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نظم الحماية الكهربية دكتور محمود جيلاني PDF
نظم الحماية الكهربية دكتور محمود جيلاني PDF
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3
(. . )
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:
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Overcurrent Relay
" : Overcurrent Relay
" ...
.
.
.
4
(. . )
( ) " :
:
.. ...... "
" : " .
. .
2006
mahmoudgilany@yahoo.com :
5
(. . )
( ) www.saydsaad.com
. ( )
.
6
(. . )
7
(. . )
1-1
Synchrounous Generator
Transformer
(Overhead
) Transmission Lines
( )Underground Cables
Distribution Transformers
( )
( )
.Distribution Boards
Bus Bars
1-1 .
.
.
Relaying Signals
8
(. . )
Protective Relays
Circuit Breakers .
20kV 300 kV
SLBY A
SLBC M SLBY A33 132 kV
SLBC M11 33 kV 33 kV
11kV
1-1
9
(. . )
1-1
1-1-1
.
.
Open Circuit
. Over load
2-1-1
:
- Phases :
Single Line to Ground.
Double Lines to Ground .
Three Lines .
Phase to Phase .
Three Lines to Ground
- Phases
Unsymmetrical Faults
Phase
Symmetrical Fault Phases.
- Earth Faults Phase Faults
EF
10
(. . )
Phase Faults
.
-
Permanant Faults Transient Faults
.
.
.
2-1
1-2-1
.
:
Trip Signal Circuit Breaker
Block Signal
. Protective Relay
.
:
Protective Relays PR -1
Circuit Breakers CB -2
:
11
(. . )
.
CBs
Circuit Breakers
.
2-2-1
Transmission Line Generator
Transformer . 1-1
.
CT VT .
GIS
.1-1
1-1
Relay + CB + ( (VT + CT
.
1- 1 GIS
SF6 .
:
12
(. . )
.
.
Earthing
Switch, ES, Isolator . Busbars
1-1 . GIS
13
(. . )
) ).
Phases ( ).
Circuit Impedance Z
.
(
) .
-
.
4-2-1 :
.
.
14
(. . )
1-1
15
(. . )
CB
. CB
) (Vacuum CB
.
16
(. . )
. SF6
CB : SF6
CBs ( SF6 ).
) (SF6
.
) ( Lime Stone .
SF6
SF6 SF6 .
.
CBs ( ).
- -
Short Circuit
.
Busbars SF6
GIS Short
Circuit Phases .
.
17
(. . )
6-2-1 tsS
Protective Relay
CBs . Relaying Signals
Relay Current/Volatge Transformer Relay
) CB
( Trip Coil .
2-1 Overcurrent Relay
Relay Inverse Relay
Contacts CB Trip Coil
. CB Poles CB ANSI code 52
Relay 51 .1-1
( ) Trip or Block 20
( Delay Time Relays
)Reverse OC Relays
50 100
. Fault Clearing Time
:
.CB. ( Relay
+ )Relay ( CB Relay
.)CB
18
(. . )
Bus bar
CT Relay 51
a ct
C ont
lay
Re
C
B
52 52 52 52a
CB 2-1 Relay
7-2-1 Relay CB
Trip .
Breaker Failure,
. BF . 3-1
19
(. . )
CB CT
BF
T
R Trip CB
. BF BF
Timer CB
. CB
CT
BF CB Auxilary Contacts
BF .
CB Timer
BF Trip
.3-1
3-1
.
20
(. . )
Zone-3 Zone-5
Zone-2 Zone-6
Zone-4
Zone-1
Zone-7
: 4-1
) Zone-1 ( 1
2
3
Busbars 4
. Transmission Lines
.
21
(. . )
( (Overlap
. Busbars
Breaker Failure Relay
Trip CB CB
Breaker Failure
.
22
(. . )
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
F C D
A B
: 5-1
R1, R6
Time Delay R2, R5
R3, R4 R3, R4 R2,
R5 B
C - . R2, R5
Directional
Protection .
( .) 5-1
.
F 5-1 R2, R5
.
R1, R3, R4, R6
.
:
Forward Faults
Reverse Faults
23
(. . )
:
Internal Faults
External Faults
.
6-1
:
) (F1
Relays 15 .16
15
Relays 7 .9
G1
G2 .
10 8
.
7
2, 4, 30 CBs
G3 . G2
.
24
(. . )
G1
G2
B2 40
B1 30 9 11
L6
1 3 7 L5
B4 12
B3 10
L1 L2 L3 13
8 15
B5 4 L7 L8
5 F1
16
B6
L4 17
L9
2 6
B7 50 18
B8
B9
19 14
G3
G4
60 20 L10 B10
6-1
4-1
:
Reliability
Reliable
( )16
F1 Unreliable .
25
(. . )
* Selectivity
Relaiable Relay
Reliable
Selective :
. . Selective
6-1 F1
9 15
9 ) (Unselective .
* Sensitivity
Sensetive
.
* Adequateness
Relay
.
: Relays
- ( ) Power Rating . Relay
- .
- .
26
(. . )
-
Busbar .
,
,
250
.
* Speed
,
Short Circuit BB 40
80
,
5 80
.
Stability
)( Protection Schemes
.
(Time
) Delay :
.1 .
.2 Relays :
)(Starting Current
() Transient Faults
). ( Load Fluctuations
27
(. . )
* Stability
Short Circuit
Transient Faults .
Economics
5-1
Electromagnetic
Relays Static Relays
. Digital Relays
Overcurrent Relay
.
1-5-1 cicEegamortcelE
Hinged Armature Relay Plunger
.Type Relay
Induction Disc
. Relays Electromechanical Relays
. 2-1 .
(
) .
28
(. . )
. CB
Stable
.
Inertia
.
2- 1
29
(. . )
Operational Amplifer
Op Amp CB.
. 3-1
3-1 Static
Op Amp
Unstable
. Digital Relays
30
(. . )
Cycle
.
.
( Static or electromechanical
)
Digital
Communications
. .4-1
4-1
31
(. . )
32
) .. (
Digital Protection
33
(. . )
34
(. . )
) ( CT and VT
Relaying Signals
CT & VT
.
: .
.
-1
-2 ( /)
.
-3 / .
35
(. . )
1-2
VTs 100 110
kV, kW, kWh , kVARh
VTs Directional O/C , E/F , Over/Under Voltage
.Load Shedding Interlock
- - Rated
Power
V.A
. 300MVA
.
:
(
)Turns Ratio Voltage drop VT
Saturation .
VT 1-1
CT GIS Out-door Stations
VT . 1-2
36
(. . )
1-2
Potential
Transformer Capacitive Voltage Transformer
.
1-1-2
:
37
(. . )
Rated Voltage .1 ( 12
)kV
Level Voltage .2 (12
) 28 75 110 - 100.
Breakdown - Pulse Voltage .3
.
Turns Ratio .4 .
Accurecy Class .5
.
. VT
0.1
0.2 0.5 1.0 . 3.0
P 3P and 5P
.Protection
.
2-1-2
Error
K nV s V p
Error )100.............................(2 1
Vp
Kn
Vs
VP
38
(. . )
Bs 3941/197s
1-2 .2-2
1-2
2-2
Accuracy Class 0.25- 1.0 Rated Burden at0.8 pf
Phase
% )(minutes
3P -/+ 3.0 -/+ 120
6P -/+ 6.0 -/+ 240
3-1-2 TV
VT PhaseNeutral
( . ) VA , VB, VC
1-2 VT Phases .
39
(. . )
VT
Relay
( )
1-2 VT
Phases
Phase . 2-2
Residual Connection
Unsymmetrical Faults Three
Phases
.Unsymmetrical Faults
Symmetrical Faults
Residual
. Voltage Zero Sequence
Zero Vresidual Voltage
Sequence Voltage .
Broken Delta
.
40
(. . )
Residual Voltage
( )
( )
4-1-2
.
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
CVT VT 3-2
Phases
Capacitor divider
VT
.
CVT VT
.
.
41
(. . )
( )
( )
Relay
3-2
2-2 tV
5
Turns Ratio - 100 : 5 :
300 : 5 - 200 : 5 . 3000:1
Outdoor 2-2
. GIS 1-1
.2-2
42
(. . )
2-2
1-2-2
Relay
4-2 .
