 (. . )

Distance Relays

, Overcurrent Relays
.

0-4
Relay
, VR Relay IR
. 1-4 ( ZLine +
) ZLoad Short Circuit
Relay
.ZF

.
10 Z
0.1 100 km .

( )


.

110
 (. . )

ZL

IR
21 VR Load

ZL
IR

ZLoad
VR

ZF ZL-ZF
IR

ZLoad
VR

1-4 Relay

Relay
VT CT.

1-
ZP = 4 = CT ratio
600/1 VT ratio = 115kV/115 :

111
 (. . )

V2
VFP
V V1 CT ratio 600 115
ZR R ZP 4 0.48 )(4 1
IR I VT ratio 5 115000
I FP 2
I1

( ) 4
.

1-1-4
OC Relays Distance Relays
. .
( ) 2-4
". " T.L

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
F C D
A B

2-4

Overcurrent Relays
Overcurrent F
D, C, B, A
R4 R3 B & C
R6 R1 A &D .
Overcurrent .

OC Relays

OC .

112
 (. . )

Distance Relays

A&B C&B
.

.

R1 A
B&A
Distance Relay

.

Impedance Diagram 2-1-4

Impedance Diagram
Impedances ZLine,
ZRelay , ZFault, ZLoad, RFault . Diagram
R X 3-4 .

Relay .ZLoad
ZFault . RF
. RF

RF Load
RF .

113
 (. . )

ZFault

Relay ZLoad
ZLoad Reactive & Active Power
30:40 ( Power Factor .) 0.8

ZLoad Short
Relay
ZLoad RLine XLine
. :
X Line
tan 1
RLine

RF RLine
RF
.

( . ) 3-4

114
 (. . )

ZLine
CT ZFault
F1

RF ZLoad

Distance
Relay

ZLine
X Fault
Area

ZFault RF ZRelay ZLoad

SC
Load
Reverse R
Fault

3-4 Impedance Diagram

2-4
Zones
Distance Relay R1 4-4
A B Zone-1
.T1 Zone-1
Zone-2 Relay T2
T2 Zone-3
. T3

115
 (. . )

T3
T2

T1

A B C D
R1

Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3

4-4

.
VF/IF
% 10
%95
%85 ( AB 4-4
)
.)-%10( :
.
%10 100
10 .

( )+ %10
% 105
B and C
T2
.

116
 (. . )

3-4
Distance
Relays
5-4
. 4-4

Z3
200% L1
Z2
120% L1
Z1
90% L1
A B C D
R1
L1 L2

5 -4

1-3-4 Zone-1
%80 %90
L1 .
.

2-3-4 Zone-2

( ) .

117
 (. . )

Zone-1 Zone-2
%20 Zone-2
Zone-2 BB .
Zone-1
. Zone-2 .

Zone-2
( %20 ) %50 .
Zone-1 Zone-2
.

Z2

- 6-4 . F1 -6-4 Zone-2
. Zone-3

Zone-2
6-4 .

.

Zone-2 %120
Zone-2 %50
L2 L1 %20
L1 L2 .
.

118
 (. . )

Z2

Line-1
R1
C
Z2
Line-3
R3

R2 Line-2

F1
A
B

R1 Line-1 C
Z2
R3 Line-3

R2
Line-2
F1
A B

6-4 Zone-2

3-3-4 Zone-3

( %20 )
) )Zone-3
Zone-3 R1
5-4 AB
. B Zone -3

119
 (. . )

Secondary
) Side (

Load Encroachment
.

5-4 Z3 4
4 L1

ZR 4 R1
.

4-3-4
Zone-4
reverse reach %15-10
Directional Zone . Zone-1 Non-
.BB
. Breaker Failure Z3
. %250

Relay
Main Backup
. Breaker Failure
.

Zone-4 Relay
Phase Voltage Directional
Non- Unit
. directional Zone

120
 (. . )

: ecOreeec Relays 4-4

Distance Relay

.


.

Impedance Relay 1-4-4

7-4 ZF
. ZF1
Resistance and Reactance Relay
.

Directional Unit
. Forward Faults
RF ZF2
Zone-1 . 7-4 Relay

. .

.
.

121
 (. . )

( ) Fault Area
( ) Loading Area
.

Loading
Area
ZF1 RF ZF2 Line
Load

Fa R
u lt A
re a

7-4 Impedance Relay

2-4-4 MHO Relay

ZFault
3-4 Impedance Diagram
MHO Relay . 8-4

Polarized MHO Relays

MHO Power Swing Impedance
Relay VPolarized VF . IF

:
RF Impedance Relay
.

122
 (. . )

.8-4 ZF1 and ZF2
7-4 8-4

. RF

Relay
( )
.

ZF1 RF ZF2

8-4 MHO Relay

3-4-4 Offset MHO

ZR 9-4
:

123
 (. . )

VR I Z I1 I 2 RF
ZR 1 F
IR I1
I1 I 2
ZF RF
I1
Z F KR F
( ) K RF
Remote end ZR
.9-4

E1 E2
!XS R1 I1 I2 XS2

I1+I2 RF

E1
ZF KRa
E2
ZR
I1
I2
I2+I1

9-4

Remote end XS1 > XS2
ZR

124
 (. . )

. MHO
.

Relay
Offset MHO

. 10-4

10-4 Offset MHO

4-4-4 Quadrilateral Relay

RF
. 11-4
R-
axis X-axis .
. Relay

.

125
 (. . )

11-4 Quadrilateral Relay

Lense Char. 5-4-4

Lenz Fault Area Loading Area
Charactarstic 12-4
MHO
. . MHO

12-4 Lense Char

126
 (. . )

5 -4
Faulty
Phase Voltage Faulty Phase Current .
ZF .

1-5-4 ZF Phase Faults

Phase to Phase Three Phase
Two Faulty Phases ZF
Two Faulty Currents .
A,B VAB
. IAB Faulty Phases-to N
Phase-N Phase Two Faulty Phases
Phase VB-N IB-N
.

phases Positive Sequence

Current 1-4 ZF .

127
 (. . )

1-4 A-B : A-B-C

Fault Quantity Three Phase Fault Phase to Phase Fault

A-B-C B-C

Ia I1 0

Ib a2 I1 (a2 a)I1

Ic a I1 (a a2)I1

Va ZL1 I1 2(Zs1+ZL1) I1

Vb a2 Z L1 I1 (2 a2ZL1-ZS1) I1

Vc a Z L1 I1 (2 aZL1-ZS1) I1

Positive Sequence Z1
Impedance .
)Phase to Phase (B_C

Vbc Vb Vc 2 a 2 a Z1I1
) Z1 .............................(4 2
I bc I b I c
2 a 2 a I1
Three Phase Fault

Vbc Vb Vc a 2 a Z1I1
) Z1 ............................(4 3
I bc I b I c
a 2 a I1
Vbc Ibc
Phase to Phase . 3-Phase
ZF . Z1

ZF Relay ZSource

128
 (. . )

VB IB
Zs :

ZB
2

V B a 2 I1 Z L1 a a I 1 Z s1
2
)...........(4 4

ZF
IB a 2 a I1

2 1
ZB 30 .Z L1 ) 90 .Z s1 ......(4 5
3 3

VB IB
phase Zs

.

