TP CH KHOA HC HSP TPHCM Phng Gia Lun

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NG DNG LATEX TRONG NGHIN CU V GING DY HA HC

PHNG GIA LUN*

TM TT
Bi bo ny cp n vn ng dng LATEX trong ha hc. Thng qua s dng
mt s gi lnh quan trng l mhchem, pst-labo, ChemFig phc v cho cc cng vic ph
bin trong ging dy, nghin cu ha hc nh: vit cng thc ha hc, phng trnh phn
ng, v dng c th nghim, biu din cc loi cng thc cu to hp cht hu c, v s
phn ng.
T kha: LATEX, ha hc, mhchem, pst-labo, ChemFig.
ABSTRACT
Applying LATEX in Chemistry education and research
This article presents the issue of applying LATEX in chemistry. By using essential
packages such as mhchem, pst-labo, ChemFig is widely used in Chemistry education and
research including writing chemistry formulas, reaction equations, drawing lab-tools,
performing reaction schemes or reaction mechanisms.
Keywords: Latex, chemistry, mhchem, pst-labo, ChemFig.
1. Gii thiu
LATEX l mt phn mm sp ch m ngun m c Leslie Lamport pht trin
da trn nn TEX do gio s ton hc Donal Knuth pht minh vi phin bn u tin
ra i vo nm 1985. Hin nay, LATEX pht trin trn phm vi ton th gii v
c dng lm tiu chun ch bn cho cc nh in sch, tp ch khoa hc ni ting, cc
n phm ca hi ngh khoa hc, cng nh c a vo chng trnh ging dy, ng
dng lm poster, vit bi bo khoa hc, to file trnh chiu, lm lun vn cho sinh vin
trong cc trng i hc. Ban u, LATEX c ng dng ch yu trong lnh vc ton
hc song gn y pht trin mnh m sang cc ngnh khoa hc khc c bit trong
vic son tho cc ti liu vt l, ha hc
i vi nhng ngi dng my tnh, khi chuyn sang mi trng son tho mi,
h thng tm hiu xem mi trng c nhng tnh nng g c bit. i vi
LATEX, ngi dng thng so snh vi Microsoft Word ca hng Microsoft. V
LATEX c nh gi cao cc im sau y.
Trc ht, ti liu son bi LATEX l ti liu c tnh cu trc. ng dng ny
gip ngi dng ch tp trung vo son tho ni dung vn bn thng qua vic quy nh
sn cc nh dng chun cho ti liu, do ngi dng khng phi mt thi gian chnh
sa vn bn nh chnh c font cho tiu , khong cch dng Hn na, vn bn c

