Advanced Protection

Advanced Protection
P A C K A G E User Manual
Version 2.2
OMICRON Test Universe
Article Number VESD4003 - Manual Version: APROT.AE.9

OMICRON electronics 2007. All rights reserved.
This manual is a publication of OMICRON electronics GmbH.
All rights including translation reserved. Reproduction of any kind, e.g., photocopying, microfilming or
storage in electronic data processing systems, requires the explicit consent of OMICRON electronics.
Reprinting, wholly or in part, is not permitted.
This manual represents the technical status at the time of writing. The product information,
specifications, and all technical data contained within this manual are not contractually binding.
OMICRON electronics reserves the right to make changes at any time to the technology and/or
configuration without prior announcement.
We have done our best to ensure that the material found in this publication is both useful and accurate.
However, please be aware that errors may exist in this publication, and that neither the authors nor
OMICRON electronics are to be held liable for statements and declarations given in this manual or in
the use to which it may be put. The user is responsible for every application described in this manual
and its results. OMICRON electronics explicitly exonerates itself from all liability for mistakes in this
manual.
OMICRON electronics translates this manual from its source language English into a number of other
languages. Any translation of this manual is done for local requirements, and in the event of a dispute
between the English and any non-English versions, the English version of this manual shall govern.
2
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1.1 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
1.2 Scope of Advanced Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
2 Advanced TransPlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
2.1 The Advanced TransPlay Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
2.1.1 Detail View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
2.1.2 Time Signal View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
2.1.3 Measurement View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
2.1.4 Report View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
2.2 Example:
Distance Relay with a Transient Playback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
2.2.1 Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
2.2.2 Starting Advanced TransPlay from the OCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
2.2.3 Setting up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
2.2.4 Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
2.2.5 Defining the Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
2.2.6 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
2.2.7 Defining the Test Report Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
3 Advanced Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
3.1 Advanced Distance Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
3.1.1 Shot, Search and Check Test Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
3.1.2 Relative Test Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
3.1.3 Constant Source Impedance Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
3.1.4 Load Current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
3.1.5 Testing Multiple Fault Loops in one Test Module . . . . . . . . . . . .32
3.1.6 User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
3
3.2 Advanced Distance Example:

Testing Reaches and Trip Times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
3.2.1 Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.2.2 Starting Advanced Distance from the OCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
3.2.5 Defining the Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
3.2.6 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
3.2.7 Defining the Test Report Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
3.2.8 View Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
3.3 CB Configuration Example with Advanced Distance Module . . . . . . . . .55
3.3.1 Wiring Between Relay and CMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
3.3.2 Starting the OMICRON Control Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
3.3.5 Inserting the CB Configuration Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
3.3.6 Inserting an Advanced Distance Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
3.3.7 Viewing the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
4 Advanced Differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
4.1.1 The Diff Configuration Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
4.1.2 The Diff Operating Characteristic Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
4.1.3 The Diff Trip Time Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
4.1.4 The Diff Harmonic Restraint Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
4.2 Advanced Differential Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
4.2.1 What should be tested? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
4.2.2 Wiring Between Relay and CMC/CMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
4.2.3 Starting Diff Harmonic Restraint from the OCC . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
4
Table of Contents

4.2.6 Testing the Relay or Protection System Configuration . . . . . . . .83
4.2.7 Testing the Operating Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
4.2.8 Testing the Trip Time Characteristic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
4.2.9 Testing Harmonic Restraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
5 Synchronizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
5.1 Application:
Connecting a Generator to the Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
5.2 Example:
ELIN SYN3000 Digital Synchronizing Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
5.2.1 Emulation with CMC Test Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
5.2.2 Starting Synchronizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
5.2.3 Setting up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
5.2.4 Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
5.2.5 Verifying the Wiring Between the Relay and the CMC . . . . . . .124
5.2.6 Defining the Synchronizer Time Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
5.2.7 The Function Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
5.2.8 The Adjustment Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
5.2.9 Creating an OCC Test Document. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
6 Annunciation Checker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
6.1 Example: Annunciation Checker with a Digital Distance Protection
Relay 7SA631 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
6.1.1 Test Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
6.1.2 Preparing the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
6.1.3 Defining the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
6.1.4 Specifying the Hardware Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
6.1.5 Defining the test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
6.1.6 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
6.1.7 Functional Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
5
7 Transient Ground Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

7.1 Example: Ground Fault Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
7.1.1 Emulation with CMC Test Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
7.1.2 Starting Transient Ground Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
7.1.3 Setting up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
7.1.4 Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
7.1.5 Verifying the Wiring Between Relay and CMC . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
7.1.6 Defining the Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
7.1.7 Running the Test and Viewing the Time Signal . . . . . . . . . . . .182
7.1.8 Defining the Measurement Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
7.1.9 Defining the Test Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
8 VI-Starting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
8.1 About VI Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
8.2 Testing Method of VI Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
8.3 Example: Using VI Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
8.3.1 Setting Up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
8.3.2 Preparing the Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
8.3.3 Automatic Testing of the Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
8.3.4 A Search Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
9 Single Phase Testing and Output of Fault Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
9.2 Electromechanical Relays and the Single-Phase Fault Model . . . . . . .193
9.3 Output of the Fault Quantities for Testing Distance Protection . . . . . . .194
9.4 Settings in the Hardware Configuration for using the Single-Phase
Fault Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
9.5 Output of the Fault Quantities for Testing Overcurrent Protection . . . .198
9.6 Single-Phase Current Source and Three-Phase Voltage Source . . . . .199
9.7 Single-Phase Current Source and Single-Phase Voltage Source. . . . .200
6
Table of Contents
File Name Extensions within OMICRON Test Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201

Contact Information / Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
7
8
Introduction
1 Introduction
The OMICRON Test Universe Advanced Protection manual is an add-on
manual to the OMICRON Test Universe Protection manual. It describes all
components of the Advanced Protection Package that are not already
documented for the Protection Package. It includes general information about
the additional test modules as well as one or more specific test examples using
those test modules.
Full scope of
Advanced
= +
Protection
Protection Advanced Protection
P A C K A G E P A C K A G E
TEST UNIVERSE TEST UNIVERSE

Version 2.2 Version 2.2
Protection Advanced Protection

manual manual
Together with the Protection Package software, Advanced Protection Package

provides full-range functionality to define and perform comprehensive tests of
any protective relay according to the manufacturers guidelines or actual relay
settings and usage. In addition, it provides more advanced test modules to test
more complex and difficult protection relays.
Detailed information about the individual test modules is found in their module-
specific online help systems. You are encouraged to use this reference first
whenever you have a question or need further explanation about a specific topic.
Start the online help by clicking the H E L P T O P I C S . . . command on the H E L P
pull-down menu of the individual test module or tool.
If this does not meet your needs, please fax or e-mail your question(s) to us or
contact us directly by phone (refer to section Contact Information / Technical
Support").
For detailed information about the OMICRON Control Center (OCC), please
refer to the manual The Concept. The PDF file can be found at OMICRON Test
Universe installation path\Doc. You find a direct hyperlink to this manual in the
online help topic "User Manuals of OMICRON Test Universe". In addition, the
online help also provides detailed information about Control Center under the
table of contents entry --- OMICRON Control Center ---.
9
1.1 Preface
We assume that you understand and are comfortable using the Windows
operating system1. Please take time to become familiar with your computer's
operating system before using OMICRON Test Universe.
This manual uses the following conventions:
Mouse
Click Press and release the primary mouse button. The primary
mouse button is the button you use most often. For most
people, this is the left mouse button.
Right-click Press and release the secondary mouse button. The secondary
button is the button you use least often. For most people, this is
the right button.
Double-click Press and release the primary mouse button twice.
Drag Move the mouse while you hold down the primary mouse
button.
Release Remove your finger from a mouse button.
Scroll Scroll bars along the right and bottom sides of a window can be
used to move the contents up and down and left and right within
the window. To use a scrollbar, either click and hold one of the
arrow buttons at either end of the bar, or drag the scroll bar
slider.
1. Windows is a US registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
10
Introduction
1.2 Scope of Advanced Protection

In addition to the test modules and tools described in the Protection Package
software, the Advanced Protection Package software consists of the following
test modules:
Test modules
Advanced TransPlay Universal tool to import, edit, and output transient data
to a test object.
The transient data files were created from real or
simulated fault occurrences beforehand and are
available as a data file in either COMTRADE, PL4 or
TRF format.
The main application area is the reproduction of real
fault occurrences. The fault occurrences recorded with
the integrated fault recorder of the protection device are
transmitted to a PC and stored in a corresponding file
format.
Advanced Distance Advanced Distance is used to efficiently define test

documents, execute them, automate them, and report
the results.
It provides the same features as offered in the Distance
module plus advanced functionality:
Additional testing modes: Search and Check test
Impedance setting as percentages of zone reaches
("relative" impedance)
Efficient and flexible testing in several fault loops.
Synchronizer Tests synchronizing relays.

It tests 3-phase-to-3-phase, 3-phase-to-1-phase, and
1-phase-to-1-phase operations for connecting two
power systems together, such as a generator to the
power grid.
VI Starting Tests the voltage-dependent overcurrent starting

function (VI starting function).
11
Advanced The Advanced Differential software is a set of 4 test

Differential modules which provide a complete testing solution for
differential schemes having up to 3 winding
transformers and up to 9 injected currents. Automatic
calculation of the test currents avoids time consuming
and error-prone manual calculations.
These test modules are also suitable for testing other
differential relay functions such as an overcurrent
backup-protection function or an overload function
integrated into the relay.
This module is covered in more detail in section
4 Advanced Differential on page 61.
Diff Configuration
Diff Operating Characteristic
Diff Trip Time
Diff Harmonic Restraint
Transient Ground Tests ground fault protection relays.

Fault
Ground Fault provides the appropriate network
configuration to perform a simulation of a ground fault.
The simulation can be directly output from a CMC test
system as currents, voltages, and binary signals. The
behavior of the test object can be measured and
displayed, and can be reported in a test document.
Annunciation Verifies the wiring and the assignment of status

Checker messages when commissioning a substation.
CB Configuration The test set CMC 256 offers a CB simulation that

emulates the action of the auxiliary contacts (52a / 52b)
of a circuit breaker during tripping and closing.
CB Configuration configures the circuit breaker (CB)
simulation state machine in the CMC firmware. This
module automatically maps the routed binary input and
output signals to the simulation inputs and outputs of the
state machine.
12
Advanced TransPlay
2 Advanced TransPlay
Advanced TransPlay is used to import, edit and output transient data to a test
object. These transient data were created from real or simulated fault
occurrences beforehand and are available as a data file.
The main application field is seen in the reproduction of real fault occurrences.
The fault occurrences recorded with the integrated fault recorder of the
protection device are transmitted to a PC and stored in a corresponding file
format.
Of course, this data may also originate from another source than a fault recorder
as long as is is available in a compatible file format.
The following file formats used to import transient signals are supported:
Comtrade format with the following files:
- CFG: COMTRADE configuration file for the description of the failure
report channels (signal names, sample frequency etc.)
- DAT: COMTRADE file with the sample values of the failure report
channels.
- HDR: "Header file", that contains any data-related text that is not used
by the software.
L4 format with a PL4 file
TRF format with a TRF file
A detailed description about the supported file formats can be found in the
Advanced TransPlay online help under the table of contents entry "File Formats
and Size".
Using this data, a protection device can be optimally tested and adjusted under
real operation conditions.
Advanced TransPlay is also a suitable tool for testing protection devices (e.g.,
with simulated data) during the process of development.
The data output is started either via an external trigger (e.g., GPS), via binary
inputs, by pressing a key or immediately after pressing the S T A R T / C O N T I N U E
button.
Afterwards, the reaction of the test object is compared with given nominal values
or binary signals (reaction saved in the data record or user-defined) and
assessed in the test report.
13
2.1 The Advanced TransPlay Views

The Advanced TransPlay test module provides four different views:
Detail View
Time Signal View
Measurement View
Report View
All settings necessary for the test are made in the Detail View. In the Detail View
the transient analog signals are routed individually to the analog CMC output
channels, the binary signals are interconnected and the trigger conditions are
defined.
The Time Signal View is active after loading (importing) a data record. This view
displays the transient current and voltage signals and the binary signals, if
available.
It is now possible using Advanced TransPlay to edit this data record and to adapt
it for the planned test. Any time sections can be repeated (e.g. to extend the
prefault time), state transitions can be marked, and new binary signals can be
inserted.
The nominal values for the time measurements are defined in the Measurement
View. During the test, each measurement condition is analyzed for the
observance of the tolerances and assessed with "Passed" or "Failed".
The test results are displayed in the Report View. The contents of the Report
View can be either defined by the user or standard default settings can be used.
14
Advanced TransPlay
2.1.1 Detail View

The Detail View consists of the tabs Analog Out, Binary Out, Trigger, and
General. With these tabs, it is possible to view and edit the parameters which
are necessary for the test.
Which fields in the tabs are active and which names are assigned to these fields
depends on the settings previously made in the hardware configuration. If, for
instance, only one generator group is assigned in the hardware configuration
only this generator group will be available. The designation is the name that is
assigned for this group in the hardware configuration.
Analog Outputs
The Analog Outputs tab contains a table for setting the output magnitudes of
the available generators.
This table has five columns: Signal, Channel, Scale, Minimum, and Maximum.
Each line corresponds to one used analog output.
After loading a data file, the table is filled with the information stored in the data
record. The signals are routed to the analog outputs of the CMC on the basis of
the signal names. This assignment can be changed at any time. The Scale
column can be used to increase or decrease the voltage and current values that
are to be output. The result of the scaling is displayed in the Minimum and
Maximum fields.
Binary Outputs
The Binary Outputs tab shows the available binary outputs (as defined in the
hardware configuration) and what is interconnected with the binary signals.
Trigger
The Trigger tab defines the start conditions for the output of the transient
signals.
15
Four trigger conditions are available:

No Trigger: The output of data is started immediately after the
S T A R T / C O N T I N U E button is pressed (or the
corresponding option is selected on the T E S T menu).
Binary Trigger Condition: The output is put on hold until the binary inputs of the
hardware meet the logical conditions defined in the
lower half of the tab.
Key Pressed: With this option it is waited until the user presses a
key.
External Trigger: It is waited for an external trigger event via the
connector on the CMC's CMExif board (e.g. from a
CMGPS synchronization unit).
When test repetitions are performed, the trigger condition is only valid for the first
test.
The output of the transient data is started for the repetitions after the pause time
between the repetitions is elapsed. (These settings are made at
V I E W | D E T A I L V I E W in the General tab).
Figure 2-1:
Validity of trigger Test start
conditions
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
Trigger Time Time between Time between

= 0 for "No Trigger" repetitions repetitions
> 0 for all other trigger
conditions
General Tab
The General tab contains specifications for the entire test, such as the number
of test repetitions and the time between the individual test repetitions.
Additionally, the sampling rate can be specified with which the transient signals
are output.
16
Advanced TransPlay
2.1.2 Time Signal View

The transient signals are displayed in the Time Signal View. Three different
display modes are available:
Original: Displays only the played back data record. Here data markers
for the repeated output of time ranges or for the restriction of the
time range to be output (start and end) can be defined or edited.
Expanded: Displays the transient signals as they are to be output, taking
into consideration the repetitions and restrictions defined in the
original mode. In addition it is possible to define binary signals
(for the output to the test object or as a nominal signal for
comparison purposes) and state markers.
Test Results: Displays the analog and binary signals output during the test
and the recorded binary inputs.This mode is only available after
the test is carried out.
Two cursor sliders are available in all views to determine the values at certain
time positions and to determine time differences. The measurement values are
displayed in the cursor data window.
Context menus allow
zooming individual time ranges and the optimized display of the signals in the
diagram (concerning X and Y axis)
magnifying the display of the diagrams (100% to 400%)
editing the properties of the signals and data markers and removing the self-
defined binary signals, state markers, and data markers.
Cursor Slider
The sliders act as anchor points for the measuring cursors. In addition they are
used to move the cursor horizontally along the time axis. This is done either by
using the cursor arrow keys of the PC keyboard or by clicking and dragging with
the mouse to the position of your choice.
If you prefer to use the cursor arrow keys on your PC keyboard, use the <Tab>
key or <Shift> + <Tab> to switch between the cursor sliders.
17
Cursor Data Table

The Cursor Data table is now located within the Time Signal View dialog box.
The table displays the position of the two cursors in the Time column in the Time
Signal View. It is possible to change the cursor position by entering a time. In the
Signal column, an analog signal can be assigned to each cursor. The
momentary value of the selected signal is displayed in the Value column. If the
signals assigned to the two cursors are of the same physical quantity (e.g. two
voltages) then the difference is shown in the third line.
Figure 2-2:
Cursor Data table
Voltage / Current Output Signal

A diagram is displayed for each of the available voltage and current generator
groups to represent the voltage/current output signals as a time function. A
different line format is used for each signal of one generator group. The
assignment between line type and generator output is displayed at the bottom
of the diagrams. The representation of the signals (line type, color, width and
marking) can be changed by the user.
Binary Output and Input Signals

The binary signals are represented with the designations assigned in the
hardware configuration or when defining the signals. The binary state 0 is
represented by a thin line and the binary state 1 is represented by a stylized
rectangle.
Data Markers
In the Original mode repetition type data markers can be defined and displayed.
The data markers are represented by vertical lines in the diagram and with their
names in the state diagram. The representation of the lines can be individually
defined by the user.
State Markers
State markers are defined in the Expanded mode. As with the data markers,
they are depicted by vertical lines and their names.
18
Advanced TransPlay
2.1.3 Measurement View

Any number of time measurement conditions can be defined in the
Measurement View. To do this, two tables are offered. In the upper table,
individual moments (state markers and edge changes) can be specified as
assessment criterion (Table 2-1).
Table 2-1:
Terms in the Terms in the measurement table
measurement table
Name User-defined name for the identification of the time
measurement condition.
Ignore before An event which has to occur before the "Start" and "Stop"
events. With this, the time measurement range is limited. All
events until the end of the specified state will be ignored for the
measurement. If the field remains empty the time
measurement starts immediately when the start condition is
fulfilled.
Start The event which starts the time measurement. The start
condition is selected from a drop-down list of options.
Stop The event which stops the time measurement. The stop
condition is selected from a drop-down list of options.
Tnom Nominal time interval for the defined measurement condition
(in seconds).
Tdev- Permitted negative deviation from the nominal time (in
seconds).
Tdev+ Permitted positive deviation from the nominal time (in
seconds).
Tact Measured time interval between the start and the stop
condition. If the cell is empty, either the start condition or the
stop condition did not occur.
The start conditions and the stop conditions are scanned
simultaneously. This means that possibly the stop condition
occurred before the start condition. In this case the time
measurement value is negative.
Tdev The measured deviation of Tact in relation to Tnom (this value
can be either positive or negative).
Assessment "Passed" (green +), "Failed" (red x), or "Not assessed" (grey
o). The assessment is based on the comparison between
actual deviation and permitted deviation.
19
In the second table, binary signals are used for time comparison (Table 2-2).
If the start condition and the stop condition are the same a measurement of 0 s
is recorded. It is not searched for a second appearance of a condition, i.e. the
time between the first and the second 0 -> 1 transition of a binary signal is not
measurable; the first 0 -> 1 transition fulfills both measurement conditions. In
order to measure such a condition the cursor measurement function in the Time
Signal View can be used.
Table 2-2:
Additional terms in the Additional terms in the measurement table 2
measurement table 2
Signal Binary signal which is to be played back in order to be
compared with the reference signal. Here, all the binary signals
which are set in the HCC dialog are available.
Reference Binary signal from the data record or self-defined signal which
signal serves as a reference for the comparison with the signal to be
played back.
Tact Here the measured time for the edge change of the played
back signal is entered. The edge change time with the
maximum deviation in relation to the reference signal is
entered for binary signals with several edge changes.
Tdev The (greatest) measured deviation of Tact in relation to Tnom
(this value can be either positive or negative).
The tables are expanded in accordance to the number of measurement

repetitions, i.e. all measurement results are displayed. The first column in the
table in which the measurement conditions are numbered obtains an additional
number enclosed in brackets. This specifies the number of the measurement to
detect which result belongs to which measurement.
2.1.4 Report View

The Report View depicts the test results in the form of a report for later printing.
All settings made in the test object, in the hardware configuration, and in the test
module can be displayed as well as all the results of the test. The selection of
the contents is made on the menu P A R A M E T E R S | R E P O R T .
20
Advanced TransPlay
2.2 Example:
Distance Relay with a Transient Playback
Sample files:
AdvTransPlay-Transient_Playback.tra
AdvTransPlay-Transient_Playback.occ
Comtrade Example.cfg
Comtrade Example.dat
Stored at: ...OMICRON Test Universe installation path\
Test Library\Samples\SW Manual Examples\Advanced Protection
Task
A distance relay is to be tested with a transient "play back" test. The test file is
in COMTRADE format (Comtrade Example.cfg) and was created from a
fault recording. The prefault time should be extended to at least one second.
Also a measurement condition for the trip signal of the relay should be defined.
) The COMTRADE file format is an internationally accepted standard for transient

data exchange (COMTRADE = COMmon TRAnsient Data Exchange). This
standard was formulated by the IEEE. Ref.: IEEE C37.111-1999: "IEEE
Standard Common Format for Transient Data Exchange (Comtrade) for Power
Systems".
9 Solution
The OMICRON Test Universe offers a dedicated test module Advanced
TransPlay to "play back" any transient fault recording or simulation. This is the
only module that can fulfill the above task completely.
Assuming that this transient "play back" test is to become part of a complete
automatic test for a distance relay, this test module will be embedded into a test
document for the OMICRON Control Center.
If this test is a once-off test, the Advanced TransPlay module could also be used
in a stand-alone configuration, i.e. without the Control Center.
21
2.2.1 Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC
1. Connection of the CMC to the parallel port of the PC for data exchange:
Output of the data for simulation, loading of the binary signals.
2. Connection of the analog outputs of the CMC to the transducer inputs of
the test object in order to read out the simulated currents and voltages.
3. Connection of the binary outputs and transistor outputs of the CMC to the
binary inputs of the test object to read out binary signals to the test object.
4. Connection of the binary inputs of the CMC to the binary outputs of the
test object to load the binary signals of the test object (therefore the
reactions to the output data).
2.2.2 Starting Advanced TransPlay from the OCC