2-5-4 ZF cogea oonieS

ZF
Earthing
13-4
Earthing . Supply

Supply Relaying
A
Point
B
C

13-4 Relay

129
 (. . )

. Relay
. RF RF
:

Va = I1*Z1+ I2*Z2 + I0*Z0 ). (4-6

Ia = I1 + I2 + I0 ) (4-7
IN = Ia + Ib + Ic = 3I0 ). (4-8
Z1 Z2 K

K = Z0/Z1 ) (4-9
4-7 4-6 4- 4-8
& 9

K 1
* Va Z1 I a I a I b I c ) .........(4 10
3

Va Ia ZR Relay Z1

K 1
Z R 1 ) Z1 ..........................(4 11
3

ZF
. Relay . Compensation

130
 (. . )

3-5-4
Residual Compensation 11-4
Relay

I N Z 0 Z1 K 1
Ia
3 Z1
I a I N [ ]
3
Z1 Va .


Software .

Replica Impedance
Relay 14-4
Impedance
.

IN
Replica
Impedance
Ia

Ia+IN(Z0-Z1)/3Z1

Z1

Ia Z1 +IN(Z0-Z1)/3

14-4

131
 (. . )

4-5-4 RF ZF
RF ZF . Phase-to-Phase Fault
. 15-4

XL RL

VBC IBC RF

15-4 Phase-to-Phase

RF

2RL I BC jX L I BC I BC RF
Z ph ph ).........(4 12
I BC

ZF Relay Phase-to-Phase

RF
Z Ph Ph RL jX L )........(4 13
2

132
 (. . )

RF
Phase to Phase Zone Reach
Phase-to- R
. Phase

5-5-4
RF
.
.
:

8750
Rarc
I 1 .4
350
Rarc /Ft of Arc )(4-14
I
3000
Rarc 1.3
I

.1-4

( . 4000).

133
 (. . )

1-4

( ) SIR ZR 6-5-4
16-4

Vs Vs
VR I R * Z L * ZL )......(4 15
Zs ZL Zs
1
ZL

) ) ZS/ZL .Source Impedance Ratio, SIR
. . 30

134
 (. . )

Zs VR
ZL
R1

VS IR

16-4

Zs Short Circuit Capacity

:

) (kV 2
Zs ).....................................(4 16
MVAsc
SIR 15-4
Distance Relay SIR

( ) .
( ) SIR
.

Ploarization Voltage 7-5-4

. .Polarization Voltage or Memory Characteristic

ZF Polarization Voltage

.

135
 (. . )

8-5-4

) (CT Ia-N , Ib-N , Ic-
Va-N , Vb-N , Vc-N VT N

Line Voltages and Line Currents Vab, Vbc ,

Vca, Iab, Ibc , Ica VT . CT
Input Quantities 12 .
Selector Switch
.

: Phase Quantities




.

6-4


.

Forward Fault
Phase angle phase R

136
 (. . )

and X Relay
XLine RLine
80 .

Short Circuit
X 20
.

Reverse Fault
180 Phase ZR
R-X
.Blocking Zone

7-4 ecOreeec ucrev

Distance Relays
Distance Relays :
1- Over-reach
2- Parallel lines
3- Under-reach
4- In-Feed
1-7-4 Over-reach

( )
Over-reach

.

137
 (. . )

2-7-4
Over-reach
.
Mutual Impedance Relay
Zm 17-4 .

Zm Zm

Over-reach .

Zm

17-4

Digital Relays
Setting

.

138
 (. . )

Under reach 3-7-4

( )
Z
Under-reach
. -
. Under-reach

In Feed 4-7-4
Under-reach Remote In-feed
Problem . 18-4

ZL ZF

R1 I1 I1+I2

I2

18 -4 In-Feed

R1 I1 and I2 :

VR I1 * Z L ( I1 I 2 ) * Z F )..............(4 17
VR IR I1

ZR = ZL + ZF + (I2/I1) ZF

. ZL+ZF

High Impedance Fault

.

139
 (. . )

8-4 gretrceS
)
Starting Function . Detection
Digital
.

Starting
.
Phase-Faults
Faulted Phase Single Phase
Single Pole Tripping .

Starting Breakers

ZF
.

Starting :

-1

-2

-3

1-8-4 Overcurrent Starting

Z

Parallel Lines

.

140
 (. . )

2-8-4 Under Voltage Starting :

Weak Short Circuit Current
System High Impedance
Starting SC
.
Shut down
.
. Minimum Current
: %70
Distance Relay
.

3-8-4 Under Impedance Starting

Under Impedance Relay
Protective Zones
.Zone-4 Z
: Starting
( ) Blocking
. Power Swing
Starting
Heavy Loading.

:
Power Swing Distance Relays
Z Relay Zone-1
.

141
 (. . )

.
. ZR

9-4
Relay 5-4
CB 8-4
CBs .
Communication Relays
.

Relays
Relay
Communications
.

Pilot Schemes .

Communication 1-9-4

:

-1 Pilot Wire

Induced Voltage .
25.

142
 (. . )

-2 Power Line Carrier

PLC Communication
.

-3 Fiber Optic Cables

.
150.

.
. 19-4

19-4

143
 (. . )

11-4 Pilot Schemes

Distance
Relay
Relay

. Loss of Stability

. Unstable

Transient Transient
CB Auto Re-closure
Two Relays



. Relay

(
CB )
CB ( ) Transfer Tripping Scheme
) (Blocking Schemes
:

144
 (. . )

1-11-4 Zone-1 vmCknSoFn sinkxk

Relay


Radial System . Auto Re-closure

Zone-1 %80
%120 Auto Re-closure

Auto Re-
closure Relay
(. )%80

: ....
Zone-1 ( )%120 :
Arc Resistance
. Zone-1

: Auto Re-
closure Relay ........ .
Relay
Zone-1 ( )%80
.

. %120
Auto Re-closure
CBs .

145
 (. . )

2-11-4 Slkr VrouuorkiC Vrgn DTT

Relay
Relay . Direct Under Reach
Transfer Trip .

R-A Relay 20-4

F Zone2 Zone-3
B Under
reach Reach .Zone-1 R-
R-B A DTT
.Zone-1

R-A Local conditions

. Direct . Under Reach

: . R-A
Zone-1 OR-
gate .

146
 (. . )

R-A R-B
F

T/R T/R

Trip Command from R-B

OR
Trip CB-A

20-4 DTT

Directional Comparison Blocking 3-11-4

Relay External Fault
Blocking Relay R-A
CB 21-4 Forward
Relay R-B .

R-A -
. Zone-1 R-B External
Blocking R-A .

Internal
Blocking .

Transmission Line open

circuit ( )
Blocking .

147
 (. . )

Zone-1 Limit

R-A R-B Ext. Fault

Blocking Signal

DCB 21 -4

Permissive Under-reach Transfer Trip 4-11-4

( R-B -4
( ) CB-A R-A ) 22
Zone-1 Extended Zone-1
. ZA

R-A
Under-reaching ""
Trip R-B
.Permissive

Z2 ZA R-A
" Starting " R-B
.
. AND-gate

CB-A Trip :

-1 Z1 . R-A

-2 ZA
.