CT 4-2 .
Digital
Numbers . A/D Converter
43
(. . )
Vs I s R
Relay IS Relay
R
IS
IP IP
4-2
2-2-2
CT
CT BB CB
5-2 CT BB protection CB
. Overlap
.
.
CTs -2
5 F BB Protection
. BB
CB .
.
44
(. . )
F
BB-Protection
Feeder
Protection
BB-Protection
Feeder
Protection
5-2
3-2
/
.
NS
IP IS IS N
NP
N
.Turns Ratio
ZB
EMF
ES IS
45
(. . )
. 6-2 / Vo/p
Vo / p I S Z B ES I S RCT
RCT
.RL
NP
IP
IS
NS
ES
RCT
ZB
: 6-2 .
d
ES
dt
ES
B A
) . ) Tesla = wb/m2 B
A . m2
46
(. . )
EK
Knee-point Voltage
F Hz N .
ZB
:
1-
:
CT Ratio 2000/5
RCT+L = 0.31
IPri-max = 40 kA
Bmax = 1.6 Tesla
Core CSA = 20 cm2
N = 2000/5 = 400
Isec-max = 40,000/400 = 100A
2-1
EK = 4.44 * N * F * A * BMax
EK = 4.44 * 400 * 50 * 20 * 10-4 * 1.6 = 284 Volts
Burden
Rmax = 284 / 100 = 2.84
47
(. . )
0.31
ZB = 2.84 -0.31 = 2.53
4-2
CT
.Excitation Current, Ie
Ze
.7-2 /
.
7-2
Magnitization 8-2
Knee- Curve . Excitation Curve
point .
48
(. . )
ES
10%
EK
%50
IK Ie
Excitation Current
8-2
5-2
( )
(. )Saturation
49
(. . )
( ( ) " "
d
)
dt
) . (
. 9-2
9-2 DC Component
R, X
R, X.
Turns Ratio
Saturation
) (Distorion
.
.
9-2
50
(. . )
6-2
mmf
mmf .
mmf
mmf core
Shunt
Impedance, Ze 7-2
.
.
Short Circuit
mmf
.
7-2 CT
Burden VA Load
( ) .
-
.
Burden CT
51
(. . )
5A Burden 12.5 VA
Burden :
ZB = P / I2 = 12.5 /25 = 0.5
Burden
: +
.
Measurements .
Low Burden
.
Low Burden
) . ) Electromagnetic or Static Relays
10-2
/
.
52
(. . )
1A ES
100/1 ES 1
1V
Ie
1A
ES
100/1 ES 10
10 V
Ie
1A ES
100 V
100/1 ES
100
Ie
1A ES
?=V
100/1 ES
1000
Ie
10 -2
1-7-2 tVS
CT :
Protection CT
Instrument CT
53
(. . )
CT
CT
.
CT
( Es )7-2
. ,11-2
.
11-2
CT
:
54
(. . )
CT VT
:
Directional Earth Fault
Distance Protection
CT
.
kWH , kVARH meters
kW , kVAR meters
.
Measurements
( ZB : + ZL
).
8-2
:
- Rated Burden VA
)2.5 , 5.0, 7.5 , 10, 15, 30 VA ( :
Continous Rated Current -
.
Short circuit current and duration time -
.
- Rated 1 2 5 .
30
. 1A
55
(. . )
- 3000/1 .
- Class Class
.
5P, 10P Classes
Class X
. BS Class 5P Instantenous OC Relays
Class 10P Overcurrent
. IDMT
Class
.Class-X
200/1 ALF = 5
. 200 * 5 = 1000A
ALF 2-2
CT : ALF
56
(. . )
rated VA
Vk ALF I n RCT ALF ][2 2
In
Vk 1-2
1-2 Bmax
.
1-8-2
100/1 , 5P10 CT
CT %5
1A . 10
9-2
Commissining Tests :
Turns Ratio Magnitization Curve
.
57
(. . )
.
.
1-9-2
.
( S1 S2
) P1 P2
. 12-2
.
P1 P2
IPri
ISec
S1 S2
12-2
CT
Flicker Test CT
6 13-2
S1 .
58
(. . )
IP
P2 S1 P1
S2
IS
V
13-2 Flicker CT
:
.
Demagnetization .
.8 -2
59
(. . )
TC 01-2
CT
. Vk
VS Relay
> VK VS
Relay :
2-
OC Relay 0.02 ohm
: 7226
CTR = 1000/5 , 7.5VA, 10P20
RCT = 0.26
RL = 0.15
) VS = If-Sec (RCT + RL + Rr
= 7226 * 5/1000 * (0.26 + 0.02 + 0.15) = 15.54 Volts
rated VA
Vk ALF I n RCT ALF
In
VK = 7.5/5 * 20 + 5 * 0.26 * 20 = 56 Volts
5A = In
Relay VS < VK
. CT
60
(. . )
-1 (
.) 14-2
IPri
ISec Es
RCT
ZB
14-2
. RCT
Burden ( + ZB
).
-2 ( ) ES Bmax
:
)(in2 A
)(50 Hz F
61
(. . )
Turns Ratio N
Lines/in2 Bmax
: m2 wb/m2
Es . 10-8
-3 Bmax
" " ( )100,000 Lines/in2
Bmax ( )2-4
.
3-
A= 3.25in 2
N= 2000 : 5
0.31 ( )Burden . 2
350000A 50Hz
:
IL
5
I L 35000 87.5 A
2000
Es
62
(. . )
) (2-4
:
ES 202.1
Bmax 8
70,030 Lines / in 2
4.44 F A N 10 4.44 50 3.25
2000
10 8
5
( ) 100,000 Lines/in2
.
63
) .. (
5- Yong Cheol Kang, Ui Jai Lim , Sang Hee Kang, and Peter A.
Crossley, Compensation of the Distortion in the Secondary
Current Caused by Saturation and Remanence in a C.T , IEEE
Transaction on power delivery, Vol.19, No.4 , October, 2004,
PP 1642-1649.
64
(. . )
65
(. . )
Overcrrent Relays
.
. Overcurrent Relays
1-3
:
1-1-3
Relay
Relay .
.
2-1-3 RF
) (Short Circuit
R ( ) ZLF
Fault Resistance, RF . 1-3
( ..)
:
VS
IF ).......................................(3 1
Z LF RF
66
(. . )
High
Impedance Fault
.
.
.
Xs
Z LF
Xs
R R
Xs
IF RF
1-3
RF
.
.
:
8750
Rarc
I 1 .4
350 /Ft of Arc )(3-2
Rarc
I
3000
Rarc 1.3
I
.
.
67
(. . )
3-1-3
. Low Source Impedance.
1-3
( ) Xs/3
.
Strong Source
XS
XS/3
. .Weak Source
68
(. . )
1 2
Instantenous OC
.
F1& F2
.3-3
69
(. . )
B A
F2 F1
50 50
B F1 , F2 3-3
( ) Definite Time
Transient Fault
Permenent Fault
.
ZSource ( ZLine
) Short Circuit
.
4-3 .
70
(. . )
B A
51 51
4-3
-3 ( )Normal Inverse OC
,
.
. 5-3
.
Short Circuit ZSource ZLine
.
71
(. . )
Overcurrent Relay :
Inverse OC
Instantenous
Setting .6-3
72
(. . )
.
.
Inverse Relay :
Very inverse 1
characteristic . 7-3
Setting
Relays .
. Time multiplaier .
Extremely inverse - 2
characteristic 7-3
.Fuse
.
73
(. . )
Overheating
.
( )Directional Unit ( ) Directional OC
Setting
.
74
(. . )
IDMT 8-3
9-3 .
75
(. . )
OC :
-1 CT
-2 Pickup
Time Dial Setting -3
Inverse
. Overcurrent Relay
1-3-3
Current
).Transformer Ratio (CTR
76
(. . )
CTR :
-2 .CT
CTR
1A 5A .
CTR
.
1-
4600
130 CT 100
) X : 5( CTR :
X 5 X 5
4600 * 5
X 230
100
CTR 300 : 5 300
.230 :
130 5
2.1A
300
( 5) .
