Iamhai Report of Balanced Cantilever Bridge

CONCRETE BRIDGE ALTERNATIVES ATP 55 - GROUP 6
Contents
I. INPUT DATA ..................................................................................... 4
II. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES .................................................................. 5
1. Alternative 1: Prestressed Continuous Bridge in Balance Cantilever Method 5
1.1. Bridge Structure .......................................................................................... 5
1.2. Length of Main Span L ................................................................................. 5
1.3. Length of Side Spans L1 ............................................................................... 5
1.4. Height of Box Girder .................................................................................... 6
1.5. Width of Bridge B ........................................................................................ 6
2. Explanation the selection of bridge alternative ...................................... 7
III. DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONTINUOUS BRIDGE ........................ 8
1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 8
1.1. Background ................................................................................................ 8
1.2. General Arrangement of Structure ................................................................ 8
2. Superstructure ........................................................................................ 8
2.1. Main Span .................................................................................................. 8
2.2. Materials for superstructure ......................................................................... 9
2.3. Factor for calculation ................................................................................... 9
3. Substructure ............................................................................................ 9
3.1. Pier Structure.............................................................................................. 9
3.2. Abutment Structure ..................................................................................... 9
3.3. Materials for substructure .......................................................................... 10
4. Cross-section ......................................................................................... 10
4.1. Top Slab ................................................................................................... 10
4.2. Bottom Slab .............................................................................................. 10
4.3. Box Wall ................................................................................................... 10
Supervisor: Ass,Prof. Nguyen Duy Tien Page 1

5. Segment Arrangement .......................................................................... 11
6. Curve Equation for Changing Elevation ................................................ 11
6.1. The Equation of Girder Bottom in Elevation ................................................. 11
6.2. The Equation of Girder Bottom in Thickness................................................ 12
6.3. The Equation of Slab of Main Girder in Elevation ......................................... 12
6.4. The Equation of Girder Bottom in Width ..................................................... 12
6.5. Basic Dimensions of Cross-sections ............................................................ 12
6.6. Geometric properties calculation ................................................................ 14
7. Equivalent cross-section in T-section ................................................... 16
7.1. Determine the effective flange width be ...................................................... 16
7.2. Change cross-section to T-section .............................................................. 17
7.3. Diaphragm structure ................................................................................. 18
7.4. Structure of deck slab................................................................................ 18
7.5. Structure of wearing surface ...................................................................... 18
8. Load Combination. ................................................................................ 18
9. Determine the Dead Load acting on main girder. ................................. 18
9.1. Dead Load I .............................................................................................. 18
9.2. Dead Load II ............................................................................................ 20
10. Determine the internal force ............................................................. 21
10.1. Principle for determination of internal force ................................................ 21
10.2. Diagrams for determination of internal forces according to construction stages21
10.3. Construction stage .................................................................................... 21
10.4. Exploitation stage ...................................................................................... 26
10.5. Summarization internal forces .................................................................... 39
11. Calculate and Arrange prestressed steel for main girder .................. 42
11.1. Mechanical properties of materials ............................................................. 42
11.2. Calculate dimension of equivalent section for box cross-section ................... 42
11.3. Calculate and arrange prestressed and reinforced steel for mid-span section 45

11.4. Calculate and arrange prestressed and reinforced steel for side-span section 48
11.5. Calculate and arrange prestressed and reinforced steel for section at top of pier 51
11.6. Calculate and arrange prestressed and reinforced steel for negative moment 55
11.7. Calculate and arrange prestressed and reinforced steel for negative moment 58
12. Checking according to Strength Limit State I ................................... 63
12.1. Checking the flexural resistance of sections for negative moment ................ 63
12.2. Checking the flexural resistance of sections for positive moment .................. 79
12.3. Checking the reinforcement limits .............................................................. 79
12.4. Calculate and check the shear resistance of main girder .............................. 83
13. Abutments and Piers .......................................................................... 89
13.1. Abutment ................................................................................................. 89
13.2. Pier .......................................................................................................... 92
14. Main Steps in Construction Procedure............................................... 94
14.1. Abutment Construction .............................................................................. 94
14.2. Pier Construction ....................................................................................... 95
14.3. Construction of main span structure ........................................................... 96
STUDENTS: CHU Long Hai

TA Tien Dat
VU Phan Linh
PHAM Dao Duc An
Written by CHU Long Hai

I. INPUT DATA
- River cross section: 03
- Design specification: 22TCN 272 – 05
- Design live load: HL – 93
- Pedestrian load: 3 kN/m2
- Carriageway width: 10m
- Pedestrian path width: 2.25m
- Navigational clearance level: III
According to Table 2.3.3.1-1 (Table 1) – Clearances over Navigable Waterways
in Specifications 22TCN 272 – 05, we have:
 Horizontal clearance: 50m
 Vertical clearance: 7m
Table 1. Clearances over Navigable Waterways in 22TCN 272 – 05
Minimum Clearance above 20 Year High Water

Level (m)
Class of
Waterway Horizontal Vertical
(over full
Across River Across Canal width)
I 80 50 10
II 60 40 9
III 50 30 7
6 (desirable)
IV 40 25
5 (minimum)
V 25 20 3.5
VI 15 10 2.5

II. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES

1. Alternative 1: Prestressed Continuous Bridge in Balance Cantilever Method
1.1. Bridge Structure
- The structure includes the 3-spans cantilever bridge (1 main span + 2 side
spans).
- The profile is lies on a vertical curve with the radius R of 5000m.
- Connecting with the circular curve is the longitudinal gradient id = 4%
- The cross-fall is in = 2%
Figure 1. Bridge Structure in Method Construction of Balance Cantilever Method

1.2. Length of Main Span L
- Length of main span depends on vessel’s span, and full length of the bridge
(corresponding to the maximum water level).
- Usually, the length of main span is in the range of 73m and 150m.
→ Choose length of main span L = 100m.
1.3. Length of Side Spans L1
- According to the experience formula, length of one side span is:
L1 = (0.6 ÷ 0.7)L = (0.6 ÷ 0.7)100 = 60 ÷ 70 (m)
→ Choose length of one side span L1 = 70m.
- With the condition of BCC (Balance Cantilever Construction), we have:
L+K
L1 = + l0
2
With K = Length of closing segment = 2

l0 = Length of segment constructed on form traveler (m)
→ l0 = 19m
1.4. Height of Box Girder

- Height of box girder changes in linear function or parabola. Usually, the bottom
face of girder is in 2nd curve. Height of girder:
 At top of pier:
H=(1/20÷1/16)L=5÷6.25(m)
→ Choose height of box girder at bearing H = 5.2m.
 At middle span:
H=(1/60÷1/40)L=1.67÷2.5(m)
→ Choose height of box girder at middle span h = 2.2m.
1.5. Width of Bridge B
- Width of bridge B is the total width of the carriageway width, the pedestrian
path with, and the parapet width.
B = 10 + 2.25 x 2 + 0.5 x 2 + 0.25 x 2 = 16.0m.
5
1
Figure 2. Detailed Cross Section of Box Girder in Free Cantilever Method

2. Explanation the selection of bridge alternative

- Advantages:
 The main advantage of a cantilever bridge is that support is required only
on one side of each cantilever.
 Simple columns can be used as support structures.
 Such bridges do not require formwork (temporary, supporting structure
duringconstruction), except for the pier.
 The span of these bridges can be longer than conventional beams, since the
beams can be attached at the ends of the cantilevers.
 Suspended truss bridges (assembled sections) can be easily lifted and
attached betweentwo cantilever spans.
 These bridges can tolerate the effects of thermal expansion and ground
movement better than others.
- Disadvantages:
 Cantilever bridges maintain their stability by a balance between compressive
and tensile forces, which requires a heavy structure. This ultimately drives
up the cost, due to more material used in construction.
 Truss bridges are attached between two cantilevers in larger bridges to
reduce their weight. Since they are heavier, cantilevers need larger and
stronger support columns than other bridges, and are not suited to
earthquake-prone areas, or areas with low-rock stability.
 Such bridges are not suited to areas with extreme weather conditions,
because of the lack of multiple supports.
- Application:
 This method can be applied appropriately for the construction of continuous
bridge bridges, bridge bridges or bridge bridges with reinforced concrete
beams.
 For bridge girder can build the span from 70-240m, if the bridge is hard
beams can cross the span from 200-350m.
- Principle for selection of bridge alternative
 Satisfy the requirement of the clearance navigation
 Minimize the number of piers on the river

 Consider the bridge plan between the application of new technology and
taking the advantages of used construction equipment in Vietnam
 Ensure the possibility of construction method
 Have high economic efficiency
 Choose 3 continuous spans bridge constructed by balanced cantilever
method.
III. DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONTINUOUS BRIDGE

1. Introduction
1.1. Background
- Prestressed concrete are often chosen by developer and consultant for
developing high rise building, offshore structure, water tanks and bridges
compared to steel reinforced concrete. This is because prestressed concrete
has many advantages over steel reinforced concrete. Basic function of bridges
structure is to connect the two lands separated by rivers, valleys, and road but
nowadays bridges has become a landmark to an area. In order to preserve the
aesthetical value of the landmark, longer span is needed thus it will reduce the
number of bridge support.
- The balanced cantilever method of bridge construction used for bridges with
few spans ranging from 50 to 250m. The bridge can be either cast-in-place or
precast. The basic concept of balanced cantilever construction method is to
attach the segments in an alternate manner at opposite ends of cantilevers
supported by piers. Thus, this method is easily adaptable to irregular and long
span lengths, congested project sites, rough and water terrain, rail crossings,
and environmentally sensitive areas.
1.2. General Arrangement of Structure
- General layout of bridge structure: (75 + 120 + 75) m.
- The bridge structure is symmetric with the 3-continuous prestressed spans
constructed in Balanced Cantilever Method (in the observation along the river).
- The bridge has 2 abutments, and 4 piers.
2. Superstructure
2.1. Main Span
- 3-continuous spans of (75 + 120 + 75) m have box cross-section with the
changes in height along the bridge.
 Height of box girder at the top of pier = H = 6.5m
 Height of box girder at the middle span = h = 2.5m
- Elevation of the bottom of girder changes in the parabolic rule to ensure the
bridge aesthetic and the load capacity requirements.
2.2. Materials for superstructure
- Concrete
 Compressive strength = f c' = 40 MPa
 Unit weight = γc = 25 kN/m3
 Elastic modulus = E= 0.043γ1.5

c fc' = 33994.48 MPa
-Prestressed steel
 Prestressed steel of VSL Corp. according to ASTM A416M – Grade 270
 Nominal diameter of a prestressed strand = Dstr = 15.2 mm
 Nominal area of a prestressed strand = Astr = 140 mm2
 Tensile strength = fpu = 1860 MPa
 Yield strength = fpy = 0.9fpu = 1674 MPa (For low relaxation steel)
 Relaxation level after 1000 hours at 200C = 2.5%
- Anchor: EC-5-31, EC-5-22, and EC-5-12.
- Reinforced steel:
 Type: deformed bars according to ASTM 706M
 Yield strength = fy = 420 MPa
 Elastic modulus = Es = 200000 MPa
2.3. Factor for calculation
- Load factor
 Factor according to Dead Load I (DC) = γDC = 1.25
 Factor according to Dead Load II (DW) = γDW = 1.50
 Factor according to Live Load = γLL = 1.75
- Dynamic factor
 Dynamic factor for load of design truck = (1 + IM) = 1.25
- Lane factor
 For 2 lanes, lane factor = m = 1
3. Substructure
3.1. Pier Structure
- Using solid pier made of cast-in-situ reinforced concrete.
- Using cast-in-situ drilled shaft pile foundation, from 1.0 to 1.5 (m) in diameter.
3.2. Abutment Structure
- U – shaped abutment, made of reinforced concrete.
- Using drilled-shaft pile foundation, 300 x 300 (mm) in dimension.

