Euler-Bernoulli Bending Theory (Pure Bending Moment)

A z

M D M
dw
x
C dx
neutral axis
B
ux
uz = w(x) = vertical deflection of the neutral axis
z dw
u x = z ( x ) dx

dw
If the plane AB remains perpendicular to CD =
dx
dw
ux = z
dx
 dw
ux = z
dx

u x d 2w
xx = = z 2
x dx

If we assume yy = zz = xy = yz = 0
The stress-strain relations give

xx ( yy + zz )
1
xx =
E

d 2w
xx = E z 2
dx

u x u z dw dw
xz = G + = G =0
z x dx dx
 z

d 2w
xx = E z 2
dx xx
y y
z

M = xx z dA M
A
A x
2
d w 2
dx 2 A
=E z dA

d 2w Mz
= EI 2 xx =
dx I

xx dA = 0 zdA = 0
A
neutral axis is at centroid
A

xx y dA = 0 y z dA = 0
A
cross-section must be symmetric
A
 z Engineering Beam Theory

dw dw
M ( x) z [ Note: we still have u x = z = so that
Let xx = dx dx
I
V ( x)Q ( z ) xz = 0 (inconsistent) ]
xz =
qz I t ( z)

dM
M = V ( x) d 2
w
M = EI 2 d 4w
EI 4 = qz ( x )
V dx
dV dx
= qz ( x ) dx
dx
qz applied force/unit length on beam in z-
direction
 dM
= V ( x)
dx
dV
= qz ( x )
dx

How are these internal force and bending moment equilibrium relations
related to our local equilibrium equations?

xx xy xz
+ + =0
x y z

xy yy yz
+ + =0
x y z

xz yz zz
+ + =0
x y z
 xx xy xz
+ + =0
x y z

multiply by z and integrate over the cross-section, A

xx
z
A
x
dA + z xy + xz
A
y z
dA = 0

or, equivalently
d
dx A
z xx dA + ( z ) + ( z )
A y xy z xz dA A xz dA = 0

- M(x) - V(x)
z n f
nz A y dA = vC f ny ds
ny Gauss theorem (2-D)
f
A C
y A z dA = vC f nz ds
 + z ( n y xy + nz xz ) ds + V ( x ) = 0
dM

dx vC

Tx(
n)
z
n
y
dM
Tx( ) = 0 = V ( x)
n
dx

Now, consider

xz yz zz
+ + =0
x y z
integrating over A

d yz zz

dx A
xz dA +
A
y
+
z
dA = 0

-V(x)
 + ( yz n y + zz nz ) ds = 0
dV

dx v C

Tz( n )

n Tz( n ) z
y
v ds = qz ( x )
( ) n
Tz
C

applied force/unit length in z-

direction

dV
= qz ( x )
dx

Last remaining equilibrium equation is:

xy yy yz
+ + =0
x y z

Integrating over A gives

 d yy yz

dx A
xy dA +
A

y
+
z
dA = 0

Vy

+ v ( yy n y + yz nz ) ds = 0
dVy
dx C

Ty( n )

v ds = q y ( x )
( )n
applied force/unit length in y-
( n)
Ty
Ty C direction
n z
dVy
= q y ( x )
y
dx
Vy
which is identically satisfied if

Vy = 0, Ty( ) = 0
n
 Timoshenko Beam Theory

A z

M D M
dw
x
C dx
neutral axis
B

dw
( x)
dw
u x = z ( x ) dx
dx
d
xx = E z
dx
u u dw
xz = G x + z = G ( x ) +
z x dx

better than Euler/Bernoulli but still a constant across the

cross-section so introduce a form factor 2
 d
xx = E z
dx
dw
xz = 2G ( x ) +
dx
yy = zz = xy = yz = 0

For bending moment and shear force

d d
M = z xx dA = E dA = EI
z 2

A
dx A
dx
dw
V = xz dA = 2G + dA
A dx A
dw
= 2G + A = xz A
dx
 Timoshenko Beam theory Euler-Bernoulli Theory

d d 2w
M = EI M = EI 2
dx dx
dw V ( x)
( x ) = 2 =
dw
dx GA dx

Example: P
P
x
M = - Px

L x V=-P
d
EI = Px
dx
Px 2
EI = + C1
2
P L2 x 2
( L) = 0 = rotation of the beam cross-section
2 EI
Pxz
This gives xx = (same as ordinary beam theory)
I
 dw V
= 2 + slope of neutral axis
dx GA
P P ( L2 x 2 )
= 2 +
GA 2 EI

Integrating

Px P ( L2 x x3 / 3)
w= 2 + + C2
GA 2 EI
PL PL3 PL3 PL
w( L) = 0 + + C2 = 0 which gives C2 = w(0) = 2
GA 3EI
2
3EI GA

deflection due to: bending shear

PL3 3E I
w ( 0) = 1 +
2G AL2
3EI
2
I 1 h
For a rectangular section of base b and height h =
AL2 12 L