:
4600 5
I SC 75 A
300
77
(. . )
100A CTR .
( ) Pickup Inverse
TAP
Induction Disc
. Plug Setting Multiplier PSM .
"
. ">I Pickup value
TAP Multiple of TAP
TAP TAP
5-3 .TAP
Setting TAP
CT %100
. EF Relay
OC Relays TAP
% 50 % 200 Standard Input
. Relay Standard Input 1A . 5A
IS .Setting
78
(. . )
2-
OC Relay %75
CTR = 100/1 300
.CT
:
Relay %75 :
CTR
300 * 1/100 = 3A
TAP
3A / 0.75A = 4 TAP
TAP .
3-
Overcurrent 5-3
12 Relay Pickup
4 ) (TDS 4 .5-3
79
(. . )
Relay
TAP :
12 A
I F (as a multiple of TAP) 3 TAP
4A
5-3 TAP=3 4
. 2.0 Sec
4-
A B .10-3
.
B A
IF-Max = 1400A
CT 200/5 CT 100/5
51 51
10-3 . 4
. TAP = 5A
Relay A
1400
IF 5 A 14 TAP
100
5
5-3 TMS = 0.5
0.15.
80
(. . )
Relay-B :
1400
IF 5 A 7 TAP
200
5
5-3 0.25
TMS .
- 0.3 sec. . Coordination Time
- 4-3-3 TMS
0.5 .1
.
4-3-3
TDS
10-3
0.15 Sec B A
) . ( A
Time Gap
. 0.4 sec
. Reset
81
(. . )
Relays 400
300 .
5-3-3
TAP
.
.
1 Pickup
"
- OC ">I - Pickup
I Load
1.2 ) I 0.7 * I SC min .........................................................(3 4
Kr
>I = Pick-up current
Iload = Maximum load current
Kr = Resetting ratio for the relay (Drop off/Pick up).
ISC min = The samallest fault current that must be detected by
the relay.
1.2 = Safety margins Between 1.5 & 0.7.
Kr Relay
. Setting Relay Reset
0.95 Setting Kr
. 0.95
2 Pickup :
OC Pickup
:
82
(. . )
In
* I 1.5 )........................................................(3 5
Kr
>I = Pick-up current
Kr = Resetting ratio for the relay (Drop off/Pick up).
In = Nominal current on the side of the transformer where the relay
is installed
1.5 = Safety margins
5-
11-3 132
600( )conductor rated current
800 Standard Input 1A OC Relay
.1: TAP . R1 & R2 : SC
. 8000 A Current
R1 R2 F1
11 -3 5-
TAP
. 4-3
I Load
1.2 I 0.7 * I SC min
Kr
Tap R1 R2
83
(. . )
600
* 1.2 I 0.7 * 8000
0.98
734.693 I 5600
R2
. Relays 5-3
. 0.5 = TMS
8000
0.16 ( )TAP
.
Relay R1
400 .
R1 8000 TMS 2
0.5 . Relay R2
350 3 = TMS
450
.TMS = 2
84
(. . )
% 25
% 125 . Pickup Load 600 : 800
. Overload
OC Relay
1.15 : 1.1 TAP
%25 :
1.375 ,
. Overload
: 11-3
Instantenous unit Pickup
1.20 Symmetrical r.m.s Fault
"
">>I Current . Pickup
.
R1
R1 R2
85
(. . )
20 % R2
.
R1 %20
R2
CT
20%
.
%50
Power Transforner
Transformer Inrush Current
50% . 20%
86
(. . )
OC Relay
5-3
Starting Currents Relay
.
Inrush
.
87
(. . )
CT
CT
CT
EF
Relay
12-3
Zero Sequence
Current
Symmetrical Components = IA + IB
Zero sequence 3Io + IC
component
.Zero Sequence Relay
88
(. . )
. (
)
.
EF .13-3
Relay CT
20% .
EF
CT
Relay
13-3
89
(. . )
EF Relay
.
.
.
Ia
Ib
Ic
14 -3
Earth Connection
Relay 15-3
. Core
Sheath Core Earth Connection Core
.
90
(. . )
4-5-3
. 16-3
.
91
(. . )
Earthing bar
16-3 CT
CT
CT
CT
EF Relay
17-3
92
(. . )
7-5-3 co tgaecEelat
EF Relays
Phase OC Relays
EF Relay
) (
.
OC
) (Phase Current
EF Discrimination
.Protection
6-3 sy ucrevO
OC Relays OC Protection
Phase . Schemes OC Relay
. 18-3
.
93
(. . )
CT
OC OC OC
Trip
Earth Fault Realy
. 19-3
CT
Trip OC OC OC
EF
19-3 OC Phase EF
94
(. . )
OC Relays Two
Phases EF Realy
Phases . 20-3
.
CT
Trip OC OC
EF
7-3
. Overcurrent
Standard Input 1A 5A EF Relay 1A
20% . TAP = 0.2A
95
(. . )
6 -
EF Relay with 1A %20
CTR = 100/1 60
.CT
:
Relay %20 . TAP = 0.2A
CTR
60 * 1/100 = 0.6 A
0.6A / 0.2A = 3 TAP
TAP .
%20 %150 OC Relays
EF
Relay
%20
Phases .
20%
Unsymmetrical
Currents Setting
.
.
96
(. . )
8-3
. Setting
.
( A )
0.1 Time Gap
0.3 0.1
. 1.6 -1.3 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.1
) 0.3 ( a
. 21-3
F 0.1 E
0.4 D 0.7
OC Relays 21-3
9-3
)(TDS
) (T ) (IS.C
.
22-3
.
97
(. . )
7-
) (1/0 AWG .10 KA
.
:
22-3 ( 1/0 AWG )
16 cycle
1/0 10kA
0.267
0.267.
98
(. . )
22-3
99
(. . )
( )
.
Torque,T
:
)T = KVI cos () ..(3-6
Maximum
) Torque Angle (MTA .
:
)T = K Va Ia cos ( )..(3-7
Phase A
phase
.
.
)TA = K IA VBC cos (
)TB = K IB VCA cos ( )..(3-8
)TC = K IC VAB cos (
100
(. . )
90 connection 23-3
) ) IA ( ) VBC .90
. 90 connection
23-3 shifting 30
Vbc ( . ) 30 90
( ) 60
Va R , Ia . Vbc Ia
. X Shifting
( ) 30
150
Forward
(.) Reverse Direction
101
(. . )
Ia
Va
30
150 Vbc
line
Negative to rque
Ma x
torque
region 30 Vbc
30
Vb
Zero
Torq
u
e line
11-3 sycteRttcer
Digital
. Electromechanical
) (Digital Overcurrent .
Overcurrent Realy
.
:
-1 Protective Function .
-2 .
102
(. . )
-3 (
)
.
-4 Output Contacts (5
200)
CB ) .
-5 Power Supply
). ( 110 220
). -6 (
-7 .Inrush current
-8 .
Man Machine Interface MMI -9
Password
.
-10 ) (Event Recording
( ).
.
1-11-3 .
. Tester
. Tester
. Tester
. Timer
-1 ( 1 A )5 A
Pichup Current -2
103
(. . )
-3 ( Pickup
).
Tester
Tester Relay
Pickup current Tester
Relay Trip Signal Relay
Timer
Tester .
Relay
.
.1-3
.
1-3
Low Setting
Phase
Setting Test Results
Pickup Op- Ipickup Trip Time Reset Rest Factor Pickup Current Op-Time
Time Time Error Error
Current
104
(. . )
Relay
High Setting Low
Setting OC
EF .
.
. 1-3 .
2-11-3
-1 Relay Pickup current
.
-3 ( Relay
) .
-4 Relay Tester
Trip Trip . Relay
Ipickup .
105
(. . )
Relay Pickup
.Contact Points Contact
"" Realy Points .Relay
Reset Factor .
)Reset Factor = (IReset)/ Ipickup .(3-9
.
.
.
4-11-3
Ipickup
Isetting .
( %3
).
106
(. . )
High Setting
.
1-3 Testers
107
) .. (
1. M. Gilany, A New Technique for High Impedance Fault
Detection in Parallel Distribution Circuits, 14th International
Conference on Power System Protection, Bled, Solvenia, pp.