3.3. Materials for substructure
- Concrete
 Compressive strength = f c' = 30 MPa
 Unit weight = γc = 25 kN/m3
 Elastic modulus = E= 0.043γ1.5

c fc' = 294400.09 MPa
- Reinforced steel:
 Type: deformed bars according to ASTM 706M
 Yield strength = fy = 420 MPa
 Elastic modulus = Es = 200000 MPa
4. Cross-section
- Width of top slab of box girder = t0 = 16.0m
4.1. Top Slab
- Thickness of top slab
 At the middle: h b =  ÷  t 0  1
1 1 1 
=  ÷ 1650 = 41.25 ÷ 66 (cm)  25 cm
 40 25   40 25 
→ Choose thickness of top slab at the middle = hb = 450 mm
 At the web: h c =  ÷  t 0 1 1
1 1
=  ÷ 1600 = 106.67 ÷ 133.33 (cm)
 15 12   15 12 
→ Choose thickness of top slab at the web = hc = 1150 mm
- Thickness of overhang of top slab = tc = 250 mm
4.2. Bottom Slab
- Thickness of bottom slab
 At pier: hd = thickness of bottom slab ≥ 500 mm, choose hd0 = 800 mm
 At middle span: hd = thickness of bottom slab ≥ 250 mm, choose hdm =
300 mm
- Width of bottom slab
 At pier: bd0 = 5900 mm
 At middle span: bdm = 7470 mm
4.3. Box Wall
- With K = the number of segments in each side ≥ 7, we usually use the inclined
wall of box with slope in range of 1/7 ÷ 1/10.
- Thickness of box wall is usually in range of 350 ÷ 700 (mm), choose w = 550
mm.
5. Segment Arrangement
- The segments of bridge are arranged depending on the capacity of form
traveler.
- By the balanced cantilever condition, we have:
 Length of closure for both side spans and main span are similar.
 Kc = Length of closure, in the range of 1.5 ÷ 2.0 (m) = 2m
 l0 = Length of segment constructed on form traveler = 12m
 K0 = Segment at pier = 12m
 6short segments from K1 to K6, and the length of each segment is 2.5m.
 6medium segments from K7 to K12, and the length of each segment is 3.0m.
 5 medium segments from K13 to K17, and the length of each segment is
4.0m.
2m
Segment arragement
14m 5x4m 6x3m 6x2.5m 12m 6x2.5m 6x3m 5x4m 1m
hl 1
hl 2
k 16
k 15
k 14
k 13
k 12
k 12
k 11
k 10
k 10
k 11
k 12
k 13
k 14
k 15
k 16
k 17
k 17
k9
k8
k7
k6
k5
k4
k3
k2
k1
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
k7
k8
k9
k0
s 10'
s 11'
s 12'
s 13'
s 14'
s 15'
s 16'
s 17'
s 18'
s 19'
s 19
s 18
s 17
s 16
s 15
s 14
s 13
s 12
s 11
s 10
s 1'
s 2'
s 3'
s 4'
s 5'
s 6'
s 7'
s 8'
s 9'
s1
s9
s8
s7
S6
s5
s4
s3
s2
s1
s0
Figure 3. Segment arrangement of Balanced Cantilever Bridge

6. Curve Equation for Changing Elevation
6.1. The Equation of Girder Bottom in Elevation
- Assume the changes of girder bottom in elevation are in the parabolic rule, with
the form of: y2 = ax2 + bx + c
 From the relationship between length of main span and the height of box
girder, we get 3 points: A (-58.5; 0), B (0;4.0), and C (58.5;0)
 Substitute the coordinates of point A and B in the equation of girder bottom
in elevation, and by solving 2 equations with 2 unknowns, we got:
a = -16/13689
b=0
c = 4.0
→ The equation of girder bottom in elevation: y2 = (-16/13689)x2
+ 4 (m)
6.2. The Equation of Girder Bottom in Thickness
- Assume the changes of girder bottom in elevation are in the parabolic rule, with
the form of: y3 = ax2 + bx + c
 From the relationship between length of main span and the height of box
girder, we get 3 points: A (-58.5; 0.8), B (0; 0.3), and C (58.5;0.8)
 Substitute the coordinates of point A and B in the equation of girder bottom
in elevation, and by solving 2 equations with 2 unknowns, we got:
a= 2/13689
b=0
c = 0.3
→ The equation of girder bottom in elevation: y3 = (2/13689)x2 +
0.3 (m)
6.3. The Equation of Slab of Main Girder in Elevation
- Slab of main girder is designed with the curve of 5000m in radius. So, the
elevation of slab of main girder is determined by the following formula:
2
 L - Ltr 
y1 = R - x - (R - H) -  g
2 2 2

 2 
 R = Radius of the curve = 5000000 mm
 H = Height of box girder at the pier = 6500 mm
 Lg = Length of main span = 120000 mm
 Ltr = Thickness of the pier = 3000 mm
 x = The location of cross-section (mm)
6.4. The Equation of Girder Bottom in Width
- The width of girder bottom changes in the first-order function, and follows the
formula:
Bx = B + (H - Hx )tanα
 H = Height of box girder at the pier = 6500 mm
 Hx = Height of box girder at an arbitrary cross-section = y1 – y2(mm)
 B = Width of bottom slab at the pier = 5900 mm
 Bx = Width of bottom slab at an arbitrary cross-section (mm)
 x = The location of cross-section (mm)
 α = Inclined angle of box web with tanα = 0.1803
6.5. Basic Dimensions of Cross-sections
Table 2. Basic dimensions of concrete box girder section
Cross-
x(m) y1(m) y2(m) y3(m) HX(m) Bx(m)
section
K0 0.00 0.00 1.00 6.50 6.50 5.900

K0' 4.50 0.77 1.67 6.68 5.91 6.023
K1 7.00 1.18 2.02 6.78 5.60 6.091
K2 9.50 1.57 2.36 6.88 5.31 6.159
K3 12.00 1.95 2.69 6.98 5.03 6.228
K4 14.50 2.32 3.01 7.08 4.76 6.296
K5 17.00 2.67 3.32 7.18 4.51 6.364
K6 19.50 3.00 3.61 7.28 4.28 6.432
K7 22.50 3.39 3.95 7.40 4.01 6.514
K8 25.50 3.75 4.27 7.52 3.77 6.596
K9 28.50 4.09 4.57 7.64 3.55 6.678
K10 31.50 4.41 4.86 7.76 3.35 6.760

K11 34.50 4.71 5.12 7.88 3.17 6.842
K12 37.50 4.98 5.37 8.00 3.02 6.924
K13 41.50 5.32 5.68 8.16 2.84 7.033
K14 45.50 5.62 5.96 8.32 2.70 7.142
K15 49.50 5.89 6.20 8.48 2.59 7.252
K16 53.50 6.11 6.42 8.64 2.53 7.361
K17 57.50 6.30 6.60 8.80 2.50 7.470
KHL 59.50 6.38 6.68 8.88 2.50 7.470
6.6. Geometric properties calculation

- Area of cross-section
1
f
2
 ( xi  xi 1 ).( yi  yi21 )
- Location of cross-section centroid

1
yc 
6f
 (x  x
i i 1 ).( yi2  yi . yi 1  yi21 )
- Static moment of cross-section according to x-axis

1
Sx  (x i  x i 12 ).(y i  y i . y i 1  y 2i  1)
6
- Inertial moment of cross-section according to neutral axis
Jth= Jx - y 2c . f
Table 3. Basic dimension of equivalent cross-section in T-section
Cross- Location
h (m) td (m) B (m) htf (m) btf (m) hbf (m) bbf (m) hw (m) tw (m)
section X
K0 0 6.500 1.000 5.900 0.457 15.100 1.186 5.900 4.857 1.431

K0' 4.5 5.898 0.896 6.023 0.457 15.100 1.081 6.023 4.360 1.402
K1 7 5.585 0.843 6.091 0.457 15.100 1.025 6.091 4.103 1.555
K2 9.5 5.287 0.791 6.159 0.457 15.100 0.969 6.159 3.861 1.544
K3 12 5.005 0.742 6.228 0.457 15.100 0.916 6.228 3.631 1.531
K4 14.5 4.737 0.696 6.296 0.457 15.100 0.867 6.296 3.413 1.515
K5 17 4.484 0.652 6.364 0.457 15.100 0.819 6.364 3.208 1.499
K6 19.5 4.247 0.611 6.432 0.457 15.100 0.775 6.432 3.014 1.479

K7 22.5 3.982 0.565 6.514 0.457 15.100 0.726 6.514 2.799 1.491
K8 25.5 3.739 0.523 6.596 0.457 15.100 0.681 6.596 2.601 1.461
K9 28.5 3.517 0.484 6.678 0.457 15.100 0.638 6.678 2.422 1.428
K10 31.5 3.318 0.449 6.760 0.457 15.100 0.601 6.760 2.260 1.390
K11 34.5 3.140 0.418 6.842 0.457 15.100 0.567 6.842 2.116 1.347
K12 37.5 2.984 0.390 6.924 0.457 15.100 0.526 6.924 2.000 1.331
K13 41.5 2.810 0.359 7.033 0.457 15.100 0.502 7.033 1.850 1.297
K14 45.5 2.674 0.335 7.142 0.457 15.100 0.475 7.142 1.742 1.217
K15 49.5 2.577 0.317 7.252 0.457 15.100 0.454 7.252 1.667 1.135
K16 53.5 2.519 0.305 7.361 0.457 15.100 0.438 7.361 1.624 1.059
K17 57.5 2.500 0.300 7.470 0.457 15.100 0.430 7.470 1.613 0.987
KHL 59.5 2.500 0.300 7.470 0.457 15.100 0.430 7.470 1.613 0.960
Table 4. Geometric properties of T-cross-section
Cross-
Location X A (m2) SX (m3) Ybb (m) Ytb (m) JTH (m4)
section
K0 0 20.852 72.573 3.480 3.020 126.851
K0' 4.5 19.531 62.611 3.206 2.693 98.634
K1 7 19.531 59.821 3.063 2.522 86.569
K2 9.5 18.836 55.112 2.926 2.362 74.990
K3 12 18.171 50.780 2.795 2.210 64.910
K4 14.5 17.534 46.805 2.669 2.068 56.165
K5 17 16.928 43.174 2.551 1.934 48.592
K6 19.5 16.352 39.860 2.438 1.809 42.065
K7 22.5 15.806 36.503 2.309 1.673 35.506
K8 25.5 15.194 33.293 2.191 1.548 29.996
K9 28.5 14.627 30.466 2.083 1.435 25.448