Start the OMICRON Control Center from the Start Page by clicking O P E N
E M P T Y D O C U M E N T . Insert Advanced TransPlay into the OCC document by
selecting the menu item I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E . . . | O M I C R O N
ADVANCED TRANSPLAY.
2.2.3 Setting up the Test Object

For configuration of your relay under test, the correspondingly named software
function Test Object is used. Open Test Object either by using the pull-down
menu item P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T or by clicking the "Test Object"
button in the toolbar. In Test Object browse, access and edit the test object
parameters.
A detailed description of Test Object and the closely related subject "XRIO" can
be found in section 3 Setting up the Test Object of the "Concept" manual, or in
the online help under the --- Test Object --- entry of the table of contents.
22
Advanced TransPlay
2.2.4 Configuring the Hardware

Configure the hardware according to the wiring described in section
2.2.1 Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC.
A detailed description of the Hardware Configuration can be found in the
"Concept" manuals section 4 Setting Up the Test Hardware, or in the online
help under the --- Hardware Configuration --- entry of the table of contents.
2.2.5 Defining the Test
Step 1: Importing the COMTRADE file

1. Select F I L E | I M P O R T .
2. Select the COMTRADE file to import, Comtrade Example.cfg in this
case.
Maximize the "Time Signal View" window to obtain a full view of the signal to
be played back.
Figure 2-3:
Time Signal View
23
Step 2: Extending the prefault time

1. Zoom the prefault portion of the signal to show about three cycles of data.
To zoom the signal, first enable the zoom function (right mouse click
anywhere in the Time Signal View and select Z O O M ). The cursor changes
to a magnifying glass to indicate the activated zoom function. A zoom window
can be defined with a left mouse click and dragging a window open. The
width of the window defines the limits to which the graph is zoomed.
To "zoom out" to the original signal, right mouse click and select O P T I M I Z E .
2. Mark exactly one cycle of data.
Two markers are available. They can be positioned by dragging the yellow or
blue mark on the horizontal marker bar (1).
Position the markers at the zero crossings of one phase voltage, e.g. V A-N.
Position the second marker one sample before the zero crossing. This
prevents two consecutive samples with a zero value when this cycle of data
is repeated. Note that "Delta t" in the cursor window shows 19.9 ms and not
20 ms.
Figure 2-4:
Zoomed signal with one
cycle of data marked
3. Select E D I T | I N S E R T R E P E T I T I O N to repeat this portion of the signal.

4. In the Data Markers dialog box, set the name to "Extended Prefault".
24
Advanced TransPlay
5. Specify 50 repetitions.
Note that the value for "Time" and "Duration" is automatically entered from
the present position of the markers.
Figure 2-5:
Defining the signal to be
repeated
6. Click O K .
7. Select "expanded" as display mode (1).
Figure 2-6:
Complete signal with
prefault extended
8. Unzoom (Optimize) to view the complete signal.
25
Step 3: Defining a measurement condition

To time the trip signal accurately, it is important to define the exact moment of
fault inception. This is done by manually defining a state marker at the moment
of fault inception.
1. Zoom into the time around fault inception.
2. Position one of the markers directly on the moment of fault inception.
3. Select E D I T | I N S E R T S T A T E M A R K E R .
4. Define the name "Fault Inception".
5. Click O K .
Figure 2-7:
Defining a state marker
6. Activate the M E A S U R E M E N T V I E W by clicking its icon.

7. Define the parameters of the trip signal to be measured:
Name = Trip; Start at "Fault Inception"; Stop at "Trip 0>1"
Tnom = 60 ms; Tdev- = 20 ms; Tdev+=50 ms.
) This function enables the definition of any signal to be measured: From, To, the
nominal trip time and the deviation in the negative and positive direction. The
actual measured "trip" time, actual deviation and the assessment will be shown
after a test has been performed.
26
Advanced TransPlay
2.2.6 Running the Test

A test is only possible, if no results are present. If necessary, clear the results by
clicking the C L E A R toolbar icon or selecting T E S T | C L E A R .
To start the test, click the S T A R T / C O N T I N U E TEST TOOLBAR icon or select
TEST | START/CONTINUE.
This downloads the transient file to the CMC and reproduces the voltage and
current signals exactly as shown.
) The trip signal measurement together with an assessment will be shown in the
Measurement View.
2.2.7 Defining the Test Report Format

Select P A R A M E T E R S | R E P O R T . A dialog box appears where you can define
the scope of the report.
A detailed description about defining test reports can be found in the "Concept"
manuals section 5.2 Test Reports, or in the online help under the --- Test
Reports --- entry of the table of contents.
Select V I E W | R E P O R T to display the test report.
) Note that if the signal has been zoomed, it will also be shown in this zoomed
state in the Report View.
27
28
Advanced Distance
3 Advanced Distance
Advanced Distance is used for comprehensive element evaluations in different
automatic testing modes (Shot, Search, Check) in the Z-plane with graphical
characteristic display. Allows standard test templates with relative test points to
test any distance relays setting.
3.1 Advanced Distance Features

Advanced Distance provides advanced functionality in addition to the base
functionality of Distance:
Search and Check tests
Test settings relative to zone reaches and line angle ("relative shots")
Testing multiple fault loops
3.1.1 Shot, Search and Check Test Modes

Shot Test
At a Shot test, test points in the test point table are automatically processed.
Figure 3-1:
Advanced Distance -
Shot Test
29
Search Test
At a Search Test, zone reaches are determined automatically. Zone transitions
are searched along search lines specified in the impedance plane, using an
optimized algorithm. It is possible to define a series of search lines in a single
step. All defined search lines are stored in a table for automatic processing.
Figure 3-2:
Advanced Distance -
Search Test
30
Advanced Distance
Check Test
At a Check Test, test points are automatically set at the tolerance boundaries of
zones. The setup is done with test lines (check lines) similar to a Search Test,
but test points are only set at the intersections of the check lines with the zone
tolerances. The Check test is an efficient overall test of the relay with minimum
testing time. This gives a quick verification of whether the specifications are met,
particularly for routine tests.
Figure 3-3:
Advanced Distance -
Check Test
Adding test points and test lines to the tables is possible in a variety of ways.
Parameters can be precisely defined by numerical inputs, or specified by
pointing to certain locations in the characteristic diagram. A magnetic cursor
supports the choosing of useful values. Mouse commands, context menus and
keyboard shortcuts facilitate data input.
A test in Advanced Distance can have any combination of Shot, Search, or
Check tests. At test execution, the whole test settings are processed
sequentially.
This versatile system offers a wide range of testing possibilities. Using this, it is
easy to comply with testing philosophies and regulations.
31
3.1.2 Relative Test Definitions

A revolutionary feature is that the test settings can be made relative to the
characteristic of the distance relay. Test points are not entered in absolute R, X,
Z, or angle values, but are instead referred to zone reaches and the line angle.
The relative settings can be applied to reaches and to angles, either combined
or individually.
Test points defined relative to zone reaches (e.g. 90 % of zone 1, 110 % of zone
1, 90 % of zone 2, ...) have the magnitude of the impedance automatically
adjusted to the actual values defined in the test object data.
Test points and test (search/check) lines defined relative to the line angle are
twisted according to the setting of the line angle in the XRIO test object file.
With this feature, re-usable test templates that adopt themselves to the actual
relay settings can be created.
3.1.3 Constant Source Impedance Model

In addition to the constant test current and constant test voltage models from
Distance, Advanced Distance provides the constant source impedance test
model which is useful in special cases where parameters such as SIR (Source
Impedance Ratio) are important.
3.1.4 Load Current

To verify special behavior of certain relays which occurs only when a prefault
(load) current is present (e.g. accelerated tripping performance), a load current
can be superimposed.
3.1.5 Testing Multiple Fault Loops in one Test Module

Advanced Distance provides special support by performing the tests for multiple
fault loops within one test module. For all test modes (shot, search, check)
multiple tabs are provided with a separate test point table for every fault type.
For every fault type, individual test settings can be made, but for the common
case of equal settings in related fault types, there are functions to make the
same settings in multiple fault types simultaneously.
32
Advanced Distance
3.1.6 User Interface

The user interface can be configured individually, using the following elements:
Test View
This view holds the test point tables for the Shot, Search, and Check tests and
the impedance plane. Test definitions are made in this view. During and after the
test execution, this view displays the results numerically in the tables and
graphically in the impedance plane.
Z/t Diagram
This view shows the graded trip time curve over the impedance along a certain
line. The actual line is determined by pointing in the impedance plane or by a
selection in one of the test tables. It is also possible to define test points and view
the assessments in the diagram.
Vector Diagram
The vector diagram shows the phasors of the voltages and currents, both for the
phase quantities and the sequence components. The corresponding numerical
values are displayed in the attached table.
Time Signal View

The voltages, currents, and binary signals after a completed shot are shown in
this view. This is useful to perform more detailed investigations (e.g., time
measurements using cursors).
33
3.2 Advanced Distance Example:

Testing Reaches and Trip Times
Sample files:
AdvDist-7SA511.occ
Siemens 7SA511 Distance Relay.rio
Task
A Siemens 7SA511 distance relay is to be tested. The automatic test should:
Perform a Shot Test at 50% in Zone 1 as well as 75% in Zone 2 and 3 on
the line angle for all fault loops.
Verify the reaches on the line angle to be within the tolerance limits for all
zones and for all fault loops.
Determine the exact reach of the relay on the reactive and resistive axis
for all zones for an A-N and a B-C fault.
The Siemens 7SA511distance relay has several settings that are given.
General Settings:
Inom: 1A
Vnom: 110 V (L-L)
fnom: 0 Hz
Line angle: 60
Re/Rl: 0.9
Xe/Xl: 0.9
Potential Transformers are connected on busbar
Current Transformer starpoint is on line side
34
Advanced Distance
Tripping Zone Settings:
Setting Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

X 2.50 5.00 10.00
R 1.25 2.50 5.00
Re 2.50 5.00 10.00
trip time inst. 400 ms 1.0 s
Starting Zone Settings:

X+A: 12
X - A: 2.5
RA1= RA2: 6
RAe: 12
t4 = t5: 3.0s
9 Solution
The OMICRON Test Universe offers a dedicated test module - Advanced
Distance - for testing the impedance measurement function of distance relays.
This module models the transmission line protected by a distance relay. It is
recommended that this module be used to test the distance function. A manual
test of this function is possible, but can prove to be very laborious and time
consuming.
Individual fault shots can be placed anywhere in the impedance plane with the
single shot. The Check Test places shots at the impedance tolerance limits of
each zone to verify that the reach is within the tolerance limits. The exact reach
can be determined with the Search Test.
Because an automatic test should be carried out, use the OMICRON Control
Center so that the test can then be integrated with the tests for all the auxiliary
functions of a distance relay (e.g., Fusefail [or LOP], Manual Close [or SOTF],
Auto-reclose, Powerswing detection, etc.)
The Advanced Distance module could also be used stand-alone.
35
3.2.1 Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC

1. Connect the voltage inputs of the relay to the corresponding voltage
outputs of the CMC.
2. Connect the current inputs of the relay to the corresponding current
outputs of the CMC. Ensure that the current "outputs" of the relay, i.e., the
output side of the current transformers, are connected together in a
starpoint.
3. Connect the trip signal of the relay to Binary Input 1 of the CMC.
4. Because the Siemens relay has a starting zone, connect the start signal
to binary input 2 of the CMC.
Figure 3-4:
CMC 256 test set, Connect to voltage
front view inputs of the
protection relay
Connect to current Connect the relays trip contact to Binary

inputs of the Input 1 and the start signal to Binary
protection relay Input 2.
36
Advanced Distance
3.2.2 Starting Advanced Distance from the OCC

E M P T Y D O C U M E N T . Insert Advanced Distance into the OCC document by
selecting the pull-down menu item I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E . . . |
OMICRON ADVANCED DISTANCE.

function Test Object is used. Open Test Object on the pull-down menu item
P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T . Alternatively, click the Test Object icon in
the toolbar. In Test Object browse, access and edit the test object parameters.
Step 1: Define the distance protection parameters

Figure 3-5 shows the Distance Protection Parameters pages that are started
by double-clicking "Distance" in the Test Object tree.
The following steps 2 - 4 will guide you through the individual pages.
37
Step 2: Define the system settings

Figure 3-5:
System Settings page in
the Distance
Protection Parameters
dialog box 8
1
7
2
3
4
1. Enter the Line angle (figure 3-5, no. 1).

2. Select the PTs to be connected on the busbar (2).
3. Select the CT starpoint to be connected on the line side (3).
4. Enter suitable tolerances for both time and impedance (4).
The larger of the absolute or relative values entered is used for the
assessment.
Typical values for the time and impedance tolerance for a numerical relay
are 5% for the relative impedance and 10% for the relative time tolerance.
The absolute impedance tolerance should be set to 50 m and the
absolute time tolerance should be set to 2.5 cycles either way, i.e. 50 ms.
5. Set the grounding factor mode to "RN/RL and XN/XL" and enter the
values for RN/RL and XN/XL (5).
The numerical distance relays from Siemens use this entry mode. The
distance relays from General Electric (GE) use X0/X1. All other relays use
the common k-factor which is the ratio of ground fault reach/phase fault
reach.
38
Advanced Distance
The option "Separate Arc resistance" (6) is of relevance to the relays,

which measure the component of line impedance separately to the
component of arc resistance, which is a pure resistance to the left or right
of the line angle. The arc resistance component is treated as a pure
resistance. It is not compensated by the k factor for a ground fault.
Presently the quadrilateral ground fault characteristic of the Schweitzer
SEL 321 and all characteristics of the Alstom EPAC relay use this type of
algorithm. Please refer to the On-line help for more details on this subject.
6. The option "Impedance correction 1A/Inom" (7) is of relevance only when
testing 5A rated relays. Some manufacturers compensate the impedance
measured for the nominal current of the CT. In this case, the option must
be selected and the impedance is calculated from Z = V / I / Inom. In most
cases the impedance is calculated from Z = V / I, in which case this
option is not selected.
7. "Impedance in primary values" (8): The values entered are converted
internally to secondary values using the PT and CT ratios entered in the
device settings.
39
Step 3: Defining the zone settings

Figure 3-6:
Zone Settings page in
the Distance
dialog box
1. Click N E W to define the first zone.

2. Click E D I T to open the Characteristic Editor dialog box (figure 3-7).
40
Advanced Distance
Figure 3-7:
Characteristic Editor for
the test object
parameters
3. Click the predefined shape for quadrilateral characteristics (fig. 3-7, 1).
4. Enter the settings for the first line element. The directional line in the fourth
quadrant: R = X = 0; angle = -45.
The line element selected is highlighted in the graphic.
Line elements are defined by an angle from the horizontal plus any point in
the R/X plane through which the line passes. This point can either be entered
in Cartesian or polar co-ordinates.
5. Enter the second line element, which is the resistive blinder:
R = 1.25 ; X = 0 ; Angle = 90.
Note: Always enter the line elements in a counter-clockwise fashion around
the characteristic. Tip: draw the expected characteristic on paper before
entering it into the software.
6. Enter the third line element, which is the reactive blinder:
R = 0 ; X = 2.5 ; Angle = 0.
7. Enter the fourth line element, which is the resistive blinder in the third
quadrant: R = -1.25; X = 0; Angle = 90.
8. Click O K .
41
Figure 3-8:
Zone Settings page in
the Distance
dialog box.
The zone settings for
the first zone and the
1 3 2
tripping zones are
entered
9. Copy this zone five times:

- Select the zone by clicking the row selection button (most left-hand
column, figure 3-8, 1).
- Right click anywhere in the table and Select C O P Y .
- Right click again and select A P P E N D C O P I E D Z O N E S .
10.Define the zone and fault loop for Zone 1 L-L:
- Define the "Fault loop" of the first zone to "L-L" (2).
When clicking the field, a drop-down menu appears from which "L-L" can
be selected.
- Define the "Zone" name for the first zone to "Z1" (3) by clicking the field
and using the drop-down menu.
11.Repeat for Z1 L-N, Z2 L-L, Z2 L-N, Z3 L-L, and Z3 L-N.
12.For each zone:
- Edit the R and X settings for the second, third, and fourth line element
(Repeat steps 5 to 7).
- Specify the relevant trip time for each zone (4).
42
Advanced Distance
13.Enter the starting zone by adding a "New" zone:

- Select "Type" to "Starting".
- Define "Fault loop" to "L-L".
- Define "Zone" to "ZS1".
- Define a trip time of 3s.
14.Edit characteristic:
- Line 1: R = 0 ; X = -2.5 ; Angle = 0.
- Line 2: R = 6 ; X = 0 ; Angle = 90.
- Line 3: R = 0 ; X = 12 ; Angle = 0.
- Line 4: R = -6 ; X = 0 ; Angle = 90.
15.Copy this zone and amend settings for the L-N element:
- Fault loop = "L-N".
- Zone = "ZS1"
- Line 2: R = 12 ; X = 0 ; Angle = 90.
- Line 4: R = -12 ; X = 0 ; Angle = 90.
Figure 3-9:
Standard page for the
zone settings.
All zone settings
entered
43

Specify the hardware configuration according to the wiring described in section
3.2.1 Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC.

Step 1: Inserting an Advanced Distance test module into the
test document
Position the cursor in the test document where the Advanced Distance test
module is to be inserted (e.g. between hardware configuration and the test
conclusion).
1. Click the A D V A N C E D D I S T A N C E icon in the test modules tool bar or
2. select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E and then "OMICRON Advanced
Distance".
Step 2: Defining the trigger conditions

1. Click the Trigger tab in the Advanced Distance Test View.
2. Ensure that the trigger condition for the "Trip" signal is set to "1".
Note, that only the binary inputs as selected in the hardware configuration are
enabled.
Note: When testing the relay with a single pole tripping scheme, the phase
selective tripping signals for each phase (i.e. Trip A, Trip B and Trip C) have
to be monitored. In this case ensure that the trigger condition for each trip
signal is set to "1" and that the trigger logic is set to "OR".
Figure 3-10:
Defining the trigger
conditions
44
Advanced Distance
Step 3: Defining the test settings

Figure 3-11:
Test settings page
1 3
1. Specify the test model "Constant test current" with a test current of 2A.
Please refer to the online help for more detailed information on the test
models available.
2. Specify the fault inception mode as "random" with "DC-Offset" cleared. Again
refer to the online help for more detailed information on this function.
3. Specify the test times:
- Prefault = 0.5 s
- Max. fault time = 4 s
Ensure that the maximum fault time is set longer than the slowest tripping
element of the relay.
- Postfault = 0.1 s
This setting might have to be increased for electromechanical relays, to
allow the relay to reset properly and to cool down.
45
Step 4: Defining a Shot Test

1. Click the Shot Test tab in the Advanced Distance Test View.
Single fault shots can be entered in one of the following ways:
- Numerically as absolute impedance.
a) Enter the impedance either in polar (|Z| and phi) or in rectangular
(R and X) format.
b) Click A D D to add the shot to the list of test points of the selected
fault type or A D D T O . . . to add the shot to a selection of fault
types.
- (or) Numerically and relative to a zone reach.
a) De-select the "Absolute" selection box.
b) Select the zone relative to which the impedance should be
specified, e.g. Z1.
c) Enter the percentage of zone reach required, e.g. 90%.
d) Click A D D or A D D T O . . . .
- (or) Graphically in the impedance plane.
a) Point with the mouse at the required impedance.
b) Press <Ctrl> and click with the left mouse button (or right click and
select A D D S H O T ) to add this shot to the list of test points.
c) Press <Shift> and click with the left mouse button (or right click and
select E X E C U T E S H O T ) to immediately execute a single shot.
2. Specify the angle of the line (60) for Phi.
3. De-select "Absolute".
4. Select Z 1 on the "Zone" drop-down menu.
5. Specify the relative impedance required (50%).
6. Click A D D T O . . . .
7. Select "All".
8. Click O K .
Note: The color of the fault tabs at the bottom of the test point table
indicate that test points have been added to each fault loop, thus all are
shaded dark gray.
9. Repeat for 75% of zone 2 and 3.
46
Advanced Distance
The column width of the test point table can be adjusted by dragging the split
bar in the column header.
Figure 3-12: o
Shot Test View
47
Step 5: Defining a Check Test

1. Click the Check Test tab in the Advanced Distance Test View.
A check line consists of the origin point, a test angle, and the length of a test
line. This can be defined in one of the following ways:
Numerically as absolute impedance.
a) Enter the impedance of the origin point either in polar (|Z| and phi) or
in rectangular (R and X) format.
b) Enter the test angle.
c) Enter the length of the test line in . The length of the test line can also
be specified relative to a zone reach by de-selecting the "Absolute"
option, e.g., 120% of the starter zone.
d) Click A D D or A D D T O . . . .
(or) Graphically in the impedance plane.
a) Point at the impedance for the origin point.
b) To add a test line to the test list, press <Ctrl>, press the left mouse
button, and drag a test line at the required angle and length.
c) To execute a single Check Test, press <Shift> and the left mouse
button and drag a test line at the required angle and length. The test
starts as soon as the left mouse button is released.
2. Enter 0 for the origin point.
3. Enter 90 for the check line angle.
4. De-select "Absolute".
5. Select 120% of the "ZS1" zone.
6. Click A D D T O . . . .
7. Select "All".
8. Click O K .
9. Repeat for a check line angle of 0.
Note: The program automatically places shots at both the lower and upper
reach tolerance limit. If these two shots are OK, the Check Test is passed,
because it can be assumed that the reach is somewhere within the tolerance
limits.
A sequence of test lines at uniform test angle steps, e.g. from 0 to 90 at 30
step can be specified by clicking the S E Q U E N C E . . . . button.
48
Advanced Distance
Figure 3-13:
Check Test View
Step 6: Defining a Search Test

1. Click the Search Test tab in the Advanced Distance Test View.
Defining test lines for a Search Test is conducted in exactly the same way as
for a Check Test. The only difference lies in the way the actual test is
performed and the results presented. In a Search Test, the software
searches for the exact border between two zones by applying a modified
bisection algorithm starting from the theoretical reach and moving outwards.
2. Enter 0 for the origin point.
3. Enter the angle of the line (60) as the search line angle.
4. Clear "Absolute".
5. Select 120% of the "ZS1" zone.
6. Click A D D T O . . . .
7. Select "A-N" and "B-C".
8. Click O K .
9. Click the Settings tab.
49
10.Check the settings for the "Search resolution".