187-191 , Sept. 29-October 1, 2004.
108
(. . )
109
(. . )
Distance Relays
, Overcurrent Relays
.
0-4
Relay
, VR Relay IR
. 1-4 ( ZLine +
) ZLoad Short Circuit
Relay
.ZF
.
10 Z
0.1 100 km .
( )
.
110
(. . )
ZL
IR
21 VR Load
ZL
IR
ZLoad
VR
ZF ZL-ZF
IR
ZLoad
VR
1-4 Relay
Relay
VT CT.
1-
ZP = 4 = CT ratio
600/1 VT ratio = 115kV/115 :
111
(. . )
V2
VFP
V V1 CT ratio 600 115
ZR R ZP 4 0.48 )(4 1
IR I VT ratio 5 115000
I FP 2
I1
( ) 4
.
1-1-4
OC Relays Distance Relays
. .
( ) 2-4
". " T.L
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
F C D
A B
2-4
Overcurrent Relays
Overcurrent F
D, C, B, A
R4 R3 B & C
R6 R1 A &D .
Overcurrent .
OC Relays
OC .
112
(. . )
Distance Relays
A&B C&B
.
.
R1 A
B&A
Distance Relay
.
Relay .ZLoad
ZFault . RF
. RF
RF Load
RF .
113
(. . )
ZFault
Relay ZLoad
ZLoad Reactive & Active Power
30:40 ( Power Factor .) 0.8
ZLoad Short
Relay
ZLoad RLine XLine
. :
X Line
tan 1
RLine
RF RLine
RF
.
( . ) 3-4
114
(. . )
ZLine
CT ZFault
F1
RF ZLoad
Distance
Relay
ZLine
X Fault
Area
SC
Load
Reverse R
Fault
2-4
Zones
Distance Relay R1 4-4
A B Zone-1
.T1 Zone-1
Zone-2 Relay T2
T2 Zone-3
. T3
115
(. . )
T3
T2
T1
A B C D
R1
4-4
.
VF/IF
% 10
%95
%85 ( AB 4-4
)
.)-%10( :
.
%10 100
10 .
( )+ %10
% 105
B and C
T2
.
116
(. . )
3-4
Distance
Relays
5-4
. 4-4
Z3
200% L1
Z2
120% L1
Z1
90% L1
A B C D
R1
L1 L2
5 -4
1-3-4 Zone-1
%80 %90
L1 .
.
2-3-4 Zone-2
( ) .
117
(. . )
Zone-1 Zone-2
%20 Zone-2
Zone-2 BB .
Zone-1
. Zone-2 .
Zone-2
( %20 ) %50 .
Zone-1 Zone-2
.
Z2
- 6-4 . F1 -6-4 Zone-2
. Zone-3
Zone-2
6-4 .
.
Zone-2 %120
Zone-2 %50
L2 L1 %20
L1 L2 .
.
118
(. . )
Z2
Line-1
R1
C
Z2
Line-3
R3
R2 Line-2
F1
A
B
R1 Line-1 C
Z2
R3 Line-3
R2
Line-2
F1
A B
6-4 Zone-2
3-3-4 Zone-3
( %20 )
) )Zone-3
Zone-3 R1
5-4 AB
. B Zone -3
119
(. . )
Secondary
) Side (
Load Encroachment
.
5-4 Z3 4
4 L1
ZR 4 R1
.
4-3-4
Zone-4
reverse reach %15-10
Directional Zone . Zone-1 Non-
.BB
. Breaker Failure Z3
. %250
Relay
Main Backup
. Breaker Failure
.
Zone-4 Relay
Phase Voltage Directional
Non- Unit
. directional Zone
120
(. . )
Directional Unit
. Forward Faults
RF ZF2
Zone-1 . 7-4 Relay
. .
.
.
121
(. . )
( ) Fault Area
( ) Loading Area
.
Loading
Area
ZF1 RF ZF2 Line
Load
Fa R
u lt A
re a
:
RF Impedance Relay
.
122
(. . )
.8-4 ZF1 and ZF2
7-4 8-4
. RF
Relay
( )
.
ZF1 RF ZF2
123
(. . )
VR I Z I1 I 2 RF
ZR 1 F
IR I1
I1 I 2
ZF RF
I1
Z F KR F
( ) K RF
Remote end ZR
.9-4
E1 E2
!XS R1 I1 I2 XS2
I1+I2 RF
E1
ZF KRa
E2
ZR
I1
I2
I2+I1
9-4
Remote end XS1 > XS2
ZR
124
(. . )
. MHO
.
Relay
Offset MHO
. 10-4
125
(. . )
126
(. . )
5 -4
Faulty
Phase Voltage Faulty Phase Current .
ZF .
127
(. . )
Ia I1 0
Ib a2 I1 (a2 a)I1
Ic a I1 (a a2)I1
Va ZL1 I1 2(Zs1+ZL1) I1
Vb a2 Z L1 I1 (2 a2ZL1-ZS1) I1
Vc a Z L1 I1 (2 aZL1-ZS1) I1
Positive Sequence Z1
Impedance .
)Phase to Phase (B_C
Vbc Vb Vc 2 a 2 a Z1I1
) Z1 .............................(4 2
I bc I b I c
2 a 2 a I1
Three Phase Fault
Vbc Vb Vc a 2 a Z1I1
) Z1 ............................(4 3
I bc I b I c
a 2 a I1
Vbc Ibc
Phase to Phase . 3-Phase
ZF . Z1
ZF Relay ZSource
128
(. . )
VB IB
Zs :
ZB
2
V B a 2 I1 Z L1 a a I 1 Z s1
2
)...........(4 4
ZF
IB a 2 a I1
2 1
ZB 30 .Z L1 ) 90 .Z s1 ......(4 5
3 3
VB IB
phase Zs
.
Supply Relaying
A
Point
B
C
13-4 Relay
129
(. . )
. Relay
. RF RF
:
K = Z0/Z1 ) (4-9
4-7 4-6 4- 4-8
& 9
K 1
* Va Z1 I a I a I b I c ) .........(4 10
3
Va Ia ZR Relay Z1
K 1
Z R 1 ) Z1 ..........................(4 11
3
ZF
. Relay . Compensation
130
(. . )
3-5-4
Residual Compensation 11-4
Relay
I N Z 0 Z1 K 1
Ia
3 Z1
I a I N [ ]
3
Z1 Va .
Software .
Replica Impedance
Relay 14-4
Impedance
.
IN
Replica
Impedance
Ia
Ia+IN(Z0-Z1)/3Z1
Z1
Ia Z1 +IN(Z0-Z1)/3
14-4
131
(. . )
4-5-4 RF ZF
RF ZF . Phase-to-Phase Fault
. 15-4
XL RL
VBC IBC RF
15-4 Phase-to-Phase
RF
2RL I BC jX L I BC I BC RF
Z ph ph ).........(4 12
I BC
ZF Relay Phase-to-Phase
RF
Z Ph Ph RL jX L )........(4 13
2
132
(. . )
RF
Phase to Phase Zone Reach
Phase-to- R
. Phase
5-5-4
RF
.
.
:
8750
Rarc
I 1 .4
350
Rarc /Ft of Arc )(4-14
I
3000
Rarc 1.3
I
.1-4
( . 4000).
133
(. . )
1-4
( ) SIR ZR 6-5-4
16-4
Vs Vs
VR I R * Z L * ZL )......(4 15
Zs ZL Zs
1
ZL
) ) ZS/ZL .Source Impedance Ratio, SIR
. . 30
134
(. . )
Zs VR
ZL
R1
VS IR
16-4
) (kV 2
Zs ).....................................(4 16
MVAsc
SIR 15-4
Distance Relay SIR
( ) .
( ) SIR
.
ZF Polarization Voltage
.
135
(. . )
8-5-4
) (CT Ia-N , Ib-N , Ic-
Va-N , Vb-N , Vc-N VT N
: Phase Quantities
.
6-4
.
Forward Fault
Phase angle phase R
136
(. . )
and X Relay
XLine RLine
80 .
Short Circuit
X 20
.
