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(x, y)
hypotenuse 1
y
opposite
x
x
adjacent
opp hyp
sin = csc = y 1
hyp opp sin = csc =
1 y
adj hyp x 1
cos = sec = cos = sec =
hyp adj 1 x
opp adj y x
tan = cot = tan = cot =
adj opp x y
1
Identities and Formulas
Tangent and Cotangent Identities Half Angle Formulas
r
sin cos 1 cos(2)
tan = cot = sin =
cos sin 2
r
Reciprocal Identities 1 + cos(2)
cos =
1 1 2
sin = csc = s
csc sin 1 cos(2)
1 1 tan =
cos = sec = 1 + cos(2)
sec cos
Sum and Difference Formulas
1 1
tan = cot =
cot tan sin( ) = sin cos cos sin
2
Unit Circle
(0, 1)
3 90 , 2
3
( 12 , 2
) ( 12 , 2
)
2 2 2 2
( 2
, 2
) ( 2
, 2
)
120 , 2
3
60 , 3
( 3 1
, ) 135 , 3
4
45 , 4 ( 3 1
, )
2 2 2 2
150 , 5
6
30 , 6
180 ,
(1, 0) (1, 0)
0 , 2
210 , 7
6
330 , 11
6
3 3
( 2
, 12 ) 225 , 5 315 , 7 ( 2
, 21 )
4 4
240 , 4
3
300 , 5
3
2
( 2
, 22 ) ( 2
2
, 2
2
)
3 3
( 12 , 2
) ( 12 , 2
)
270 , 3
2
(0, 1)
F or any ordered pair on the unit circle (x, y) : cos = x and sin = y
Example
cos ( 7
6) = 23 sin ( 7 1
6 ) = 2
3
Inverse Trig Functions
Definition Inverse Properties
These properties hold for x in the domain and in
= sin1 (x) is equivalent to x = sin the range
a c
4
Complex Numbers
i= 1 i2 = 1 i3 = i i4 = 1
a = i a, a 0 (a + bi)(a bi) = a2 + b2
(a + bi) + (c + di) = a + c + (b + d)i |a + bi| = a2 + b2 Complex Modulus
DeMoivres Theorem
= 8i
5
Finding the nth roots of a number using DeMoivres Theorem
Example: Find all the complex fourth roots of 4. That is, find all the complex solutions of
x4 = 4.
For any positive integer n , a nonzero complex number z has exactly n distinct nth roots.
More specifically, if z is written in the trigonometric form r(cos + i sin ), the nth roots of
z are given by the following formula.
1 360 k 360 k
() r cos
n + + i sin + , f or k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n 1.
n n n n
Therefore a = 4 and b = 0
p
So r = (4)2 + (0)2=
4 and
0
= arg(z) = tan1 =0
4
Finally our trigonometric form is 4 = 4(cos 0 + i sin 0 )
Using the formula () above with n = 4, we can find the fourth roots of 4(cos 0 + i sin 0 )
1 0 360 0 0 360 0
For k = 0, 4 4 cos + + i sin + = 2 (cos(0 ) + i sin(0 )) = 2
4 4 4 4
1 0
360 1 0
360 1
For k = 1, 4 cos
4 + + i sin + = 2 (cos(90 ) + i sin(90 )) = 2i
4 4 4 4
1 0
360 2 0 360 2
For k = 2, 4 4 cos + + i sin + = 2 (cos(180 ) + i sin(180 )) = 2
4 4 4 4
1 0
360 3 0 360 3
For k = 3, 4 4 cos + + i sin + = 2 (cos(270 ) + i sin(270 )) = 2i
4 4 4 4
6
Formulas for the Conic Sections
Circle
Ellipse
(x h)2 (y k)2
+ =1
a2 b2
(x h)2 (y k)2
+ =1
b2 a2
Where (h, k)= center
(0 < b < a)
7
More Conic Sections
Hyperbola
(x h)2 (y k)2
=1
a2 b2
(y k)2 (x h)2
=1
a2 b2
Parabola
a=scaling factor
8
f (x)
f (x) = sin(x)
1
3
2
2
2
1
2
x
0 2 3 5 7 5 4 5 7 11
6 4 3
3 4 6
6 4 3
3
3 4 6 2
2 2
12
2
2
23
-1
5 2
Example : sin =
4 2
f (x)
f (x) = cos(x)
1
3
2
2
2
1
2
x
0 2 3 5 7 5 4 5 7 11
6 4 3
3 4 6
6 4 3
3
3 4 6 2
2 2
12
2
2
23
-1
7 3
Example : cos =
6 2
9
2 f (x)
2
f (x) = tan x
1
3
3
x
3 4 6 0
5 3 2
6 4 3 6 4 3
2
3
3
4
5
6
3
3
10