The search resolution is the accuracy to which a reach is to be determined.
It is entered either as a relative value or as an absolute value. The test is
terminated as soon as two neighboring test points in different zones are
separated by less than either of these two settings.
Note: This test executes a significant number of test shots to a relay. This
might strain the relay unneccessarily, especially in case of an
electromechanical relay. Be careful and do not specify too many search
lines!
Figure 3-14:
Search Test View
50
Advanced Distance

A test is only possible, if no results are present. If necessary, clear the results by
clicking the toolbar icon or select T E S T | C L E A R .
Select T E S T | S T A R T / C O N T I N U E or click the repective toolbar icon.
The test can also be run from the Control Center by clicking the start icon in the
OCC or selecting T E S T | S T A R T .
This executes all shot, check, and Search Tests specified consecutively.
The test results are shown in terms of the actual trip time ("tact" column) and an
assessment. The assessment states whether the test was within the specified
tolerance limits ("Status" column).
3.2.7 Defining the Test Report Format

51
3.2.8 View Options

In addition to the impedance plane (or R/X view) in the Test View, the following
views are available in Advanced Distance:
Z/t diagram
In this view, the trip time is plotted vs. impedance for any specified test line. The
stepped time grading characteristic of the relay can clearly be seen. The
impedance and time tolerance bands can also be identified.
Tests can be executed from this view graphically in the same way as for a Shot
Test.
Figure 3-15:
Z/t diagram
52
Advanced Distance
VI monitor (natural phase quantities)

This view displays the calculated and injected phase voltages and currents for a
specified test point. This view is "read only". The displayed values cannot be
edited.
Figure 3-16:
V/I monitor (natural)
VI monitor (symmetrical components)

This view displays the symmetrical components for the A phase voltage and
current for the specified test point. This view is also "read only".
Figure 3-17:
V/I monitor
(symmetrical)
53
Time Signal View

This view displays the voltage and current quantities plotted vs. time.
This option is only available after a test has been executed.
The time signal display can be zoomed and signals / diagrams shown can be
switched off via the properties sheet (right click anywhere in the Time Signal
View window). For more details on these options, please refer to the example of
the Advanced TransPlay module.
Figure 3-18:
Time Signal View
54
Advanced Distance
3.3 CB Configuration Example with Advanced

Distance Module
Task
A Distance relay requires the circuit breaker status to perform correctly.
9 Solution
The test set CMC 256 offers a CB simulation, which emulates the action of the
auxiliary contacts (52a / 52b) of a circuit breaker during tripping and closing.
The test Module CB Configuration is used to set up the parameters and the
mode of operation for this CB simulation. Its intended use is for protection
testing, whre certain relays need feedback from a CB for proper operation of the
protection function.
The Advanced Distance test module serves to test the impedance measurement
function of distance relays. This module models the transmission line protected
by a distance relay. It is recommended that this module be used to test the
distance function. A manual test of this function is possible, but can prove to be
very laborious and time consuming.
Individual fault shots can be placed anywhere in the impedance plane with the
single shot. The check test places shots at the impedance tolerance limits of
each zone to verify that the reach is within the tolerance limits. The exact reach
can be determined with the search test.
Because an automatic test should be carried out, use the OMICRON Control
Center so that the test can then be integrated with the tests for all the auxiliary
functions of a distance relay (e.g., Fusefail [or LOP], Manual Close [or SOTF],
Auto-reclose, Powerswing detection, etc.).
The Advanced Distance module could also be used stand-alone.
55
3.3.1 Wiring Between Relay and CMC

1. Connect the voltage inputs of the relay to the corresponding voltage outputs
of the CMC.
2. Connect the current inputs of the relay to the corresponding current outputs
of the CMC. Ensure that the current "outputs" of the relay, i.e. the output side
of the current transformers, are connected together in a starpoint.
3. Connect the trip signal of the relay to binary input 1 and the close signal from
the Close Control Switch on the protection panel to binary input 2 of the CMC.
3.3.2 Starting the OMICRON Control Center

EMPTY DOCUMENT.

function Test Object is used. Open Test Object with the pull-down menu item
I N S E R T | T E S T O B J E C T . Alternatively, click the Test Object toolbar icon. In
Test Object browse, access and edit the test object parameters.
Import an existing RIO or XRIO file by selecting F I L E | I M P O R T , or add the
test object function "Distance" and define the distance protection-specific
parameters as described in detail in Step 1: Define the distance protection
parameters on page 37 of this manual.

Specify the hardware configuration according to the wiring described in section
3.3.1 Wiring Between Relay and CMC.
56
Advanced Distance
3.3.5 Inserting the CB Configuration Module

1. Click the C B C O N F I G U R A T I O N icon in the test modules tool bar or
2. select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E and then select "OMICRON CB
Configuration".
Defining the binary inputs and outputs for the CB simulation

1. Select P A R A M E T E R S | H A R D W A R E C O N F I G U R A T I O N in the CB
Configuration Module.
2. For the CB Configuration a Trip and Close CMD must be assigned to the
binary inputs. For this example the Trip will be connected to the distance
relay trip output and the Close CMD to the close control switch of the
protection panel - Figure 3-19.
3. The binary outputs must also be confederated to provide the distance relay
with the CB status - Figure 3-20.
Figure 3-19:
Binary Inputs
Figure 3-20:
Binary Outputs
57
Defining the CB condition

1. Click the "Test View".
2. Select the "Initial State" of the circuit breaker (CB). If selected "Closed" the
CB will be simulated closed via the Binary outputs configured as soon as the
module is executed and the same with the "Open" selection.
3. Select "Simulation Active".
4. The CB can be set to return to the "Initial State" after a set period, this is
helpful when a "Close CMD" is not available.
5. To edit the "Trip" and "Close" time delay period, select
P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T , click "CB Simulation" and edit the times
in the fields displayed. For more information refer to the online help.
6. The module can now be closed by selecting F I L E | E X I T & RETURN TO
*.OCC.
Figure 3-21:
CB Configuration Test
View
58
Advanced Distance
3.3.6 Inserting an Advanced Distance Module

1. Click the A D V A N C E D D I S T A N C E icon in the test modules tool bar,
or
2. select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E and then select OMICRON Advanced
Distance.
3. Add a shot as described in section Step 4: Defining a Shot Test on page 46
of this manual.
4. Close the module and return to the Control Center document.
5. Run the complete test procedure by selecting the "Test All" button. The
CB Configuration test module will set the CB simulation.
6. Then perform the shot test as defined in the Advance Distance module.
Figure 3-22:
OCC Document
59
3.3.7 Viewing the results

1. Select the Signal View in the Advance Distance Module.
2. By using the cursors the change of circuit breaker status can be determined.
The breaker opened after the trip was received from the distance relay,
Figure 3-23 (1), and closed again after the Close CMD was received, Figure
3-23 (2).
Figure 3-23:
Signal View
1 2
60
Advanced Differential
4 Advanced Differential
The Advanced Differential software is a family of test modules for testing
differential protection relays. Specific test modules were developed to test
specific features of a differential relay: Diff Configuration, Diff Operating
Characteristic, Diff Trip Time and the Diff Harmonic Restraint.
The Advanced Differential modules are typically used from within the OMICRON
Control Center (OCC). The test modules are embedded as objects into the OCC
test document.
Relay
The OCC test document allows multiple modules to be controlled together with
sequential testing of the chosen protective functions. For example, all common
settings for a specific device can be controlled globally and do not have to be
entered for each successive test module.
The OCC test document provides the tests results and format of the data to be
contained in the test report. This allows creation of a customized report that
includes the test data, graphics, text fields and text editing by the user.
Once the test document is complete, the OCC will run the embedded tests and
automatically include the results in the report.
The test document provides two functions:
the test specifications or protocol, and
the report format.
All test data is captured and maintained so the report format can be easily
changed, saved, and reused at any time, thus making summary reports and
detailed reports available from the same document.
61
4.1 Overview
All differential modules have a similar user interface and can be easily
understood as soon as one of the modules has been learned. All differential
modules use the same dialog for setting the parameters of the protection device,
the protected object, and other relevant system settings. The settings data is
managed globally and made available to each of the test modules.
The test modules differ from each other by the types of characteristics that are
tested with the particular module.
Configuration
Operating Characteristic
Trip Time Characteristic
Harmonic Restraint
The Advanced Differential test modules with multi-functional

relays
It is possible to use the Advanced Differential test modules also with multi-
functional relays that, apart from a differential protection feature, provide, for
example, over-voltage, under-voltage or under-frequency protection.
In order to prevent such a protection feature from detecting a fault and tripping,
the Advanced Protection test modules are capable of not only feeding currents
to the relay but also a set of healthy voltages. For this, optional analog outputs
are available. The voltages are applied to these analog outputs during prefault
and fault time and are then switched off. During postfault time, no voltages are
output.
Whether or not voltages are output and, if so, which phase's parameter is to be
applied to the voltages can be selected in the respective test module. The test
module then applies a balanced set of nominal voltages with nominal frequency
to the analog outputs.
62
4.1.1 The Diff Configuration Module

The other differential modules mainly test for faults within the protected zone.
The Diff Configuration test module tests the ideal normal behavior. The
protected object settings and the zero sequence elimination are tested with
faults outside the protected zone. The entire differential protection design can be
tested for conventional differential systems.
The Diff Configuration module mainly serves for commissioning differential
protection systems or for finding a configuration or wiring fault. All wiring
problems which are located within the protection rack (including interposing
transformers) can be detected with this module. This also works for the
configuration of digital relays or their differential connections.
Diff Configuration tests:
Secondary wiring and interposing transformers (electromechanical and
electronic-design relays)
Correct parameter setting of digital relays (specification of protected object)
Zero-sequence elimination at ground-fault "outside" the protected zone.
4.1.2 The Diff Operating Characteristic Module

The Diff Operating Characteristic test module is for verifying the operating
characteristic of the differential relay and testing the relay's ability to differentiate
between faults within the protected zone and faults outside the protected zone.
This test module offers two testing possibilities:
Shot Test a test with specific shots in the Idiff / Ibias plane, to verify the
tolerances defined by the manufacturer.
Search Test a test for the exact determination of the characteristic shape
and its tolerances.
The currents to be injected into the relay are calculated on the basis of a
ldiff / Ibias pair in the ldiff / lbias plane, where the relay settings or relay
manufacturer specifies the operating characteristic curve.
Afterwards, currents corresponding to different operating conditions, such as CT
saturation, magnetizing currents, winding ratio mismatch due to tap-changer
position, etc., are injected and the correct reaction of the relay, either trip or no
trip, is tested.
63
4.1.3 The Diff Trip Time Module

The Diff Trip Time Characteristic test module checks whether the trip times
(speed) of the differential protection are within the specified tolerance bands.
This test module measures trip time along testing lines in the operating
characteristic plane. The test can be executed for all possible fault-loops. For
many relays, a prefault load current exists, requiring application of a prefault
current for a specified time.
This test module offers the possibility to automatically determinate the trip time
for any set Idiff / Ibias value pair using the protection device tolerances (for every
Idiff value, the corresponding Ibias value is found by the software automatically
using the test line.)
4.1.4 The Diff Harmonic Restraint Module

The Diff Harmonic Restraint test module verifies the correct operation of the
harmonic restraint function in the protective relay. The specific harmonic can be
selected along with its magnitude in percent, relative to the magnitude of the
nominal current. These may be applied per phase or three-phase to the Primary
or HV winding. Both Search and Shot Tests are possible.
Testing is performed as a Shot Test at specified points or as Search Tests in
order to determine the actual harmonic restraint characteristic.
The behavior of the relay (trip or stabilize) gives the basis for assessment.
Because a wide variety of harmonics may be superimposed to the fundamental
current, this module is perfectly suited for checking the inrush blocking function
as well as the saturation blocking. The initial phase shift between fundamental
and harmonics can be varied for simulating different inrush processes.
64
4.2 Advanced Differential Example

Sample file:
AdvDiff_SEL587.occ
Task
A tester has the task to perform a secondary test during commissioning of the
transformer differential protection SEL 587 in the substation Center of the Power
Supply XYZ Corporation. This is the main protection for the transformer working
in bay = T01, as shown in the figure below.
The CMC 156 test set and the CMA 156 six-phase current amplifier are
available as test equipment.
The grounding of the current transformer is in the protected object direction.
Relay
The transformer starpoint of the 13.8 kV side is grounded with a compensating

coil.
For our example, a typical delta-wye power transformer will be considered. This
protected object defines our testing task when the protection relay and its
settings are applied. Care must be taken in the test setup due to the individual
relay manufacturers setting parameters. These details make for a successful
test.
65
The complete testing of the secondary of the transformer differential protection

is described in this example and uses all available differential test modules and
a newly created test document for the OMICRON Control Center. To perform
this test in the real world, minor modifications to this procedure are required, but
the principle techniques remain valid.
4.2.1 What should be tested?

When secondary commissioning testing, the following functions of the
transformer differential protection are required to be tested.
Substation-specific relay or protection system configuration

The correct setting of the protection device with regard to the Protected Object,
as well as the correct design of the differential protection circuit (interposing
transformer connection, transformation ratios, and wiring) are essential for the
correct functioning of the transformer differential protection.
Of equal importance is the protection system behavior for ground faults outside
the protected zone. The proper handling of the zero-sequence current by the
relay should be verified based on the actual grounding of the protected object.
Use the Diff Configuration test module.
Operating Characteristic Parameters

The relay operating characteristic is a function of the differential current and the
biasing current. The use of differential current alone is insufficient to ensure
correct operation, considering the inherent differential currents that are present
under normal operating conditions (figure 4-1).
66
Figure 4-1:
Background to the
shape of the operating I_Diff / I_N
characteristic.
3
M agnet izat ion
The operating Load t ap changer
characteristic which is to Int erposing transf ormer
be set in the differential Dif f _sum
charact eristic
relay must lie above the
operational differential 2
sum characteristic.
Tripping range
Blocking range
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 I_Bias / I_N
The measured range switching has to be taken into consideration appropriately

for the test.
Use the Diff Operating Characteristic test module.
Trip times
The testing and documentation of the trip times of the differential protection
working as the main protection on the transformer is necessary under all
circumstances.
Use the Diff Trip Time Characteristic test module.
67
Inrush-restraint and stabilization against over-excitation

Transformer inrush may produce up to the 10 times the transformer nominal
current, depending on power class, transformer construction type (core form and
core sheet), as well as starting torque and remnant flux amplitudes. Because
this inrush current is only present on one side of the transformer, the Idiff/Ibias
value working point is within the tripping area. Blocking of the tripping of the
differential protection is necessary for this operating condition. An analysis of
this inrush current will show harmonic currents, where the 2nd harmonic is the
dominating one (see figure 4-2).
Figure 4-2:
Recorded inrush event 7UT512
A/L1
Seminar 2
from a numeric
Transf.Protection
protection relay 0
Test Dude
Anytown
110KV
B/L2
2windings Y
Nyn0 25MVA
12.2 0
Final values
1.000 V
3.200 A
C/L3
50 200 350 500
Use the Diff Harmonic Restraint test module.
4.2.2 Wiring Between Relay and CMC/CMA

1. The current outputs of the CMC 156 (3 x 12.5A), which are used for the
primary currents, are attached to terminals 101, 103, and 106.
2. The current outputs of the CMA 156 (3 x 25A), which are used for the
secondary currents, are attached to terminals 107, 109, and 111.
3. The turn-off command of the relay is attached to binary input 1 of the
CMC 156.
68
4.2.3 Starting Diff Harmonic Restraint from the OCC

E M P T Y D O C U M E N T . Insert Diff Harmonic Restraint into the OCC document
by selecting the menu item I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E . . . | O M I C R O N
DIFF HARMONIC RESTRAINT.

P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T . Alternatively, click the Test Object toolbar
icon. In Test Object browse through, access and edit the test object
parameters.
be found in the "Concept" manuals section 3 Setting up the Test Object.
In this example we want to import the test object parameters from a file.
Step 1: Inserting a test object and defining the device settings

1. In the OCC, select I N S E R T | T E S T O B J E C T to open the dialog box for the
test object-specific data.
2. In Test Object, select F I L E | I M P O R T and import the file Schweitzer
SEL 587_Getting Results Example.rio. This loads the parameters
for the protection device.
This .rio file is stored in ...OMICRON Test Universe installation path\Test
Library\Test Objects_XRIO\Schweitzer.
3. Check/specify the device settings.
4. Check/define the differential protection parameters as described in the
following steps 2 to 6.
69
Step 2: Defining the settings for the protected object

Figure 4-3 shows the standard page for the protected object in the Differential
Protection Parameters dialog box.
In this example, the protected object is a transformer.
Make sure that the parameters for the primary and the secondary windings are
correctly entered. In this case, the starpoint grounding of the primary is "no"
while it is "yes" for the secondary, as shown in figure 4-3.
Figure 4-3:
Protected Object page
in the Differential
dialog box.
The name of the windings can be changed to provide a more meaningful

designation.
The starpoint grounding is important for the current distribution for a single pole
grounding error (figure 4-4).
The Vector Group setting is for the phase correction of the line currents through
the Protected Object. This data usually comes from the boiler plate information.
However, it may have a different terminology from what is used here.
70
Table 4-1:
Vector group Object Type Setting Phasor Reference
terminology
HV LV HV LV HV LV
D 0 Y 0 D Y0 0 0
D 0 Y 30 D Y1 0 30 lag
D 0 Y330 D Y 11 0 30 lead
The selection of the single-phase fault type in a test module does not mean that
a ground current (zero-sequence current) is simulated correctly. Indeed, the
parameter Starpoint Grounding is critical here. This means that a zero-sequence
current can only flow in a winding if the starpoint is effectively grounded to
the selected fault side for the Diff Configuration module
the reference side of the Diff Operating Characteristic or the Diff Trip Time
module.
Figure 4-4:
Single pole error and
current distribution with
a grounded starpoint.
Test with zero-

sequence current.
Figure 4-5:
Single pole error and
current distribution with
a non-grounded
starpoint.
Test without zero-

sequence current.
In the second case, it is assumed that the zero sequence current comes from
the other side, meaning that the circuit is grounded at the other point.
71
Step 3: Defining the settings for the current transformers

Figure 4-6 shows the standard page for the CT in the Differential Protection
Parameters dialog box.
In this example, the current transformers (CT) scale the transformer current
down to a level suitable for the relay.
Figure 4-6:
CT (current
transformer) page in the
Differential Protection
Parameters dialog box
When the option for "Use Ground Current Measurement Inputs" is selected, the
zero sequence current for each winding is simulated on the configured current
output.
Enter the nominal values of the ground current transformer, if these are
connected to the relay, the zero sequence current is measured from the
differential relay, and the zero sequence current is used in the calculation.
Note: One transformer starpoint has to be grounded in order to check the box
for the ground current measurement input.
72
Step 4: Defining the settings for the protection device