148
 (. . )

R-A R-B X
ZA

ZA
Z1 Z1
R
OR
AND Trip CB-A

PUTT 22 -4

5-11-4 Permissive Over-reach Transfer Trip

Forward Fault Relay
Zone-1 or Zone-2 (R-
B ) 22-4
Forward Zones ( ) CB-A R-A
Over-reaching
"" .Relay

High Impedance Relays
Forward
Zone-3
( + )
. Pilot Schemes

149
 ) .. (

1. M. Gilany, K. El-Nagar, A Technique for Improving and
Assessment of the Performance of Transmission Lines Backup
Protective Relays, GCC CIGRE Regional Conference on
Transmission Line Design and Operation, , pp. 143-149, Kuwait, 1-
2 Dec. 2004.(Prize of the best paper in the Conference).

2. M. Gilany, Sayed Saad, High Impedance Faults in Tapped

Overhead Double Circuits", GCC Power 2005 Conference, Doha
28th 30th November 2005.

3. M. Gilany , E. Aboul-Zahab, Bahaa Hassan, "A New Method For

Enhancement of Distance Relay Performance Against Open-
Conductor Conditions", 10th International Middle East Power
System Conference, MEPCON 2005, Port Said, Egypt, pp. 613-
618, Dec. 13-15, 2005.

4. M. I. Gilany, O. P. Malik, and G. S. Hope, A digital technique for

parallel transmission lines using a single relay at each end, IEEE
Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 7, pp. 118123, Jan. 1992.

5. M. Gilany, O.P.Malik, G.S.Hope, A Laboratory Investigation of a

Digital Protection of Parallel Transmission Lines , IEEE Trans.
On Power Delivery , Vol. 1, No.1, pp.193-198, Jan.1995.

6. M. Gilany, Bahaa Hassan, O.P. Malik The Egyptian Electricity

Authority Strategy for Distance Relay Setting , Journal of
Electric Power System Research ,Vol.56, pp. 89-49, 2000.

150
 ) .. (

7. M. Gilany, A Logic-based Technique for Backup Protective

Relays, Journal of Electric Power Components & Systems, volume
33, No. 12, 2005.

8. M.I. Gilany, E.M. Tag Eldin, M.M. Abdel Aziz and D.K. Ibrahim,
Travelling Wave-Based Fault Location Scheme for Multi-end
Aged Underground Cable system, Accepted in the IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, March 2006.

9. Sun Junping, Sheng Wanxing, Wang Sunan, Study on the new

substation Automation network communication systems,
Proceedings of CSEE, 23(3), pp. 16-19, 2003.
10. S. Ward, T. Dahlin, and B. Ince, Pilot protection communications
requirements, 14th International Conference on Power System
Protection, Bled, Solvenia, pp. 1333, Sept. 29October 1, 275,
2004.

11. Tarlochan S. Sidhu, David Sebastian Baltazar, Ricardo Mota , and

Mohindar S. Sachdev, A New Approach for Calculating Zone-2
Setting of Distance Relays and Its Use in an Adaptive Protection
System, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 19, NO. 1, Jan.
2004.

151
 (. . )

152
 (. . )

20

.

OC EF
.

Molded Case CB, MCCB

MCCB
.

1-5
Phase to Phase
Phase Interturn Fault

153
 (. . )

Impulse Voltages Rated Voltage.

Core Faults
Eddy Currents
- -
Bochholz Relay
.

Tank Fault

.

Earthing of the Neutral Point .

1-5 .

: 1-5 ( SF6 )

2-5
Overcurrent Relays
(Radial

154
 (. . )

) .Network Overcurrent

OC Relay .

Differential Protection
Unit Protection
.
Differential Relay
.

1-2-5
. 1-5

) (I1 I2 .Differential Current
I1 = I2

.

CT CT
Protected
Element

I2 I1

I2 Relay I1

1-5

155
 (. . )

Differential
Protection "" .
Protected zone .
External Faults
Unit Protection


External Differential Relay
.Faults Unit Protection .

2-2-5

.

.
.

Stray
Capacitance


.

156
 (. . )

) (Saturation
). (

.

Baised / Percentage Differential Relay 3-2-5

( ) 1-5
.2-5

CT CT
Protected
Element

I2 I1

Op. Coil I1 I2

Restraining Coil

2-5

Differential Current ) (I1 I2

( Operating Coil Operating Current
)2-5
Restraining Torque

157
 (. . )

I1 I 2
N
2

( Restraining Coil -5 N
. )2

Mean through current

.

.
.

( )
.
:

1-
Iout = 4.5 A Iin =5A
:

Iop = (5 4.5) = 0.5A

5 4.5
I Re s 4.7 A
2
0.5
.
:

Iout = 1 A & Iin = 20 A

158
 (. . )

Iop = 20 1 = 19 A

20 1
I Re s 10.5 A
2
.
Percentage Differential Relay . Biased Differential Relay

: :

Op. Coil
.
SC
.

4-2-5
3-5
Iop
.IRes

IOP
I1- I2

40%
20%
Operate
10%

Restrain

I1 I 2
IRes 2

3-5

159
 (. . )

) (Slope
.
I op
K
I Re s

Slope %10 %20 %40

%10 .
.3-5

.

CT.

Iop
.
. Iop

0.2A : %10
. Minimum Pickup current .
25 150 .

2-
%10 . 4-5 Differential Relay

320A
. 304A CTR
400 : 5

160
 (. . )

I1 , I2
IOp IRes :
320 5
I1 4A
400
304 5
I2 3 .8 A
400
I op I1 I 2 0.2 A
I1 I 2
I reset 3.9 A
2
) (0.2A & 3.9A Restrain
( ) 4-5 .

4-5 2-

3-5
Differential Relay
:

161
 (. . )

CTR .

Tap
)( Changer
,On-Load Tap Changer TAP
Changer
Slope
.

YY
( - Y - ) (-)

Phase Shift ( )CT
5-5
.

Zero Sequence
Currents :
-
Sequence Currents Zero

.

Zero Sequence Currents

.

162
 (. . )

Operating Coil

O
R R

O
R R
O
R R
Restraining Coil Restraining Coil

5-5 -

Tertiary Winding

Zero Sequence
Current .

,
.

3-
20 69/110 kV
Phase ( ) Single phase
Tap changer under load
%5- .%5+ .Differential Relay

.1 CTR .

163
 (. . )

.2 Percentage Slope (
10% 20% .)40%

.3 .

: Input Taps

5A . 5:3 5: 4
5:4.5 5: 4.8 5: 4.9 5: 5 5:5.1 5:5.2 . 5:5.5

-1 CTR
.

20 MVA
Ip 289.8 A
69 KV
20MVA
IS 181.8 A
110 KV
. 3-5
CTR
5A

:

300
CTR P
5
200
CTRS
2

164
 (. . )

5
I P 289.8 4.83 A
300
5
*I S 181.8 4.54 A
200
.
CTRs Input Taps
4.8/5 = TAP
:

4.83
I P (mod ified) 5 5.006 A
4.8
4.5/5 = TAP

4.54
I S (mod ified) 5 5.009 A
4.5
0.003A
. . 6-5

6-5 CTR

165
 (. . )

-2
Biased Differential Relays Slope
.

Tap changer
Tap Changer 5%
5%
5.3%
Input Taps .)0.3%
CT 10%
.15.3% 5%
20% ( .20% -5
.)3

Pickup -3
Pickup
( )
-
:

1 4.8 300
14.4 A
4 5 5

( )
.
14.4A

.
14.4A .

166
 (. . )

4-5
-
CT
. CT . Line Current
3
.