K10 31.5 14.107 27.987 1.984 1.334 21.726
K11 34.5 13.634 25.834 1.895 1.245 18.702
K12 37.5 13.211 24.048 1.820 1.164 16.193
K13 41.5 12.836 22.135 1.724 1.085 13.824
K14 45.5 12.416 20.545 1.655 1.019 12.053
K15 49.5 12.086 19.400 1.605 0.972 10.873
K16 53.5 11.850 18.674 1.576 0.944 10.199
K17 57.5 11.710 18.343 1.566 0.934 9.987
KHL 59.5 11.667 18.290 1.568 0.932 9.973
7. Equivalent cross-section in T-section

7.1. Determine the effective flange width be
- According to 4.6.2.6.2 of Specification 22TCN 272-05, requirements of the
effective flange width with precast concrete box girder is assumed that the
effective flange width is equal with the actual flange width if:
 b  0.1li
 b  3d0
With:
 d0 = Height of box girder = = 6500mm.
 li = Length of span.
- With bridge of continuous spans, li = 0.8l with final span; and li = 0.6l with
mid-span.
 With cross-section on girder, li = 0.8 x 75000 = 60000mm.
 b = The actual flange width (b1, b2, b3 in below figure).
- With section on girder, we have:

 b1 = 3500 mm
 b2 = 3490 mm
 b3 = 2950 mm
 Max(b1 ,b2 ,b3 )  3500mm < 3.d0 = 3.6500=19500mm.
 Max(b1 ,b2 ,b3 )  3500mm < 0.1li = 6000mm.
 The effective flange width = be = 15100mm.
- With section on girder, we have:
 b1 = 3500 mm
 b2 = 3490 mm
 b3 = 2950 mm
 Max(b1 ,b2 ,b3 )  3500mm < 3.d0 = 3.6500 = 19500mm.
 Max(b1 ,b2 ,b3 )  3500mm < 0.1li = 6000mm.
 The effective flange width = be = 15100mm.
7.2. Change cross-section to T-section
- Principle:
 Unchanged height of cross-section.
 Unchanged area of cross-section.
bs
ts
Dw
tw Hb
tb
bb
- Change to T-section (the nearest section with girder):

 Top flange width = bs= 15100mm.
 Height of top flange = ts= 457mm.
 Web width = tw = 1160mm; and Web height = Dw= 4858mm.
 Bottom flange width = bb = 5900mm.
 Height of bottom flange = tb = 1184mm.
- Change to T-section with mid-span section:
 Top flange width = bs = 15100mm.
 Height of top flange = ts = 457mm.
 Web width = tw = 965mm.
 Bottom flange width = bb = 7470mm.

 Height of bottom flange = tb = 429mm.
7.3. Diaphragm structure
- In the structure of main spans, diaphragm is placed on bearings for
concentrated load capacity. On the top of girder, thickness of diaphragm = d =
3.00m; and d= 1.00m when diaphragm on the top of side spans.
7.4. Structure of deck slab
- Deck slab of bridge is made by reinforced concrete with average thickness of
300mm.
- Calculated length of outside cantilever = Lh = 3.50m.
- Calculated length of inside cantilever = Lt = 3.489m.
7.5. Structure of wearing surface
- Wearing surface of bridge is structured with 3 layers:
 Fine asphalt concrete layer with thickness of 7cm.
 Coarse asphalt concrete layer with thickness of 5cm.
 Waterproofing layer Recon with thickness of 0.4cm.
8. Load Combination.
- Load combination according to Strength Limit State I (22TCN 272-05)
 Load combination according to Strength Limit State I of MOMENT
MU= (P..M DC1 + P M DC2 +P M DW +1.75MLL+IM)
 Load combination according to Strength Limit State I of SHEAR FORCE
VU= (P V DC1 + P V DC2 +P V DW +1.75VLL+IM)
- With:
 MU = Moment calculated according to Strength Limit State I
 VU = Shear force calculated according to Strength Limit State I
 γP = factor determined by table 3.4.1-2 in Specification 22TCN 272-05
 With DC1 and DC2: γ max P = 1.25 and γ Pmin = 0.9
 With DW: γ max
P = 1.5 and γ min
P = 0.65
  = 1 (for plastic and creep properties along importance in exploitation
stage)
 IM = 0.25% = Dynamic factor
9. Determine the Dead Load acting on main girder.
9.1. Dead Load I
- Self-weight of segments
 Self-weight of segments = QKi = γ c .VKi
Q Ki
 Factored Dead Load I = DCKi
tc
= (kN/m)
L Ki

Q Ki
 Calculated Dead Load I = DCKi
tt
=n tt1
L Ki
Table 5. Calculation of Dead Load I

Lengt Heigh F1 F2 FTB V P DCtc DCtt
Segmen x
h t (kN/m (kN/m
t (m) (m2) (m2) (m2) (m3) (kN)
(m) (m) ) )
- 43.3 43.3 43.3 129.9 3247.9
3.00 6.50
1.50 1 1 1 2 5 1045.4
K0 836.39
0.00 6.50 20.8 19.5 20.1 2271.5 8
4.50 90.86
4.50 5.91 5 3 9 4
19.5 19.5 19.5 1220.6
K1 7.00 2.50 5.60 48.83 488.27 610.34
3 3 3 8
19.5 18.8 19.1 1198.9
K2 9.50 2.50 5.31 47.96 479.59 599.49
3 4 8 7
12.0 18.8 18.1 18.5 1156.4
K3 2.50 5.03 46.26 462.59 578.23
0 4 7 0 6
14.5 18.1 17.5 17.8 1115.7
K4 2.50 4.76 44.63 446.31 557.89
0 7 3 5 8
17.0 17.5 16.9 17.2 1076.9
K5 2.50 4.51 43.08 430.78 538.47
0 3 3 3 4
19.5 16.9 16.3 16.6 1039.9
K6 2.50 4.28 41.60 415.99 519.99
0 3 5 4 8
22.5 16.3 15.8 16.0 1205.9
K7 3.00 4.01 48.24 401.98 502.47
0 5 1 8 3
25.5 15.8 15.1 15.5 1162.5
K8 3.00 3.77 46.50 387.50 484.38
0 1 9 0 0
28.5 15.1 14.6 14.9 1118.2
K9 3.00 3.55 44.73 372.75 465.94
0 9 3 1 6
31.5 14.6 14.1 14.3 1077.5
K10 3.00 3.35 43.10 359.17 448.96
0 3 1 7 0
34.5 14.1 13.6 13.8 1040.2
K11 3.00 3.17 41.61 346.76 433.45
0 1 3 7 9
37.5 13.6 13.2 13.4 1006.6
K12 3.00 3.02 40.27 335.56 419.45
0 3 1 2 9
K13 41.5 4.00 2.84 13.2 12.8 13.0 52.09 1302.3 325.59 406.98

0 1 4 2 5
45.5 12.8 12.4 12.6 1262.5
K14 4.00 2.70 50.50 315.65 394.56
0 4 2 3 9
49.5 12.4 12.0 12.2 1225.0
K15 4.00 2.59 49.00 306.27 382.84
0 2 9 5 9
53.5 12.0 11.8 11.9 1196.8
K16 4.00 2.53 47.87 299.21 374.01
0 9 5 7 3
57.5 11.8 11.7 11.7 1178.0
K17 4.00 2.50 47.12 294.50 368.13
0 5 1 8 2
58.5 11.7 11.6 11.6 1168.8
HL 4.00 2.50 46.75 292.21 365.27
0 1 7 9 5
Average value of Dead Load 399.85 499.81
9.2. Dead Load II

- Distributed Load of concrete railing
 Height of concrete railing = hlc = 0.60m.
 Width of concrete railing = blc = 0.50m.
 Distributed load of concrete railing (bottom)
= qclc = 2blchlcqc x 0.75 = 11.25 kN/m
 Distributed load of concrete railing (handrail) = qtvlc = 0.1 kN/m
 Distributed load of concrete railing = qlc = qclc + qtvlc = 11.35 kN/m
- Distributed load of wearing surface
Thickness
No. Layers γa (kN/m3) P (kN/m2)
(m)
1 Asphalt concrete layer 0.12 23 2.76
2 Waterproofing layer 0.04 15 0.06
Total 0.124 2.82
 Distributed load of wearing surface for carriage way

= qxe = P.Bxe = 39.762 kN/m
- Summarization of dead load acting on main girder
Load Symbol Value Unit

Factored dead load I DCtc 399.85 kN/m
Calculated dead load I DCtt 499.81 kN/m
Factored dead load II DWtc 51.11 kN/m

Distributed load of railing (without
qclc 11.25 kN/m
handrail)
Distribution load of railing (with handrail) qlc 0.10 kN/m
Distribution load of wearing surface qmc 39.76 kN/m
Calculated dead load II DWtt 76.67 kN/m
10. Determine the internal force

10.1. Principle for determination of internal force
- Working state of continuous-span bridge constructed according to balanced
cantilever method depends on method of superstructure construction
(procedure of closure and placing superstructure on main bearing).
- Each load acting on superstructure according to different calculation diagrams
and different times; thus, it is necessary to make calculation diagrams following
to each states and each times before determining internal forces and load
combinations.
10.2. Diagrams for determination of internal forces according to construction stages

- Stage 1: Construction stage
 Diagram 1a: Maximum construction of cantilever segment
 Diagram 1b: Construct the closure segment for side span
- Stage 2: Exploitation stage
 Diagram 2: Construct the closure segment for mid-span.
 Diagram 3: Unassembled construction of constructed load.
 Diagram 4: Construct the wearing surface and other facilities.
 Diagram 5: Diagram of live load in exploitation stage.
10.3. Construction stage
- Maximum construction of cantilever segment
 Calculation diagram: T-form

 Loads:
 Self-weight of segments (DC)
 Distributed construction load (TC)
 Load of form traveler and formwork (XD)
 Load of concrete of final segment (K17)
Load Symbol Value Unit

Self-weight of segments P kN
Weight of form Pxd 1200 kN
traveler Mxd 2400 kN.m
Weight of wet P17 1169.0 kN
concrete Mbt 2338.0 kN.m
Construction load qtc 36,24 kN/m
 Internal force
Table 6. Negative Moment at the top of pier during construction of balance cantilever
segments