Figure 4-7 shows the Protection Device page of the Differential Protection
Parameters dialog box. Enter the appropriate settings based on figure 4-7.
The following table contains the settings required for the differential protection
device.
Table 4-2:
Parameters for the Parameter Value Description
protection device
Idiff> 0.30 IN Idiff minimum pick-up
value
Idiff>> 3.0 IN Idiff instantaneous pick-up
value
1st segment of Idiff = Idiff> operating characteristic
characteristic
element
2nd segment of Idiff / Ibias = 25% operating characteristic
characteristic
element Knee-point = 2.0 Ibias
3rd segment of Idiff / Ibias = 50% operating characteristic

characteristic
element
Reference winding Winding 1 of the Reference winding for
protection device (here Idiff / Ibias calculation
HV side)
Standardize using Protected Object Reference value for
Nominal Current calculating test quantities
Zero Sequence IL - I0 Method for zero sequence
Elimination elimination
73
Figure 4-7:
Protection Device List box for the Ibias calculation Reference Winding is the winding used for the
page of the Differential of the protection device test current reference calculation of Idiff and
Protection Parameters Ibias pairs. This is for testing the operating
dialog box characteristic and the trip time characteristic;
the fault will always be placed on this side.
Maximum duration of test currents being output, if the differential relay does not trip.
Delay Time is the time between two automatic test steps or shots.
Reference winding:
The currents measured by differential relays are different in their absolute value
and phase under normal operation and cannot be used directly for the
calculation of the Idiff and Ibias values.
Therefore, the protection relay has to define a reference winding to normalize
the currents to the same phase shift and eliminate the zero-sequence current.
In order to be able to test the operating characteristic this reference has to be
defined to the test module.
In principle, it makes no difference which side of the transformer is defined as
the reference side, but the current distribution in the single phases and their
absolute values and phase shifts are different for each reference winding
depending on the vector group for single-phase and two-phase faults.
74
Figure 4-8:
Measured currents with
nominal operation
Ibias Calculation:
The Ibias quantity - sometimes referred to as the stabilizing or restraint quantity
- is used to compare against the Idiff quantity for the tripping decision. The
calculation method for this quantity Ibias has to be determined from the relay
manufacturer and cannot be set arbitrarily. Knowing this setting is of critical
importance for the test of the operating characteristic.
Note: Presently, only relays can be tested that calculate the Ibias and Idiff values
from currents which are zero-sequence and vector group compensated.
Table 4-3:
Calculation methods for Method Manufacturer
the biasing quantities
Siemens K1 = 1,
( Ip + Is )
---------------------------
K1 GEC, SEL K1 = 2
AEG K1 = 2
( Ip + Is )
--------------------- AEG three-winding K1 = 3
K1
conventional relays K1 = 1
GE Multilin SR 745 K2 = 1
( Ip + Is K2 )
-----------------------------------------
K1 K1 = 2, three-winding K1 = 3
75
Standardize Using:
The absolute value (standardization) of the currents to be compared takes place
at the protected object nominal current or the current transformer nominal
current of the most powerful winding (depending on the relay manufacturer).
InomInterposingTransformer
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
InomTransformer
Note: These parameters are essential and have to be determined from the relay
manufacturer if they are not known. Arbitrary specification leads to undefined
results.
Figure 4-9:
Measured currents for
nominal operation of a
delta winding
transformer.
Numerical relays directly measure the phase currents; zero-sequence

elimination, absolute value, and vector group compensation are computationally
performed in the relay.
Transformer model:
The transformer model represents the simulation of the ideal response of the
transformer. This means, that vector group, ratio and current transformer data
are taken into account for the calculation of the test quantities. At the moment,
the test can only be run for relays that work phase-selective and with
symmetrical bias windings.
"No Transformer Model" means that these parameters are not used. The test
then corresponds to the traditional test of conventional relays after the
interposing transformers.
76
Figure 4-10:
Connection of the test
devices to a
conventional differential
relay with symmetrical
bias winding and test
with deactivated
transformer model
Zero Sequence Elimination:

For transformers with a delta-wye grounded winding configuration (whether the
delta is a power winding or phantom winding), a zero-sequence current will flow
in the grounded winding for a single-phase fault. Because this zero sequence
current does not flow in the delta winding, the currents into the protective relay
have to be compensated or corrected for the unbalance caused by the phase
angle displacement across the transformer. The phase angle correction can be
accomplished by interposing auxiliary current transformers (traditional method)
or physical jumpers within the relay (some E/M and static relays) or
computationally by the relay (most digital relays). The method used for zero
sequence elimination is critical to the test. Therefore, it is necessary to select the
type of Zero Sequence Elimination used.
The following describes the essential aspects of this setting.
IL-I0 (Computational Zero Sequence Elimination)
77
Figure 4-11:
Zero-sequence
elimination IL-I0,
reference side = primary
side (HV)
In the primary winding
flows a zero-sequence
current.
The secondary side,

which is feeding in here,
is zero-sequence
current free, because
the delta winding Relay
eliminates it.
Calculation method in the relay:

Phase current I' L = I L I 0
( I L1 + I L2 + I L3 )
Zero-sequence current: I 0 = -------------------------------------------
-
3
From this, the following calculated phase currents I L are obtained for the
differential values:
3 31 2
primary (HV): I LP = 0 --> I' LP = 0 1 = 1
0 01 1
2 20 2
secondary (LV): I LS = 1 --> I' LS = 10 = 1
1 10 1
0
Id iff = I' LP + I' LS = 0
0
4
I sta b = I' LP + I' L S = 2
2
78
Note: Because of the selected type of zero-sequence elimination, the relay now
detects a biasing quantity in all 3 phases and gets less sensitive by the factor 3/
2 for the operating characteristic test.
YD interposing transformer:
(Zero Sequence Elimination by a Delta Winding). A delta winding represents a
short-circuit to zero-sequence current. This means, if such a winding is present,
no zero-sequence current will flow at the in-feed side for a single-phase fault at
the grounded side. The following figure shows that the interposing transformer
circuit with the delta winding performs the zero-sequence elimination. For
conventional relays, these interposing transformers are present as hardware; for
different numerical relays, they are simulated by the software. This information
needs to be taken from the relay documentation or has to be determined from
the manufacturer.
Figure 4-12:
Zero Sequence
Elimination by YD
interposing
transformers, reference
side = secondary side
(LV)
Conventional relays are

connected at the zero-
sequence system free
side, various numerical
relays also calculate the
differential and biasing
currents with reference
to this side. (See dotted
rectangle in figure.)
Entering the characteristic is done with lines, which have to be derived from the
relay parameters.
79
Step 5: Defining the characteristic lines

Figure 4-13 shows the standard page for characteristic definition in the
Differential Protection Parameters dialog box.
Figure 4-13:
Characteristic
Definition page in the
The initial data is taken

from the general relay
parameters.
1. Start with the second line, because the lines Idiff = Idiff> = 0.30 (first line) and
Idiff = Idiff>> 3.00 (last line) are automatically added.
The second line has Idiff / Ibias = slope1 = 25% to the intersection with the
third line. The knee-point is Ibias = 2.0.
Table 4-4:
Calculation of the end Start point End point
point of the 2nd line
(intersection with the Idiff = 0 Idiff2 = 0.5
third line):
Ibias = 0 Ibias2 = 2.0
Idiff2 = 0.25Ibias2
Idiff2 = 0.25 x 2.0 2. Click the A D D button to get this data into the table of defined lines.
-> Idiff2 = 0.50
80
3. Enter the 3rd line Idiff / Ibias = slope 2 = 50%. The line needs to be defined to
the intersection of line Idiff>> = 3.0.
Table 4-5:
Calculation of the end Start point End point
point of the 3rd line
(the intersection with Idiff2 = 0.50 Idiff3 =3.0
Idiff >>).
Ibias2 = 2.0 Ibias3 = 7.0
Idiff3 - Idiff2 / Ibias3 - Ibias2 = 0.5

3.0 - 0.5 / Ibias3 - 2.0 = 0.5
2.5 = 0.5 Ibias3 - 1.0
3.5 = 0.5 Ibias3
Ibias3 = 7.0
4. Click the A D D button to get this data into the table of defined lines.
The characteristic definition should look similar to what is presented in
figure 4-14.
Figure 4-14:
Characteristic
Definition page of the
Parameters dialog box
with two lines defined
81
Step 6: Defining the parameters for the harmonic restraint

Figure 4-15 shows the standard page for the harmonic settings in the Differential
Protection Parameters dialog box.
Entering the harmonic restraint settings is done directly as a percentage of the
target harmonic. Multiple harmonics may be selected and set with their
individual settings and tolerances.
Figure 4-15:
Harmonic settings in the
Harmonic selection and

setting
Allowed Tolerances
Idiff data is automatically

provided
Ixf / Idiff = f(Idiff)
Graphic is updated
when the "Add" button is
pressed.
1. Enter the harmonic settings as listed in table 4-6.

Table 4-6:
Harmonic restraint Parameter Setting #1 Setting #2
parameters
Harmonic 2nd 5th
Restraint 15% 25%
Tol Relative 5% 5%
Tol Absolute 1% 1%
Time Delay 0.00s 0.00s
2. Click the A D D button to get this data into the image for the harmonic settings.
The Idiff data are automatically provided from the Protection Device settings.
82

4.2.2 Wiring Between Relay and CMC/CMA.
A detailed description of Hardware Configuration can be found in the
"Concept" manuals section 4 Setting Up the Test Hardware.
4.2.6 Testing the Relay or Protection System

Configuration
This test is aimed at verifying the correct settings of the digital relay or the
differential protection wiring scheme, including the interposing transformers for
conventional systems as they relate to the actual protected object and to the
zero sequence elimination.
The test module Diff Configuration allows simulation of the ideal response of the
protected object (transformer), in order to check the correct settings and the zero
sequence elimination with faults outside the protected zone. The entire
differential protection design can be tested this way for conventional differential
systems. Testing should take place with single-phase faults at the grounded
winding(s) for a transformer with a grounded starpoint(s), in order to test the
correct handling of the zero sequence currents.
Test the correct setting of the differential protection with an external A-N fault on
the low voltage side with a test current of 1.0 In and 1.5 In (protected object). In
this special case, check the differential current, which has to be zero. Enter the
test title "Diff Configuration Test", the test results with title, test points and the
measuring values Idiff and Ibias in tabular form for the documentation of the
performed tests into the test document.
83
Step 1: Embedding the test module into the test document

1. Position the cursor in the test document after the hardware configuration
object.
2. Select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E or click the toolbar icon.
3. In the appearing dialog box, select "OMICRON Diff Configuration" and click
O K to start the test module (refer to figure 4-16).
Figure 4-16:
Diff Configuration Test
View
Step 2: Defining the test report

manuals section 5.2 Test Reports.
84
Step 3: Entering the test data

1. In the Diff Configuration test module, select the General tab of the
OMICRON Diff Configuration Test View (refer to figure 4-17).
2. Place the fault to the LV side of the transformer and enter the test time as
60 s. The test time should not be too small in order to allow time to capture
the measured currents from the protection device display or to measure them
directly for conventional relays.
Figure 4-17:
Specifying the fault
location and the test
time in the General tab.
For three-winding
transformers, the third
winding can have a load
current in addition to the
wanted external fault,
providing currents on all
three windings at the
same time.
3. Select the Test Data tab of the OMICRON Diff Configuration Test View.
4. Check the fault type A-N (L1-E) and enter the test current, Itest = 1.0I/In.
5. The test current Itest refers to the faulted phase current of the LV side with its
reference calculated from the HV winding. In this example case it
corresponds to a phase A line current on the LV side with Itest = 1048 A.
6. Click A D D to enter Itest to the list of test points and then repeat this step to
enter Itest = 1.5 I/In, as shown in figure 4-18.
85
Figure 4-18:
Test data input in the
Diff Configuration
module
Step 4: Run the test

1. Select the Test tab in the Diff Configuration Test View.
2. Start the test by selecting T E S T | S T A R T / C O N T I N U E .
Figure 4-19:
Input of the measured
values of Idiff / Ibias
forthe documentation of
the configuration test
3. Check Idiff and Ibias and enter the Idiff / Ibias measured values in the
corresponding fields. These are read from the relays communication
program or display.
86
4. If the measured quantities correspond to your expectations, the test can be

finished by clicking P A S S E D .
Because of the delta winding, no zero sequence current is passed through
the transformer. The high voltage side current distribution A-C (L1-L3)
corresponds to the A-N (L1-E) fault at the LV side so that in the B (L2) and
C (L3) phases of the LV side, we measure no biasing current.
5. In addition to the Test View, you can switch to Report View or Vector View
using the menu or by clicking their button.
Figure 4-20:
Vector View of the test
currents
6. With this the first test is finished. Close the application and return to the OCC.
87
4.2.7 Testing the Operating Characteristic

This test verifies the operating characteristic function and settings of the
differential protection. This is accomplished by the proper calculation of the
Idiff / Ibias pairs resulting in the appropriate test currents for all fault loops.
The test module Diff Operating Characteristic has three test methods:
Shot Test: A test allowing specific shots in the Idiff / Ibias plane, to verify the
Search Test: A test for the exact determination of the characteristic shape
and its tolerances.
Static Output: A test for the Idiff / Ibias pairs in terms of the actual test currents
for an internal fault with numerical or vector diagram entry of
vector magnitude and angle input.
Test the operating characteristic of the differential protection using the Shot Test
with the B-C (L2-L3) and A-N (L1-E) fault types, the static output test, and the
Search Test with the ABC (L1-L2-L3) fault type.
Insert the test modules in the OCC test document and define the test points and
report format. This should effectively verify and document the Differential
Operating Characteristic for each fault loop within the tolerances previously
specified for the protection device.
88

1. Position the cursor in the test document after the Diff Configuration object.
2. Select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E and then "OMICRON Operating
Characteristic", or click the appropriate toolbar icon.
Figure 4-21:
Diff Operating
Characteristic Test
View, General tab

89
Step 3: Entering the general test parameters

1. Select the General tab of the Diff Operating Characteristic test module.
2. Select or verify that the options "Ignore Nominal Characteristic for Search
Test" and "Prefault / Apply" are NOT selected now.
3. Enter a value of 0.5 s for the prefault time and 0.5 In for the prefault current.
Test Method
In relays where the exact characteristic is not known, it can be determined by
the search function. If a nominal characteristic has been entered, it would be
ignored for this purpose.
Prefault
The inclusion of a prefault state can be necessary under certain conditions
(such as, when the differential protection function is enabled only after
energizing the transformer or for verifying proper operation under conditions
of magnetizing inrush for a short time). Care should be taken when applying
these settings.
Figure 4-22:
General tab of the
Diff Operating
Characteristic module
90
A fault for the operating characteristic test is simulated in the protected zone
based on the reference winding with Idiff / Ibias pairs. From this, test currents are
applied to the selected winding pairs: one in-feed is the network on the reference
winding itself; the other in-feed is the network on the second winding or a
selectable one for a three-winding transformer. Therefore, for a three-winding
transformer, one winding has zero current. The different Idiff / Ibias calculated
currents are generated by the change in the network in-feed parameters.
Step 4: Using the Shot Test

The Shot Test is used to verify that the operating characteristic is within a
specified tolerance. The number of test points can be determined by the test
engineer, and can thus be limited to a minimum. The marked tests points in the
Idiff / Ibias plane are tested for tripping or not tripping the relay. It would be logical
to test every characteristic point with two shots, one at the positive tolerance and
another at the negative.
The tolerance band is created from right angles of the corner points from the
positive and negative tolerance of the differential current and the stabilizing bias
current. The defined expected characteristic line is shown with the tolerance
band.
Testing B-C (L2-L3) fault with the Shot Test
Use the Shot Test for the fault type B-C (L2-L3).
1. Click the Shot tab in the Diff Operating Characteristic module.
2. Select the fault type B-C (L2-L3) and enter the test points for the B-C Shot
Test.
The first point is: Idiff = 0.25; Ibias = 0.5. Enter these values and click A D D .
In a similar manner, enter all of the data points provided in table 4-7.
Table 4-7:
Shot test data points for Idiff Ibias
B-C (L2-L3).
0.25 0.50
0.40 1.00
0.40 2.00
0.75 2.25
1.00 3.25
2.00 4.75
2.50 6.25
3.00 6.75
91

4. Change to the Report View.
Test the error types B-N (L2-E) and C-N (L3-E) in a similar manner.
Note: The test should be copied in the OCC test document before changing
the settings of the copies to the new fault types. Before a new test can be run,
the old results have to be cleared.
Figure 4-23:
Shot Test tab of the
Diff Operating
Figure 4-24:
Results of the B-C
(L2-L3) fault test for the
test document
92
When switching the error type, the type of zero sequence current elimination can
sometimes lead to changes in the characteristic line. This is because of the
different current distributions of the individual lines (refer to section Step 4:
Defining the settings for the protection device on page 73").
The line selective operation for protective devices: the relay trips whenever the
Idiff and Ibias pairs of the three phases lie in the trip range. Figure 4-25 shows
how the characteristic line shifts if the individual phases have different current
quantities.
Figure 4-25:
Shifting of the trip 7
characteristic line Idiff Ibias = 12
(simultaneous test on 6 Idiff = 3,5
two different points in
5
the Diff-Bias plane, in
particular by single pole 4
ground faults) Ibias = 6
Idiff = 1,75
3
0
0 5 10 15 20
Ibias
For example, mark a test point on the characteristic boundary at the second line
segment in the stabilizing (biasing) region. Reference the defined test point to
the size of the phase current. The other value pairs will lie in the trigger region.
This effect is automatically compensated for and the shape of the changed
characteristic line displayed.
Testing A-N (L1-E) fault with the Shot Test
Use the Shot Test for the fault type A-N (L1-E) by copying the last instance of
the test module. In this manner, the general parameters remain the same.
1. Single-click the last embedded test module (Diff Operating Characteristic
module) within the test document.
2. (Optional) Select E D I T | O B J E C T > O P E N / P R O P E R T I E S . . . and the
View tab.
3. (Optional) Change the settings to display it as an icon and press O K .
4. Select E D I T | C O P Y to copy the test module.
5. On a new line in the test document, select E D I T | P A S T E to insert this copy
of the test module.
6. Start the OMICRON Diff Operating Characteristic test module.
93
7. Clear the results of the last test using T E S T | C L E A R .

8. Select the Shot tab in the Diff Operating Characteristic module.
9. In a similar manner, enter all of the data points provided in table 4-8. The
asterisk (*) in the table indicates that it has changed from the value from
table 4-7.
Table 4-8:
Shot test data points for Idiff Ibias
A-N (L1-E).
0.25 0.50
0.40 1.00
0.40 2.00
0.75 *2.75
1.00 *4.25
2.00 *5.75
2.50 *7.25
3.00 *7.75
10.Run the test using T E S T | S T A R T / C O N T I N U E .

11.Change to the Report View.
Figure 4-26: bc
Results of the A-N

(L1-E) fault test for the
test document
94
Step 5: Using the static output test

Under certain circumstances it can be useful to know what the Idiff / Ibias pairs
mean in terms of the actual test currents for an internal fault. It might be
necessary to output currents for longer periods of time. The currents do not
correspond to errors that lie outside of the protection range, but rather to
differential current that is not zero. The OMICRON Diff Configuration module is
not suitable for this test. Moreover, the test quantity output is limited in time in
the Diff/Bias characteristic field by the setting for the maximum test time.
For this particular test, the static output feature is available with vector
magnitude and angle input as well as a vector diagram. The current test point
from the Diff/Bias plane is used. The test point and fault type selected in the
Shot tab will be automatically be used if the Static Output Test View is
activated.
Note: The test equipment is not reset by the trip signal of the protection device.
Possible high current overloads of the protection device may occur.
Copying the test module within the test document

The static output test of the Diff Operating Characteristic test module can be
inserted quickly into the test document by copying the last instance of the test
module. This way, the general parameters remain the same.
1. Single-click the last embedded test module (Diff Operating Characteristic
module) within the test document.
View tab.
of the test module.
95
Testing the static output

Test the relay with a 3-pole error A-B-C (L1-L2-L3).
1. Select T E S T | S T A T I C O U T P U T . . . to open the Static Output dialog box.
2. Set Idiff to 0.5 I/In and set Ibias to 2.0 I/In.
3. Select fault type A-B-C and the actual test currents for the knee-point setting
are displayed.
4. Click O N / O F F to activate / de-activate the outputs to the protection device.
5. Click C L O S E to exit. Close the Diff Operating Characteristic module and
return to the OCC document.
Figure 4-27:
Static Output dialog
box of the Diff Operating
Calculated test
currents to be output
according to the set
Idiff / Ibias values and
the selected fault
type
Vector diagram of the currents
96
Figure 4-28:
OMICRON Diff
Operating
Characteristic test
module inserted into a
test document
97
Step 6: Using the Search Test

The Search Test is used for the exact determination of the operating
characteristic shape and its tolerances. When testing conventional or analog
electronic relays with non-linear characteristic shapes, this method for
determination of the operating characteristic is advantageous.
The number of test points is automatically determined by the algorithm from the
specified resolution and the tolerance. The tolerance band is constructed by
rectangles, which result from the positive/negative tolerance of the differential
and biasing currents. The tolerance band is displayed for a set nominal
characteristic.
Copying the test module within the test document
The Search Test of the Diff Operating Characteristic test module can be inserted
quickly into the test document by copying the last instance of the test module. In
this manner, the general parameters remain the same.
1. Click the last embedded test module (Diff Operating Characteristic module)
within the test document.
View tab.
of the test module.
98
Configuring the Search Test

1. Select the Search tab in the OMICRON Diff Operating Characteristic test
module.
2. You may enter each search line manually by entering a value for Ibias and
then clicking the A D D button. The test point is displayed by a vertical line.
The algorithm searches along this vertical line for the active trip value.
If you choose this method of data entry, add test points from 0.5 to 7.5 with
a step size of 1.0. This should produce eight test lines.
Note: If the A D D button is disabled, you need to first remove the test points
from the Shot Test.
3. A quicker method of data entry is provided by clicking the A D D S W E E P
button.
Enter 0.5 as start value and 7.5 as end value.
Then enter 1.0 as the step size and click A D D TO T A B L E . All eight test lines
are now entered in the test table.
4. Now make sure the fault type is selected as ABC (L1-L2-L3).
Figure 4-29:
Input of the Search Test
points for the Diff
Operating
Characteristic test
Numeric input of the Adding or removing Marked test lines in the graphic control
test line test points to/from
the list
99
Running the Seach Test

1. Run the Search Test by selecting T E S T | S T A R T / C O N T I N U E on the pull-
down menu.
Figure 4-30:
Search Test results of Idiff nominal and actual values
the Diff Operating
Characteristic test
Assessment of the test results:

+ = Passed
x = Failed
2. Select V I E W | R E P O R T V I E W on the pull-down menu.