4-
30 11.5/69 kV d-Y
7-5 CT
(50 : up to 2500 : 5
.)5

Input Taps
:

(.)5: 10 - 5: 9 - 5: 8 - 5: 7.3 - 5: 6.6 - 5: 6 - 5:5.5 - 5 : 5

7-5 CT

167
 (. . )

69kV 11kV
250:5 1500:5
251A 1506A a
A
251A 1506A b
B
251A 1506A c
C

5.02A IC Ibc 8.69A

5.02A IB Iab 8.69A

5.02A IA Ica 8.69A

7-5

-1

30 MVA
I L 69kV 251 A
3 69 kV
30 MVA
I L 11.5kV 1506.13 A
3 11.5 kV

-2 CTR 11kV CTR 1500

( .: 5 .) 1506

CTR ( )69kV
CT CT (
) 11kV 11kV CT

168
 (. . )

line ( 3
.)current

.CTR

phase
5 5
1506.13 3 251
1500 X
144 = X (. 150 : 5
.)144

( )5A
250 .
.

5A
250 : 5 150 : 5
( 250 : 5 ) Current
Taps . 69 kV

5
251 5.02 A
250
= 11kv

5
1506 3 8.69 A
1500

169
 (. . )

9: 5A Input Tap 11kV

. Input Taps
.

5-5

Inrush Current
.

1-5-5
8-5
:

Power Transformer -1
. Residual Flux, R

-2


Inrush Current
. 8-5
max R
inrush Current .

170
 (. . )

8-5

8-5
:

-1 .

-2 Imax
90 (
d
.) i
dt

- -
:
. 9-5

171
 (. . )

9-5

Magnitization Currents Steady State
. 10-5

10-5

172
 (. . )

2-5-5





Magnetizing
Circuit .11-5

11-5

IP
Differential IS

173
 (. . )

Relay
.
.

3-5-5
:

.


.

( Op.
)coil Operating current 12-5

.
.Under voltage relay

174
 (. . )

CT

Relay Contact
R

Res Coil
Op. Coil

U.V. Relay
VT
CT

12-5 Differential Relay

Inrush

Under Voltage Relay
Short

.

.

2nd
Harmonic . 2nd Harmonic

40 :50 %
. %7

175
 (. . )

) (Filter 2nd Harmonic

- -
Blocking Signal 2nd Harmonic : 10%
20%
Blocking . CB

.

.

4-5-5 saxugSgCoi snrrSn

Inrush Currents
.

13-5
Inrush Current .

.Inrush Current


.

Inrush

. 14-5

176
 (. . )

I1 I2 R
. 13-5

Sympasatic Inrush .
Differential Relay
Relay

.
.

I2

ITot I1
Gen.

13-5

Time Constant .
Inductance, L R
:
R
E t Em
i m e L ) sin(t
L )R (L
2 2

177
 (. . )

DC Component
) (L/R . Time Constsnt

Exponential Component
" " t . L
L .
L .

14-5

6-5 pcerct otcRV

3-Phase
Phase-A Phase-a
. 15-5

Phase shift
Y
.

. YY , dd, dY, Yd:

178
 (. . )

dY1 , dY11, Yd5 .Vector Group

Differential Relays
Phase Shift .
:

.1 Y
... YY0,
YY2, YY4 .
dY1, dY3, dY5,.. dY11 . Y
.

3-Phase 15-5

.2 16-5
Phase Shift 30 .
dY1 Phase Shift 30
dY3 90 11 Phase Shift
330 . .

179
 (. . )

Y1
X1
O Y1
11 0 1 X1 A A
A C
3 Y2
9
B O Y2
X2 B
Y3
6 X3
X3 C C B X2
Y3

16-5

Yd5 Phase Shift

150 15-5 dY0 :
.

7-5 Overcurrent Protection

:

Overcurrent Relays

:
Over Loads .
.Relays Overcurrent Ansi Code
] [51 Instantenous OC Relay
] [50 .17-5

180
 (. . )

HV LV

50
51

17-5 OC Relays

OC Relay
HV side OC Relay LV side
. 18-5 OC Relays
.Inrush currents

51 51 51
HV2 HV1 LV

Time
LV HV1

HV2

Current

18-5 OC

181
 (. . )

8-5 Restricted EF
Overcurrent
Earth fault .

. Restricted earth fault Protection

EF 19-5
protection
.CTs EF
.

( F1 )19-5
CT4 Neutral
CT-1 CT-2 CT-3
CT4 CT-3
. (
F2 )
CT3 + CT2 + CT1 CT-4
. Relay

182
 (. . )

CT-1

CT-2
F2 F1

CT-3

Restricted EF
CT-4 Relay

19-5 Restricted EF Relay

CT4 Stablizing Resistance
( EF Relay )
Relay Voltage Drop


.
.
.High impedance EF

183
 (. . )

9-5


.

( ).
Forced Air Cooling
Natural Oil Cooling
Forced Oil Cooling

( )FANs
.

11-5


( )1-5

.
90
360 .

184
 (. . )

) (PPM
17 PPM
.

1-11-5 BrinnFiz gkiga

Bochholz
Relay . 2-5

SC

(
)Differential , O.C , EF
.

2-5 Bokholz Relay

185
 (. . )

.
-
. -

11-5 syct erRr tcrcercce

.
.%10
Eddy Currents
Core
.

eddy currents
.
.

Volts-per-Hertz

V

F
:
V = 4.44 NF
) (
(V/F) :
)(V/F
.

186
 (. . )

( ) Voltage Regulator


)(V/F
.
.

187
 ) .. (

1. M. Gilany, A. Adly, R. Radwan, A Novel Method for

Eliminating the Transformer Magnetizing Inrush Current, 4th
IEEE International Conference on Electronics and Systems,
ICECS97, pp.425-428, Cairo, Dec. 15-18, 1997.

2. M. Gilany, Z. Osman, H. M. Zein Eldin, M. Salem, A

Multifunction Power Transformer Protection Method, 8th
International Middle East Power System Conference, MEPCON
2001, Helwan, Egypt, pp. 79-83, Dec. 29-31, 2001.

3. M. Gilany, G. Abdwahab, R. Radwan Laboratory Investigation

of a New Technique to avoid The Problem of Transformer
Inrush Current, 4th Regional Conference of CIGRE
Committees in Arab Countries, Vol. 1, pp. 146-155, March 19-
21, 2001.

4. M. Gilany , O.P. Malik, A New Proposed Digital Differential

Protective Algorithm for H.V. Power Cable, Proceedings of
the 2nd IASTED International Conference on Power and Energy
Systems (EUROPES), Crete, Greece, pp. 630-633, June 25-28.

5. A.G. Phadke and J.S. Thorp, "A microprocessor based three

phase transformer differential relay", IEEE Transactions on
Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-102, No. 11, pp.
3624-3628, 1987.

6. M.S. Sachdev, T.S. Sidhu and H.C. Wood, "A digital relaying
algorithm for detecting transformer winding faults", IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 1638-1647,
July 1989.

188
 (. . )

189
 (. . )

.

.

.

Security


.
& Reliability
.Selectevity

1-6
Rotor and Synchronous Generator
Stator Rotor
Stator .

190
 (. . )

Generator
Exciter ---- Permanent Magnet ---- Automatic :
Voltage Regulator .1-6

Exciter 3-phase generator

Gen-2 1-6 ( 500)
( 5000) Shaft
DC Field .
Stator .