M-of section at pier
Segments Length Level arm DCtc qtc Pxd (kN.m)
Ki Li (m) ai (m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN) Factored Calculated
Value Value
K0 6 3 649.333 36.24 1200 -19932.80 -24916.00
K1 2.5 1.25 479.600 36.24 1200 -28625.60 -35782.00
K2 2.5 1.25 462.400 36.24 1200 -43544.20 -54430.25
K3 2.5 1.25 446.400 36.24 1200 -61094.40 -76368.00
K4 2.5 1.25 430.800 36.24 1200 -81079.00 -101348.75
K5 2.5 1.25 416.000 36.24 1200 -103346.50 -129183.13
K6 2.5 1.25 402.000 36.24 1200 -127750.40 -159688.00
K7 3 1.5 387.667 36.24 1200 -158698.90 -198373.63
K8 3 1.5 372.667 36.24 1200 -193321.40 -241651.75
K9 3 1.5 359.333 36.24 1200 -230322.70 -287903.38
K10 3 1.5 346.667 36.24 1200 -269757.30 -337196.63
K11 3 1.5 335.667 36.24 1200 -311523.70 -389404.63
K12 3 1.5 325.600 36.24 1200 -355485.80 -444357.25
K13 4 2 315.750 36.24 1200 -414937.30 -518671.63
K14 4 2 306.250 36.24 1200 -480775.00 -600968.75
K15 4 2 299.250 36.24 1200 -550744.30 -688430.38
K16 4 2 294.500 36.24 1200 -625065.30 -781331.63
K17 4 2 292.250 36.24 1200 -704177.50 -880221.88
 With:
 Li (m) = Length of segment Ki
 ai(m) = lever arm calculated from centroid of segment Ki to section
atpier top
 tc
DCKi (kN/m) = Factored Distribution Dead Load of segment Ki
 tc
Q Ki (kN/m) = Distributed Construction Load
 Pxd (kN) = Load of form traveler and formwork

 Maximum negative moment at the top of pier during construction of balance
cantilever according to Strength Limit State = M1a_CD

 880221.9 (kN.m)
- Maximum internal forces of sections appear at the same time in the
construction stage of final segment 17; thus, this internal forces are used to
calculate and arrange prestressed steel for each sections during the
construction of balanced cantilever.
Table 7. Maximum moment at the final section of each segments during construction of
balance cantilever segments
M- at the final section of each
Length of Locatio segments (kN.m)
Cross- DCtc Qtc Pxd
segmentL n
section (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) Factored Calculated
i (m) Xi (m)
Value Value
S0-S0’ 6 0 649.333 36.24 1200 -704177.49 -880221.86
S1-S1’ 2.5 6 479.600 36.24 1200 -666293.25 -832866.56
S2-S2’ 2.5 8.5 462.400 36.24 1200 -561950.44 -702438.05
S3-S3’ 2.5 11 446.400 36.24 1200 -508615.53 -635769.41
S4-S4’ 2.5 13.5 430.800 36.24 1200 -458451.03 -573063.79
S5-S5’ 2.5 16 416.000 36.24 1200 -411352.95 -514191.19
S6-S6’ 2.5 18.5 402.000 36.24 1200 -367221.88 -459027.35
S7-S7’ 3 21 387.667 36.24 1200 -325963.06 -407453.83
S8-S8’ 3 24 372.667 36.24 1200 -287486.50 -359358.13
S9-S9’ 3 27 359.333 36.24 1200 -244867.73 -306084.66
S10-S10’ 3 30 346.667 36.24 1200 -205995.41 -257494.26
S11-S11’ 3 33 335.667 36.24 1200 -170742.01 -213427.51
S12-S12’ 3 36 325.600 36.24 1200 -138990.57 -173738.21
S13-S13’ 4 39 315.750 36.24 1200 -110634.83 -138293.54
S14-S14’ 4 43 306.250 36.24 1200 -85579.50 -106974.38
S15-S15’ 4 47 299.250 36.24 1200 -57163.13 -71453.91
S16-S16’ 4 51 294.500 36.24 1200 -34298.92 -42873.65
S17-S17’ 4 55 292.250 36.24 1200 -16855.28 -21069.10
S18-S18’ 0 59 0.000 0 0 0.00 0.00

- Purpose of calculation internal forces at section (i-1) during construction of

segment Kiis preliminary calculation the number of prestressed strands for
section (i-1) to ensure the load bearing capacity of section when constructing
segment Ki.
Table 8. Moment at the section (i-1) during construction of segment Ki
Length M- at section (i-1)

Construction
Cross- of DCtc qtc (kN.m)
state of Pxd (kN)
section segment (kN/m) (kN/m) Factored Calculated
segment Ki
Li (m) Value Value
K0 0 6 649.333 36.24 1200 -19932.80 -24916
K1 0 2.5 479.600 36.24 1200 -28625.60 -35782
K2 1 2.5 462.400 36.24 1200 -11337.92 -14172.4
K3 2 2.5 446.400 36.24 1200 11135.2 13919
K4 3 2.5 430.800 36.24 1200 -10938.5 -13673.125
K5 4 2.5 416.000 36.24 1200 -10751.5 -13439.375
K6 5 2.5 402.000 36.24 1200 10574.5 13218.125
K7 6 3 387.667 36.24 1200 -11414.3 -14267.875
K8 7 3 372.667 36.24 1200 -12926.3 -16157.875
K9 8 3 359.333 36.24 1200 -12680.8 -15851
K10 9 3 346.667 36.24 1200 -12449.6 -15562
K11 10 3 335.667 36.24 1200 -12246.2 -15307.75
K12 11 3 325.600 36.24 1200 -12060.8 -15076
K13 12 4 315.750 36.24 1200 -13936.2 -17420.25
K14 13 4 306.250 36.24 1200 -17351.1 -21688.875
K15 14 4 299.250 36.24 1200 -17111.1 -21388.875

K16 15 4 294.500 36.24 1200 -16943.7 -21179.625
K17 16 4 292.250 36.24 1200 -16855.3 -21069.125
- Construction of the closure segment of side span

 Calculation diagram: T-form
qtc
1 1
2PHL 2 P PXD
XD Mxd
 Loads:
 Distribution construction load (TC)
 Load of form traveler and formwork (XD)
 ½ Load of concrete of closure segment
 Internal force
 Maximum negative moment at the top of pier during construction of balance

cantilever according to Strength Limit State = M1b_CD

 890538.1 (kN.m) .
- Maximum internal force during construction stage
= M1_CD
 
 max(M1a_CD 
;M1b_CD 
) = M1b_CD  890538.1 (kN.m)
10.4. Exploitation stage
- Internal forces of girder sections in exploitation stage is plus effectively from
diagram 2, 3, 4, 5 to determine the final internal force in this stage.
- Diagram 2: Construction the closure segment of mid-span.

 Calculation diagram for construction stage of closure segment

1/2PXD 1/2PXD
qtc 1/2PHL 1/2PHL
qbt
 Loads:
 Distribution construction load (TC)
 ½ Load of (form traveler and formwork) (XD)
 ½ Load of closure segment
 Moment diagram in construction stage of clousure segment
 Shear force diagram in construction stage of clousure segment
 Cross-section for calculation in construction stage of closure segment

s 20 s 19 S18 s 17 s 16 s 15 s 14 s 13 S12 s 11 S10 S9 s8 S7 S6 s 5 S4 S3 S2 S1 S0 S1' S2' S3' S4' s 5' S6' S7' s 8' S9' S10' s 11' S12' s 13' s 14' s 15' s 16' s 17' S18'
dg h l k 17 k 16 k 15 k 14 k 13 k 12 k 11 k 10 k 9 k 8 k 8 k 9 k 10 k 11 k 12 k 13 k 14 k 15 k 16 k 17 h l
k7 k6 k5 k4 k5 k6 k7
k3 k2 k1 k1 k2 k3 k4
k0
Table 9. Internal forces of cross-section along Side-span in construction stage of closure

segment
Length of Shear force Vi (kN) Moment Mi (kN.m)
Cross- Location
segmentLi Factored Calculated Factored Calculated
section xi (m)
(m) value value value value
S20 0 0 -3896.23 -4870.288 0.00 0.00
S19 7 7 -1716.89 -2146.113 18046.06 22557.575
S18 9 16 1234.37 1542.963 20217.41 25271.7625
S17 4 20 2548.18 3185.225 12653.74 15817.175
S16 4 24 3871.08 4838.85 -180.27 -225.3375
S15 4 28 5212.64 6515.8 -18340.64 -22925.8
S14 4 32 6582.18 8227.725 -41921.58 -52401.975
S13 4 36 7988.83 9986.038 -71054.69 -88818.3625
S12 3 39 9073.14 11341.43 -96647.57 -120809.463
S11 3 42 10187.09 12733.86 -125540.9 -156926.063
S10 3 45 11334.16 14167.7 -157829.9 -197287.313
S9 3 48 12517.88 15647.35 -193620.8 -242025.988
S8 3 51 13741.69 17177.11 -233030.7 -291288.338
S7 3 54 15008.96 18761.2 -276187 -345233.713
S6 2.5 56.5 16100.25 20125.31 -315111.5 -393889.363
S5 2.5 59 17226.15 21532.69 -356818.3 -446022.838
S4 2.5 61.5 18388.26 22985.33 -401397.3 -501746.625
S3 2.5 64 19588.37 24485.46 -448943.3 -561179.175
S2 2.5 66.5 20828.28 26035.35 -499555.8 -624444.738
S1 2.5 69 22109.72 27637.15 -553338.7 -691673.325
0 6 75 26274.51 32843.14 -696640.8 -870801.013

Table 10. Internal forces of cross-section along Mid-span in construction stage of closure
segment

Cross- Location
section xi (m)
S0' 0 0 26274.510 32843.138 -696640.810 -870801.013
S1' 6 6 -21759.910 -27199.888 -555394.670 -694243.338
S2' 2.5 8.5 -20481.300 -25601.625 -502468.470 -628085.588
S3' 2.5 11 -19241.880 -24052.350 -452712.690 -565890.863
S4' 2.5 13.5 -18042.210 -22552.763 -406023.320 -507529.150
S5' 2.5 16 -16880.530 -21100.663 -362300.960 -452876.200
S6' 2.5 18.5 -15755.020 -19693.775 -321450.850 -401813.563
S7' 2.5 21 -14663.840 -18329.800 -283383.000 -354228.750
S8' 3 24 -13396.780 -16745.975 -241254.700 -301568.375
S9' 3 27 -12173.400 -15216.750 -202872.830 -253591.038
S10' 3 30 -10990.060 -13737.575 -168109.890 -210137.363
S11' 3 33 -9843.310 -12304.138 -136848.890 -171061.113
S12' 3 36 -8729.630 -10912.038 -108983.620 -136229.525
S13' 3 39 -7645.450 -9556.813 -84418.740 -105523.425
S14' 4 43 -6238.990 -7798.738 -56656.310 -70820.388
S15' 4 47 -4869.680 -6087.100 -34446.040 -43057.550
S16' 4 51 -3528.280 -4410.350 -17656.340 -22070.425
S17' 4 55 -2205.470 -2756.838 -6193.000 -7741.250
S18' 4 59 -891.700 -1114.625 0.000 0.000
- Diagram 3: Unassembled construction of constructed load.