3. Test the error types B-N (L2-E) and C-N (L3-E) in a similar manner.
Note: The test should be copied in the OCC test document before changing
the settings of the copies to the new fault types. Before a new test can be run,
the old results have to be cleared.
100
Figure 4-31:
Test document
containing three
different OMICRON Diff
Operating
Characteristic tests
101
4.2.8 Testing the Trip Time Characteristic

The Diff Trip Time test module is designed to measure the trip time of a
differential relay. It uniquely shows, especially for conventional relays, the
relationship t = f(Idiff). The primary results of the test are the trip times of the
differential protection.
The OMICRON Diff Trip Time test module performs this test with current
injection based on the calculated Idiff / Ibias values in the operating region
corresponding to a slope of 1.
Measure the trip times of the differential protection for a three-phase fault A-B-
C at Idiff = 0.5 I/In to Idiff = 3.0 I/In in 6 steps, under the condition Idiff = Ibias (test
line slope = 1).

1. Position the cursor in the test document after the Diff Operating
Characteristic object.
2. Select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E and then "OMICRON Diff Trip Time", or
click the appropriate toolbar icon.

102
Step 3: Entering the test data

1. Open the Diff Trip Time test module and select the General tab.
Figure 4-32:
General tab for trip time For this test, only two selectable winding test quantities are output: For a three-winding
test parameters with the transformer the test PRIMARY-SECONDARY or PRIMARY-TERTIARY can be selected.
diagram showing the
test lines according to
the set slope (Idiff/Ibias)
2. Enter a prefault current 0.5 I/IN for 500 ms.

3. Select the Test tab and enter the test points from the task.
Figure 4-33:
Test points entered in
the Diff Trip Time Test
tab.
103
Step 4: Running the test

1. Click the S T A R T button to start the test.
Figure 4-34:
Test results of the Diff Assessment of the test results:
Trip Time characteristic + = Passed
test x = Failed
2. Exit the Diff Trip Time test module and return to the OCC and the test
document.
104
Figure 4-35:
Report View of the
specified Diff Trip Time
characteristic test
105
4.2.9 Testing Harmonic Restraint

This test is designed to determine the ability of the differential protection to block
tripping under transformer energizing in-rush conditions or possibly other
system conditions. Test currents are injected on the Primary (HV) winding only.
The OMICRON Diff Harmonic Restraint test module has two test methods:
Shot Test A test allowing specific shots in the Ixf/Idiff plane, to verify the
Search Test A test for the exact determination of the characteristic shape
and its tolerances.
Determine the harmonic restraint threshold of the SEL 587 differential protection
2nd and 5th harmonic settings for a three phase A-B-C (L1-L2-L3) fault type.
The sweep tests should be performed from Idiff = 0.4 I/In to Idiff = 2.9 I/Ini in 6
steps. Customize a report form "Diff_Rest" to display the test module, test
settings, and all test results into the test document.

1. Position the cursor in the test document after the Diff Trip Time object.
2. Select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E and then "OMICRON Diff Harmonic
Restraint", or click the appropriate toolbar icon.

106
Step 3: Entering the general test parameters

1. Select the General tab of the OMICRON Diff Harmonic Restraint test
module.
2. It is possible to define a postfault time for verification of the trip blocking
during testing whereby the super-imposed harmonic is removed and the
relay should trip. Make sure the postfault time exceeds the block delay reset
time.
Figure 4-36:
General tab of the Diff
Harmonic Restraint
module The setting for the postfault timeis used to control
the trigger after the disappearance of the harmonic
element.
To use this feature, select "Apply" and enter a
postfault time value.
107
Step 4: Entering Search Test parameters

The search function can be used to obtain the exact harmonic value of diff
currents with differing sizes. A search is only possible when a vertical
intersection point exists.
1. Select the Search Test tab of the OMICRON Diff Harmonic Restraint test
module.
2. Define a test line at Idff = 0.4 In in order to find the exact threshold value for
the inrush blocking (2nd harmonic). The phase shift of the harmonic from the
fundamental should be set to -120.
3. Select the fault type as A-B-C (L1-L2-L3) and the harmonic as being the 2nd.
Figure 4-37:
Search Test data entry,
module.
Define search lines by

clicking "Add Sweep..."
4. Start the search harmonic test.

5. Close the test module to return to the OCC.
6. Select the test module and E D I T | C O P Y to copy the test module for the
5th harmonic.
of the test module.
8. Double-click this copy to start the Diff Harmonic Restraint test module.
10.Select the fault type as A-B-C (L1-L2-L3) and the harmonic as being the 5.
11.Start the search harmonic test.
108
12.Close the test module to return to the OCC.

Figure 4-38:
Search Test mode in the
test module.
The marked test line is

Idiff = 1 In along with the
threshold is searched.
The expected threshold

value is 15%.
Results of the search

mode.
13.Select the test module and E D I T | C O P Y to copy the test module for a Shot
Test.
14.On a new line in the test document, select E D I T | P A S T E to insert this copy
of the test module.
15.Double-click this copy to start the Harmonic Restraint test module.
16.Clear the results of the last test using T E S T | C L E A R in order to perform
the Shot Test.
109
Step 5: Entering Shot Test parameters

1. Select the Shot tab of the OMICRON Diff Harmonic Restraint test module.
2. Define the first test point at Idiff = 1.0 In and Ixf-Idiff = 14.25%. The phase shift
of the harmonic from the fundamental should be set to -120 (negative).
3. Enter the rest of the test points on either side of the vertical line.
Figure 4-39:
Shot Test mode in the
test module
The tolerance band for the threshold value for the inrush
stabilizati.on (2nd harmonic) and for testing of the marked points
4. Start the shot harmonic test.
110
Figure 4-40:
Results of the Harmonic
Restraint Search Test
are displayed next to the
test points
5. Close the OMICRON Diff Harmonic Restraint test module. This returns you
to the OCC and the test document.
111
Figure 4-41:
Report View of the
specified test of the Diff
Harmonic Restraint
module
112
Step 6: Automatic Testing

The test document contains all of the test modules and their associated
parameters for performing a test on the differential relay. The entire test
procedure can be repeated in whole or in part by using the test features of the
OMICRON Control Center.
1. Select V I E W | L I S T V I E W to see all of the modules that are embedded in
the test document.
Figure 4-42:
List View of the modules
that were embedded in
the test document
This view shows an overview of the specified tests. It does not show all of the
tests that were defined for the Advanced Differential example.
The status of each test is given as well as the names of the reports used.
2. Before the entire test plan can be executed from the test document, any
existing test results in the individual test reports need to be cleared. To do so,
use the T E S T | C L E A R A L L pull-down menu item. Moreover, the test
equipment can be checked before running the overall test.
113
114
Synchronizer
5 Synchronizer
Synchronizing relays are used to assist:
connecting a generator to the network or power grid
reestablishing the connection between two parts of the network
manually closing of breakers and
performing a synchronism check.
Synchronizing relays are designed to measure two voltages with respect to
phase angle, frequency, and magnitude to safeguard against the
interconnection of two unsynchronized systems.
Figure 5-1:
Typical tests for a
synchronizing relay
CLOSE ENABLE
Synchronizing relays are also used in switching operations to link two parts of a
system which are already synchronously connected via other paths in the
system.
115
5.1 Application:
Connecting a Generator to the Grid
When connecting a generator to the network, the synchronizing relay has to
control starting up the generator and switching it onto the network at the right
point in time.
The relay commonly used for this duty gives a three-fold check:
1. phase angle difference,
2. voltage difference and
3. frequency difference.
The relay sends a close signal to the breaker when all of the values fall within
the set limits and maintain these values for a user-defined period of time. If any
of the conditions are not met, some synchronizing relays use adjustment
commands which are sent to the valve actuators of the generators in an attempt
to achieve the proper conditions. In other cases where the conditions are not
met, the relay provides a fault signal.
5.2 Example:
ELIN SYN3000 Digital Synchronizing Relay
Sample files:
SYN3000_function.snc
SYN3000_adjustment.snc
SYN3000-CMC256.ohc
SYN3000.rio
Figure 5-2 shows a simple wiring diagram of how the ELIN SYN3000 Digital
Synchronizing relay might be employed to connect a generator to the power
grid. In this particular example, only one phase of the network power grid is used
as the reference. The reference phase is compared to a phase of the generator.
116
Synchronizer
Figure 5-2:
Example of connecting
a generator to the power
grid
The SYN3000 relay for this example is running in the mode for Generator to Bus
Bar or Power Line.
Table 5-1:
SYN3000 Relay Relay Settings
Settings
SYS1: Maximum Synchronization V1max = 110 V
SYS1: Minimum Synchronization V1min = 90 V
Max. Diff. Volt inductive +dVmax = 6 V
Max. Diff. Volt capacitive -dVmax = 5 V
Max. Diff. Frequency High +dfmax = 0.25 Hz
Max. Diff. Frequency Low -dfmax = 0.25 Hz
Max. Permissible Phase Angle PHImax = 3
CB Dead Time Compensation tCB-comp = 100 ms
Voltage adaption kv2 = 200 ms
117
5.2.1 Emulation with CMC Test Set

In order to test the SYN3000 relay, the CMC test equipment needs to emulate
the environment where the relay is used. We will employ a CMC 256, although
a CMC 156 would also be sufficient.
Figure 5-3:
Simulation of
connecting a generator
to the power grid using
the CMC 256
One of the three CMC 256 voltage outputs represents the voltage phase
of the network power grid, a second one the voltage phase of the
generator.
Binary Output 1 is used for the SEL1 (Start and Release) control signal of
the relay, telling it when to attempt synchronization and when to stop.
Four of the CMC 256 binary inputs (inputs 1-4) monitor the adjustment
control signals from the relay to the generator for increasing/decreasing
the voltage or frequency of the generator.
A fifth CMC 256 binary input (input 5) monitors the circuit breaker (CB)
close command from the relay.
The CMC 256 also provides an Auxiliary DC voltage which can be used
to power the relay.
118
Synchronizer
Note: Figure 5-3 does not show the computer or laptop that is connected to the
CMC 256 and runs the Synchronizer test module. Make sure that this is also
attached to the CMC 256 while wiring the relay.
5.2.2 Starting Synchronizer

Start Synchronizer in stand-alone mode from the OMICRON Start Page by
clicking S Y N C H R O N I Z E R .

P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T . Alternatively, click the Test Object icon in
the toolbar. In Test Object browse, access and edit the test object parameters.
1. Enter the device settings for the ELIN SYN3000 relay as shown in table 5-2.
Table 5-2:
Test object device Device Settings
settings for the
SYN3000 Name SYN3000
Manufacturer VA TECH ELIN
Device type Digital Synchronizer
Serial/model number 920212
Number of phases: 3
f nom 50 Hz
V nom 100 V (L-L)
2. Enter the system parameters for the ELIN SYN3000 relay as shown in
figure 5-4 and table 5-3. Figure 5-4 shows the standard page for the system
parameters.
119
Figure 5-4:
system parameters in
the test object
parameters dialog
Table 5-3:
Data for the test object Synchronizing Parameters
system parameters
System 1
Rotation sense A-B-C
Connected voltages A-B
System 2
Rotation sense A-B-C
Connected voltages A-B
Settings
CB Closing Time 100.0 ms
(from Test Object block "CB Configuration")
Transformer group Phase shift 0.00
Start/Release Continuous
3. Enter the parameters for the synchronizing window for the ELIN SYN3000
relay as shown in figure 5-5 and table 5-4. Figure 5-5 shows the standard
page for the synchronizing window.
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Synchronizer
Figure 5-5:
synchronizing window
in the test object
parameters dialog
Table 5-4:
Data for the test object Synchronizing Window
synchronizing window
| f max | 30 mHz
V> 6V
Phi () 3
f< -250 mHz
f> 250 mHz
| f min| 30 mHz
V< -5 V
Phi tolerances: Relative 3%
Absolute 0.6
f tolerances: Relative 3%
Absolute 3 mHz
V tolerances: Relative 3%
Absolute 60 mV
Min Sync Time: Time 1.25 s
Min Sync Time: Tolerance 5%
121

5.2.1 Emulation with CMC Test Set.
1. Click the H A R D W A R E C O N F I G U R A T I O N icon or select
PARAMETERS | HARDWARE CONFIGURATION.
2. In the General tab select the connected CMC test set and set the voltages to
"3 x 300 Vrms". The current outputs are "not used".
3. On the Analog Outputs tab (figure 5-6):
Assign "S1 V L1-L2" for the system 1 A-B phase voltage and "S2 V L1-
L2" for the respective system 2 A-B phase voltage.
The connection terminal on the relay can be specified in the third column.
Assign the crosses in the column for "S1 V L1-L2" and "S2 V L1-L2" to
specify which outputs of the CMC 256 are connected to which terminal of
the relay.
Figure 5-6:
Analog Outputs tab of
hardware configuration
4. On the Binary / Analog Inputs tab (figure 5-7):

Define the displayed names for the voltage signals. Assign "V<", "V>",
"f<", "f>", and "Close Cmd" for the signals coming from the relay.
Assign the crosses in the column for "V<", "V>", "f<", "f>", and "Close
Cmd" to specify which outputs of the CMC 256 are connected to which
terminals of the relay.
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Synchronizer
Figure 5-7:
Binary / Analog Inputs
tab of the hardware
configuration
5. On the Binary Outputs tab (figure 5-8) configure output 1 for the SEL1
control signal of the relay.
Figure 5-8:
Binary Outputs tab of
the hardware
configuration
123
5.2.5 Verifying the Wiring Between the Relay and the CMC
At this point in time, it is prudent to check the physical wiring one more time to
make sure that it corresponds to section 5.2.1 Emulation with CMC Test Set
on page 118. In any event, the physical wiring should be in agreement with the
hardware configuration.
1. Verify that the voltage inputs of the relay are connected to the corresponding
voltage outputs of the CMC according to our configuration shown in 5-6.
Ensure that the voltage "inputs" of the relay are properly grounded according
to their configuration.
2. Verify that the binary control signals of the relay are connected to the
appropriate binary inputs of the CMC according to our configuration shown
in 5-7.
3. Verify that the start signal of the relay is connected to the appropriate binary
output of the CMC according to our configuration shown in 5-8.
5.2.6 Defining the Synchronizer Time Settings

1. Select the Settings tab in the Synchronizer Test View.
Figure 5-9:
Settings tab for
Synchronizer
2. Enter appropriate values for the SYN3000 relay for the pre-synchronization
time, the post-synchronization time, the maximum synchronization time, and
the delay time between test points.
The minimum post-synchronization time is defaulted to the CB closing time,
which was configured as part of the test object.
Table 5-5:
Time settings Time Parameters
Pre-sync 1.000 s
Post-sync 100.0 ms
Max-sync 60.00 s
Delay 200.0 ms
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Synchronizer
The values entered in the Settings tab determine how long it will take to test a
single test point. If synchronization is achieved between the two systems, the
total test time for a test point is:
Synchronized: Delay time (if not the first test point)
+ the pre-synchronization time
+ the synchronization time
+ the post-synchronization time
= total test time
During a test when synchronization is achieved, the synchronization time will be
less than the maximum synchronization time. The minimum post-
synchronization time should be equal to or larger than the CB closing time. The
CMC does not output any voltages during the delay time.
If synchronization is not achieved, the total test time for a test point is:
Not Synchronized: Delay time (if not the first test point)
+ the pre-synchronization time
+ the max-synchronization time
= total test time
125
5.2.7 The Function Test

The intent of the Function tab is to exercise the circuit breaker (CB) closing
functionality of synchronizing relays. You can use individual test points or a table
of test points.
Depending on the synchronization conditions defined in the test object and the
values of a test point, the Synchronizer test module calculates the expected
behavior (nominal response) of the synchronizing relay for this specific test
point. If the measured behavior of the relay meets the expected nominal
response, the test point is assessed as "passed". If it does not meet this nominal
response, the test point is assessed as "failed".
The test points are output by the CMC test set for specific periods of time. The
output times are specified in the Settings tab.
The synchronization conditions are defined in the Synchronizing Window tab
of the test object (P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T , "Synchronizer" block) as
a voltage versus frequency test area, the so-called "synchronizing window".
When a test point lies inside of this window, Synchronizer expects the CB close
command of the relay to occur within the maximum synchronization time. When
a test point lies outside of this window, Synchronizer expects the CB close
command not to occur during the maximum synchronization time. For a detailed
description, please refer to "Calculation of the nominal response in the Function
tab" in the Test Universe Online Help for Synchronizer.
Some synchronizing relays only release the CB close command if the
synchronization conditions are met for a certain time. This minimum
synchronization time can be defined in the Synchronizing Window tab of the
test object. If a minimum synchronization time has been defined, this is also
considered for the calculation of the expected nominal response of the relay. For
a detailed description, please refer to "Calculation of the nominal response in the
Function tab" in the Test Universe Online Help for Synchronizer.
If the time to reach synchronization is very long:

If f of a test point is 0 and Phi is 180, the time required to reach
synchronization (i.e. to reduce Phi) is infinite. Consequently, it is impossible to
reach synchronization during the maximum synchronization time. If f is very
small and Phi is very high (towards 180), the time required to reach
synchronization depends on the actual values of f and Phi. In this case it is as
well necessary to consider the f and Phi tolerances set in the test object. For
a detailed description, please refer to "Calculation of the nominal response in the
Function tab" in the Test Universe Online Help for Synchronizer.
There are three primary ways to get test points into the table.
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Synchronizer
1. Enter the information into the respective text boxes for V, f, Phi (),
or V, f, Phi (), or a combination of the two.
V, f, Phi (): Represent the difference between the System
1 reference value and the System 2 test point.
V, f, Phi (): Represent actual values to be output for the
System 2.
Relative: Means that the test points are stored in the test
document as a percentage relative to the
synchronizing window.
Once the information for a test point is acceptable, click the A D D button.
2. Position the mouse pointer in the synchronization graph (to the right).
Right-click at a point to obtain a context menu. One of the items allows
you to add that test point to the test table.
3. <Ctrl> + left-click adds a point to the table immediately.
The test table has a context sensitive menu that is accessible with a right mouse
click. An important feature is being able to show or hide columns to help control
how much information is displayed to the person testing.
The synchronization graph also has a context sensitive menu that is accessible
with a right mouse click. It allows you to select points for the test table, test points
directly, and to zoom in the various areas. It can also be used to display grid lines
to aid in test point selection.
TEST AT Displays the voltage and frequency parameters of the
selected test points.
ADD TESTPOINT The specified point is added to the test table.
ZOOM IN Permits a given area of the dV / df plane to be enlarged
for more refined selection of test points.
ZOOM OUT Permits a given area to be viewed in context with
neighboring areas of the dV / df plane. This is mostly
used to obtain an overview of the dV / df plane.
ZOOM MODE Changes the mode for zooming.
ZOOM ALL Permits the entire dV / df plane to be viewed. It zooms out
on the chart and includes all defined test points.
SHOW GRID Displays the markings for the dV axis and the df axis of
the dV / df plane.
127
Step 1: Defining the FunctionTest

1. Select the Function tab in the Synchronizer Test View.
2. Add test points to the test table using the Q U I C K T E S T button.
The Q U I C K T E S T button places test points at the positive and negative
tolerance values of the upper and lower V and f positions, for a total of
eight.
3. Remove the four test points from upper and lower V position (where f = 0),
because the SYN3000 relay requires a frequency deviation to work properly.
Test points can be removed individually or as a group by highlighting them
and clicking the R E M O V E button. Use <Ctrl> + left-click to select multiple
test points. All test points for a test can be removed with the R E M O V E A L L
button.
4. Add eight other test points on either side of the f = 0 boundary. Place some
of them within the synchronization window and some outside, as shown in
the figures 5-10 and 5-11.
"Relative" checkbox:
If this option is selected, the test points are stored as a percentage relative to
the synchronizing window. The checkbox toggles between relative and
absolute and applies to each individual test point and not to the whole table.
Figure 5-10:
Test points for the
Function tab in
Synchronizer
128
Synchronizer
Figure 5-11:
Synchronization graph
for FunctionTest in
Synchronizer
129
Step 2: Running the FunctionTest

1. Once an adequate number of test points have been defined, you can run
through them in sequence. Select the P L A Y button.
2. The test points are output by the CMC test equipment for specific periods of
time as specified in the Settings tab (refer to section 5.2.6).
Figure 5-12:
Test points and their
assessment in the
Function tab after
running the test
After outputting the appropriate voltages for a test point, the test point is
assessed as either passing (green "+") or failing (red "x"). The assessment is
based on the expectations for the test point. Some points are expected to
achieve synchronization (Nominal Response: Sync) while some are not
(Nominal Response: No Sync).
For example, test points within the synchronizing window should achieve
synchronization in the specified period of time if the relay is working properly.
Likewise, test points outside of the synchronizing window are expected to
exceed the maximum synchronization time without achieving
synchronization. If these expectations hold true after outputting the
appropriate voltage to the relay, the test point passes.
In addition to the assessment in the test table, test points are assessed as
either passing (green "+") or failing (red "x") in the graph. Again, the
assessment is based on the expectation.
130
Synchronizer
Figure 5-13:
Test points assessed as
passed in the graph of
the Function tab
3. Verify that the Synchronoscope is displayed by selecting

VIEW | SYNCHRONOSCOPE.
4. When you highlight individual test points from the test table, the
synchronoscope shows the Phi () at two different points in time: when the
CB Close command was issued and when the CB actually closed.
The Phi () refers to the phase angle difference between the reference
system and the test system.
In this manner, you obtain a visual image of the phase difference between
system 1 and system 2 when the CB close command is issued (blue arrow)
and finally executed (red arrow).
Figure 5-14:
Synchronoscope for an
individual test point
131
The reference frequency can be set to either system 1 or system 2 and

defaults to system 1. To change the reference system, use the context menu
in the synchronoscope (right-click).
When system 1 is the reference and f1>f2 for subsynchronous operation, the
arrow for the phase difference rotates clockwise. When system 1 is the
reference and f1<f2 for above synchronous operation, the arrow for the
phase difference rotates counter-clockwise.
The synchronoscope can be detached from the status bar and placed as a
toolbar anywhere on your desktop. To do so, click and hold the left mouse
button on the small arrow in the upper left-hand corner of the
synchronoscope. While still holding the mouse button down, drag the
synchronoscope until it detaches from the borders of Synchronizer and
becomes its own toolbar. If you single click the small arrow in the upper left-
hand corner, the synchronoscope can be expanded to fill the entire status
bar, or contracted back down to a smaller size.