Reverse Fault
180 Phase ZR
R-X
.Blocking Zone
137
(. . )
2-7-4
Over-reach
.
Mutual Impedance Relay
Zm 17-4 .
Zm Zm
Over-reach .
Zm
17-4
Digital Relays
Setting
.
138
(. . )
In Feed 4-7-4
Under-reach Remote In-feed
Problem . 18-4
ZL ZF
R1 I1 I1+I2
I2
18 -4 In-Feed
R1 I1 and I2 :
VR I1 * Z L ( I1 I 2 ) * Z F )..............(4 17
VR IR I1
ZR = ZL + ZF + (I2/I1) ZF
. ZL+ZF
139
(. . )
8-4 gretrceS
)
Starting Function . Detection
Digital
.
Starting
.
Phase-Faults
Faulted Phase Single Phase
Single Pole Tripping .
Starting Breakers
ZF
.
Starting :
-1
-2
-3
140
(. . )
:
Power Swing Distance Relays
Z Relay Zone-1
.
141
(. . )
.
. ZR
9-4
Relay 5-4
CB 8-4
CBs .
Communication Relays
.
Relays
Relay
Communications
.
Pilot Schemes .
Communication 1-9-4
:
-1 Pilot Wire
Induced Voltage .
25.
142
(. . )
.
. 19-4
19-4
143
(. . )
Transient Transient
CB Auto Re-closure
Two Relays
. Relay
(
CB )
CB ( ) Transfer Tripping Scheme
) (Blocking Schemes
:
144
(. . )
Zone-1 %80
%120 Auto Re-closure
Auto Re-
closure Relay
(. )%80
: ....
Zone-1 ( )%120 :
Arc Resistance
. Zone-1
: Auto Re-
closure Relay ........ .
Relay
Zone-1 ( )%80
.
. %120
Auto Re-closure
CBs .
145
(. . )
: . R-A
Zone-1 OR-
gate .
146
(. . )
R-A R-B
F
T/R T/R
20-4 DTT
R-A -
. Zone-1 R-B External
Blocking R-A .
Internal
Blocking .
147
(. . )
Zone-1 Limit
Blocking Signal
DCB 21 -4
R-A
Under-reaching ""
Trip R-B
.Permissive
Z2 ZA R-A
" Starting " R-B
.
. AND-gate
CB-A Trip :
-1 Z1 . R-A
-2 ZA
.
148
(. . )
R-A R-B X
ZA
ZA
Z1 Z1
R
OR
AND Trip CB-A
PUTT 22 -4
High Impedance Relays
Forward
Zone-3
( + )
. Pilot Schemes
149
) .. (
1. M. Gilany, K. El-Nagar, A Technique for Improving and
Assessment of the Performance of Transmission Lines Backup
Protective Relays, GCC CIGRE Regional Conference on
Transmission Line Design and Operation, , pp. 143-149, Kuwait, 1-
2 Dec. 2004.(Prize of the best paper in the Conference).
150
) .. (
8. M.I. Gilany, E.M. Tag Eldin, M.M. Abdel Aziz and D.K. Ibrahim,
Travelling Wave-Based Fault Location Scheme for Multi-end
Aged Underground Cable system, Accepted in the IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, March 2006.
151
(. . )
152
(. . )
20
.
OC EF
.
Molded Case CB, MCCB
MCCB
.
1-5
Phase to Phase
Phase Interturn Fault
153
(. . )
Impulse Voltages Rated Voltage.
Core Faults
Eddy Currents
- -
Bochholz Relay
.
Tank Fault
.
Earthing of the Neutral Point .
1-5 .
: 1-5 ( SF6 )
2-5
Overcurrent Relays
(Radial
154
(. . )
) .Network Overcurrent
OC Relay .
Differential Protection
Unit Protection
.
Differential Relay
.
1-2-5
. 1-5
) (I1 I2 .Differential Current
I1 = I2
.
CT CT
Protected
Element
I2 I1
I2 Relay I1
1-5
155
(. . )
Differential
Protection "" .
Protected zone .
External Faults
Unit Protection
External Differential Relay
.Faults Unit Protection .
2-2-5
.
.
.
Stray
Capacitance
.
156
(. . )
) (Saturation
). (
.
CT CT
Protected
Element
I2 I1
Op. Coil I1 I2
Restraining Coil
2-5
157
(. . )
I1 I 2
N
2
( Restraining Coil -5 N
. )2
.
.
( )
.
:
1-
Iout = 4.5 A Iin =5A
:
5 4.5
I Re s 4.7 A
2
0.5
.
:
158
(. . )
Iop = 20 1 = 19 A
20 1
I Re s 10.5 A
2
.
Percentage Differential Relay . Biased Differential Relay
: :
Op. Coil
.
SC
.
4-2-5
3-5
Iop
.IRes
IOP
I1- I2
40%
20%
Operate
10%
Restrain
I1 I 2
IRes 2
3-5
159
(. . )
) (Slope
.
I op
K
I Re s
.
CT.
Iop
.
. Iop
0.2A : %10
. Minimum Pickup current .
25 150 .
2-
%10 . 4-5 Differential Relay
320A
. 304A CTR
400 : 5
160
(. . )
I1 , I2
IOp IRes :
320 5
I1 4A
400
304 5
I2 3 .8 A
400
I op I1 I 2 0.2 A
I1 I 2
I reset 3.9 A
2
) (0.2A & 3.9A Restrain
( ) 4-5 .
4-5 2-
3-5
Differential Relay
:
161
(. . )
CTR .
Tap
)( Changer
,On-Load Tap Changer TAP
Changer
Slope
.
YY
( - Y - ) (-)
Phase Shift ( )CT
5-5
.
Zero Sequence
Currents :
-
Sequence Currents Zero
.
162
(. . )
Operating Coil
O
R R
O
R R
O
R R
Restraining Coil Restraining Coil
5-5 -
Tertiary Winding
Zero Sequence
Current .
,
.
3-
20 69/110 kV
Phase ( ) Single phase
Tap changer under load
%5- .%5+ .Differential Relay
.1 CTR .
163
(. . )
.2 Percentage Slope (
10% 20% .)40%
.3 .
: Input Taps
5A . 5:3 5: 4
5:4.5 5: 4.8 5: 4.9 5: 5 5:5.1 5:5.2 . 5:5.5
-1 CTR
.
20 MVA
Ip 289.8 A
69 KV
20MVA
IS 181.8 A
110 KV
. 3-5
CTR
5A
:
300
CTR P
5
200
CTRS
2
164
(. . )
5
I P 289.8 4.83 A
300
5
*I S 181.8 4.54 A
200
.
CTRs Input Taps
4.8/5 = TAP
:
4.83
I P (mod ified) 5 5.006 A
4.8
4.5/5 = TAP
4.54
I S (mod ified) 5 5.009 A
4.5
0.003A
. . 6-5
6-5 CTR
165
(. . )
-2
Biased Differential Relays Slope
.
Tap changer
Tap Changer 5%
5%
5.3%
Input Taps .)0.3%
CT 10%
.15.3% 5%
20% ( .20% -5
.)3
Pickup -3
Pickup
( )
-
:
1 4.8 300
14.4 A
4 5 5
( )
.
14.4A
.
14.4A .
166
(. . )
4-5
-
CT
. CT . Line Current
3
.
4-
30 11.5/69 kV d-Y
7-5 CT
(50 : up to 2500 : 5
.)5
Input Taps
:
7-5 CT
167
(. . )
69kV 11kV
250:5 1500:5
251A 1506A a
A
251A 1506A b
B
251A 1506A c
C
7-5
-1
30 MVA
I L 69kV 251 A
3 69 kV
30 MVA
I L 11.5kV 1506.13 A
3 11.5 kV
CTR ( )69kV
CT CT (
) 11kV 11kV CT
168
(. . )
line ( 3
.)current
.CTR
phase
5 5
1506.13 3 251
1500 X
144 = X (. 150 : 5
.)144
( )5A
250 .
.
5A
250 : 5 150 : 5
( 250 : 5 ) Current
Taps . 69 kV
5
251 5.02 A
250
= 11kv
5
1506 3 8.69 A
1500
169
(. . )
5-5
Inrush Current
.