:
: DC Exciter 3-phase
: " " Exciter Field

PMG Exciter

Rectifier
Permanent Unit for
Magnet exciter
Stator of Main Field Rotor
Exciter

Rectifier
Output

Unit for Stator

PMG
Stator of Field of Main Stator
PMG Exciter

1-6

191
 (. . )

3-phase Exciter
Rectification
.
Field Exciter
.
Exciter
: .

3-Phase Generator Exciter

( 100 )
Permanent PMG Gen-1 Magnet
1-6 PMG
3-phase current
Exciter Field .Exciter

Exciter PMG
. Field
Field Exciter PMG
.
1-6 .
. 1-6
( Automatic Voltage
Regulator (AVR
.

192
 (. . )

1-6

1-1-6
Load :

P=T

P: Mechanical input power
T: Torque
: rotor speed in rad / sec

Electric Torque Mechanical Torque
( )Control System
( Feed Water Control
)Valve
( ,)Governor Valve ( )Forced Draft Fan

193
 (. . )

Mechanical Torque Electric Torque

.

( )Frequency :

PN s
f ).....................................(6 1
60
f : The output frequency.
Ns: The synchronous speed or the speed of the rotor.
P : The number of pair poles in the generator.

V P
E A :

3V E A sin
P ).............................(6 2
Xs

2-6
:

- Phase
Faults .
- Inter-turn Faults
.
- Phase
Earth Faults
Stator . Rotor
- Loss of
.Excitation

194
 (. . )

- .
- .
- Unbalance .
- .

3-6
2-6 3- 6
:
() Overvoltage surges
( )Switching
.

2-6

.

Relay

2-6 .

195
 (. . )

Distribution Earthing
Transformer .3-6

Relay

Earthing
Transformer

3-6

3 -6 (
) equivalent value
.
2
N
)R1 R2 1 ...........................(6 3
N2
.

- Y
Zero Sequence Currents
.

196
 (. . )

1-3-6 .

.

. o

o
.

Differential Relay o




Iout , Iin
Differential Relays
Single line to ground
.

o
Unbalance Current

. 3rd Harmonic Current
Zero Sequence
Currents
15%


. 3rd Harmonic Current
.
.

197
 (. . )

4-6

.
:

Biased Differential Protection

.

Overcurrent Protection
Voltage Dependent .
. Overcurrent Relays

1-4-6
Differential Relay 4-6
.

CT CT

Generator

R R R

4-6 .

198
 (. . )

High Impedance Differential
Protection Biased Differential Protection
.5-6

CT
Generator

Differential
Relay

5-6 High Impedance

Saturation Differential Realy

CTs CT .
Output Current
Input Current Differential Relay
.

Relay
. 5-6
Saturated CT Relay
Relay .

199
 (. . )

CTs Relay
Relay
.

CTs CT Short Circuit

CT
Saturation : Relay
CT Saturation
Saturated CT
Relay .

Two CTs
Relay Relay .

OC Relays 2-4-6
Overcurrent Relay

. Time Delayed Overcurrent
.

OC
( ) Voltage Dependent OC OC
.

Overcurrent Relay


BB
.

200
 (. . )

Voltage Controlled . Voltage Restrain

Voltage Controlled OC
Setting .
. 6-6 ( 6-6
- Overload )
- Relay
.

Voltage Controlled Overcurrent Relay 6-6

201
 (. . )

Very close in fault

Relay
Pickup current
.
Relay .

Voltage Restrain Setting

..
Setting . 7-6

.
)Current (% tap Value

100

75

50

25

25 50 75 100
)Restrain Voltage (% rated voltage

7-6 Voltage Restrain OC

202
 (. . )

5-6 EF Stator
- -
( fault
) point
.

.

properly sealed
.

1-5-6
.
Restricted Earth Fault Protection
( . . )8-5

2-5-6 EF Relay

Neutral .
Earth Fault Relay
.

Directional Earth Fault

Relay .8-6
Residual Current
. Residual Voltage

203
 (. . )

Unbalanced Earth Faults Residual Current = 3 I0

- Residual -
Voltage Earth Fault
.

CT

VT

Directional
Earth Fault
Relay

8- 6 Directional Earth Fault Relay

6-6 Negative Sequence Relays

. Negative Sequene Relay

Relaying Signal
:
1- Positive Sequence
2- Negative Sequence
3- Zero Sequence

204
 (. . )

.

Negative Sequence
Current
50Hz 100 Hz .

Heat Losses

.

)K I 22 t ....................................(6 4

( % of I2 Negative Sequence Current

).rated current

t
K I2 .

40-30-20-10
Negative Sequence Current ) ( I 2 t
2

Relays .
Relay
.9-6

205
 (. . )

Negative Generator K = 10
Sequence Relay TDS 2 3
. K=10 K=30
TDS 2 8 .9-6

9-6 Negative Sequence Relay

206
 (. . )

) (Unsymetrical
Negative Sequence Protection
Open
Negative Sequence Conductor
Current
.

7-6

:

1-7-6 Over Speed Protection

Governor
.

Governor
.
Over-
Frequency Relay
.

Loss of Excitation 2-7-6

Excitation
:
Field

207
 (. . )

:
) Reactive Power( Q
Induction Generator
( )Magnetizing Current
out of
.synchronizm

Induction Generator
Slip current Slip Frequency emf Rotor
Wound Rotor
.

Distance Relay
Field
Stator Stator Impedance Relay
) (Vs/Is
.

8-6 lcRrter

.

) (
. ( %5
)

208
 (. . )

( )

10-6 .

VF

IF

10-6

209
 (. . )

.
(Stray ) Leakage ( Currents
) Capacitance
Unsymmetrical Current
. Setting

Setting
.

1-8-6

R 10-6
SLG
:

R I op 100
Un Pr otected _ % )..............(6 5
V ph

Iop ( )CT
Vph Phase Voltage
R

210
 (. . )

1
Restricted EF 5
11 . EF
25% .2
.

Iop = 25% Irated

5000 11,000
I rated 262 A , V ph 6340V
3 11 3
Iop = 65.5A

2 65.5* 100
25%
6340

2-8-6 Stator

.100% Generator Protection
Earthing . 11-6
Transformer
(50 Hz )
50Hz
Leakage
.Current or Unbalance Loads

211
 (. . )

( ) 100% Realy .

IHF I H_F
100%
Relay
High Frequency
Source

11-6

. (
)
Differential Protection Earth Fault .

9-6
Rotor DC System

212
 (. . )

: Rotor

Rotor
G . 12-6
F
Rotor F .Rotor

Rotor M
.Relay M G
- - M
.Relay

Field
Circuit

OC. Relay
M G Exciter

12-6 Rotor

13-6
Rotor + AC Source :

213
 (. . )

+ AC ( Rotor ) +
.

AC injection DC
.
Over-voltage Relay Relay

.

Field
Circuit

M Exciter

LF supply
OV Relay

13-6 Rotor

9-6
Protection
. Schemes
. 41-6

214
 (. . )

CB
52

CT 87B Other busbar

CTs
VT

CT

87 86 49 G

64 41
Field
21 32 46 59 27 81

CT

64

14-6

1-1
.
( )87
. VT . CT

215
 (. . )

Relays
.
Trip Auxilary Lock out Relay, 86
. CB
15-6 14-6
.