 Calculation diagram for Unassembled construction of constructed load
1/2PXD 1/2PXD
qtc
 Loads:
 Upward side of Distributed construction load
 Upward side of Load of (form traveler and formwork)
 Moment diagram in Unassembled construction of constructed load
 Shear force diagram in Unassembled construction of constructed load
Table 11. Internal forces of cross-section along Side-span in

Unassembled construction of constructed load

Cross- Location
segmentLi
section xi (m) Factored Calculated Factored Calculated
S20 0 0 -18.12 -22.65 0.00 0.00
S19 7 7 126.976 158.72 -1586.408 -1983.01
S18 9 16 -199.184 -248.98 -1261.496 -1576.87
S17 4 20 -344.144 -430.18 -174.856 -218.57
S16 4 24 -489.088 -611.36 1491.632 1864.54
S15 4 28 -634.024 -792.53 3737.952 4672.44
S14 4 32 -778.92 -973.65 6564.12 8205.15
S13 4 36 -923.784 -1154.73 9970.12 12462.65
S12 3 39 -1032.368 -1290.46 12905.144 16131.43
S11 3 42 -1140.936 -1426.17 16166.328 20207.91
S10 3 45 -1249.448 -1561.81 19753.672 24692.09
S9 3 48 -1357.904 -1697.38 23667.176 29583.97
S8 3 51 -1466.304 -1832.88 27906.832 34883.54
S7 3 54 -1574.632 -1968.29 32472.656 40590.82
S6 2.5 56.5 -1664.816 -2081.02 36526.664 45658.33
S5 2.5 59 -1754.968 -2193.71 40807.16 51008.95
S4 2.5 61.5 -1845.064 -2306.33 45314.168 56642.71
S3 2.5 64 -1935.088 -2418.86 50047.664 62559.58
S2 2.5 66.5 -2025.048 -2531.31 55007.672 68759.59
S1 2.5 69 -2114.944 -2643.68 60194.168 75242.71
0 6 75 -2337.344 -2921.68 73565.896 91957.37
 Cross-section for calculation in Unassembled construction of constructed

load
k7 k6 k5 k4 k5 k6 k7
k3 k2 k1 k1 k2 k3 k4
k0
S19'
Table 12. Internal forces of cross-section along Mid-span in

Unassembled construction of constructed load

Cross- Location
segment Li Factored Calculated Factored Calculated
section xi (m)
S0’ 0 0 -2337.344 -2921.68 73565.896 91957.37
S1’ 6 6 2549.984 3187.48 57572.192 71965.24
S2’ 2.5 8.5 2460.528 3075.66 51293.192 64116.49
S3’ 2.5 11 2370.72 2963.4 45240.696 56550.87
S4’ 2.5 13.5 2280.84 2851.05 39414.704 49268.38
S5’ 2.5 16 2190.888 2738.61 33815.208 42269.01
S6’ 2.5 18.5 2100.864 2626.08 28442.216 35552.77
S7’ 2.5 21 2010.776 2513.47 23295.72 29119.65
S8’ 3 24 1902.56 2378.2 17418.904 21773.63
S9’ 3 27 1794.296 2242.87 11868.256 14835.32
S10’ 3 30 1685.952 2107.44 6643.76 8304.7
S11’ 3 33 1577.544 1971.93 1745.424 2181.78
S12’ 3 36 1469.072 1836.34 -2826.752 -3533.44
S13’ 3 39 1360.544 1700.68 -7072.76 -8840.95
S14’ 4 43 1215.752 1519.69 -12226.752 -15283.44

S15’ 4 47 1070.92 1338.65 -16800.904 -21001.13
S16’ 4 51 926.04 1157.55 -20795.216 -25994.02
S17’ 4 55 781.12 976.4 -24209.688 -30262.11
S18’ 4 59 636.176 795.22 -27044.32 -33805.4
S19’ 1 60 0 0 -27062.376 -33827.97
- Diagram 4: Construct the wearing surface and other facilities.

 Calculation diagram for Construction the wearing surface and other facilities
DW
 Loads:
 Dead Load II
 Moment diagram in Construction the wearing surface
 Shear force diagram in Construction the wearing surface
 Cross-section for calculation in Construction the wearing surface

k7 k6 k5 k4 k5 k6 k7
k3 k2 k1 k1 k2 k3 k4
k0
S19'
Table 13. Internal forces of cross-section along Side-span in Construction the wearing
surface

Cross- Location
section xi (m)
S20 0 0 -871.17 -1306.76 0.00 0.00
S19 7 7 -564.50 -846.75 4742.61 7113.92
S18 9 16 -104.49 -156.74 7753.09 11629.64
S17 4 20 99.95 149.93 7762.17 11643.26
S16 4 24 304.39 456.58 6953.46 10430.19
S15 4 28 508.79 763.18 5326.95 7990.43
S14 4 32 713.15 1069.72 2882.66 4323.99
S13 4 36 917.45 1376.18 -379.43 -569.14
S12 3 39 1070.63 1605.94 -3362.67 -5044.01
S11 3 42 1223.74 1835.61 -6805.92 -10208.88
S10 3 45 1376.79 2065.18 -10709.18 -16063.77
S9 3 48 1529.76 2294.64 -15072.45 -22608.67
S8 3 51 1682.64 2523.96 -19895.72 -29843.58
S7 3 54 1835.46 2753.19 -25179.01 -37768.51
S6 2.5 56.5 1962.71 2944.07 -29933.13 -44899.70
S5 2.5 59 2089.88 3134.82 -35006.71 -52510.07
S4 2.5 61.5 2216.97 3325.45 -40399.75 -60599.62
S3 2.5 64 2343.97 3515.95 -46112.23 -69168.34
S2 2.5 66.5 2470.87 3706.31 -52144.15 -78216.23
S1 2.5 69 2597.40 3896.10 -58495.53 -87743.30
0 6 75 -3066.65 -4599.97 -75042.21 -112563.31
Table 14. Internal forces of cross-section along Mid-span in Construction the wearing
surface

Cross- Location
section xi (m)
S0’ 0 0 -3066.647 -4599.970 -75042.207 -112563.310
S1’ 6 6 -2753.520 -4130.280 -57562.340 -86343.510
S2’ 2.5 8.5 -2626.687 -3940.030 -50822.120 -76233.180
S3’ 2.5 11 -2499.753 -3749.630 -44401.360 -66602.040
S4’ 2.5 13.5 -2372.727 -3559.090 -38300.047 -57450.070
S5’ 2.5 16 -2245.613 -3368.420 -32518.180 -48777.270
S6’ 2.5 18.5 -2118.420 -3177.630 -27055.767 -40583.650
S7’ 2.5 21 -1991.187 -2986.780 -21912.807 -32869.210
S8’ 3 24 -1838.360 -2757.540 -16162.927 -24244.390
S9’ 3 27 -1685.440 -2528.160 -10873.047 -16309.570
S10’ 3 30 -1532.433 -2298.650 -6043.180 -9064.770
S11’ 3 33 -1379.360 -2069.040 -1673.327 -2509.990
S12’ 3 36 -1226.220 -1839.330 2236.527 3354.790
S13’ 3 39 -1073.047 -1609.570 5686.367 8529.550
S14’ 4 43 -868.720 -1303.080 9570.587 14355.880
S15’ 4 47 -664.340 -996.510 12637.020 18955.530
S16’ 4 51 -459.927 -689.890 14885.653 22328.480
S17’ 4 55 -255.487 -383.230 16316.500 24474.750
S18’ 4 59 -51.040 -76.560 16929.553 25394.330
S19’ 1 60 0.000 0.000 16955.040 25432.560
- Diagram 5: Diagram of live load in exploitation stage.

 Loads: Live Load HL-93

 Load combination (due to Live Load)
 Load combination 1: Design truck + Lane load (HL-93K)
 Load combination 2: Design tandem + Lane load (HL-93M)
 Load combination 3: 90% of (2 design truck + lane load, with distance
between 2 design trucks of 15m and distance between 2 axles of 4.3m)
(HL-93S)
 Internal forces at sections due to Load combination 1
 Influence line of moment of mid-span section
 Diagram for arranging the Load combination 1 in the influence line of

mid-span section
Table 15. Internal forces of cross-section in Load Combination 1 due to Strength Limit State
I
At Mid-span At Side-span
Cross- Vi (kN) Mi (kN.m) Cross- Vi (kN) Mi (kN.m)
sectio sectio
Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
n n
-
-
S0' -4595.14 4339.22 105886.1 19816.4 S20 1156.20 0.00 0.00
3140.86
8

17435.5 -
S1' -4274.07 480.62 -83631.69 S19 1173.43 -7519.30 18300.24
7 2694.74
-
S2' -4146.84 484.92 -75197.14 16699.5 S18 1253.74 -17923.29 36050.32
2094.21
16094.2 -
S3' -4020.05 490.68 -67238.24 S17 1435.77 -22547.28 41278.47
4 1856.04
-
S4' -3893.68 497.99 -59755.09 16364 S16 1629.81 -27171.28 45088.86
1636.25
17984.4 -
S5' -3767.68 506.91 -52741.81 S15 1828.54 -31795.27 47475.50
4 1434.74
19633.6 -
S6' -3642.03 517.5 -46195.18 S14 2030.58 -36419.26 48510.96
5 1250.93
21302.8 -
S7' -3516.73 529.83 -41351.46 S13 2234.96 -41043.26 48278.95
4 1083.96
23320.5
S8' -3366.64 548.76 -36443.59 S12 -969.04 2389.33 -44511.25 47315.78
6
S9' -3216.91 607.3 -32024.91 25348 S11 -862.37 2544.70 -47979.25 45701.60
27375.4
S10' -3067.53 670.87 -28089.34 S10 -763.41 2700.84 -51447.24 43491.30
7
29402.8
S11' -2918.53 739.82 -24637.63 S9 -671.62 2857.83 -54915.24 40675.09
7
31438.3
S12' -2769.97 814.52 -21679.56 S8 -586.51 3015.76 -58383.24 37252.19
7
33507.2
S13' -2622.19 895.27 -19246.18 S7 -507.65 3174.74 -61983.36 33365.79
9
36863.9
S14' -2426.56 1012.81 -17368.44 S6 -446.36 3308.05 -65457.53 30151.42
9
40301.6
S15' -2233.54 1142.09 -16462.46 S5 -388.87 3442.28 -69373.91 26973.87
1
S16' -2044.39 1283.14 -15556.48 42832.8 S4 -334.99 3577.46 -73733.09 23835.83
44442.8
S17' -1860.65 1435.63 -14650.51 S3 -286.75 3713.65 -78548.63 20752.61
9
45120.8
S18' -1683.97 1598.74 -13744.53 S2 -278.05 3850.91 -83843.46 19513.66
1
45146.5
S19' -1641.11 1641.06 -13518.21 S1 -271.60 3989.30 -89647.61 19242.44
4
-
-
- - - - - 0 4339.22 105886.1 19816.40
4595.14
8