132
Synchronizer
5.2.8 The Adjustment Test

The intent of the Adjustment tab is to exercise the actuator commands issued
from the synchronizing relay to the generator that control the voltage level and
frequency. You can use individual test points or a table of test points.
The Synchronizing Window tab of the test object (P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T
O B J E C T , "Synchronizer" block) defines the voltage versus frequency test area
and their respective tolerances, the so-called "synchronization window".
When a test point lies outside of the outer tolerance border of this window and
the relay is told to start:
1. The relay issues the appropriate commands (V>, V<, f>, f<) to bring the
generator (system 2) into synchronization with the reference network
(system 1).
2. The Synchronizer test module detects these binary signals and changes the
voltage outputs for system 2 based on the defined generator model.
The V/t and f/t values of the generator model define how the CMC varies
the system 2 outputs.
3. The synchronizing relay should issue its control signals until the system 2
output has been brought within the synchronizing window.
4 a) If so, the relay can issue the CB close command and the Synchronizer
software enters the post-synchronization mode.
b) If no CB close command is received within the maximum synchronization
time, the Synchronizer software issues the Release command.
5. The Synchronizer test module evaluates the time (t sync) elapsed between
the Start command and the CB close command. It is important for the test
point pass/fail assessment to know the voltage, frequency, and phase angle:
- when the Start command is issued to the relay,
- when the relay issues the CB close command,
- when the CB actually closes.
133
When a test point lies inside of the synchronization window and the relay is told
to start:
1. The Synchronizer test module verifies that extraneous commands
(V>, V<, f>, f<) are issued.
2 a) Because the test point is within the synchronizing window, the relay can
issue the CB close command and the Synchronizer test module enters
the post-synchronization mode.
b) If the CB command is not received within the maximum synchronization
time, the Synchronizer test module issues the Release command.
3. The Synchronizer test module evaluates the time (t sync) elapsed between
the Start command and the CB close command. It is important for the test
point pass/fail assessment to know the voltage, frequency, and phase angle:
- when the Start command is issued to the relay.
- when the relay issues the CB close command.
- when the CB actually closes.
The test points are output by the CMC test equipment for specific periods of
time. The output times are specified in the Settings tab (refer to section 5.2.6).
In the Signal View you can view the exact behavior of the binary signals for a
specific test point.
134
Synchronizer
Step 1: Defining the Adjustment Test

Note: If you have previously defined a FunctionTest (refer to section 5.2.7) and
you want to enable an Adjustment Test, you must
either delete the test points defined on the Function tab (and, if available,
the test results)
or open a new test (F I L E | N E W ) and define the test object parameters
and the hardware configuration again (refer to sections 5.2.3 and 5.2.4).
1. Select the Adjustment tab in the Synchronizer Test View.
2. Add test points to the test table. Only four points are going to be defined here
to demonstrate this.
Place two of them within the synchronization window near the
synchronization window boundaries and two outside, as shown in figure 5-15
and figure 5-16.
The three primary ways to get test points into the table.
Enter the information into the respective text boxes for V, f, Phi (),
or V, f, Phi (), or a combination of the two. Once the information for a test
point is acceptable, click the A D D button.
Position the mouse in the synchronization graph (to the right). Right-click
at a point to obtain a context menu. One of the items allows you to add
that test point to the test table.
<Ctrl> + left-click adds a point to the table immediately.
Figure 5-15:
Adjustment tab with test
points
135
Figure 5-16:
for the test points
Step 2: Running the Adjustment Test

1. Once an adequate number of test points have been defined, you can run
through them in sequence. Select the P L A Y button.
2. The test points are output by the CMC test equipment for specific periods of
time. The output times are specified in the Settings tab, refer to section
5.2.6.
Figure 5-17:
Test points assessed in
the Adjustment tab
In addition to the assessment in the test table, test points are assessed as
either passing (green "+") or failing (red "x") in the graph. Again, the
assessment is based on the expectation.
136
Synchronizer
Figure 5-18:
showing the movement
of the test points to
within the
synchronization window
The synchronization graph contains useful graphical information about what

happened to the test points. In particular, it shows how the test points were
moved before synchronization was achieved.
The test points that were outside of the synchronization window resulted in
the relay issuing the appropriate commands to raise or lower the voltage and
to increase or decrease the frequency. These commands were interpreted by
the Generator Mode of Synchronizer to control the physical output quantities
of system 2.
When the synchronizing relay is working properly, the test points are moved
into the synchronizing window until synchronization happens.
If synchronization happens within maximum synchronization time, the test
point passes. Otherwise, it fails.
When an individual test point is highlighted in the test table, its corresponding
starting and ending points are highlighted in the synchronization graph along
with the adjustment control migration path.
3. Verify that the Synchronoscope is displayed by selecting
V I E W | S Y N C H R O N O S C O P E . Highlight individual test points from the test
table so that the synchronoscope shows the Phi () at two different points
in time: when the CB Close command was issued and when the CB actually
closed.
137
Figure 5-19:
Synchronoscope for an
individual test point

138
Synchronizer
5.2.9 Creating an OCC Test Document

If previously saved, the two test files for the SYN3000 relay (e.g.
SYN3000_function.snc and SYN3000_adjustment.snc) can be
embedded in a Control Center (OCC) document in order to create an automated
test document that performs both the FunctionTest and the Adjustment Test.
To create an OCC document:
1. Start the Control Center either with an empty document or a template.
2. Click the T E S T O B J E C T toolbar icon or select I N S E R T | T E S T O B J E C T
to open the dialog for the test object specific data and specify the parameters
for your relay under test.
3. Click the H A R D W A R E C O N F I G U R A T I O N toolbar icon or select
I N S E R T | H A R D W A R E C O N F I G U R A T I O N to open the dialog for the
hardware configuration and specify the hardware configuration as described
in section 5.2.4.
4. Select I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E . . . to open the dialog for the
Synchronizer test objects.
IMPORTANT: Select "Create From File" in this dialog box.
Browse to the directory where the test files (e.g. SYN3000_function.snc
and SYN3000_adjustment.snc) are stored and select one of them.
5. S E L E C T I N S E R T | T E S T M O D U L E . . . again. Select "Create From File"
in this dialog box. Browse to the directory where the test files (e.g.
SYN3000_function.snc and SYN3000_adjustment.snc) are stored
and select the other file.
6. At this point, you have a basic, no-frills OCC test document that can run both
the FunctionTest and the Adjustment Test. You can provide further
customization to this OCC test document.
139
140
Annunciation Checker
6 Annunciation Checker
Today's protection relays are able to emit hundreds of different signals and
measured values. Especially during station commissioning it is necessary to
check the correct assignment of signals and measured values to the different
locations. Annunciation Checker enables the user to generate the signals and to
check their correct appearance at the respective locations. It is possible to
prepare the signals in a test document and to adapt them to the actual substation
equipment even during testing.
Figure 6-1:
Annunciation Checker,
overview
4 1
3 2
Annunciation Checker provides 5 different views:

Protocol View not shown in figure 6-1
Test View 1
Detail View 2
Vector Diagram View 3
Impedance Plane View 4
141
Report View
The Report View shows the test results. Using the report settings the
appearance of the elements contained in the report can be customized to meet
the user's needs.
Test View
This dialog is used to enter the signals and locations, set the LEDs and expected
states and display the assessment results.
The test module is able to generate up to 9 locations and 200 signals. Moreover,
the course of the test can be viewed in the status display.
Figure 6-2:
Test View 1 2
1 Add signals
2 Add locations
3 Status display
142
Detail View
This view is used for the following:
To predetermine the type of signal to be output at the analog outputs of the
CMC.
The following three selections are available:
Shot Signal output is limited by time or stopped by trigger
condition. Duration and prefault current are
adjustable.
Steady state Continuous signal output.
no output No signal output. It is only possible to define
instructions and pop-up messages.
To set the magnitude, phase angle and frequency of the analog CMC outputs
required to generate the message.
For this purpose, 9 different set modes are available for selection:
1. Direct (Line-Neutral)
Input of line-neutral voltages, currents and frequencies.
2. Line-Line
Input of line-line voltages, currents and frequencies.
3. Symmetrical Components
Input of positive, negative and zero sequence voltages and currents.
4. Powers
Input of real and reactive powers and line-neutral voltages.
5. Fault Values
Input of fault voltage and fault current.
6. Z-I const.
Input of the fault type and the fault impedances at constant test current.
7. Z-V const.
Input of the fault type and the fault impedances at constant test voltage.
8. Z%-I const.
Input of the fault type and the fault impedances in percent of the tripping
zones at constant test current.
9. Z%-V const.
Input of the fault type and the fault impedances in percent of the tripping
zones at constant test voltage.
143
Definition of instructions to be observed when checking the message.

Definition of pop-up messages used to point out specific steps.
Additional output of information about the binary outputs.
Figure 6-3:
Detail View 6
3
1
4 5
1 Selection of signal type

2 Input of shot parameters
3 Selection of fault mode
4 Definition of instruction
5 Definition of pop-up message
6 Selection of binary outputs
144
Vector Diagram View

The set current and voltage behavior is displayed as a vector diagram.
Impedance Plane View

The impedance values for the generation of the impedance fault modes can be
taken directly from this view. To do so, select an impedance value using the left
mouse button. The selected impedance is then automatically entered into the
fault table.
Figure 6-4:
Impedance Plane View
145
6.1 Example: Annunciation Checker with a Digital

Distance Protection Relay 7SA631
Sample file:
Distance7SA631.annuch
6.1.1 Test Task

In substation Center, operated by Energy Supply XX Inc., the SIEMENS
distance protection relay 7SA631 is used as main protection for the cable
connected to feeder =E01. As part of commissioning all signals and measured
values are to be checked at the different annunciation locations. The test set
CMC 156 is available as test instrument.
Figure 6-5:
Protected object Center
=E01
-Q1 -Q2
-T1 Distance protection

100 / 1A relay 7SA631
-Q8 -T05
146
Figure 6-6:
Annunciation locations Annunciation locations
Protection relay Terminal strip X20 Local control System control room
The following explanation describes the commissioning test for feeder =E01 of
a multifunctional relay using the Annunciation Checker test module with a test
document created in the OMICRON Control Center. Although your specific
application will require some modification, the general procedure still stays the
same.
Commissioning testing of a protection relay requires the following:
- All messages and measured values transmitted from the protection device to
the various annunciation locations.
- All locations where the messages and measured values are displayed.
- The test settings required to generate the corresponding messages and
measured values.
6.1.2 Preparing the Test

Below, the creation of a complete test document in the OMICRON Control
Center is described. The functionality of both the used Annunciation Checker
test module and the entire system is explained. For specific information please
refer to the online help.
Prior to the actual test, the following main steps have to be performed:
1. Setting the document layout (outside), refer to chapter "OMICRON Control
Center" in the software manual "The Concept".
2. Entering the relay and test object parameters, refer to chapter 6.1.3.
3. Configuring the test set hardware, refer to chapter 6.1.4.
4. Configuring the test module, refer to chapter 6.1.5.
147
6.1.3 Defining the Test Object

Definition of the relay under test is performed using the Test Object software
function. Open Test Object by selecting the menu item
P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T or by clicking with the left mouse button on
the Test Object item in the toolbar. In Test Object the test object parameters can
be accessed and edited.
There are two general methods to make the relay parameters available for the
test system:
1. Defining the test object data in the test document (global declaration).
2. Defining the test object data in each single test module using
PARAMETERS | TEST OBJECT.
The first method should be used if several tests are performed for one test object
using different test modules. The test object is then automatically available for
all subsequent test modules.
Insert a test object and specify the distance protection parameters. Nominal
values of the relay: In= 1A, Vn = 100V.
- Position the cursor to the beginning of the test document.
- Select the menu item I N S E R T | T E S T O B J E C T .
Step 1: Definition of general data

1. In the tree structure of the Test Object dialog, select the branch R I O |
DEVICE.
2. Click the E D I T button to enter the general data of the protection relay.
3. In the subsequently opened Device Settings dialog enter the general data
as shown in figure 6-7.
148
Figure 6-7:
General test object
settings
1 = Adjustable overload detection
4. Click OK to close the Device Settings dialog.
149
Step 2: Definition of protection device parameters

1. In the Test Object dialog, click the E D I T button to open the test object
settings. Define the global protection parameters in the System Settings
tab.
Figure 6-8:
System Settings and
Zone Settings tabs
5
1
6
1 Line length and line angle. The transformer connection settings have
effect on the postfault voltage or current direction.
2 Tolerance limits, required for the comparison of nominal and actual
values.
3 The grounding factor is used for the simulation of single-pole faults. Its
definition varies between the different relay manufacturers.
4 Used for relays that consider the arc resistance for the modelling.
5 Display of impedances as primary values.
6 Voltage correction if the impedances are related to the relay's nominal
current of 5A.
150
2. Edit the pick-up and drop-off characteristics of the protection device in the
Zone Settings tab.
Figure 6-9:
Zone Settings
151
Step 3: Creating user-defined parameters

Create a user-defined overcurrent parameter with I> = 1.8 I/In and a safety
factor of 10%.
For the following settings you have to change to the advanced mode of Test
Object. To do this, select V I E W | A D V A N C E D .
1. Select the Custom branch in the tree structure.
2. Insert a new block by selecting B L O C K | A D D .
Figure 6-10:
Adding a block in Test
Object
3. The new block is now displayed as a subitem of Custom in the tree structure.
4. Highlight the new block in the tree structure and open the block details by
selecting B L O C K | D E T A I L .
Figure 6-11:
Block details: ID and
name
5. Assign a unique ID and a name to the block to allow clear distinction of the
block.
152
In the new block you can now create parameters that can be accessed via a link.
6. Create a new parameter in the selected block by selecting P A R A M E T E R |
ADD.
7. Select the data type of the parameter and assign a unique ID.
The data types String, Enumeration, Boolean, Integer and Real are available
for selection. The parameter's data type has to be selected in advance.
However, it can also be changed afterwards.
8. Select P A R A M E T E R | D E T A I L to open the dialog for the parameter details
and enter the name and a description and define the availability and the value
properties.
Figure 6-12:
Parameter details
2
1
2 Name and description of the parameter.

3 Availability of the created parameter.
4 Properties of the value, such as data type, value, minimum and
maximum definition and formula calculation.
Please refer to the online help for a more detailed description of the
parameter details.
153
6.1.4 Specifying the Hardware Configuration

Select P A R A M E T E R S | H A R D W A R E C O N F I G U R A T I O N to open the
Hardware Configuration.
The required inputs are: Start and Trip.
6.1.5 Defining the test
Specifying the messages and locations

The messages (signals) and the corresponding annunciation locations are
specified in the test view of Annunciation Checker. They are defined in table
form with the messages arranged in lines and the annunciation locations in
columns.
Specify the signals and locations you want to test during your commissioning of
the protection relay in Annunciation Checker.
Figure 6-13:
Test View of
1. Use the Add Location button to create new annunciation locations.

A maximum of 9 locations is possible.
2. Enter the location names into the respective column headers (refer to figure
6-14).
154
Figure 6-14:
Table View of the test
steps
3. Use the Add Signal button to create new messages and enter their names
in the Test Step column.
4. In the LED column enter the number of the LED which is used to indicate the
message.
Comment: One test module allows a maximum of 200 messages.
In the table you can predetermine the expected signal states for the respective
locations.
Figure 6-15:
Table View with
messages and locations
5. Locate the concerning message and location. In their cross-point you can
select or deselect the message using the check box on the very left-hand
side of the column. In the cell right next to the checkbox you can enter the
nominal state of the message expected at the respective location.
155
Defining the signal types

Up to this point we did only define the signal states of the concerning messages.
In order to have them generated, highlight the line of the concerning message
and open the Detail View. Please refer to table Test settings for the individual
messages on page 171 for the exact adjustment values for the generation of
the messages.
Select V I E W | D E T A I L V I E W to open the Detail View.
Figure 6-16:
Detail View of the 2 5
message
3 4
1 Definition of shot parameters.

2 Input fields for the analog output values for shot mode and steady state
mode.
3 Input fields for instructions.
4 Pop-up messages which are displayed to the user prior to the test step.
5 Selection of additional binary outputs.
The message can be generated using three different signal types:

Shot: Short-time signal output, times are adjustable.
Steady state: Continuous signal output.
no output: No signal output. Instructions can be defined.
156
Defining signal type "Shot"

Direct mode
1. Select the signal type Shot for message "DIST Pick-up L1".
2. Set the trigger for "Start" to value 1 and leave the other shot parameters at
their default settings.
In the "Set Mode" area you can adjust the current and voltage values for the
analog outputs of the generator triples.
Figure 6-17:
Mode selection
1 Setting the shot parameters:

Prefault current
Prefault time
Max. fault time
Postfault time
2 Different modes for specifying the current and voltage values (in the
impedance modes it is possible to specify values directly by selecting
them in the Impedance Plane View).
3. Select the "Direct" mode for message Dist Pick-up L1 and enter the
magnitudes and angles for current and voltage.
157
Figure 6-18:
Input fields for voltages
and currents 6
6 Different modes for specifying the currents and voltages.

7 Input fields for magnitudes and angles of voltages and currents. The
individual fields can be linked to default or user-defined values.
4. Click with the right mouse button on the voltage VL1E and select "Zero".
5. Click with the right mouse button on the current IL1 and select
L I N K T O X R I O to open the LinkToXRIO dialog. In the tree structure of this
dialog open the branch "Custom | Special parameters" and then select the
defined overcurrent parameter I>.
6. Enter a factor (e.g. 1.100) for that value and leave the dialog by clicking O K .
Figure 6-19:
LinkToXRIO dialog
If values are displayed as absolute values, the created link to overcurrent I> is
displayed on gray background.
158
Impedance mode Z%-I const.