1-5-5
8-5
:
Power Transformer -1
. Residual Flux, R
-2
Inrush Current
. 8-5
max R
inrush Current .
170
(. . )
8-5
8-5
:
-1 .
-2 Imax
90 (
d
.) i
dt
- -
:
. 9-5
171
(. . )
9-5
Magnitization Currents Steady State
. 10-5
10-5
172
(. . )
2-5-5
Magnetizing
Circuit .11-5
11-5
IP
Differential IS
173
(. . )
Relay
.
.
3-5-5
:
.
.
( Op.
)coil Operating current 12-5
.
.Under voltage relay
174
(. . )
CT
Relay Contact
R
Res Coil
Op. Coil
U.V. Relay
VT
CT
Inrush
Under Voltage Relay
Short
.
.
2nd
Harmonic . 2nd Harmonic
40 :50 %
. %7
175
(. . )
.
.
13-5
Inrush Current .
.Inrush Current
.
Inrush
. 14-5
176
(. . )
I1 I2 R
. 13-5
Sympasatic Inrush .
Differential Relay
Relay
.
.
I2
ITot I1
Gen.
13-5
Time Constant .
Inductance, L R
:
R
E t Em
i m e L ) sin(t
L )R (L
2 2
177
(. . )
DC Component
) (L/R . Time Constsnt
Exponential Component
" " t . L
L .
L .
14-5
Phase shift
Y
.
. YY , dd, dY, Yd:
178
(. . )
.1 Y
... YY0,
YY2, YY4 .
dY1, dY3, dY5,.. dY11 . Y
.
3-Phase 15-5
.2 16-5
Phase Shift 30 .
dY1 Phase Shift 30
dY3 90 11 Phase Shift
330 . .
179
(. . )
Y1
X1
O Y1
11 0 1 X1 A A
A C
3 Y2
9
B O Y2
X2 B
Y3
6 X3
X3 C C B X2
Y3
16-5
Overcurrent Relays
:
Over Loads .
.Relays Overcurrent Ansi Code
] [51 Instantenous OC Relay
] [50 .17-5
180
(. . )
HV LV
50
51
17-5 OC Relays
OC Relay
HV side OC Relay LV side
. 18-5 OC Relays
.Inrush currents
51 51 51
HV2 HV1 LV
Time
LV HV1
HV2
Current
18-5 OC
181
(. . )
8-5 Restricted EF
Overcurrent
Earth fault .
. Restricted earth fault Protection
EF 19-5
protection
.CTs EF
.
( F1 )19-5
CT4 Neutral
CT-1 CT-2 CT-3
CT4 CT-3
. (
F2 )
CT3 + CT2 + CT1 CT-4
. Relay
182
(. . )
CT-1
CT-2
F2 F1
CT-3
Restricted EF
CT-4 Relay
CT4 Stablizing Resistance
( EF Relay )
Relay Voltage Drop
.
.
.High impedance EF
183
(. . )
9-5
.
( ).
Forced Air Cooling
Natural Oil Cooling
Forced Oil Cooling
( )FANs
.
11-5
( )1-5
.
90
360 .
184
(. . )
) (PPM
17 PPM
.
SC
(
)Differential , O.C , EF
.
185
(. . )
.
-
. -
eddy currents
.
.
Volts-per-Hertz
V
F
:
V = 4.44 NF
) (
(V/F) :
)(V/F
.
186
(. . )
( ) Voltage Regulator
)(V/F
.
.
187
) .. (
6. M.S. Sachdev, T.S. Sidhu and H.C. Wood, "A digital relaying
algorithm for detecting transformer winding faults", IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 1638-1647,
July 1989.
188
(. . )
189
(. . )
.
.
.
Security
.
& Reliability
.Selectevity
1-6
Rotor and Synchronous Generator
Stator Rotor
Stator .
190
(. . )
Generator
Exciter ---- Permanent Magnet ---- Automatic :
Voltage Regulator .1-6
:
: DC Exciter 3-phase
: " " Exciter Field
PMG Exciter
Rectifier
Permanent Unit for
Magnet exciter
Stator of Main Field Rotor
Exciter
Rectifier
Output
1-6
191
(. . )
3-phase Exciter
Rectification
.
Field Exciter
.
Exciter
: .
Exciter PMG
. Field
Field Exciter PMG
.
1-6 .
. 1-6
( Automatic Voltage
Regulator (AVR
.
192
(. . )
1-6
1-1-6
Load :
P=T
P: Mechanical input power
T: Torque
: rotor speed in rad / sec
Electric Torque Mechanical Torque
( )Control System
( Feed Water Control
)Valve
( ,)Governor Valve ( )Forced Draft Fan
193
(. . )
PN s
f ).....................................(6 1
60
f : The output frequency.
Ns: The synchronous speed or the speed of the rotor.
P : The number of pair poles in the generator.
V P
E A :
3V E A sin
P ).............................(6 2
Xs
2-6
:
- Phase
Faults .
- Inter-turn Faults
.
- Phase
Earth Faults
Stator . Rotor
- Loss of
.Excitation
194
(. . )
- .
- .
- Unbalance .
- .
3-6
2-6 3- 6
:
() Overvoltage surges
( )Switching
.
2-6
.
Relay
2-6 .
195
(. . )
Distribution Earthing
Transformer .3-6
Relay
Earthing
Transformer
3-6
3 -6 (
) equivalent value
.
2
N
)R1 R2 1 ...........................(6 3
N2
.
- Y
Zero Sequence Currents
.
196
(. . )
1-3-6 .
.
. o
o
.
Differential Relay o
Iout , Iin
Differential Relays
Single line to ground
.
o
Unbalance Current
. 3rd Harmonic Current
Zero Sequence
Currents
15%
. 3rd Harmonic Current
.
.
197
(. . )
4-6
.
:
Overcurrent Protection
Voltage Dependent .
. Overcurrent Relays
1-4-6
Differential Relay 4-6
.
CT CT
Generator
R R R
4-6 .
198
(. . )
High Impedance Differential
Protection Biased Differential Protection
.5-6
CT
Generator
Differential
Relay
Relay
. 5-6
Saturated CT Relay
Relay .
199
(. . )
CTs Relay
Relay
.
Two CTs
Relay Relay .
OC Relays 2-4-6
Overcurrent Relay
. Time Delayed Overcurrent
.
OC
( ) Voltage Dependent OC OC
.
Overcurrent Relay
BB
.
200
(. . )
Voltage Controlled OC
Setting .
. 6-6 ( 6-6
- Overload )
- Relay
.
201
(. . )
100
75
50
25
25 50 75 100
)Restrain Voltage (% rated voltage
202
(. . )
5-6 EF Stator
- -
( fault
) point
.
.
properly sealed
.
1-5-6
.
Restricted Earth Fault Protection
( . . )8-5
2-5-6 EF Relay
Neutral .
Earth Fault Relay
.
203
(. . )
CT
VT
Directional
Earth Fault
Relay
Relaying Signal
:
1- Positive Sequence
2- Negative Sequence
3- Zero Sequence
204
(. . )
.
Negative Sequence
Current
50Hz 100 Hz .
Heat Losses
.
)K I 22 t ....................................(6 4
t
K I2 .
40-30-20-10
Negative Sequence Current ) ( I 2 t
2
Relays .
Relay
.9-6
205
(. . )
Negative Generator K = 10
Sequence Relay TDS 2 3
. K=10 K=30
TDS 2 8 .9-6
206
(. . )
) (Unsymetrical
Negative Sequence Protection
Open
Negative Sequence Conductor
Current
.
7-6
:
Governor
.
Over-
Frequency Relay
.
207
(. . )
:
) Reactive Power( Q
Induction Generator
( )Magnetizing Current
out of
.synchronizm
Induction Generator
Slip current Slip Frequency emf Rotor
Wound Rotor
.
Distance Relay
Field
Stator Stator Impedance Relay
) (Vs/Is
.
8-6 lcRrter
.
) (
. ( %5
)
208
(. . )
( )
10-6 .
VF
IF
10-6
209
(. . )
.
(Stray ) Leakage ( Currents
) Capacitance
Unsymmetrical Current
. Setting
Setting
.