 Influence line of moment of mid-span section
Table 16. Internal forces of cross-section in Load Combination2 due to Strength Limit State
I
At Mid-span At Side-span
sectio sectio
Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
n n
-
S0' S20
-228.17 3818.98 -95878.18 16993.6 2707.95 1021.77 0.00 0.00
S1' -3760.45 412.73 -75661.75 15021.2 S19 -2290.8 1039.1 -6646.12 15674.65
-
S2' S18
-3642.21 417.01 -68036.21 14455.3 1777.38 1166.52 -15841.09 31139.37
S3' -3524.36 422.75 -60860.97 14049.7 S17 -1574.6 1312.13 -19927.74 35789.82
-
S4' S16
-3407.31 430.05 -54135.41 15169.8 1387.91 1465.28 -24014.4 39154.71
-
S5' S15
-3291.05 438.95 -47849.77 16350 1217.21 1624.7 -28101.04 41301.08
-
S6' S14
-3175.59 449.53 -42001.3 17580.5 1062.05 1789.37 -32187.69 42294.74
S7' -3060.9 461.84 -37435.49 18852.3 S13 -921.64 1958.58 -36274.35 42193.62
S8' -2924.27 498.35 -32731.81 20423.2 S12 -825.51 2088.19 -39339.33 41432.02
S9' -2788.86 546.11 -28517.33 22032.3 S11 -736.75 2219.94 -42404.33 40101.09
S10' -2654.64 598.36 -24785.97 23673.7 S10 -654.9 2353.77 -45469.31 38223.54
S11' -2521.66 655.38 -21538.46 25346.9 S9 -579.52 2489.66 -48534.3 35805.35
S12' -2390.01 717.47 -18784.59 27060.1 S8 -510.19 2627.61 -51599.29 32850.1
S13' -2259.8 784.89 -16555.41 28842 S7 -446.51 2767.63 -54796.4 29496.6
S14' -2088.85 883.47 -14949.94 31872.1 S6 -397.51 2885.86 -57934.74 26773.83
S15' -1921.57 992.22 -14316.24 35046.4 S5 -352.02 3005.6 -61515.29 24131.12
S16' -1758.76 1111.23 -13682.53 37385.1 S4 -309.86 3126.82 -65538.61 21569.74
S17' -1601.51 1240.21 -13048.82 38877.8 S3 -270.86 3249.54 -70018.33 19104.28
S18' -1450.98 1378.54 -12415.11 39515.4 S2 -240.31 3373.77 -74977.32 17012.89
S19' -1414.53 1414.47 -12256.8 39537.6 S1 -233.89 3499.52 -80445.63 16646.94
- - - - - 0 -228.17 3818.98 -95878.18 16993.56

mid-span section

 For determining the maximum moment at the top of pier.
 Influence line of moment at the top of pier

moment at the top of pier

Table 17. Internal forces of cross-section in Load Combination 3 due to Strength Limit State
I
At the top of pier
Cross-section Vi (kN) Mi (kN.m)
Min Max Min Max
0-0 left -121157.5 24373.4
0-0 right -121157.5 24373.4
10.5. Summarization internal forces

- Construction stage
Table 18. Maximum internal forces in construction stage due to Strength Limit State I
M- at the final section of
Length of Locatio DCtc qtc Pxd
Cross- each segments (kN.m)
segment Li n (kN/m (kN/m (kN/m
section Factored Calculated
(m) Xi (m) ) ) )
value value
S0-S0’ 6 0 649.333 36.24 1200 -704177.49 -880221.86
S1-S1’ 2.5 6 479.600 36.24 1200 -666293.25 -832866.56
S2-S2’ 2.5 8.5 462.400 36.24 1200 -561950.44 -702438.05
S3-S3’ 2.5 11 446.400 36.24 1200 -508615.53 -635769.41
S4-S4’ 2.5 13.5 430.800 36.24 1200 -458451.03 -573063.79
S5-S5’ 2.5 16 416.000 36.24 1200 -411352.95 -514191.19
S6-S6’ 2.5 18.5 402.000 36.24 1200 -367221.88 -459027.35
S7-S7’ 3 21 387.667 36.24 1200 -325963.06 -407453.83

S8-S8’ 3 24 372.667 36.24 1200 -287486.50 -359358.13
S9-S9’ 3 27 359.333 36.24 1200 -244867.73 -306084.66
S10-S10’ 3 30 346.667 36.24 1200 -205995.41 -257494.26
S11-S11’ 3 33 335.667 36.24 1200 -170742.01 -213427.51
S12-S12’ 3 36 325.600 36.24 1200 -138990.57 -173738.21
S13-S13’ 4 39 315.750 36.24 1200 -110634.83 -138293.54
S14-S14’ 4 43 306.250 36.24 1200 -85579.50 -106974.38
S15-S15’ 4 47 299.250 36.24 1200 -57163.13 -71453.91
S16-S16’ 4 51 294.500 36.24 1200 -34298.92 -42873.65
S17-S17’ 4 55 292.250 36.24 1200 -16855.28 -21069.10
S18-S18’ 0 59 0.000 0 0 0.00 0.00
- Exploitation stage
 In exploitation stage, 3 load combination, included both dead load and live
load, is established to determine the envelope of internal forces in this
stage.
 Load combination 1: γ DC .DC+γ DW .DW+γ HL .HL93K
 Load combination 2: γ DC .DC+γ DW .DW+γ HL .HL93M
 Load combination 3: γ DC .DC+γ DW .DW+γ HL .HL93S
 Envelope of moment in exploitation stage
Table 19. Maximum internal forces in exploitation stage due to Strength Limit State I
At mid-span At side-span
section Min Max Min Max section Min Max Min Max
-
S0’ 18244.73 23350.07 -686793.46 S20 -9340.56 -5177.93 0.00 0.00
758623.51
S1’ -24405.77 -21688.81 - -545421.64 S19 -5528.88 -1795.04 20169.19 45988.73

603174.36
-
S2’ -23017.08 -20370.36 -492454.83 S18 -956.97 2303.76 17401.24 71374.85
544967.19
-
S3’ -21668.08 -19090.52 -442676.65 S17 1048.94 4217.11 4694.59 68520.34
490295.21
-
S4’ -20359.06 -17849.53 -395557.81 S16 3047.82 6149.35 -15101.89 57158.25
439054.43
-
S5’ -19088.22 -16645.59 -350727.11 S15 5051.71 8111.15 -42058.20 37212.57
391142.11
-
S6’ -17853.74 -15476.86 -308845.17 S14 7072.87 10113.17 -76292.10 8638.12
346461.65
-
S7’ -16653.81 -14341.49 -269827.04 S13 9123.53 12166.07 -117968.11 -28645.90
305629.49
-
S8’ -15256.37 -13019.00 -226672.69 S12 10687.87 13745.10 -154233.29 -62406.26
260823.63
- -
S9’ -13902.78 -11717.52 -187393.05 S11 12280.93 15363.24 -194906.28
220177.57 101225.43
- -
S10’ -12589.42 -10453.19 -151866.18 S10 13907.66 17024.84 -240106.23
183560.36 145167.69
- -
S11’ -11312.86 -9222.37 -119975.15 S9 15572.99 18734.27 -289965.93
150855.44 194375.60
- -
S12’ -10069.62 -8021.34 -91609.06 S8 17281.68 20495.80 -344631.62
121962.17 248996.19
-
S13’ -8856.35 -6846.37 -96802.95 -66658.11 S7 19038.45 22313.73 -404394.76
309045.61
-
S14’ -7278.56 -5313.21 -69237.30 -38247.34 S6 20542.00 23874.22 -458588.26
362979.31
-
S15’ -5739.41 -3810.48 -48017.04 -15580.43 S5 22084.93 25479.40 -516897.87
420550.09
-
S16’ -4230.39 -2328.94 -32455.32 909.98 S4 23669.46 27131.27 -579436.63
481867.71
-
S17’ -2743.07 -859.48 -22457.91 11309.75 S3 25295.80 28832.09 -646336.57
547035.33
-
S18’ -1268.83 607.00 -17968.78 15668.55 S2 26932.30 30584.12 -717744.84
614387.72
-
S19’ -937.78 937.75 -17832.03 15690.69 S1 28617.97 32389.09 -793821.53
684931.48
-
- - - - - 0 20726.35 29140.47 -997293.13
871590.55

11. Calculate and Arrange prestressed steel for main girder

11.1. Mechanical properties of materials
- Concrete for main girder
 Compressive stress of concrete = fC = 45 MPa
 Tensile stress of concrete = fci' =0.5 fc'  3.354 MPa
 Compressive stress of concrete when application prestressed steel
= f ci' =0.9f c'  0.9x45=40.5 MPa
 Equivalent factor for stress form = 1 = 0.73.
- Prestressed steel
 Prestressed steel with torsional strands of 7 wires.
 Nominal area of gross section = 141 mm2
 Nominal diameter of strand =15.2 mm
 ASTM A416 Grade 270 (Low relaxation)
 Tensile stress = 1860 MPa
 Yield stress = 1667 MPa
 Elastic module = 197000 MPa
 Friction coefficient =  = 0.3
 Length of anchorage displacement =   0.005m
11.2. Calculate dimension of equivalent section for box cross-section

Table 20. Dimension of equivalent sections of box cross-section

Cross- hw
Location X h (m) td (m) b (m) htf (m) btf (m) hbf (m) bbf (m) tw (m)
section (m)
K0 0 6.500 1.000 5.900 0.457 15.100 1.186 5.900 4.857 1.431

K0' 4.5 5.898 0.896 6.023 0.457 15.100 1.081 6.023 4.360 1.402
K1 7 5.585 0.843 6.091 0.457 15.100 1.025 6.091 4.103 1.555
K2 9.5 5.287 0.791 6.159 0.457 15.100 0.969 6.159 3.861 1.544
K3 12 5.005 0.742 6.228 0.457 15.100 0.916 6.228 3.631 1.531
K4 14.5 4.737 0.696 6.296 0.457 15.100 0.867 6.296 3.413 1.515
K5 17 4.484 0.652 6.364 0.457 15.100 0.819 6.364 3.208 1.499
K6 19.5 4.247 0.611 6.432 0.457 15.100 0.775 6.432 3.014 1.479
K7 22.5 3.982 0.565 6.514 0.457 15.100 0.726 6.514 2.799 1.491
K8 25.5 3.739 0.523 6.596 0.457 15.100 0.681 6.596 2.601 1.461
K9 28.5 3.517 0.484 6.678 0.457 15.100 0.638 6.678 2.422 1.428
K10 31.5 3.318 0.449 6.760 0.457 15.100 0.601 6.760 2.260 1.390
K11 34.5 3.140 0.418 6.842 0.457 15.100 0.567 6.842 2.116 1.347
K12 37.5 2.984 0.390 6.924 0.457 15.100 0.526 6.924 2.000 1.331
K13 41.5 2.810 0.359 7.033 0.457 15.100 0.502 7.033 1.850 1.297
K14 45.5 2.674 0.335 7.142 0.457 15.100 0.475 7.142 1.742 1.217
K15 49.5 2.577 0.317 7.252 0.457 15.100 0.454 7.252 1.667 1.135
K16 53.5 2.519 0.305 7.361 0.457 15.100 0.438 7.361 1.624 1.059
K17 57.5 2.500 0.300 7.470 0.457 15.100 0.430 7.470 1.613 0.987
KHL 59.5 2.500 0.300 7.470 0.457 15.100 0.430 7.470 1.613 0.960