1. Select the signal type Shot for message "DIST trip cmd".
2. Set the trigger for "Start" to value 1 and leave the other shot parameters at
their default settings.
In the "Set Mode" area you can adjust the current and voltage values for the
analog outputs of the generator triples.
Figure 6-20:
Mode selection
3
1
1 Signal type "Shot"

2 Definition of shot parameters
3 Set mode Z%-I const.
3. Select the "Z%-I const." mode for message Dist trip cmd and enter the fault
type, the percentage related to the zone and the impedance angle.
Figure 6-21:
Input field for
impedance values 4
5
6
7
4 Mode for specifying the impedances

5 Fault type
6 Percentage of impedance related to a zone
7 Impedance angle; direct input or via link to defined values.
159
4. Click with the right mouse button on the value of Phi Z and select a
predefined angle.
The input field for ITest can be linked to user-defined values.
5. Click with the right mouse button on the current ITest and open the
LinkToXRIO dialog. In the tree structure of this dialog open the branch
"Custom | Special parameters" and then select the defined overcurrent
parameter I>.
6. Enter a factor (e.g. 1.100) for that value and leave the dialog by clicking O K .
Figure 6-22:
LinkToXRIO dialog
If values are displayed as absolute values, the created link to overcurrent I> is
displayed on gray background.
160
Defining signal type "Steady state"

Using signal type steady state the signal output remains on until the test
assessment is performed. This method is particularly suitable for signal states
which are required to be applied for a longer time, e.g. measured values.
1. Select the signal type steady state for "Meas value VL1-E".
2. In set mode "Direct" enter the nominal value for VL1-E and the instruction
text.
Figure 6-23:
View for the steady
state signal type
161
Defining signal type "no output"

The signal type no output disables all CMC outputs. It is only possible to
generate instructions and pop-up messages.
1. Select the signal type no output for message "DIST dev.t.emerg.OVC".
2. Enter the instruction and the pop-up text for this message.
Figure 6-24:
View for signal type
no output
162

After all messages and annunciation locations have been created and specified,
the test can be started from the Test View.
1. In the Test View either select the line of the message to be tested or the
column of the location to be tested.
The Test Navigator dialog is displayed where you can select the individual
messages and locations displayed in the input table by means of the arrow
buttons. Testing has to be executed manually for each individual test point by
pressing the Shot button. If testing of a test point could be finished
successfully, manual assessment has to be performed using the "Passed" or
"Failed" buttons.
Figure 6-25:
Test Navigator dialog
1
2
3 4
7 5 6
1 Navigation arrows
2 Instructions area
3 Display of the message (signal under test)
4 Display of the annunciation location
5 Display of expected state
6 Display of actual state (measured value)
7 If checked, the software automatically moves to the next message or
location
8 Buttons for manual test assessment
3. Start the test for the messages by pressing the Shot button.
During the test, the labelling of the "Shot" button changes to "Shot running"
to indicate that the test is currently running.
The assessment buttons are activated after the test step is finished.
163
4. Assess the test step with Passed or Failed.

If the test step is assessed with Passed, the expected (nominal) value is
automatically entered into the "Measured" field. If wanted, you can now
modify this value manually. This suggests itself especially in case of
measured voltages and currents to enter the actual measured value.
If the test step is assessed with Failed, the expected (nominal) value is not
entered into the "Measured" field. In this case the message is assessed as
failed in the input table.
5. Use the navigation arrow buttons to select the next message to be tested.
Testing can be stopped at any time using the "Stop test" button and re-
started again using the start icon in the toolbar.
The actual course of the test can be monitored in the status display of the
Test View.
Figure 6-26:
Test View
1 Passed test step

2 Failed test step
3 Status display
164
Figure 6-27:
Extract of a test report
165
6.1.7 Functional Scope
Input data:
110kV system, compensated.
Line:
1
Z Line = 0.408 km
0
Z Line = 1.12 km
1
Line = 72.9
Line
0 = 78.7
Length: 50 km
600A
K nI = -------------
1A
110kV
K nV = ----------------
100V
General Parameters
Settings
I nom Line angle RE /RL XE /XL PT location CT grounding
(secondary)
1A 72.9 0.277 0.605 at line dir. line
Tolerances
Time Impedance Current Voltage
relative 1% 5% 5% 5%
absolute 70ms 50m 50mA 5V
166
Pick-up
Voltage-controlled overcurrent pick-up
Pick-up value Voltage [V/Vn] Pickup/dropout ratio
I>> [I/In] 1.8 0.8 0.95
I> [I/In] 0.5 0.8 0.95
V
Vn
0.8
I
0.5 2.2 In
Distance protection
Reach:
Z1 = 85% ZLine
Z2 = 120% ZLine
Z3 = 200% ZLine
Z1B = 120% ZLine
RLB = 6 (primary)
X/R=1.5
167
Polygonal characteristic / tripping scheme:

Z1 Z2 Z3 Z 1B t4 t5
X [] 9.04 12.76 21.27 12.76
R-LL [] 6.03 8.51 14.18 8.51
R-LE [] 6.03 8.51 14.18 8.51

t [s] 0 0.4 0.8 0 1.2 1.6
Direction forward forward forward forward forward non-direct.
Directional characteristic
Directional characteristic (cross-polarization)
2nd quadrant 4th quadrant
Angle [] 120 -22
168
Autoreclosure
Test sequence Dead time Reach
Parameter 3-pole, 1 cycle 0.35 s Z 1B
Manual close function, switch-on after fault

2.3-3.075 cm Time limit Reach
Parameter 1s Z 1B
Z2
Z1
Z1B
Grounding switch
Manual
close
169
Definite time emergency protection

Defined time characteristic
Stage Pick-up value Trip Delay time
I> [I/In] 1.4 0.5 s
I>> [I/In] 3 0.15 s
Ie> [I/In] 0.5 0.5 s
Ie>> [I/In] 2 0.1 s
Ie> I> Ie>> I>>
170
Test states for the individual annunciation locations

Test step LED Protection Terminal Local System
relay strip X20 control control
room
DIST Pick-up L1 3 ON X20:11; 60V DIST Pick- DIST Pick-
up L1 up L1
up L2 up L2

up L3 up L3
DIST trip cmd 8 ON DIST trip DIST trip

cmd cmd
DIST reverse dir. 9 ON X20:24; 60V
DIST 10 ON
def.t.emerg.OVC
Meas. value VL1E VL1-E = X20:1 VL1-E = VL1-E =
63.51kV V = 57.73V 63.51kV 63.51kV
Test settings for the individual messages

Test step Signal type Mode Settings
DIST Pick-up L1 Shot Line-Neutral VL1 = 0V, IL1 = I>
DIST trip cmd Shot Z%-I const. Z% = 50%; PhiZ = 72.9;
I=I>; L1-E
DIST reverse dir. Shot Z%-I const. Z% = 50%; PhiZ = 72.9;
I=I>; L1-L2-L3
DIST def.t.emerg.OVC No output
Meas. value VL1E Steady state Line-Neutral VL1-E = 57.73V
171
Instruction texts for the individual messages
Test step Instruction

DIST Pick-up L1 Pick-up of L1 is caused by 1-phase fault.
DIST trip cmd Trip is caused by 1-phase local fault in forward direction.
DIST reverse dir. Trip is caused by 3-phase fault in reverse direction.
DIST def.t.emerg.OVC Turn off voltage transformer and turn on again after test.
Meas. value VL1E Check the VL1-E voltage values at the different locations.
172
Transient Ground Fault
7 Transient Ground Fault

Ground fault relays are used to protect against:
steady state ground faults
transient ground faults.
The Transient Ground Fault test module contains a network model for the
simulation of ground faults in networks which use a resonant grounding device
(e.g. Peterson coil) to effectively ground the system or in networks not grounded
at all.
The simulated voltages and currents at the relay location approximate those in
a real system.
The simulated wave shapes are then downloaded into the CMC and output to
the test object, typically a transient or watt-metric ground fault relay. This module
can also be of assistance when setting such relays.
During commissioning, the correct connection of the current transformers can
also be tested. Both conventional three-phase systems and two-phase systems
used by some railway systems can be simulated.
7.1 Example: Ground Fault Relay

Sample files:
ESAG_II_Ground_Fault.grf
ESAG_II_ground_fault-256.ohc
ESAG_II_ground_fault.rio
Figure 7-1shows a typical application of a ground fault relay. A generator sends
energy through a transformer to the power grid.
A ground fault relay monitors the voltages and currents of the transmission line.
173
Figure 7-1:
Example of a ground
fault relay connected to
one of the feeders of the
network power grid
All of the monitored currents are connected in parallel and their sum sent into
the relay. Likewise, all of the voltages are connected in series and their sum sent
into the relay.
In a balanced three-phase system, the summation of the currents from each
phase is zero. Likewise, the summation of the voltages from each phase is also
zero.
However, when one of the phases is grounded or is otherwise unbalanced with
respect to the other phases, the summation of currents and voltages is no longer
zero. There will be current flowing into the neutral, or ground. This is what the
ground fault relay detects.
When a ground fault is detected, the relay can be used to isolate parts of the
network to prevent damage to equipment, such as the transformer or generator.
174
7.1.1 Emulation with CMC Test Set

In order to test the ground fault relay, the CMC test equipment needs to emulate
the environment where the relay is used. We will employ a CMC 256, although
a CMC 156 would also be sufficient.
Figure 7-2:
Simulation of the
monitored current and
voltage values of the
power grid that the
ground fault relay would
see, using the CMC 256
Figure 7-2 shows the OMICRON Test Universe environment for checking the
ground fault relay.
The fourth CMC 256 voltage output can be used to represent the zero-
sequence voltage
VA + VB + VC
--------------------------------
-
3
Three CMC 256 current outputs represent the monitored currents of the
three phases of the network power grid.
Figure 7-2 does not show the computer or laptop that is connected to the
CMC 256 and runs the Transient Ground Fault test module. Make sure that this
is also attached to the CMC 256 while wiring the relay.
7.1.2 Starting Transient Ground Fault

Start Transient Ground Fault in stand-alone mode from the OMICRON
Start Page by clicking N E T W O R K S I M U L A T I O N . . . and then T R A N S I E N T
GROUND FAULT.
175

P A R A M E T E R S | T E S T O B J E C T . Alternatively, click the Test Object toolbar
icon in the toolbar. In Test Object browse, access and edit the test object
parameters.
Enter the device settings for the ESAG II relay as shown table 7-1.
Table 7-1:
Test object device Device Settings
settings for the ESAG II
ground fault relay
Name Transient Ground Fault Relay
Device type ESAG II
Number of phases: 3
f nom 50 Hz
V nom 120 V (L-L)

7.1.1 Emulation with CMC Test Set.
1. Click the H A R D W A R E C O N F I G U R A T I O N toolbar icon.
2. In the General tab select the connected CMC test set and set the voltages to
"1x300V" and the currents to "1x75 A".
3. On the Analog Outputs tab:
Define the displayed names for the voltage and current signals. In this
case we are using the default, which are "VE" and "IE".
In this example, that is "3:4" for the voltage and "1:2" for the current.
Assign the crosses in the column for "VE" and "IE" to specify which outputs
of the CMC 256 are connected to which terminal of the relay. Again, were
using the default assignments.
176
4. On the Binary / Analog Inputs tab:

Define the displayed names for each binary input. In this example, we are
using the default assignments. Specifically, assign "Start", and "Trip" for
the signals coming from the relay.
7.1.5 Verifying the Wiring Between Relay and CMC

At this point in time, it is prudent to check the physical wiring one more time to
make sure that it corresponds to section 7.1.1 Emulation with CMC Test Set
on page 175 and the settings specified in the hardware configuration.
1. Verify that the voltage inputs of the relay are connected to the corresponding
voltage outputs of the CMC. Ensure that the voltage "inputs" of the relay are
properly grounded according to their configuration.
2. Verify that the binary control signals of the relay are connected to the
appropriate binary inputs of the CMC.
Step 1: Defining the test settings

In this step, more specific information about the test to be carried out has to be
defined. This includes defining the type of ground fault and its location.
1. Select V I E W | T E S T to make sure that the Test View is visible.
2. Select the Test tab.
Figure 7-3:
Test tab
3. Mark the checkbox to use the test object settings for the nominal frequency.
177
4. The test that we are performing is:

Network type Open line
Network faulted phase B
Ground fault function Transient
Relay location Feeder A
Starpoint Dir. line
Ground fault resistance 100 m
Note that when the relay location is changed, the schematic on the right
changes to show where the relay is located. This is also the reason why the
documentation states that faults in feeder A represent forward faults, and
faults in feeder B represent reverse.
Figure 7-4: n
Schematic of where the

ground fault lies Network
Transformer Remaining system
source
Feeder B
Feeder A
178
Step 2: Defining the transformer settings

1. Select the Transformer tab.
2. Enter information appropriate to the transformer (refer to figure 7-5). Data
that was provided as part of the test object definition can be used here.
3. In our case, the settings are:
HV 110 kV
LV 20 kV
Grounding Compensated
Neutral Grounding Resistance 400
Detuning -0.1
Transformer rating 40 MVA
Transformer impedance 14%
Fault level at HV 6000 MVA
Figure 7-5:
Transformer tab
179
Step 3: Defining the network settings

1. Select the Network tab.
2. Enter information appropriate for the network relating to Feeder A and
primary capacitance (refer to figure 7-6).
In our case, the settings are:
Feeder A
R1 200 m
X1 360 m
R0 1.4
X0 600 m
Primary Capacitive I0
Network 60 A
Feeder A 2A
Feeder B 20 A
CT Nominal Current
Primary 1 kA
Secondary 5A
Figure 7-6:
Network tab
180
Step 4: Defining the general settings

In this section, you provide information regarding how the ground fault relay
should trigger.
1. Select the General tab.
2. In this example, select the radio button for "No trigger".
3. Enter a fault time of 1 s.
Figure 7-7:
General tab
181
7.1.7 Running the Test and Viewing the Time Signal

Once the configuration for Transient Ground Fault is complete, the test can be
run.
1. Select T E S T | S T A R T / C O N T I N U E .
The Transient Ground Fault test module creates the waveforms for the
voltage and current outputs, which the CMC then generates and supplies to
the connected relay.
2. Select V I E W | T I M E S I G N A L to see the voltage and current waveforms
that are supplied to the relay, in addition to the configured binary inputs.
Figure 7-8:
Time Signal View
When the waveforms are generated by the CMC and applied to the ground
fault relay, you can readily see whether the relay trips or not. Immediately,
you can determine whether or not the relay functions as expected.
182
7.1.8 Defining the Measurement Settings

Testing a ground fault relay can be performed as soon as all of its settings are
established. However, this is a manual test.
In order to automate testing and provide some form of assessment, some
measurement criteria have to be established.
A condition defines when the measurement should start, when it should stop,
how long it should be carried out, and what to expect. If the expectations are
met, the test passes; otherwise, it fails.
1. Select V I E W | M E A S U R E M E N T .
Figure 7-9:
Measurement View
2. Enter information appropriate for the assessment. Measurement starts when

the fault is introduced. The measurement effectively stops when the ground
fault relay trips (Trip 0>1). After the fault condition occurs, the relay is
expected to trip with a specified period of time (Tnom).
In our case, the settings are:
Name Trip
Ignore Before Fault
Start Fault
Stop Trip 0>1
Tnom 0.1 s
Tdev- 0.01 s
Tdev+ 0.01 s
3. After the test is run, the Transient Ground Fault test module provides
information about the measurement and assesses the results.
Tact The actual time required for the ground fault
relay to trip.
Tdev The actual deviation time from the expected trip
time (Tnom).
Assessment Whether or not this condition passed.
183
7.1.9 Defining the Test Report

184
VI-Starting
8 VI-Starting
The test module VI Starting tests the voltage-dependent overcurrent starting
function (VI starting function).
VI Starting can be used with all 3-phase OMICRON test sets. It provides the
following tests:
Testing a specified VI-characteristic (test mode Verify Characteristic).
- Automatic testing of multiple points.
- Manual testing of single test points.
A characteristic diagram shows the VI characteristic and the test points. The
results (pick-up and drop-off values) are displayed in the test point table and
in the characteristic diagram, and are documented in the report. Additionally,
the signals which are emitted to the test object can be observed in a vector
diagram and a Time Signal View.
Automatic searching of the VI characteristic (test mode Search
Characteristic).
The search test automatically determines the pick-up and the drop-off
characteristic without specifying any test object specific parameters. For this,
the software automatically searches essential pick-up and drop-off values
and calculates the complete characteristic for these results.
Output of static values.
This mode is useful for debugging.
185
8.1 About VI Characteristic

The following figure shows the basic shape for a voltage-dependent overcurrent
starting characteristic:
Figure 8-1:
Voltage-dependent
overcurrent starting
5
characteristic.
6
4
2
7
1 3
The characteristic is determined by the following values:

1. Low level current threshold I>
2. Voltage threshold V(I>)
3. High level current threshold I>>
4. Voltage threshold V(I>>)
5. Maximum voltage (as specified in the device settings)
The characteristic divides the VI diagram into two areas:
6. Normal operation area, no pick-up expected.
7. Starting area, pick-up expected.
8.2 Testing Method of VI Starting

Each test point is specified by a voltage / current pair. To find out the actual pick-
up and drop-off values, the VI Starting software varies one of these quantities
while the other is held constant. Which quantity is varied for a specific test point
depends on where the test point is located on the characteristic (refer to the
description following the figure below).
186
VI-Starting
The pick-up is approached with shots, giving the relay time to reset in-between.
Once the pick-up is found, the drop-off is determined by varying the quantity
along a ramp.
The step size in which the quantity is varied is automatically determined by the
software.
During a test, the process of varying the test quantity can be observed in the
characteristic diagram and the Vector View.
The figure below illustrates the method. It shows how point a is tested.
Figure 8-2:
The process of varying VI Characteristic Voltage applied to the test object
the test quantity. (current value is constant)
voltage
3
a 4 6
2 5
current shots time
The vertical dashed line is the test line. Along this line, the test quantity is varied.
This line is displayed in light blue in the characteristic diagram in the Test View,
and a bullet represents the actual test quantities. The horizontal dashed line
represents the pick-up voltage. The test voltage starts at the maximum and is
first decreased after each shot by a coarse step size (1). After the first pick-up
(2), the voltage is set back one step. To find the exact pick-up value, the voltage
is now again decreased in fine steps until the pick-up value is found (4). To
determine the drop-off value, the voltage is now ramped back (5) until the drop-
off occurs (6).
The procedure with varied current at constant voltage is analogous.
187
8.3 Example: Using VI Starting
Task
A tester has the task of performing both an automatic characteristic test and a
search test for a voltage-controlled overcurrent starting function with the test
module VI Starting.
The relay under test is a 7SA5 type device from SIEMENS and the test set used
is a CMC 156.
8.3.1 Setting Up the Test Object

The relay setting program is used to find the parameters of the characteristic to
be tested. Since the 7SA5 is from the SPIROTEC 3 series, the DIGSI 3 program
is used. The item to look up is the Fault Detection Program for the distance
protection. In this example, the U/I fault detection is set to use L-N voltages for
the L-N faults and L-L voltages for the L-L faults. Then the fault detection
parameters must be looked up. These are the parameters to be transferred into
the test object settings of the VI Starting test module.
Figure 8-3:
Settings for the VI
Starting function in the
DIGSI 3 relay setting
program.
188
VI-Starting
The correspondence between the parameters in the relay setting program and
the parameters in the VI Starting test object settings is clear. Other relays
providing this function use similar names for the parameters, so it should be just
as simple to find the values for the test object settings. In this example, the
values can be taken directly from the relay setting program without further
calculations.
Figure 8-4:
VI Starting parameters
in the test object.
189
8.3.2 Preparing the Hardware

The test module VI Starting needs three analog voltages and three analog
currents to produce the test quantities and one binary input for the feedback of
the starting signal.
Since the CMC 156s default hardware settings are correct, no additional setting
for the used generator groups or analog output assignments in the hardware
configuration (HCC) need to be made.
The start contact is connected to binary input number one, which is also the
default, so no binary input settings are necessary.
For more details about the settings in the HCC, e.g., for using other test sets
such as the CMC 156 or for making connections that differ from the defaults,
refer to the HCC settings in the examples for other modules, e.g., State
Sequencer.
8.3.3 Automatic Testing of the Characteristic

A characteristic test verifies the given characteristic as specified in the test
object settings. This is done in the Verify Characteristics test mode. Testing is
done with the fault type A-N, so the L-N characteristics are taken as a reference
and the fault type is shown accordingly in the characteristic diagram. By using
the Quick test function, four essential test points are automatically added to the
test point table. In most cases, these four test points are sufficient for an
assessment of the proper operation of the VI Starting function. If required, more
test points could be added easily by using other methods provided for adding
test points. Refer to the online help for details about adding and removing test
points.
After these settings are finished, the automatic test can be started.
190
VI-Starting
Figure 8-5:
Test View after a
characteristic test.
The progress of the test is displayed in the characterictic diagram by the light
blue test line with the bullet on it, which represents the actual V-I quantities
emitted during testing. The vector diagram indicates the relationship of the
voltages and the currents to each other and the value table in the Vector View
displays the exact numeric values of test quantities.
The assessment refers to the pick-up values only, since specifications are
generally only available for the pick-up characteristic.
191
8.3.4 A Search Test

The search test finds an unknown VI starting characteristic. In fact, it finds both
the pick-up and the drop-off characteristic. This is done in the Search
Characteristic test mode. No characteristic settings have to be made in the test
object in order to use this mode. There is no option to specify test points in this
mode as the test module automatically measures four essential points, which
are sufficient to determine the characteristics. These are the same test points
used in the Quick test. In this test, the fault type B-C is used to search for the L-L
characteristics.
Figure 8-6:
Test View after a search
test.
The progress of the test is displayed by the test line and the moving bullet. As
soon as the values become available, the calculated characteristics are
updated, according to the data available at this moment. In the table, the
parameters of the pick-up and the drop-off characteristic are displayed. For
more details about the search procedure, refer to the online help.
192
Single Phase Testing and Output of Fault Quantities
9 Single Phase Testing and Output of

Fault Quantities
9.1 Introduction
In order to reach a higher output power (or current, or voltage) the OMICRON
test sets and amplifiers allow the serial connection or the paralleling of analog
outputs. Knowing this, most electromechanical relays can be tested with the
CMC 256. For test cases where the power of three-phase testing is not
sufficient, OMICRON has developed the Single-Phase Mode, which is available
in the Distance, the Advanced Distance and the Overcurrent test modules. The
following explanations describe how to work with the single-phase mode as well
as the Single-Phase Fault Model, which is the basis for testing all fault loops with
single-phase sources.
9.2 Electromechanical Relays and the Single-