*
ThS, Trng i hc Nng Lm Bc Giang; Email: luanpg@bafu.edu.vn

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tnh nht qun cao. Tt c cc kiu nh dng theo chng, theo mc, mc con s
thng nht nh nhau trong ton b ti liu. iu ny loi b ton b li khi nh dng
vn bn. Ngoi ra, d liu u ra c tnh chuyn nghip, bi v LATEX xut ra cc kt
qu nh nhau trn cc my tnh v cc h iu hnh khc nhau. Theo mc nh, cc kt
qu xut ra s l cc file c nh dng DVI, dng PS hoc dng PDF. Mt u im na
phi k n l LATEX xa nha ranh gii gia phn ch vn bn vi phn ch cng
thc. Trong LATEX cht lng hnh nh ca hai phn ny l nh nhau, u sc nt, d
nhn, khng to ra s khc bit v n tng hn na l kt qu ca cc php ton c th
c LATEX tnh ra mt cch t ng. LATEX cn c li th ln trong vic tham
chiu cho phc v lm mc lc t ng, lm ch mc (index) i vi hnh v,
bn c th to ra cc hnh v cht lng cao, cc hnh chuyn ng thm ch cc hnh
v c tnh tng tc ch bng cc k t, iu m Word khng th lm c Cui
cng, LATEX c phn phi v s dng min ph.
Bn cnh nhng u im k trn, LATEX tn ti mt s nhc im. Th nht,
LATEX khng th xem c ni dung vn bn trc khi bin dch. iu ny gy kh
khn cho nhng ngi quen s dng Word khi chuyn sang dng LATEX. Th hai,
LATEX i hi ngi dng s kin nhn hc do phi hc cch son tho da trn
cc dng lnh. Th ba, vic thit k mt kiu trnh by mi kh vt v v mt nhiu
thi gian. Ni chung, LATEX thch hp cho vic son nhng cun sch hoc vn bn
k thut, di, cn nu son tho cc vn bn khng c cu trc hoc cu trc ln xn th
nn dng Word.
Vic ci t LATEX kh n gin. Thng thng vi h iu hnh Windows,
ngi s dng ch cn ci t MiKTeX l phn mm cha cc file h thng ca
LATEX v mt cng c son tho nh VieTEX hoc Texmaker. i vi tng cng
vic c th, ngi dng s dng cc gi lnh ring (packages) c cp nht d dng
thng qua h thng MiKTeX. Sau khi son tho xong file tex, ngi dng s bin dch
file ny v c kt qu cui cng l file pdf.
Trong nhng nm gn y, s lng ngi dng LATEX ti Vit Nam pht
trin nhanh chng. Mt s trng i hc yu cu hc vin phi np lun vn c
son tho bng LATEX hoc ging dy LATEX cho sinh vin nh mt mn hc ngoi
kha.
i vi sinh vin ha hc v nhng ngi lm cng vic lin quan n ngnh ha
nh gio vin, cc nh nghin cu, vic s dng phn mm Microsoft Word c th
vit bi bo khoa hc, lm lun vn, son tho vn bn c cng thc ha hc, v cc s
v c ch phn ng, v cc dng c th nghim i hi nhiu cng sc v bt
buc phi dng thm cc phn mm ph tr nh ChemWin, ChemLab, ChemDraw.
Cc cng vic ny hon ton c th gii quyt n gin vi LATEX ch vi mt s t
gi lnh tiu biu.

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2. Cc gi lnh thng dng cho son tho vn bn ha hc

Trong qu trnh pht trin, LATEX c ng dng bin son cc ti liu
ha hc t rt sm. Hng lot cc gi lnh c vit nhm p ng nhu cu ny nh
achemso, biblatex chem, bpchem, chem journal, chemarrow, chemcompounds,
chemstruct, chemstyle, isotope, ochem, xymtex nhng ch n khi cc gi lnh
mhchem, pst-labo, v c bit l ChemFig ra i mi gii quyt trit cc vn ln khi
bin son vn bn ha hc.
ng dng ca gi lnh mhchem
a ch ti: http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mhchem
Tc gi ca gi lnh l Martin Hensel pht trin n version 3. y l mt gi
lnh dng biu din cc nguyn t v cng thc ha hc cng nh phng trnh ha
hc. Cc chc nng ch yu ca gi lnh mhchem bao gm:
- Biu din cc cng thc c bn
Ch bng lnh \ce{biu thc ha hc} c th biu din biu thc ha hc a dng
vi cch vit n gin ng thi gi lnh x l rt thng minh i vi cc con s trong
cng thc nh ch s trn, ch s di, cc s ng trc v sau cng thc.
Bng 1. M lnh minh ha mt s cht

C php lnh Kt qu
\ce{H+} H+
\ce{SO4^2-}
1
\ce{1/2H2O}
2
\ce{H2SO4} H2SO4
\ce{^{16}_{8}O}

- Biu din cc lin kt ha hc

Trong mhchem, s dng c php lnh \bond{} kt hp vi cc k hiu -, =, #
ch lin kt n (sbond), i (dbond) v ba (tbond) tng ng nh sau:
Bng 2. M lnh minh ha cc loi lin kt ch yu trong hp cht hu c

C php lnh Kt qu

\ce{CH3-CHO} CH3 CHO

\ce{CH2=CH-C#CH} CH2 = CH C CH

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biu din lin kt yu, lin kt cho nhn, dng lnh \bond c thm cc ty chn
{~}, {}, {->}, {<-}.
Bng 3. M lnh minh ha mt s loi lin kt yu