 Determine the effective width of compressive flange

Table 21. The effective width of compressive flange
Sections at side-span Sections at mid-span
Cross- Location b B betf bebf Cross- Location b B betf bebf
sectiont X (m) (m) (m) (m) section X (m) (m) (m) (m)
0 0 5.900 15.100 15.100 5.900 S0’ 0 5.900 15.100 15.100 5.900
S1 6 6.023 15.100 15.100 6.023 S1’ 6 6.023 15.100 15.100 6.023
S2 8.5 6.091 15.100 15.100 6.091 S2’ 8.5 6.091 15.100 15.100 6.091
S3 11 6.159 15.100 15.100 6.159 S3’ 11 6.159 15.100 15.100 6.159
S4 13.5 6.228 15.100 15.100 6.228 S4’ 13.5 6.228 15.100 15.100 6.228
S5 16 6.296 15.100 15.100 6.296 S5’ 16 6.296 15.100 15.100 6.296
S6 18.5 6.364 15.100 15.100 6.364 S6’ 18.5 6.364 15.100 15.100 6.364
S7 21 6.432 15.100 15.100 6.432 S7’ 21 6.432 15.100 15.100 6.432
S8 24 6.514 15.100 15.100 6.514 S8’ 24 6.514 15.100 15.100 6.514
S9 27 6.596 15.100 15.100 6.596 S9’ 27 6.596 15.100 15.100 6.596
S10 30 6.678 15.100 15.100 6.678 S10’ 30 6.678 15.100 15.100 6.678
S11 33 6.760 15.100 15.100 6.760 S11’ 33 6.760 15.100 15.100 6.760
S12 36 6.842 15.100 15.100 6.842 S12’ 36 6.842 15.100 15.100 6.842
S13 39 6.924 15.100 15.100 6.924 S13’ 39 6.924 15.100 15.100 6.924
S14 43 7.033 15.100 15.100 7.033 S14’ 43 7.033 15.100 15.100 7.033
S15 47 7.142 15.100 15.100 7.142 S15’ 47 7.142 15.100 15.100 7.142
S16 51 7.252 15.100 15.100 7.252 S16’ 51 7.252 15.100 15.100 7.252
S17 55 7.361 15.100 15.100 7.361 S17’ 55 7.361 15.100 15.100 7.361
S18 59 7.470 15.100 15.100 7.470 S18’ 59 7.470 15.100 15.100 7.470
S19 60 7.470 15.100 15.100 7.470 S19’ 60 7.470 15.100 15.100 7.470

11.3. Calculate and arrange prestressed and reinforced steel for mid-span section
- Determine geometric properties of cross-section
 Equivalent dimension from box section to T-section:
Table 22. Equivalent geometry of T-section of mid-span section
Dimension Symbol Value Unit
Width of top flange bt 15100 mm

Thickness of top flange tt 457 mm
Width of web tw 965 mm
Height of web Dw 1614 mm
Width of bottom flange bb 7470 mm
Thickness of bottom
tb 429 mm
flange
bt
tt
tw
DW
Hb
tb
bb
- Select the type of prestressed steel:

 Use the prestressed steel of low-relaxation type according to ASTM A 416M,
grade 270 with followed technical properties:
 Nominal diameter of prestressed strand = D = 15.2 mm.
 Area of 1 prestressed strand = As1 = 141 mm2.
 Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel = fpu = 1860 MPa.
 Yield strength of prestressing steel = fpy = 1674 MPa.
 Modulus of elasticity of prestressing tendons = Ep = 195000 MPa.
 Number of strands in 1 prestressed tendon = n = 19 strands.
- Determine the required number of prestressed tendons

 Preliminary determination of number of prestressed tendons at mid-span
section
 Determine the location of neutral axis (TTH) of section:
bt
Bª t«ng chÞu nÐn
As'
as'
Aps'
As'.fy
0.85.fc'.bt.a
a
a
c
c
tt
Aps'.fps
TTH TTH
dp
Hb
Dw
Mu
tw
Aps
Aps.fps
tb
As As.fy
as
atp
L
bb
 Initially, assume that neutral axis goes through the bottom fiber of top
flange; thus, height of compressive concrete area is equal with the
thickness of top flange (= c). Then, the nominal flexural resistance may
be taken as:
 t 
M n = As .f y .  d s -d p  - A ,y .f y .  d s' -d p  + 0,85.f c' .β1.t t .b t .  d p - t  (*)
 2
 Compare:
M tt  M n  Neutral axis goes through the top flange; thus, cross-section
for calculation is rectangular section.
M tt > M n  Neutral axis goes through the web; thus, cross-section for
calculation is T-section.
 Calculate the required number of prestressed tendons

 With rectangular cross-section:
As '.f y + 0.85f c' .b t .a - As .f y
Aps =
f ps
 With T cross-section:
As '.f y + 0.85β1.f c' .t t .(bt -t W ) + 0.85fc '.a.t w - As .f y
Aps =
f ps
 With:
β1 = stress block factor specified in Article 5.7.2.2 in 22TCN 272-05
fps = average stress in prestressing steel at nominal bending resistance
(MPa)
 c   f py 
f ps = f pu . 1 - k.
  with k = 2 x 1.04 - 
 dp   f pu 
Table 23. Select prestressing steel of mid-span section

Parameters Symbol Value Unit
Calculated moment Mtt 36751.1 KN.m
Stress block factor β1 0.73
Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
dp 2330 mm
prestressing tendons
Inertial moment of flange (according to *) Mc 404377.63 KN.m
Go through
Location of neutral axis TTH flange
Calculate the prestressing steel
Depth of the equivalent stress block a 37.79 mm
Depth of stress block c 51.87 mm
Limit for maximum reinforcement c/dp 0.022 < 0.42
Average stress in prestressing steel at nominal bending
resistance fps 1848.23 MPa
Area of prestressing steel (Aps)ct 8603.89 mm2
Number of strands in 1 prestressing tendon ntao 19.0 strands
Cross-section area of 1 prestressing tendon Aps1 2679 mm2
Number of required tendons nct 3.21 tendons
- Arrange the prestressing steel in the cross-section

 Choose the number of prestressing tendons:

 Number of prestressing tendons in mid-span section = n = 10 tendons.
 Area of prestressing steel = Aps = n.n tao .As1 = 10 x 19 x 141 = 26790 mm2 .
 Preliminary arrangement of prestressing steel in mid-span section
 dp = Hng – de= 2.50 – 0.17 = 2.330m

= Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of prestressing
tendons
 Hng = 2.50m = Height of box girder at mid-span section
 de = 0.17m = the corresponding effective depth from extreme
compression fiber to the centroid of the tensile force in the tensile
reinforcement
11.4. Calculate and arrange prestressed and reinforced steel for side-span section
Table 24. Equivalent geometry of T-section of side-span section

Thickness of bottom
tb 429 mm
flange

bs
ts
TTH
Hb
Dw
tw
bb


 Preliminary determination of number of prestressed tendons at side-span
section
bt
As'
as'
Aps'
As'.fy
0.85.fc'.bt.a
a
a
c
c
tt
Aps'.fps
TTH TTH
dp
Hb
Dw
Mu
tw
Aps
Aps.fps
tb
As As.fy
as
atp
L
bb

be taken as:
 
M n = As .f y .  d s -d p  - A,y .f y .  d s' -d p  + 0,85.f c' .β1.h tf .b tf .  d p - tf
h
 (*)
 2 
 Compare:
As '.f y + 0.85f c' .b tf .a - As .f y
Aps =
f ps
As '.f y + 0.85β1.f c' .h tf .(b tf -t W ) + 0.85fc '.a.t w - As .f y
Aps =
f ps
 With:
(MPa)
 c   f py 
f ps = f pu . 1 - k.
  with k = 2 x 1.04 - 
 dp   f pu 
Table 25. Select prestressing steel of side-span section

dp 2330 mm
Go through

Area of prestressing steel (Aps)ct 17302.17 mm2

 Number of prestressing tendons in side-span section = n = 10 tendons.
 Preliminary arrangement of prestressing steel in side-span section
 dp = Hng – de = 2.50 – 0.17 = 2.330m

= Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
 Hng = 2.50m = Height of box girder at side-span section
reinforcement
11.5. Calculate and arrange prestressed and reinforced steel for section at top of pier
Table 26. Equivalent geometry of T-section of section at top of pier


Thickness of bottom
tb 1184 mm
flange
bs
ts
tw
TTH
Dw
Hb
tb
bb

 Preliminary determination of number of prestressed tendons of section at
top of pier

bt
As'
as'
Aps'
As'.fy
0.85.fc'.bt.a
a
c
c
tt
Aps'.fps
TTH TTH
dp
Hb
Dw
Mu
tw
Aps
Aps.fps
tb
As As.fy
as
atp
L
bb
be taken as:
 
M n = As .f y .  d s -d p  - A ,y .f y .  d s' -d p  + 0,85.f c' .β1.t b .bb .  d p - b
t
 (*)
 2 
 Compare:
As '.f y + 0.85fc' .bb .a - As .f y
Aps =
f ps
As '.f y + 0.85β1.f c' .t b .(bb -t W ) + 0.85f c'.a.t w - As .f y
Aps =
f ps
 With:
(MPa)
 c   f py 
f ps = f pu . 1 - k.
  with k = 2 x 1.04 - 
 dp   f pu 

Table 27. Select prestressing steel of section at top of pier

dp 6256 mm
Go through
Area of prestressing steel (Aps)ct 110244 mm2

 Number of prestressing tendons of section at top of pier = n = 45
tendons.
 Preliminary arrangement of prestressing steel in section at top of pier

 dp = Hng – de= 6.50 – 0.2444 = 6.256m

= Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
 Hng = 6.50m = Height of box girder section at top of pier
reinforcement
11.6. Calculate and arrange prestressed and reinforced steel for negative moment
- The prestressed steel for resistance of negative moment is calculated for
construction stage and exploitation stage; thus, the required number of
prestressing steel arranging at each sections are chosen as followed:
 If the required number of prestressing steel in construction stage is more
than such in exploitation stage, this number is taken in construction stage to
arrange for construction period, and is disassembled with cables for
constructed purpose (remained cables to ensure bearing capacity) after
completing construction period.
 If the required number of prestressing steel in construction stage is less
than such in exploitation stage, this number is taken in exploitation stage to
arrange for both construction and exploitation period.
- Determine the necessary number of prestressed and reinforced steel at each
sections
 Dimension of equivalent section for box cross-section
 The required number of prestressing steel for negative moment