1-8-6
R 10-6
SLG
:
R I op 100
Un Pr otected _ % )..............(6 5
V ph
Iop ( )CT
Vph Phase Voltage
R
210
(. . )
1
Restricted EF 5
11 . EF
25% .2
.
2 65.5* 100
25%
6340
2-8-6 Stator
.100% Generator Protection
Earthing . 11-6
Transformer
(50 Hz )
50Hz
Leakage
.Current or Unbalance Loads
211
(. . )
( ) 100% Realy .
IHF I H_F
100%
Relay
High Frequency
Source
11-6
. (
)
Differential Protection Earth Fault .
9-6
Rotor DC System
212
(. . )
: Rotor
Rotor
G . 12-6
F
Rotor F .Rotor
Rotor M
.Relay M G
- - M
.Relay
Field
Circuit
OC. Relay
M G Exciter
12-6 Rotor
13-6
Rotor + AC Source :
213
(. . )
+ AC ( Rotor ) +
.
AC injection DC
.
Over-voltage Relay Relay
.
Field
Circuit
M Exciter
LF supply
OV Relay
13-6 Rotor
9-6
Protection
. Schemes
. 41-6
214
(. . )
CB
52
CT
87 86 49 G
64 41
Field
21 32 46 59 27 81
CT
64
14-6
1-1
.
( )87
. VT . CT
215
(. . )
Relays
.
Trip Auxilary Lock out Relay, 86
. CB
15-6 14-6
.
52
40 32 51V
VT
CT
87 G
CT
CT 51G
15-6
216
) .. (
1. M. Gilany, O.P. Malik, A.I. Megahed, Generator Stator
Winding Protection with 100% Enhanced Sensitivity,
International Journal of Electrical Power and Systems,
Australia, Vol. 24, pp. 167-172, 2002.
217
(. . )
218
(. . )
) Busbar (BB
BB
.
. BB
BB
. BB
BB BB
. BB
1-7 ssS
BB :
1-1-7
BB :
.1 Phases
.2 Phase.
.3 phase . Earthed Enclosure
219
(. . )
2-1-7
BB BB
.
BB
BB
.
. BB
BB :
-A Single BB :
-B Single BB with Bus Section :
-C Double BB with Bus Coupler :
-D One and Half :
. 1-7 BB
. .1-7
220
(. . )
A- Single BB C- Double BB
1-7 BB
1-7 BB
221
(. . )
3-1-7
BB :
-1 Flat BB
BB :
I 7.73 A0.5 p 0.39
A
P
-2 ( )P
BB :
I 8.63 A0.5 p 0.36
-3 BB
:
I 13.6 A0.68
50
40 .
1.724 .m 20 . Resistively
.
2-7
BB
( )SC
Circuit Breaker Failure
.
222
(. . )
BB
. BB
CBs Locked
. Transient Fault
1-2-7 BB
BB :
BB
BB
( ) I ( )S
) (F
:
I2
Fmax 2 10 4 N .m
s
"" Switchgear
BB
.
3-7 BBs
BBs BB
. BB
223
(. . )
1-3-7
BBs .2-7
Remote Time Delay Protection
BB Overcurrent Relay
. BB
BB OC
Block OC . BB
OC OC . BB
50
BLOCK
50 50 50 50
2-7
224
(. . )
Node
.
.
OC BB
OC BB
BB BB
. . 3-7 KCL
BB
Differential .
. Overcurrent
Saturation
.BB
51
3-7
225
(. . )
I1+I2
Frame
AC
IF= I1+I2 64
I2 I1
4-7
Sections BB
Sections Frame .
Frame
.
Phase Faults
.
BB Earthing Resistance
4-7
Switchgear Frame
226
(. . )
Switchgear I1
. Frame EF .64
5-7 I1
I1 Switchgear
Frame Relay
.
IF= I1+I2
I1+I2
Frame
AC
I1 64
I1
I2
Frame Generator
Earthing Earthing
5-7
227
(. . )
. 6-7
BB
Contact points
Directional Relays .
R R
Trip
6-7 DCS
228
(. . )
R R
7-7
Differential Relay
Phases . 8-7
.
Differential
Relay
8-7 DR Phases
229
(. . )
. Saturation
CTs BB
Differential CT
Current Relay Relay
.
Differential Relay
( .) 5-6
5-7
BB Protection
:
1- 5-7 tV BB
:
- CT CB .9-7
- BB CB .10-7
.
9-7 CT
BB CB CB
.
CT . BB
BB
. BB :
BB
BB .
230
(. . )
BB protection
Contact Points .
Contact Points . BB
Bus Bar
CB
CT
9 -7 CT
CT BB
10-7 . CB
CT CB Line
BB Protection Protection
. Dead Zone
. BB Protection
BB
. CB
Contact Points CB CB
. BB Protection
231
(. . )
Bus Bar
CT
CB
10-7 CT
2 5-7 sBoCinghik ss
BB BB
Switchable BB BB
BB
BB . .11-7
CT-2 BB-1 SW-5
BB-2 Sw-6 .
232
(. . )
CT-5
S-5 S-7 S-9
CB-1
11-7 BB
6 -7 BBO
BB
BB CBs
analog and digital inputs
.12-7 .
). Central Unit ( CU
233
(. . )
Bus Bar
52 52 52
CU
.13-7 Data
Phase CU Acquisition Unit , DAU
DAU .
Phase Segregated
Phase Busbar Relay
Relay Phase-A Phase-
B . Phase-C
.
Bus Bar
52 52 52
CU
13-7 DAU
234
(. . )
Relay Relay
.2-7
2-7 Relay BB
235
) .. (
[1] Jiali H., Shanshan L., Wang G., Kezunovic M., Implementation
of a Distributed Digital Bus Protection System, IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol.12, No.4, October 1997, pp.1445-1451.
[4] Sachdev M.S., Sidhu T.S., Gill H.S., A Bus bar Protection
Technique and its Performance During CT Saturation and CT
Ratio-Mismatch, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.15, No.3,
July 2000, pp.895-901.
236
(. . )
237
(. . )
Short Circuit
.
.
Short Circuit
. Symmertrical and Unsymmetrical Faults :
.
.
.
Prated
I rated
Vrated
De-rating
factors
.
( ) Relay time + Circuit Breaker time
.
.
238
(. . )
Short Circuit Methods
Circuit Breakers
.
Coordination
.
239
(. . )
3-Line-to-Ground
Phases .
Phases Single Line Diagram
.
.
.
.
Per unit .
-1 Per Unit
240
(. . )
Short Circuits
.
.
Supper position .Thevenen
. Per Unit
( 165)
(150)
180
. : 160
.
. Perunit
1 ZH High V. Side
ZL . Low Side
.
ZL ZH
VL
VH
1-
241
(. . )
: Zp.u
.
Zp.u:
Z
Z p. u
Z Base
ZBase
VBase
Z Base
I Base
. VL VBase VH
.IBase
MVABase .
.Refernce Value
Zp.u MVAbase :
MVABase
Z p.u Z
kVB2
Zp..u
.
MVAB
Z p.u Z
kVB2
242
(. . )
: Z ZL ZH . : .
. Z ZL ZH
.
MVAB
Z p.u Z L
1
kVL2
MVAB
Z p.u 2 Z H
kVH2
2
Z p.u Z L kVH2 Z L N1
1
1
Z p.u 2
Z H kVL2 Z H N2
Z p.u
Z p.u
.
. Zp.u
5% Zp.u
.
Zp.u. 5% Prated
.
:
. -1 ) MVA (Base . MVAB
-2 ( Zones) VBase
VBase VH VB
.VL
243
(. . )
-3 )& (VB
MVAB :
MVAB
X p.u X )(1
kVB2
MVABnew
X p.u new X p.uold )(2
MVABold
-4 Xeq.
.
-5
VB
I s .c
Req
MVAs.c -6
MVAs.c 3 k VB kIs.c
- -
.
- 2 MVA Method
Per Unit MVA
. method
Per Unit MVAB
M Rated Power
244
(. . )
. Per Unit
.