C php lnh Kt qu
\ce{O = S \bond{->}O} O=SO
\ce{Br^+ \bond{~}CH2 \dbond CH2} Br+ CH2 = CH2
\ce{H2O \bond{}NaCl \bond{}H2O} H2O NaCl H2O

- Biu din phng trnh phn ng ha hc

Vit phng trnh ha hc l tnh nng ni bt ca gi mhchem vi nhiu ty
chn v cc loi mi tn v iu kin phn ng. Ngoi ra, gi ny cn h tr vit ch
di cng thc ha hc ca cc cht trong phng trnh phn ng.
Bng 4. M lnh minh ha mt s phng trnh ha hc

C php lnh Kt qu
\ce{CO2 + C -> 2CO} CO2 + C 2CO
\ce{2NO2 <=> N2O4} 2NO2 N2O4
\ce{2SO2 + O2 ->
[\text{\ce{t^o}}]
[\ce{V2O5}] 2SO3}
\ce{Zn^2+<=>[\ce{+ 2OH-}]
[\ce{+ 2H+}]
$\underset{\text{Amphoteres
hydroxid}}{\ce{Zn(OH)2 v}}$<=>
C[+2OH-][{+2H+}]$\underset
{\text{Hydroxozikat}}
{\cf{[Zn(OH)4]^2-}}$}

ng dng ca gi lnh pst labo

a ch ti: http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/pst-labo
Trong tt c cc gi lnh h tr cho son tho ha hc ch c duy nht gi pst
labo ca nhm tc gi D. Girou, C. Jorssen, M. Luque v H. Vob h tr v cc dng c
th nghim. Gi ny da trn cc lnh ca gi lnh PSTricks do phi bin dch file
vn bn theo th t file.tex file.dvi file.ps file.pdf. Gi pst labo cho php v
ring l nhiu dng c th nghim n mt b th nghim ha hc hon chnh.

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Bng 5. M lnh v mt s dng c thy tinh

\psset{unit=0.5cm}
\pstTubeEssais
\pstTubeEssais[glassType=ballon]
\pstTubeEssais[glassType=erlen]
\pstTubeEssais[glassType=becher]
\pstTubeEssais[glassType=flacon]
\pstTubeEssais[glassType=fioleJauge]

Kt hp nhiu ty chn, gi pst labo c th v b th nghim ha hc rt p.

Ngi bin son c th xoay, nh s, kt ni cc dng c, t nhn cc ha cht, thm
n kh Bunsen, kp g, thm ng thy tinh, sinh hn, buret, phu lc, my o pH, dy
dn, biu din trng thi ca cc cht trong th nghim ha hc vi mt m lnh ngn
gn.
Bng 6. M lnh v mt b thu kh hon chnh

\psset{unit=0.5cm,glassType=ballon,
becBunsen}
\psframebox{\pstChauffageTube
[becBunsen,barbotage]}

ng dng ca gi lnh ChemFig

a ch ti: http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/chemfig
Vn s dng LATEX v cng thc cu to cht l mt vn phc tp c
bit khi cn v mt cng thc cu to ca mt hp cht hu c. c nhiu gi lnh
c vit gii quyt vn ny nh xymtex, streeTEX, ochem Mi gi u c u v
nhc im ring bi s a dng, phc tp t ci t cho ti vit m lnh, iu gy
bi ri cho ngi s dng. Gi ChemFig c vit bi Christian Tellechea gii quyt

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c vn ny vi u th rt ln l c php lnh n gin, v vy gi lnh ny nhanh

chng ph bin rng ri v to c hng th vi ngi bin son vn bn ha hc.
S dng ChemFig d dng v c cc dng cng thc cu to sau:
- Cng thc Lewis

\chemfig{*6(-=-=(-\lewis{2:,N}H_2)-=)}

- Cng thc cu to ion

\chemfig{-\chemabove{N}
{\scriptstyle\oplus}(=[1]O)[7]O^{\ominus}}

- Cng thc cu to phn t dng rt gn

\chemfig{H_3C-{{(CH_2)}_3}-CH=CH_2} H3C (CH2)3 CH = CH2

- Cng thc cu to ca phn t c nhnh

v mt nhnh, dng thm m lnh vit cho nhnh gn trc tip vo nguyn t .