52

40 32 51V

VT

CT

87 G

CT

CT 51G

15-6

216
 ) .. (

1. M. Gilany, O.P. Malik, A.I. Megahed, Generator Stator
Winding Protection with 100% Enhanced Sensitivity,
International Journal of Electrical Power and Systems,
Australia, Vol. 24, pp. 167-172, 2002.

2. M. Gilany, Ahmed A Mahfouz, E. Aboul-Zahab, 100% Digital

Stator Earth Fault Protection for Synchronous Generators, 5th
International Middle East Power System Conference,
MEPCON97, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 520-524, Jan. 4-6, 1997.

3. C.J. Mozina (Coordinator), IEEE Tutorial on the Protection of

Synchronous Generators, IEEE Tutorial course, IEEE Power
Engineering Society Special Pub. No. TP 102, 1995.

4. L.Pazmandi, "Stator Earth-Leakage protection for Large

Generators", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. PAS-94, No.4, pp.1436-1439, July/August 1975.

5. R.L.Schlake, G.W.Bukely, and G.Mcpherson, "Performance of

Third Harmonic Ground Fault Protection Schemes for
Generator Stator Windings", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus
and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No.7, pp.3195-3202, July 1981.

6. A.I. Megahed, and O. P. Malik Experimental Testing of a

Neural Network Based Digital Differential relay for
Synchronous Generators, IEEE Transaction on power
Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 1, JANUARY 2000.

217
 (. . )

218
 (. . )

) Busbar (BB

BB

.
. BB
BB
. BB
BB BB
. BB

1-7 ssS
BB :

1-1-7
BB :
.1 Phases
.2 Phase.
.3 phase . Earthed Enclosure

219
 (. . )

.4 SF6 Gas Insulated System GIS

Phase .

2-1-7
BB BB
.
BB
BB
.
. BB

BB :

-A Single BB :
-B Single BB with Bus Section :
-C Double BB with Bus Coupler :
-D One and Half :

. 1-7 BB
. .1-7

220
 (. . )

A- Single BB C- Double BB

B- Sectionalized BB D- One and Half BB

1-7 BB

1-7 BB

221
 (. . )

3-1-7
BB :
-1 Flat BB
BB :
I 7.73 A0.5 p 0.39

A
P

-2 ( )P
BB :
I 8.63 A0.5 p 0.36

-3 BB
:
I 13.6 A0.68

50
40 .
1.724 .m 20 . Resistively
.

2-7
BB
( )SC

Circuit Breaker Failure
.

222
 (. . )

BB
. BB
CBs Locked
. Transient Fault

1-2-7 BB
BB :
BB

BB
( ) I ( )S
) (F
:

I2
Fmax 2 10 4 N .m
s

three-phase system Phase

.

"" Switchgear
BB
.

3-7 BBs
BBs BB
. BB

223
 (. . )

High Reliability Discrimination

.

1-3-7
BBs .2-7
Remote Time Delay Protection
BB Overcurrent Relay
. BB
BB OC
Block OC . BB
OC OC . BB

50
BLOCK

50 50 50 50

2-7

2-3-7 Differential Overcurrent :

Kirchoff
Node Current Law, KCL

224
 (. . )

Node
.
.
OC BB
OC BB
BB BB
. . 3-7 KCL
BB
Differential .
. Overcurrent
Saturation
.BB

51

3-7

3-3-7 wrgxk tkgagmk trFCkiCoFn :

BB Switchgear Frame
BB Frame

225
 (. . )

] Earth Fault Relay [64 4-7

.

I1+I2
Frame

AC

IF= I1+I2 64
I2 I1

> 10 ohm < 1 ohm

I2
Frame Generator
Earthing Earthing

4-7

Sections BB
Sections Frame .
Frame
.
Phase Faults
.
BB Earthing Resistance
4-7
Switchgear Frame

226
 (. . )

Switchgear I1
. Frame EF .64
5-7 I1
I1 Switchgear
Frame Relay
.

IF= I1+I2

I1+I2
Frame

AC

I1 64
I1

> 10 ohm < 1 ohm

I2

Frame Generator
Earthing Earthing

5-7

Directional Comparison Scheme 5-3-7

BB

BB

227
 (. . )

. 6-7
BB
Contact points
Directional Relays .

R R

Trip

6-7 DCS

4-7 : ecttctcercer tcrcercce

Differential Protection
. . BB
Merz-Price
7-7
( 7-7) Differential Current
BB
( ) Relay (7-7)
.

228
 (. . )

R R

Internal Fault External Fault

7-7

Differential Relay
Phases . 8-7
.

Differential
Relay

8-7 DR Phases

Phase and Earth faults

Differential Relay Phase .

229
 (. . )

1-4-7 yomn oxukjgnik uollkrknCogi gkiga

. Saturation
CTs BB
Differential CT
Current Relay Relay
.
Differential Relay
( .) 5-6

5-7
BB Protection
:

1- 5-7 tV BB
:
- CT CB .9-7
- BB CB .10-7
.
9-7 CT
BB CB CB
.

CT . BB
BB
. BB :
BB
BB .

230
 (. . )

BB protection
Contact Points .
Contact Points . BB

Bus Bar

CB

CT

9 -7 CT

CT BB
10-7 . CB
CT CB Line
BB Protection Protection
. Dead Zone
. BB Protection
BB
. CB
Contact Points CB CB
. BB Protection

231
 (. . )

Bus Bar

CT

CB

10-7 CT

2 5-7 sBoCinghik ss

BB BB
Switchable BB BB
BB
BB . .11-7
CT-2 BB-1 SW-5
BB-2 Sw-6 .

232
 (. . )

CT-5
S-5 S-7 S-9

CB-1

S-6 S-8 S-10

CT-6

CB-2 CB-3 CB-4

S-2 S-3 S-4
CT-4 CT-4 CT-4

C-3 C-2 C-3

11-7 BB

6 -7 BBO

BB
BB CBs
analog and digital inputs
.12-7 .
). Central Unit ( CU

233
 (. . )

Bus Bar

52 52 52

CU

12-7 Central Unit

.13-7 Data
Phase CU Acquisition Unit , DAU
DAU .
Phase Segregated
Phase Busbar Relay
Relay Phase-A Phase-
B . Phase-C
.

Bus Bar

52 52 52

DAU DAU DAU

CU

13-7 DAU

234
 (. . )

Relay Relay
.2-7

2-7 Relay BB

235
 ) .. (

[1] Jiali H., Shanshan L., Wang G., Kezunovic M., Implementation
of a Distributed Digital Bus Protection System, IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol.12, No.4, October 1997, pp.1445-1451.

[2] Kasztenny B., Sevov L., Brunello G., Digital Low-Impedance

Bus bar Protection .Review of Principles and Approaches,
Proceedings of the 54th Annual Conference for Protective Relay
Engineers, College Station, TX, April 3-5, 2001. Also presented
at the 55th Annual Georgia Tech Protective Re-laying, Atlanta,
GA, May 2-5, 2001.

[3] B90 Bus bar Protection Relay, Instruction Manual, GE

publication No.GEK-106241, 2002.

[4] Sachdev M.S., Sidhu T.S., Gill H.S., A Bus bar Protection
Technique and its Performance During CT Saturation and CT
Ratio-Mismatch, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.15, No.3,
July 2000, pp.895-901.