M :
:
) (rated power
X pu
M
MVAraterd
M ( gen, motor , transf ) )(3
X p.u
-
Xgen 0.02 pu 2 3.125 MVA
M
3.125
M1 M 2 156.25 MVA
0.02
2- 10 MVA M
) (M4
10
M4 200 MVA
0.05
245
(. . )
S(gen)=3.125 MVA
Xpu = 0.02
M1 M2
S(transf) = 10MVA
M4 Xpu = 0.05
2 -
Per unit
MVAB M
.
:
M :
M cable
KV 2 )(4
X c
M :
-1 M
( M )
. 3- M3 . M1 & M2
246
(. . )
per unit
.
M1 M2
M3=M1+M2
3-
-2 M
. 4- ( M3 )
M4 ( M5
) M3 & M4 :
M 3* M 4
M5
M3 M4
M1 M2
M3=M1+M2
M4
M5=M3//M4
4-
247
(. . )
Generators
and Motors
M MVAs.c
Is.c
MVASC
I SC
3 (kV ) 2
kV .
5-
. BB-7
-1 : M 3 4
) M2 ) M14 .5-
2 3
MVAraterd 3.125
M2 M3 156.25 MVA
X p.u 0.02
7 :13
MVAraterd 10
M 7 M 13 200 MVA
X p.u 0.05
248
(. . )
40506,12 :3.3 kV
M 4 M 5 M 6 M 12
kV 2 3.32
605 MVA
X c 0.018
8 9 14 400
M
M 8 M 9 M 14
kV 2 0.42
8.9 MVA
X c 0.018
-2 : M
.
BB7 Gen-3 , Gen-2,
. Motor-10, Motor-11
Static Load BB7
. M
. Branch
M BB-2
BB MB2 :
Gen-2 M2 M4
MB2 :
M2*M4
MB2 124 MVA
M2 M4
. MB3 .124
249
(. . )
. MB2 , MB3
BB6 BB4
. MB4 M6
M7 MB6 MB4, M6,
M7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
MB6 MB4 M 6 M 7 248 605 200
MB6 93.6 MVA
. BB-8, BB-9
MB8 , MB9
.
-3 :
M MSC
250
(. . )
.Per Unit
.
.
Short
Circuit
248MVA 93MVA .
SC Current
.
251
) .. (
BB6
M13
M7
BB10
MB6
BB7
MB8 MB9
M14
M8 M9
BB8 BB9
BB11
M11 M10
Static
Load
Motor-10 Motor-11
40 [ 400 HP Motors]
X = 0.25 pu
5-
252
(. . )
B
Unsymmetrical Faults
Symmetrical Components
.
Symmetrical Components
Phases
. Unsymmetrical Faults
1-L-G Phase-A :
phases
(
/ / ) .
Symmetrical
. Components
:
..... - -
.
253
(. . )
Impedances Z1,
Z2, Z0 . Impedance .
254
(. . )
B1 Phase-a
Phases
Symmetrical Components Phase-a
Single Line Diagram Phase-a .
sequence
currents :
255
(. . )
( ) a .
, Negative Sequence :
Va 2 Va 2
Vb 2 a Va 2
Vc 2 a 2Va 2 ...........................................................2
256
(. . )
Va 0 Va 0
Vb 0 Va 0
Vc 0 Va 0 ...........................................................3
:
2
1+a+a =1 )..(4
Ia1+Ia2+Ia0
Ia - -
. .
Phase
.
Phasors (12)3
( )5 Phase-a
:
Ia = Ia1+ Ia2 + Ia0
2
Ib = a Ia1 + a Ia2 + Ia0
2
Ic = a Ia1+ a Ia2 )+ Ia0 (6
1 2 0 Sequences
a
:
257
(. . )
+ I2 + I0 Ia = I1
2
+ a I2 + I0 Ib = a I1
+ a2 I2 + )I0 (6 Ic = a I1
I1
1
3
I a aI b a 2 I c
1
V1 Va aVb a 2Vc
3
1
I 2 I a a 2 I b aI c
3
1
V2 V a a 2Vb aVc
3
1
I 0 I a I b I c
3
)V0 Va Vb Vc ..................................(7
1
3
258
(. . )
Impedance
Impedance Z1, Z2, Z0
.
Impedances
.
Xd sub-transient reactance
Xd transient reactance
Xd steady state reactance
.
salient Pole
Round Rotor
X2 = X1 Round Rotor
salient Pole X0
. X1 X2
B-2-2
:
X1 = X2 = 0.8 ohm per mile for Single conductor TL
X1 = X2 = 0.6 ohm per mile for Bundle TL
X0 . 3:3.5 X1
259
(. . )
B-2-3 :
X1, X2, X0 .
B-3
Unsymmetrical Fault Sources
) Positive, Negative, and Zero Voltage (:
Positive Sequence Sources
Voltages .B-1 Voltages
Sequences I1, I2, I0
impedances Z
Sequence
Reduction .
B-4 Z0
Leakage Reactance XL, XH
High and Low voltage sides XH, XL
. XTransformer XT
XT ( ) H, L :
260
(. . )
)1 " " : .
( B2)
)2 " " :
. B2)
)3 " " : . )B2
)4 "
" : B2 (
3 phases )
( XL, XH .) XT
B2 Z0
.B-1
261
(. . )
B-1
262
(. . )
B-5
X1,X2, X0 Symmetrical
Components Sequence Networks
( )
7 :
B-5-1 1-L-G
Ib = Ic = 0 7
Sequence currents I0 = I2 = I1
Sequences Networks B3 .
B-5-2 2-L-G
Vb = Vc = 0 7
V0 = V2 = V1 Sequence Voltages
Sequences Networks
B3 .
B-5-3 L-L
Ib = - Ic = 0 Vb = Vc
Ia 7 I1 = - I2 I0 = 0
Zero Sequences Positive Sequence Negative
Sequence B3-.
263
(. . )
B3 Sequences
B-6
.
3 4-
Load .
.
X percentage = MVA base
100 High voltage side Base
. Voltage = 110kV
264
(. . )
B4
1-L-G
. BB-D
Positive, Negative, :
Positive, Negative Sequence Zero Sequence
Positive Sequence . B5
Zero Sequence . B6
Reduction
Z Supply .
Reactance
. Xs
. Reduction
.
265
(. . )
Positive Sequence B5
B6 Zero Sequence
266
(. . )
B6 Zero Sequence
B6 Zero Sequence
() .
.B8
- - X0 Station X
/.
Zero Sequence B6.
Z . )B7
267
(. . )
J0.72
J9 J6
J7.2 J4.8
Bus-A Bus-X
J60
B7
Positive
and Zero sequence Impedances
.B8
268
(. . )
Zero Seq. :
Pos Seq :
Per unit
. B-1
SLG Positive, Negative and :
Zero sequence networks .
V 1
I1 I 2 I 0 2.22 pu
Z1 Z 2 Z 0 0.184 0.184 0.081
: Ibase
VAbase 100000
base current 524.8 A
Vbase 3 *110
branches 8
reduction
). (
.
Positive Sequence X B9
per unit Zero Sequence
.B10
269
(. . )
0.0668 0.63
35.05A 330.9
Bus-D
B9 Positive Sequence
Ia = I1 + I2 + I0 = 6.66pu = 3493 A
Ib = a2 I1 +a I2 + I0 = -I1 + I0
Ic= a I1 + a2 I2 + I0 = -I1 + I0 )(8
270
(. . )
I1 = I0 Ib = Ic = Zero .
Phases
6 .
Phase-C A Y
. Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence
8- Pgase-C ( . )-I1 + I0
B9 B10 ( -289A = ) -295 + 6.1
.B11
Phases
.
:
)1 Ic = Ib = 0
phases 11- -
. -
) 2 BB-D
.Closed Circuit
)3
. Isolated System
Stray Capacitance
.
)4 A, B , D
.
271
(. . )
B11 Phases
272
) .. (
1. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Applied Protective
Relaying, Relay Instruments Division, USA, 1982.
10. Phadke, A.G. and Thorp, J.S. , "Computer Relaying for Power
Systems"; Research Studies Press Ltd., London, 1995
273
) .. (
14. Mason C.R.: The Art & Science of Protective Relaying, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, London, Sydney, 1956 (sixth re-
edition 1967).
. -16
.1988
. . -17
.1987
274
(. . )
275