Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 1

Design of steel and composite bridges

Highway bridges

Jol Raoul
Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 2

Main selected features

General presentation and scope of EC3 and

EC4 related to steel and composite bridges
Materials
Structural analysis
Cross-section analysis at ULS and SLS
Treatment of instabilities
Fatigue
Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 3

Partie Partie Partie

4.1 4.2 Partie
4.3 5
application
s Pipelines piling
Silos tanks

Partie
2 Partie General rules Partie Plated elements generic
1.1 1.7 loaded transv.
rules
bridges
Partie fire Partie joints
1.2 1.8
Partie
7.1
Partie sheetings Partie Fatigue
pylons 1.3 1.9

Partie Stainless steel Partie Brittle

1.4 1.10
Partie fracture
7.2
Partie Plated Partie cables
1.5 elements 1.11
chimneys
Partie shells Partie
Partie 6
1.6 1.12 S500 to S690

Cranes
Eurocode 3 : steel structures
Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 4

EN 1994 : composite steel-concrete structures

EN 1994-2 general rules and bridges
(self-sufficient)

CONCRETE PART STEEL PART

EN 1992-2 EN 1993-2
Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 5

Scope of EN1993-2
All steel bridges (in general with an orthotropic deck) and the
steel part of composite bridges
Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 6

Scope of EN1994-2
Composite bridges
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Girder bridges

Economy : two-girder
bridges even for 2X2 lanes
due to robustness rules
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Box girders
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Composite members
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Tension members (tie of bowstring arch)

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Composite plates
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Filler beam decks

In the transversal direction In the longitudinal direction

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 13

Materials

Concrete :
Between C20 and C60 for composite bridges (C 90 for concrete bridges)

Steel :
up to S460 for steel and composite bridges
(S 500 to S 700 in a separate part 1-12 for steel bridges)
Choice of material :
avoid brittle behaviour
Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 14

HOAN BRIDGE 2000

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An overlooked defect is assumed during execution :

e.g. : a = 2.2 mm for tf=80 mm

It grows acc. to fracture mechanics laws (assuming

fatigue is governing the design)

Up to the critical defect

depending on Charpy energy
at service temperature

Over a period depending

on the inspection periodicity

NOTE: fabrication rules and

quality plan are given in EN 1090
They are assumed
to be met when using EN 1993
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grade quality
EN 10025
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Structural analysis

Elastic

Plastic (buildings, bridges in accidental situations)

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Classes of steel cross-sections

Cl.1

Mpl Cl.2
Cl.3
Mel

Cl.4

1 3 6

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Class of
flanges
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Global analysis of composite bridges:

two aspects are considered

Cracking of concrete on
support
Non linear behaviour at
mid span

Mpl,Rd

Mel,Rd Class 1

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 21

Modular ratio used in a composite section

n L n0 . 1 Lt

n0
Ea
and t t t 0 creep coefficient given by EC2 :
E cm

Value of t0 :
t0 = 1 day for shrinkage
t0 = a mean value in case of concrete cast in several stages
SIMPLE CALCULATIONS

L is given by :
Permanent loads 1,1
shrinkage 0,55
Imposed deformations 1,5
Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 22

Plate buckling and shear lag

Effectivep width effectives width

(plate buckling) (shear lag)
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Effectives width of concrete slab (ULS and SLS)

Le
bei min( ; bi )
8

beff
be1 b0 be2

b1 b1 b2
 Effectives width of stiffened plates
Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 24

1.2 beta lastique en fonction du raidissage

1.2

Shear lag at ULS:

3 alternatives, black 1

one recommended
( 1.4 x ) 0.8
beta (alpha0,x)

( 1 x)
0.6
Shear lag atelu
SLS:
( 1.4 x )
elastic (red line)
0.4

0.2

0.083056
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
01/50 x x b0/Le 1.
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Composite cross-section verification at ULS (M>0)

fck/gc 0,85 fck/gc
compression

PNA

ENA

fy/gM fy/gM
traction
Elastic resistance plastic resistance
(for class 1, 2, 3) (for classes 1/2)

NOTE : gM is 1.0 (recommended for resistance formulae)

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Verification at SLS

Limitation of stresses for steel and composite bridges

As in EN1992-2 and EN1993-2 (fy in the steel part)
Limitation of crack widths for composite bridges
As in EN1992-2 with tension stiffening (wk=0.3mm in
general)
Using a simplified method
 Treatment of instabilities
Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 27

exprimental behaviour mechanical model

M Aeff

=0 equ

1
1
V 2=-cr 2

P
 Principle of verification
Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 28

u = ultimate loading (without instability)/ ULS loading

cr = critical loading / ULS loading
u f ( )

cr Test /theory
(mechanical
model)
calibration
PRd=PRk/gM PRk Pu
NOTE : gM is 1.1 (recommended for stability formulae)
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Plate buckling of stiffened plates in EC3

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Fatigue verification in EC3

Calculation of DE,2 under a fatigue loading

P = 480kN

Influence of the type of influence line

Influence of the type of traffic
Influence of the number of lanes
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partial factor for

verification loading= 1,0

Dc =80
Category of
detail
 Orthotropic decks : recommended detailing
Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 32

Deck plate thickness in the carriage way

in the heavy vehicle lane
t 14 mm for asphalt layer 70 mm
 SETRA

Seminar Bridge Design with Eurocodes JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 33

1st bridge entirely

designed to EC4 in
Avignon
4500 t

SETRA
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Outstanding composite bridges

Max span 144 m: Verrires viaduct (composite box-girder bridge)

SETRA

Max S460 thickness 120 mm: Guarrigue viaduct

SETRA
SETRA

Surface > 20000 m: Vzre viaduct

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SOME INNOVATIONS / ECONOMY ISSUES

Enormous scientific work

Simplicity of calculations
Robustness (fatigue + brittle fracture)
Full exploitation of the materials (postcritical range)
Steels up to S690
Hybrid girders
Harmonization of the format and the reliability of all
the instability formulae
Treatment of stiffened plates
Design of orthotropic decks