Phase Fault Model
Electromechanical relays have special requirements on electronic test sets,
since the power demand of the current and voltage inputs can be considerably
higher than with modern numerical relays. In the past, power amplifiers were
often used together with electronic test sets to drive the high burdens of the
electromechanical relays. Compared to its predecessors, the CMC 256 provides
considerably more output power, which greatly extends the application range for
three-phase applications. Many electromechanical relays can be tested without
additional power amplifiers. All remaining relays that still need higher power can
be tested using the OMICRON CMS 251 or CMS 252 amplifiers.
In single-phase operation, the test sets can generally output considerably more
power than in three-phase mode per phase. To obtain this increased power,
multiple phases are connected together. The voltage outputs are generally
connected in parallel to increase the output current. Also, the current sources
are connected in parallel to increase the output current or they are connected in
series to achieve a higher compliance voltage.
The OMICRON test modules Distance, Advanced Distance and Overcurrent
can be set up so that they output the commonly named "Fault Quantities". Fault
quantities denote currents and voltages that characterize the fault. These fault
quantities are assigned to single-phase current and voltage sources.
Consequently, a configuration of the test set is chosen, which provides the
optimal output power (or current, or voltage).
193
9.3 Output of the Fault Quantities for Testing

Distance Protection
Electromechanical distance relays have a property that can be essential for
testing: they are often implemented as single-element relays, i.e. the
measurement circuit and the circuit for directional detection is only present once,
not per phase. When a starting condition is detected, a phase selection circuit
starts operation, which connects the faulted quantities to the circuits for
impedance and direction determination.
This single-element relay can be utilized for testing. Due to this fact, it is possible
to test such a relay in single-phase mode, which means to test with only one
current and one voltage each. The phase selection circuit takes care that this
exact current and this exact voltage will be fed to the measurement circuits. The
quantities in the non-faulted phases will be ignored by the relay; so it is not
necessary to generate them.
The fault quantities are the current and the voltage, which determine the fault
impedance. These fault quantities are fed to the impedance measurement circuit
by the phase selection circuit. Depending on the fault type, the quantities are
different ones. In the two figures below, the situation for phase-to-ground faults
and phase-to-phase faults is shown.
Figure 9-1:
Voltages and currents
for phase-to-ground
faults
Figure 9-2:
Voltages and currents
for phase-to-phase
faults
194
In the case of the phase-to-ground faults example, the fault quantities are the
phase-to-ground voltage and the phase current of the faulted phase.
In the case of the phase-to-phase example, the phase-to-phase voltage of the
faulted phases and the currents in the faulted phase, comprise the fault
quantities. The two-phase currents appear in the phase diagram as two currents
with identical magnitude and opposite sign. In fact, it is one current that flows into
the relay at the one phase and out of the relay at the other. Therefore, also in
this case, one source is sufficient to produce this test current.
The test software set up this way performs the output of the fault quantities
through the single-phase sources without further user interaction. The remaining
operation of the test module remains unchanged, which means the specification
of the characteristic and the setting of the test points are done as if the relays
were three-phase connected. The user has only to check that the sources are
connected correctly to the terminals of the relay, according to the fault type. The
(Advanced) Distance test software reminds the user with a message that the
wiring has to be modified accordingly at the start of the test and at any change
of the fault type.
195
9.4 Settings in the Hardware Configuration for

using the Single-Phase Fault Model
The usage of the sources present in the test set is determined in the detail View
of the hardware configuration. The available combinations of the sources are
presented in a list and the necessary wiring is displayed in a graphic beside of it.
Figure 9-3 shows a typical setting of a CMC 256 for testing electromechanical
distance relays with a nominal current of 1A.
Figure 9-3:
Detail View of the
Hardware
Configuration: one
possible selection for
single-phase operation
The maximum test current of 12.5A is absolutely sufficient for this case.
Therefore it is possible to connect four current sources in series, providing a
driving voltage of up to 60V (peak value). With the CMC 256 test set, balancing
resistors to assure a leveled voltage distribution when connecting current
sources in series are no longer needed.
196
The available power from the voltage sources in this test set is not determined
from the current rating of the amplifiers, but from the respective power supply.
The maximum current can be obtained from a single source with the wiring
shown.
The mapping of the fault quantities to the single-phase sources is done in the
dialog for the analog outputs.The signals I Fault and V Fault are selected for
their respective current and voltage source.
Figure 9-4:
Hardware
Configuration, Analog
Outputs tab: Mapping of
the fault quantities in the
Advanced Distance test
modules
Figure 9-5:
Example of wiring for an
A-N (L1-E) fault shown
with a special case of an
A-N (L1-E) fault Test Relay
set under
test
Figure 9-6:
Example of wiring for an
phase-phase fault
shown with a special
case of a C-A fault Test Relay
(L3-L1) set under
test
197
9.5 Output of the Fault Quantities for Testing

Overcurrent Protection
Overcurrent relays often require high currents to test the I >> elements. The
CMC 256 can generate 25A in three-phase mode. To obtain this increased
power, multiple phases are connected together. The voltage outputs are
generally connected in parallel to increase the output current. Also, the current
sources are connected in parallel to increase the output current or they are
connected in series to achieve a higher compliance voltage. If this current is still
not sufficient, paralleling the outputs allows the emission of up to 75A in
single-phase mode. Additionally, some electromechanical overcurrent relays
require high output power of the test device where the serial connection of the
current outputs is required, leading again to the use of the single-phase mode.
In the Overcurrent test module, the setup of the hardware configuration is
performed exactly in the same way as described above, which is by mapping
I Fault and V Fault.
The fault quantities are the L-N or L-L fault current and an L-N voltage. Of
course, three-phase faults, zero sequence faults, and negative sequence faults
cannot be tested.
For non-directional relays, only a current source is needed anyway. The setup
is very simple as all L-N and L-L faults are supported.
For directional relays, the supported fault types depend on the combination of
the voltage and the current sources.
198
9.6 Single-Phase Current Source and Three-

Phase Voltage Source
Even if a single-phase current source is chosen for reasons of power demands
in the current path, feeding the relay with three-phase voltages is still possible in
the majority of all cases.
The relay has all the voltages available to perform the directional decision. At
L-N faults, the relay can use the L-N voltage of the faulted phase or the L-L
voltage of the sane phases. At L-L faults, the relay can use the L-N voltage in
the sane phase, one of the L-N voltages of the faulted phases or the L-L voltage
of the faulted phases.
In this case, all L-N and L-L fault types are supported.
Table 9-1:
Generated I fault
Fault Type I Fault
depending on the fault
type
A-N (L1-E) IA (IL1)
B-N (L2-E) IB (IL2)
C-N (L3-E) IC (IL3)
A-B (L1-L2) IA = -IB (IL1 = -IL2)
B-C (L2-L3) IB = -IC (IL2 = -IL3)
C-A (L3-L1) IC = -IA (IL3 = -IL1)
199
9.7 Single-Phase Current Source and Single-

Phase Voltage Source
With only a single-phase voltage available, testing L-L faults can become
especially tricky. Because of this, only L-N faults are supported when using
single-phase sources for both current and voltage.
Testing the L-N faults is done under the assumption that the voltage of the
faulted phase is used for the directional decision.
Table 9-2:
Generated I fault and V
Fault Type I Fault V Fault
fault depending on the
fault type
A-N (L1-E) IA (IL1) VA-N (VL1-E)
B-N (L2-E) IB (IL2) VB-N (VL2-E)
C-N (L3-E) IC (IL3) VC-N (VL3-E)
200
File Name Extensions within OMICRON Test Universe
File Name Extensions within

Control Center OCC
filename.OCC OMICRON Control Center test document
OCC Helper Modules

filename.PAU Pause Module
filename.EXQ ExeCute
filename.TXV TextView
Hardware Configuration
filename.OHC OMICRON Hardware Configuration (import/export
from HCWs General tab)
Test Object
filename.RIO The term RIO stands for Relay Interface by
OMICRON.
RIO, was developed out of a need for a uniform data
format for parameters of protective relays produced
by different manufacturers. RIO provides a common
structure to allow functionally similar relays from
diverse manufacturers to be tested with similar test
procedures. Moreover, RIO permits relay
characteristics to be imported into the Test Universe
software from external sources.
filename.XRIO XRIO represents the second generation of RIO file
technology. The term RIO stands for Relay Interface
by OMICRON, a technology that was already
available with previous Test Universe versions. The X
denotes "extended".
201
Test Modules
filename.ADT Advanced Distance
filename ANNUCH Annunciation Checker
filename.BDF Differential
filename.CBS Circuit Breaker Simulation
filename.DST Distance
filename.GRF Transient Ground Fault
filename.HRT (Advanced Differential) Diff. Harmonic Restraint
filename.MEA EnerLyzer
filename.MET Meter
filename.NSI NetSim
filename.OAR Autoreclosure
filename.OTF (Advanced Differential) Diff. Operating Characteristic
filename.OUC UCA-CMC Configuration
filename.OVT Overcurrent
filename.PQT PQ Signal Generator
filename.PRA Pulse Ramping
filename.QCM QuickCMC
filename.RMP Ramping
filename.SEQ State Sequencer
filename.SNC Synchronizer
filename.TRA Advanced TransPlay
filename.TRD Transducer
filename.TST (Advanced Differential) Diff. Trip Time
filename.VGT (Advanced Differential) Diff Configuration
filename.VSR VI-Starting
IEC 61850
filename.OSV Samples Values Configuration
(IEC 61850-9-2 LE Configuration Module).
filename.OGC GOOSE configuration file
filename.OUC GSSE configuration file
202
File Name Extensions within OMICRON Test Universe
Test Tools
filename.BIO Binary I/O Monitor
filename.HOU Harmonics
filename.LST TransPlay
filename.TYP TypConverter
Other file name extension to know about

filename.CFG COMTRADE configuration file for the description of
the failure report channels (signal names, sample
frequency etc.). Can be imported with the test module
Advanced TransPlay, and loaded with the (optional)
test tool TransView.
filename.CML Comtrade file. Can be loaded with the (optional) test
tool TransView.
filename.CSV Comma Separated Value. This file format is readable
by any common database. Data is written in simple a
table format. A selectable field delimiter separates the
individual values.
If a certain value is a text string, the value needs to
have a text qualifier (the text may contain the
character which is used a field delimiter). As the
naming of Boolean values is not consistent throughout
different database programs, the True and False
values need to be defined as well.
filename.DAT COMTRADE file with the sample values of the failure
report channels. Can be imported with the test module
filename.HDR "Header file" that contains any data-related text that is
not used by the software. Can be loaded with the test
module Advanced TransPlay
filename.PL4 PL4 file. Can be imported with the test module
filename.RTF Rich Text Format. File format used by Microsoft Word
or other word processing applications.
filename.TPL Template file for the test reports (based on RTF)
203
filename.TRF TRF file. Can be imported with the test module

filename.PDF Invented by Adobe, Portable Document Format
became the standard format for the electronic
document distribution and exchange. PDF files look
exactly like original documents and preserve the
fonts, images, graphics, and layout of any source file
- regardless of the application and platform used to
create it.
To view a PDF file, either the Adobe Reader or the
Foxit Reader (both freeware) is required. If you have
no PDF reader on your computer yet, OMICRON Test
Universe installs the Foxit Reader.
filename.XML XML (eXtensible Markup Language) became
accepted as a standard for data exchange,
particularly between different platforms. XML and
related technologies are W3C (World Wide Web
Consortium) recommendations.
If you want to learn more about XML, the W3C site
http://www.w3.org/XML/ may be a good starting
point.
204
Contact Information / Technical Support
Contact Information / Technical

Support
Europe, Africa, Middle East
OMICRON electronics GmbH
Phone: +43 5523 507-333
E-Mail: support@omicron.at
Web: www.omicron.at
Asia, Pacific
OMICRON electronics Asia Ltd, Hong Kong
Phone: +852 2634 0377
E-Mail: support@asia.omicron.at
Web: www.omicron.at
North and South America

OMICRON electronics Corp. USA
Phone: +1 713 830-4660 or 1 800 OMICRON
E-Mail: techsupport@omicronusa.com
Web: www.omicronusa.com
For addresses of OMICRON offices with customer service centers, regional

sales offices or offices for training, consulting and commissioning please see our
website.
205
206
Index
Index constant source impedance model

(Advanced Distance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
contact information
OMICRON address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
CT
A checking connection (Ground Fault) . . . 173
saturation (Diff Operating Characteristic) 63
address cursor data table (Advanced TransPlay) . . . 18
OMICRON address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 cursor slider (Advanced TransPlay) . . . . . . . 17
Advanced Differential test modules . . . . . . . 12 custom
Advanced Distance test module . . . . . . . . . . 11 custom block in Test Object . . . . . . . . . 152
Annunciation Checker test module . . . . . . . . 12
D
B DAT (file format in Advanced TransPlay) . . . 13
balanced 3-phase system (Ground Fault) . . 174 data markers (Advanced TransPlay) . . . . . . 18
dead zones (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Diff Configuration test module . . . . . . . . 12, 63
Diff Harmonic Restraint test module . . . . 12, 64
C Diff Operating Characteristic test module 12, 63
Diff Trip Time test module . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 64
CB Configuration difference
example with Advanced Distance . . . . . . 55 phase angle, voltage or frequency
CFG (file format in Advanced TransPlay) . . . 13 (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Characteristic Editor (Advanced Distance) . . 41 differential protection relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
check test (Advanced Distance) . . . . . . . 11, 31 differential schemes (Advanced Differential
circuit breaker modules) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
CB closing functionality (Synchronizer) . 126 distance relay with transient playback
COMTRADE (working example Advanced TransPlay) . . . 21
file name extension CML . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 distance testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Comtrade
file formats used in Advanced TransPlay 13
connecting
protection relay to CMC test set
(Advanced Differential) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 E
protection relay to CMC test set e-mail
(Advanced Distance & CB Configuration) 56 OMICRON address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
(Advanced Distance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
(Advanced TransPlay) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
(Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
207
inrush process (Diff Harmonic Restraint) . . . 64

F Inrush-restraint and stabilization against over-
excitation (Diff Trip Time) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
fault quantities, output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
file name extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
M
G magnetizing currents (Diff Operating
Characteristic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
generator message
connecting a generator to the grid checking (Annunciation Checker) . . . . . 141
(Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 multi-functional relays
GPS tested with Advanced Differential . . . . . . 62
as trigger to start data output (Advanced
TransPlay) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
ground fault (Ground Fault test module) . . . 173
Ground Fault test module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
grounding of CT (Advanced Differential) . . . . 65
N
natural phase quantities (display in Advanced
Distance VI monitor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
H
HDR (file format in Advanced TransPlay) . . . 13
hotline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
O
output of fault quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
overcurrent starting function (voltage-depen-
dent, VI Starting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
I over-excitation
inrush-restraint and stabilization against
Ibias calculation (Advanced Differential) . . . . 75 over-excitation (Advanced Differential) . . 67
ID
block ID (Test Object) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Idiff / Ibias
plane (Diff Operating Characteristic) . . . . 63
value pair (Diff Trip Time) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
P
ignore before PDF
in Advanced TransPlay Measurement file name extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 phase-selective (Advanced Differential) . . . . 76
impedance post-sync time (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . 124
constant source impedance model pre-sync time (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . 124
setting as percentages of zone reaches
208
Index
symmetrical bias windings (Advanced

R Differential) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
symmetrical components
reaches and trip times testing (Advanced Annunciation Checker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Distance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 display in Advanced Distance VI monitor 53
reference winding (Advanced Differential) . . 74 sync time (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
relative impedance (Advanced Distance) . . . 11 Synchronizer test module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
relay synchronizing relays (Synchronizer) . . 11, 115
checking relay messages (Annunciation synchronizing window
Checker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 adjustment test (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . 133
resistance function test (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . 126
ground fault resistance (Transient Ground synchronoscope (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . 131
Fault) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
neutral grounding resistance (Transient
Ground Fault) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
RIO
file name extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
T
rotation sense (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . 120 technical support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
test
runing a test (Diff Harmonic Restraint) . . 86
running a function test (Synchronizer) . 130
S running a test (Advanced Distance & CB
Configuration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Schweitzer SEL 587_Getting Results running a Test (Advanced Distance) . . . . 51
Example.rio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 running a test (Advanced TransPlay) . . . 27
search test running a test (Annunciation Checker) . 163
Advanced Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 30 running a test (Diff Harmonic Restraint) 108
Diff Harmonic Restraint . . . . . . . . . . 64, 106 running a test (Diff Operating
Diff Operating Characteristic . . . . . . . 63, 88 Characteristic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 94
VI Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 running a test (Diff Trip Time) . . . . . . . . 104
shot test running a test (Ground Fault) . . . . . . . . 182
Advanced Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 running an adjustment test
Diff Harmonic Restraint . . . . . . . . . . 64, 106 (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Diff Operating Characteristic . . . . . . . 63, 88 test object
single phase testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 adding a block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
stabilization against over-excitation (Diff block details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Trip Time) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 The Concept
starpoint grounding (parameter in Advanced PDF manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Differential) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 time
state markers (Advanced TransPlay) . . . . . . 18 max sync time (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . 124
static output (Diff OC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 96 post-sync time (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . 124
status messages pre-sync time (Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . 124
checking (Annunciation Checker) . . . . . 141 transformer model (Advanced Differential) . . 76
steady state ground faults (Ground Fault) . 173 transformer starpoint (Advanced Differential) 65
209
T (cont.) W
transient data winding ratio mismatch due to tap-changer
working with t.d. (Advanced TransPlay) . 11 position (Diff Operating Characteristic) . . . . 63
transient ground fault (Transient Ground wring
Fault) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 protection relay to CMC test set
transient playback (Advanced Differential) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
distance relay with transient playback protection relay to CMC test set
(working example Advanced TransPlay) . 21 (Advanced Distance & CB Configuration) 56
trigger protection relay to CMC test set
trigger options in Advanced TransPlay . . 15 (Advanced Distance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
trip times testing (Advanced Distance) . . . . . 34 protection relay to CMC test set
(Advanced TransPlay) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
(Synchronizer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
U
unsynchronized systems (Synchronizer) . . 115
X
XML
V file name extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
VI characteristic (VI Starting) . . . . . . . . . . . 186 XRIO
VI monitor (Advanced Distance) . . . . . . . . . . 53 file name extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
VI Starting test module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
voltate-dependent overcurrent starting function
(VI Starting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Y
YD interposing transformer
(Advanced Differential) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Z
Z/t diagram (Advanced Distance) . . . . . . 33, 52
zero sequence current elimination
(Diff Operating Characteristic) . . . . . . . . . . . 93
zero sequence elimination (Advanced
Differential) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
zero-sequence current (Advanced
Differential) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
zone settings (Advanced Distance) . . . . . . . 40
Z-plane
test in Z-plane (Advance Distance) . . . . . 29
210

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Advanced Protection

Article Number VESD4003 - Manual Version: APROT.AE.9

3.2 Advanced Distance Example:

4.2.5 Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

7 Transient Ground Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

File Name Extensions within OMICRON Test Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201

TEST UNIVERSE TEST UNIVERSE

Protection Advanced Protection

Together with the Protection Package software, Advanced Protection Package

1. Windows is a US registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

1.2 Scope of Advanced Protection

Advanced Distance Advanced Distance is used to efficiently define test

Synchronizer Tests synchronizing relays.

VI Starting Tests the voltage-dependent overcurrent starting

Advanced The Advanced Differential software is a set of 4 test

Transient Ground Tests ground fault protection relays.

Annunciation Verifies the wiring and the assignment of status

CB Configuration The test set CMC 256 offers a CB simulation that

2.1 The Advanced TransPlay Views

Time Signal View

2.1.1 Detail View

Four trigger conditions are available:

Trigger Time Time between Time between

2.1.2 Time Signal View

Cursor Data Table

Voltage / Current Output Signal

Binary Output and Input Signals

2.1.3 Measurement View

The tables are expanded in accordance to the number of measurement

2.1.4 Report View

) The COMTRADE file format is an internationally accepted standard for transient

2.2.1 Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC

2.2.2 Starting Advanced TransPlay from the OCC

2.2.3 Setting up the Test Object

2.2.4 Configuring the Hardware

2.2.5 Defining the Test

Step 1: Importing the COMTRADE file

Step 2: Extending the prefault time

3. Select E D I T | I N S E R T R E P E T I T I O N to repeat this portion of the signal.

8. Unzoom (Optimize) to view the complete signal.

Step 3: Defining a measurement condition

6. Activate the M E A S U R E M E N T V I E W by clicking its icon.

2.2.6 Running the Test

2.2.7 Defining the Test Report Format

3.1 Advanced Distance Features

3.1.1 Shot, Search and Check Test Modes

3.1.2 Relative Test Definitions

3.1.3 Constant Source Impedance Model

3.1.4 Load Current

3.1.5 Testing Multiple Fault Loops in one Test Module

3.1.6 User Interface

Time Signal View

3.2 Advanced Distance Example:

Tripping Zone Settings:

Setting Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

Starting Zone Settings:

3.2.1 Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC

Connect to current Connect the relays trip contact to Binary

3.2.2 Starting Advanced Distance from the OCC

3.2.3 Setting up the Test Object

Step 1: Define the distance protection parameters

Step 2: Define the system settings

1. Enter the Line angle (figure 3-5, no. 1).

The option "Separate Arc resistance" (6) is of relevance to the relays,