236
 (. . )

237
 (. . )

Short Circuit
.
.
Short Circuit
. Symmertrical and Unsymmetrical Faults :
.

.

.
Prated
I rated
Vrated

De-rating
factors
.

( ) Relay time + Circuit Breaker time
.

.

238
 (. . )

Short Circuit Methods


Circuit Breakers
.

Coordination
.

239
 (. . )

3-Line-to-Ground

Phases .
Phases Single Line Diagram
.


.


.

.

Per unit .

-1 Per Unit

240
 (. . )

Short Circuits



.
.

Supper position .Thevenen

. Per Unit
( 165)
(150)
180
. : 160
.

. Perunit
1 ZH High V. Side
ZL . Low Side
.

ZL ZH

VL
VH

1-

241
 (. . )

: Zp.u

.

Zp.u:
Z
Z p. u
Z Base
ZBase
VBase
Z Base
I Base
. VL VBase VH
.IBase
MVABase .

.Refernce Value

Zp.u MVAbase :

MVABase
Z p.u Z
kVB2

Zp..u
.

MVAB
Z p.u Z
kVB2

242
 (. . )

: Z ZL ZH . : .
. Z ZL ZH
.

MVAB
Z p.u Z L
1
kVL2
MVAB
Z p.u 2 Z H
kVH2
2
Z p.u Z L kVH2 Z L N1
1
1
Z p.u 2
Z H kVL2 Z H N2

Z p.u
Z p.u
.

. Zp.u
5% Zp.u
.
Zp.u. 5% Prated
.

:
. -1 ) MVA (Base . MVAB
-2 ( Zones) VBase
VBase VH VB
.VL

243
 (. . )

-3 )& (VB
MVAB :

MVAB
X p.u X )(1
kVB2

MVABnew
X p.u new X p.uold )(2
MVABold

-4 Xeq.
.
-5

VB
I s .c
Req
MVAs.c -6
MVAs.c 3 k VB kIs.c

- -

.

- 2 MVA Method

Per Unit MVA
. method
Per Unit MVAB
M Rated Power

244
 (. . )

. Per Unit
.

M :

:
) (rated power
X pu
M

MVAraterd
M ( gen, motor , transf ) )(3
X p.u

-
Xgen 0.02 pu 2 3.125 MVA
M
3.125
M1 M 2 156.25 MVA
0.02

2- 10 MVA M
) (M4

10
M4 200 MVA
0.05

245
 (. . )

S(gen)=3.125 MVA
Xpu = 0.02

M1 M2

S(transf) = 10MVA
M4 Xpu = 0.05

2 -

Per unit
MVAB M
.

:

M :

M cable
KV 2 )(4
X c

M :
-1 M
( M )
. 3- M3 . M1 & M2

246
 (. . )

per unit
.

M1 M2

M3=M1+M2

3-
-2 M
. 4- ( M3 )
M4 ( M5
) M3 & M4 :

M 3* M 4
M5
M3 M4

M1 M2

M3=M1+M2

M4

M5=M3//M4

4-

247
 (. . )

Generators
and Motors

M MVAs.c
Is.c

MVASC
I SC
3 (kV ) 2

kV .

5-
. BB-7

-1 : M 3 4
) M2 ) M14 .5-

2 3
MVAraterd 3.125
M2 M3 156.25 MVA
X p.u 0.02

7 :13
MVAraterd 10
M 7 M 13 200 MVA
X p.u 0.05

248
 (. . )

40506,12 :3.3 kV

M 4 M 5 M 6 M 12
kV 2 3.32
605 MVA
X c 0.018

8 9 14 400
M

M 8 M 9 M 14
kV 2 0.42
8.9 MVA
X c 0.018

-2 : M
.
BB7 Gen-3 , Gen-2,
. Motor-10, Motor-11
Static Load BB7
. M

. Branch
M BB-2
BB MB2 :
Gen-2 M2 M4
MB2 :

M2*M4
MB2 124 MVA
M2 M4

. MB3 .124

249
 (. . )

. MB2 , MB3
BB6 BB4

MB4 = MB2 + MB3 = 124 + 124 = 248 MVA

. MB4 M6
M7 MB6 MB4, M6,
M7

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

MB6 MB4 M 6 M 7 248 605 200
MB6 93.6 MVA

. BB-8, BB-9
MB8 , MB9
.

-3 :
M MSC

M SC MB6 MB8 MB9 93.6 MVA

MVAsc 93.6 * 106

I sc 135kA
3Vb 3 * 400

250
 (. . )

.Per Unit

.

.
Short
Circuit
248MVA 93MVA .

SC Current
.

251
 ) .. (

Gen-2 Gen-3 Pgen= 3.125 MVA

Xgen=0.02 pu

Xcable = 0.018 ohm

M2 M3
BB2 BB3 PT = 10MVA, 33kV/ 400V
XT = 0.05 pu
MB2 MB3
BB4
MB4 M12
M6

BB6
M13
M7
BB10
MB6
BB7
MB8 MB9
M14
M8 M9
BB8 BB9
BB11
M11 M10

Static
Load
Motor-10 Motor-11
40 [ 400 HP Motors]
X = 0.25 pu

5-

252
 (. . )

B


Unsymmetrical Faults

Symmetrical Components

.
Symmetrical Components
Phases
. Unsymmetrical Faults
1-L-G Phase-A :
phases
(
/ / ) .
Symmetrical
. Components

:

..... - -
.

253
 (. . )

B-1 Symmetrical Components

Unsymmetrical

. :
Positive Sequence Network
Negative Sequence Network
Zero Sequence Network

Impedances Z1,
Z2, Z0 . Impedance .

Unsymmetrical Fault Sources

1-. (Vf1, Vf2, Vf0) :
. Positive, Negative and zero sequence voltages
sequence network .
Sources Impedances Z1, Z2, Z0
) (I1, I2, I0 . 1

254
 (. . )

B1 Phase-a

Phases
Symmetrical Components Phase-a
Single Line Diagram Phase-a .
sequence
currents :

Ia1, Ib1, Ic1 o Positive Sequence Network

. Va1, Vb1, Vc1
Ia2, Ib2, Ic2 o Negative Sequence Network
.Va2, Vb2, Vc2
Ia0, Ib0, Ic0 o Zero Sequence Network
. Va0, Vb0, Vc0

255
 (. . )

) Positive Sequence Voltages (or currents

Phasors 120 Three Phase .
.
Voltages and currents Negative Sequence Network
Phasors Three Phase
.
Phasors Sequence Network
Zero .

Va1, Vb1, Vc1 Positive Sequence Network

Phase-a
:
Va1 Va1
Vb1 a 2Va1
Vc1 aVa1
where a 1120 , a 2 1240.........................1

( ) a .
, Negative Sequence :
Va 2 Va 2
Vb 2 a Va 2
Vc 2 a 2Va 2 ...........................................................2

Zero sequence Phasors :

256
 (. . )

Va 0 Va 0
Vb 0 Va 0
Vc 0 Va 0 ...........................................................3

:
2
1+a+a =1 )..(4

Ia1+Ia2+Ia0
Ia - -
. .
Phase
.