\chemfig{H_3C-CH(-[2]CH_3)-CH_3}

i vi cc phn t phc tp, i khi cn v lin kt gia hai nguyn t khng

cnh nhau, lm c vic ny, k t ? c s dng nhm ch ra s lin kt gia hai
nguyn t c nh du bng k t ? .

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\chemfig{H_2C(-C?[a]H-[:-30]
CH_2-[:30]C?[b]H-O-CO-C_6H_5)
-[2]CH_2-[,1.7]CH(-[3]N?[a]-
[3]H_3C)(-[,1.35]C?[b]H-CO-OCH_3)}

(Cocain)

- Cng thc Cram

\chemfig{C(-[5]H)(-[2]H)
(<[:-70]Cl)(<:[:-20]H)}

- Cng thc phi cnh

\chemfig{(-[2]Br)(-[:-30]H)(-[:-
120]R)-[:5,3](-[:-95]Br)(-[:30]R)(-
[:120]H)}

- Cng thc chiu Fis

\chemfig{H-(-[2]CH_3)(-[6](-[4]Cl)
(-[6]CH_3)-H)-Cl}

(threo -2,3- iclobutan)

Dng ChemFig v cc phn t phc tp rt hiu qu.

\chemfig{*6(---N(-[:30](=[2]O)
(-[:-30]=^[:30]-[:-30]=^[:30]-[:-30]
(*6(-=-(*5(-O--O-))=-=))))---)}
(Piperine)

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\chemfig{*6(-(-[:-90](=[:-45]O)(-[:-
135]HO))=-O>:(-[2]O>[:30](*6(-O-(<[:-
30]-[:30]OH)-(<:OH)-(<[2]OH)-
(<:[:150]HO)-)))-(<:[2]H)
(*5(-(<:[:108])-(<:[:180]HO)--(<:[:-90]H)-
))-)}
(Axit loganic)

Gi lnh ChemFig cn c th biu din cng thc cu to ca polime, v c

phng trnh, chui phn ng, c bit nht l v c c ch phn ng, s tng
hp cc hp cht hu c.
Ngoi ba gi lnh cp trn y, LATEX cn c dng to cc file trnh
din (presentation), v s t duy, v th, v lm thi trc nghim rt nhanh
chng, hiu qu, p ng cc yu cu ca qu trnh i mi hin nay trong cng tc
gio dc.
3. Kt lun
Nhng cng vic lin quan n hc tp, nghin cu v ging dy ha hc thng
xuyn phi son tho mt s lng ln vn bn. Tnh c th v ni dung ca nhng
vn bn k thut ny gy ra rt nhiu kh khn v tn thi gian khi phi son tho
bi Microsoft Word. S pht trin ca LATEX vi cc gi lnh ph hp, thng minh
hn, s l mt hng gii quyt mi c hiu qu v em li vn bn cht lng cao.
Trong thi gian ti, LATEX c mong i s l mt cng c ph bin trong vic bin
son cc ti liu ha hc ni ring cng nh cc vn bn khoa hc k thut ni chung.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Nguyn Hu in (2009), mhchem.sty Phng trnh ha hc,
<http://www.scribd.com/doc/19285361/mhchemhelp>, xem 07/09/2015.
2. Phng Gia Lun (2011), C bn v ChemFig v cc v d,
<https://chemistrylatex.wordpress.com/2011/11/27/su-dung-chemfig/>,
xem 07/09/2015.
3. Denis Girou, Christophe Jorssen, Manuel Luque, and Herbert Vo (2005), PST-Labo
- chemical objects version 2.02, Available at:
<http://mirrors.ibiblio.org/CTAN/graphics/pstricks/contrib/pst-labo/pst-labo-
docEN.pdf> [Accessed 07 September 2015]
4. Christian Tellechea (2012), ChemFig v1.1a A TEX package for drawing molecules,
Available at: <http://ctan.megagod.net/tex-
archive/macros/generic/chemfig/chemfig_doc_en.pdf> [Accessed 07 September 2015]

(Ngy Ta son nhn c bi: 06-8-2015; ngy phn bin nh gi: 06-9-2015;
ngy chp nhn ng: 24-9-2015)

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