Ia = Ia1 + Ia2 + Ia0

Ib = Ib1 + Ib2 + Ib0

Ic = Ic1 + Ic2 + Ic0 )..(5

Phasors (12)3
( )5 Phase-a
:
Ia = Ia1+ Ia2 + Ia0
2
Ib = a Ia1 + a Ia2 + Ia0
2
Ic = a Ia1+ a Ia2 )+ Ia0 (6

1 2 0 Sequences
a
:

257
 (. . )

+ I2 + I0 Ia = I1
2
+ a I2 + I0 Ib = a I1
+ a2 I2 + )I0 (6 Ic = a I1

( I1 , I2, I0 Sequence currents )

( ) Phases :

I1
1
3

I a aI b a 2 I c
1

V1 Va aVb a 2Vc
3

1

I 2 I a a 2 I b aI c
3

1

V2 V a a 2Vb aVc
3

1
I 0 I a I b I c
3
)V0 Va Vb Vc ..................................(7
1
3

Sequence Currents Phase

. . Currents
7- Zero Sequence
. Positive :
& Negative sequence currents
.

B-2 Sequence impedances

Unsymmetrical
:

258
 (. . )

Positive Sequence Network

Negative Sequence Network
Zero Sequence Network

Impedance
Impedance Z1, Z2, Z0
.
Impedances
.

B-2-1 Synchronous Generators

Reactance :

Xd sub-transient reactance
Xd transient reactance
Xd steady state reactance

.
salient Pole
Round Rotor
X2 = X1 Round Rotor
salient Pole X0
. X1 X2

B-2-2
:
X1 = X2 = 0.8 ohm per mile for Single conductor TL
X1 = X2 = 0.6 ohm per mile for Bundle TL
X0 . 3:3.5 X1

259
 (. . )

B-2-3 :
X1, X2, X0 .

B-3
Unsymmetrical Fault Sources
) Positive, Negative, and Zero Voltage (:
Positive Sequence Sources
Voltages .B-1 Voltages
Sequences I1, I2, I0
impedances Z
Sequence
Reduction .

Zero Sequence Networks

( / / )
Z0 Zero Sequence
.Networks

B-4 Z0
Leakage Reactance XL, XH
High and Low voltage sides XH, XL
. XTransformer XT

XT ( ) H, L :

260
 (. . )

)1 " " : .
( B2)
)2 " " :
. B2)
)3 " " : . )B2
)4 "
" : B2 (
3 phases )
( XL, XH .) XT

B2 Z0

.B-1

261
 (. . )

B-1

262
 (. . )

B-5
X1,X2, X0 Symmetrical
Components Sequence Networks
( )
7 :

B-5-1 1-L-G
Ib = Ic = 0 7
Sequence currents I0 = I2 = I1
Sequences Networks B3 .

B-5-2 2-L-G
Vb = Vc = 0 7
V0 = V2 = V1 Sequence Voltages
Sequences Networks
B3 .

B-5-3 L-L
Ib = - Ic = 0 Vb = Vc
Ia 7 I1 = - I2 I0 = 0
Zero Sequences Positive Sequence Negative
Sequence B3-.

263
 (. . )

B3 Sequences

B-6

.
3 4-
Load .
.
X percentage = MVA base
100 High voltage side Base
. Voltage = 110kV

264
 (. . )

B4
1-L-G
. BB-D

Positive, Negative, :
Positive, Negative Sequence Zero Sequence
Positive Sequence . B5
Zero Sequence . B6

Reduction
Z Supply .

Reactance
. Xs
. Reduction
.

265
 (. . )

Positive Sequence B5

B6 Zero Sequence

266
 (. . )

B6 Zero Sequence

B6 Zero Sequence
() .
.B8

- - X0 Station X
/.
Zero Sequence B6.

Z . )B7

267
 (. . )

J0.72
J9 J6
J7.2 J4.8

Bus-A Bus-X
J60

B7

Positive
and Zero sequence Impedances
.B8

B8 Positive and Zero Sequence

268
 (. . )

Zero Seq. :
Pos Seq :

Per unit
. B-1
SLG Positive, Negative and :
Zero sequence networks .

V 1
I1 I 2 I 0 2.22 pu
Z1 Z 2 Z 0 0.184 0.184 0.081
: Ibase

VAbase 100000
base current 524.8 A
Vbase 3 *110

branches 8
reduction
). (

.

Positive Sequence X B9
per unit Zero Sequence
.B10

269
 (. . )

0.629 0.563 1.025

330.5A J24 295.9A J28 538.14A J40

0.0668 0.63
35.05A 330.9
Bus-D

J10 Bus-X J40

J28 J18 2.218

1164A
0.562 Bus-Y 0.562
295.4A 295.4A

B9 Positive Sequence

B10 Zero Sequence

Phase Sequence Currents

Currents .7 :

Ia = I1 + I2 + I0 = 6.66pu = 3493 A
Ib = a2 I1 +a I2 + I0 = -I1 + I0
Ic= a I1 + a2 I2 + I0 = -I1 + I0 )(8

270
 (. . )

I1 = I0 Ib = Ic = Zero .

Phases
6 .
Phase-C A Y
. Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence
8- Pgase-C ( . )-I1 + I0
B9 B10 ( -289A = ) -295 + 6.1
.B11

Phases
.

:
)1 Ic = Ib = 0

phases 11- -
. -
) 2 BB-D

.Closed Circuit
)3
. Isolated System
Stray Capacitance
.
)4 A, B , D
.

271
 (. . )

)5 Zero Sequence Currents

Delta Connection .
. Zero Sequence Currents
)5
.
)6
Phases .

B11 Phases

272
 ) .. (

1. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Applied Protective
Relaying, Relay Instruments Division, USA, 1982.

2. Anderson, P.M., Power System Protection, MacGraw Hill,

1999.

3. GEC Alsthom T&D, "Protective Relays Application Guide",

Third Edition, March, 1995

4. Fitzgerald, A.E., Charles Kingsley. and Umans, S.D., Electric

Machinery, McGraw-Hill, 1989.

5. D.Stevenson, "Elements of Power System Analysis", McGraw-

Hill , 1982.

6. S.H. Horowitz, A.G. Phadke, Power System Relaying, John

Wiley & Sons Inc, 1995.

7. A. T. Johns and S. K. Salman , Digital protection for power

systems , Peter Peregrinus Ltd 1995 .

8. M.S. Sachdev (Coordinator), Developments in

microprocessors-based relays and communication, IEEE
Tutorial Course, 1997.

9. M.S. Sachdev (Coordinator), IEEE Tutorial Course,

"Microprocessor Relays and Protection Systems", 88EH0269-
1-PWR,1988.

10. Phadke, A.G. and Thorp, J.S. , "Computer Relaying for Power
Systems"; Research Studies Press Ltd., London, 1995

11. Wright, A. and Christopoulos, C. "Electrical Power System

Protection" ; Chapman & Hall, London, 1993.

273
 ) .. (

12. Blackburn, J. L., "Protective Relaying: Principles and

Applications", Marcel Dekker, Inc.. New York, Basel, Hong
Kong, 1987.

13. Warrington, A.R.C. "Protective Relays. Their Theory and

Practice", Chapman and Hall, Band 1, London, 1962.

14. Mason C.R.: The Art & Science of Protective Relaying, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, London, Sydney, 1956 (sixth re-
edition 1967).

15. Gerhard Ziegler, Numerical Distance Protection, Siemens,

Publicis MCD, Munich, 1999.

. -16
.1988

. . -17
.1987

274
 (. . )

275