 Determine the location of neutral axis of cross-section:
Assume that firstly, the neutral axis goes through the bottom of top
thickness of top flange = c, and the nominal flexural resistance of cross-
section is calculated by the following formula:
 h 
M n = As .f y .  d s -d p  - A ,y .f y .  d s' -d p  + 0,85.f c' .β1.h bf .bbf .  d p - bf  (1)
 2 
 By making a comparison:
M tt  M n  The neutral axis goes through the top flange, and the cross-
section for calculation is rectangular.
M tt >Mn  The neutral axis goes through web, and the cross-section for
calculation is T-shape.
 Calculate the height of compressive area:
 With the rectangular cross-section, we have:
 a
M n = As .f y .  d s -d p  - A ,y .f y .  d s' -d p  + 0.85f c' .a.b ebf .  d p -  (2)
 2
Mn = M tt in (2) to solve the 2nd equation with a, and c = β1.a .
 With the T-shape cross-section, we have:

 a  h 
M n =As .f y .  d s -d p  -A ,y .f y .  d s' -d p  +0.85f c' .a.t w .  d p -  +0.85f c' .β1.h bf .  bebf -t w  .  d p - bf  (3)
 2  2 
Mn = M tt in (3) to solve the 2nd equation with a, and c = β1.a .
 Calculate the required number of prestressed and reinforced steel
 With the rectangular cross-section, we have:
As '.f y +0.85f c' .b tf .a-As .f y
A ps =
f ps
 With the T-shape cross-section, we have:
As '.f y +0.85β1.fc' .h tf .(btf -t W ).+0.85fc '.a.t w -As .f y
A ps =
f ps
β1 = equivalent factor to change height of stress area
 c 
f ps = average stress of prestressed steel = f ps = f pu . 1 - k. 
 dp
 
 f 
k = 2. 1.04 - py 
 f pu 

c = height of compressive area of section
d p = distance from centroid of prestressed area to outside compression
fiber
= hi – 150 (mm)
h i = height of section i (mm)
 Preliminary select the prestressed strands for negative moment
 Nominal diameter of prestressed strand = Dps = 15.2mm
 Area of cross-section of 1 strand = Aps1 = 141 mm2
 Number of strands in 1 tendon = ntao = 25 strands
 Area of cross-section of 1 cable = Abo = 3545 mm2
A ps
 The required number of cables in section = n ct =
A bo
Table 28. Calculation for arrangement of prestressed steel (PS) for negative moment
Calculated moment The required number PS
The PS
of prestressed cables numbers Area of
required numbers
Cross- arrangin prestresse
Constructio Exploitatio number of anchorin
section Constructio Exploitatio prestresse g in each g in d steel
n stage n stage each (PS)
n stage n stage d cables sections
sections
S0-S0' -880221.86 -997293.13 23.2 26.6 26.6 0 45 158625
S1-S1' -832866.56 -793821.53 24.6 23.3 24.6 3 42 148050
S2-S2' -702438.05 -717744.84 21.7 22.3 22.3 3 39 137475
S3-S3' -635769.41 -646336.57 20.8 21.2 21.2 3 36 126900
S4-S4' -573063.79 -579436.63 19.9 20.1 20.1 3 33 116325
S5-S5' -514191.19 -516897.87 18.8 19.0 19.0 3 30 105750
S6-S6' -459027.35 -458588.26 17.8 17.8 17.8 3 27 95175
S7-S7' -407453.83 -404394.76 16.7 16.5 16.7 3 24 84600
S8-S8' -359358.13 -344631.62 15.7 15.0 15.7 3 21 74025
S9-S9' -306084.66 -289965.93 14.2 13.4 14.2 3 18 63450

S10-
S10' -257494.26 -240106.23 12.7 11.8 12.7 2 16 56400
S11-
S11' -213427.51 -196026.95 11.1 10.1 11.1 2 14 49350
S12-
S12' -173738.21 -158087.74 9.5 8.6 9.5 2 12 42300
S13-
S13' -138293.54 -125081.01 7.9 7.1 7.9 2 10 35250
S14-
S14' -106974.38 -89116.39 6.5 5.3 6.5 2 8 28200
S15-
S15' -71453.91 -61565.61 4.5 3.8 4.5 2 6 21150
S16-
S16' -42873.65 -41292.45 2.8 2.7 2.8 2 4 14100
S17-
S17' -21069.10 -28179.12 1.4 1.8 1.8 2 2 7050
S18-
S18' 0.00 -22155.60 0.0 1.5 1.5 2 0 0
11.7. Calculate and arrange prestressed and reinforced steel for positive moment
- Prestressed steel for positive moment is calculated by internal force in
exploitation stage (getting from envelope of internal force in exploitation
stage).
- Determine the required number of prestressed steel in each sections:
Table 29. Calculation for arrangement of prestressed steel for positive moment
Cross- Calculated Required Prestressed Prestressed Area of
section momentMu number of steel steel numbers prestressed steel

(KN.m) prestressed numbers arranging in in each sections
steel anchoring in each sections
each
sections
S20 0.00 0.000 3 3 8037
S19 45988.73 3.978 0 10 26790
S18 71374.85 6.219 0 10 26790
S17 68520.34 5.915 0 10 26790
S16 57158.25 4.797 0 10 26790
S15 37212.57 2.985 2 8 21432
S14 8638.12 0.653 2 6 16074
S16' 17096.84 1.215 0 10 26790
S17' 30914.28 2.086 0 10 26790
S18' 36709.74 2.339 0 10 26790
S19' 36751.13 2.201 0 10 26790
- Calculate the geometry properties of each sections

 Geometry properties of each sections in construction stage
 Area of cross-section = AIg = A g - A ghen m2 
 Static moment of section through bottom of girder =
 
SI0 =S0 -A ghen .y ghen m3
 y ghen = distance from centroid of cladding pipe to axis of girder bottom
(m)
SI0
 Y = I = distance from neutral axis I-I to bottom fiber of girder bottom
I
bb
Ag
(m)
 YtbI =H-YbbI = distance from neutral axis I-I to top fiber of girder top (m)
I0I =I0 -Aghen .  yghen  = Static moment of section in construction stage with
2
 I
neutral axis (m4)

Table 30. Geometry properties of each section in construction stage

Number of
Number of
Cross- cladding
section pipes in top
cladding pipes
Agelt
(m2)
 
Agelb A I m 2
(m2) g S0I  m 3  YbbI  m 4  YtbI  m 4  I 0I  m 4 
in bottom fiber
fiber
S20 2 3 0.038 0.001 12.047 19.307 1.603 0.975 10.846
S19 2 10 0.025 0.001 11.824 18.614 1.574 0.945 10.181
S18 2 10 0.013 0.001 11.697 18.313 1.566 0.934 9.978
S17 4 10 0.025 0.001 11.824 18.614 1.574 0.945 10.181
S16 6 10 0.038 0.001 12.047 19.307 1.603 0.975 10.846
S15 8 8 0.051 0.001 12.364 20.416 1.651 1.023 12.013
S14 10 6 0.064 0 12.772 21.966 1.720 1.090 13.767
S13 12 4 0.076 0 13.134 23.831 1.814 1.169 16.113
S12 14 2 0.089 0 13.545 25.568 1.888 1.252 18.594
S11 16 0 0.102 0 14.005 27.665 1.975 1.342 21.581
S10 18 0 0.115 0 14.512 30.080 2.073 1.445 25.256
S9 21 0 0.134 0 15.060 32.814 2.179 1.560 29.731
S8 24 0 0.153 0 15.654 35.918 2.295 1.687 35.145
S7 27 0 0.172 0 16.180 39.156 2.420 1.827 41.582
S6 30 0 0.191 0 16.737 42.347 2.530 1.954 47.971
S5 33 0 0.210 0 17.324 45.842 2.646 2.091 55.374
S4 36 0 0.229 0 17.942 49.668 2.768 2.236 63.913
S3 39 0 0.248 0 18.588 53.837 2.896 2.391 73.743
S2 42 0 0.267 0 19.264 58.369 3.030 2.555 85.023
S1 45 0 0.286 0 19.245 60.966 3.168 2.730 96.728
S0 45 0 0.286 0 20.566 70.755 3.440 3.060 124.428
S0' 45 0 0.286 0 20.566 70.755 3.440 3.060 124.428
S1' 45 0 0.286 0 19.245 60.966 3.168 2.730 96.728
S2' 42 0 0.267 0 19.264 58.369 3.030 2.555 85.023
S3' 39 0 0.248 0 18.588 53.837 2.896 2.391 73.743
S4' 36 0 0.229 0 17.942 49.668 2.768 2.236 63.913
S5' 33 0 0.210 0 17.324 45.842 2.646 2.091 55.374
S6' 30 0 0.191 0 16.737 42.347 2.530 1.954 47.971
S7' 27 0 0.172 0 16.180 39.156 2.420 1.827 41.582
S8' 24 0 0.153 0 15.654 35.918 2.295 1.687 35.145
S9' 21 0 0.134 0 15.060 32.814 2.179 1.560 29.731
S10' 18 0 0.115 0 14.512 30.080 2.073 1.445 25.256

S11' 16 0 0.102 0 14.005 27.665 1.975 1.342 21.581
S12' 14 2 0.089 0 13.545 25.568 1.888 1.252 18.594
S13' 12 4 0.076 0 13.134 23.831 1.814 1.169 16.113
S14' 10 6 0.064 0 12.772 21.966 1.720 1.090 13.767
S15' 8 8 0.051 0.001 12.364 20.416 1.651 1.023 12.013
S16' 6 10 0.038 0.001 12.047 19.307 1.603 0.975 10.846
S17' 4 10 0.025 0.001 11.824 18.614 1.574 0.945 10.181
S18' 2 10 0.013 0.001 11.697 18.313 1.566 0.934 9.978
 Geometry properties of each sections in exploitation stage

 Area of cross-section = AgII = Ag + Aps .  n-1 (m2)
 Static moment of section through bottom of girder = S0II =S0 +  n-1 .Aps .yps
(m3)
 y ghen = distance from centroid of cladding pipe to axis of girder bottom
(m)
S0II
 YbbII = = distance from neutral axis II-II to top fiber of girder top (m)
A gII
I0II =I0 +  n-1 .A ps .  y ps  = Static moment of section in exploitation stage

2
 II
with neutral axis II-II (m4)

Table 31. Geometry properties of each section in exploitation stage

Cross-
Atps(m2) Abps(m2) A gII  m 2  S0II  m 3  YbbII  m 4  YtbII  m 4  I 0II  m 4 
section
S20 0.007 0.008 12.115 19.386 1.600 0.900 10.867
S19 0.007 0.027 11.975 18.706 1.562 0.938 10.239
S18 0.007 0.027 11.848 18.405 1.553 0.947 10.035
S17 0.014 0.027 12.007 18.781 1.564 0.955 10.244
S16 0.021 0.027 12.261 19.554 1.595 0.983 10.916
S15 0.028 0.021 12.586 20.748 1.649 1.026 12.082
S14 0.035 0.016 13.001 22.395 1.723 1.087 13.837
S13 0.042 0.011 13.371 24.374 1.823 1.161 16.186
S12 0.049 0.005 13.789 26.230 1.902 1.238 18.669
S11 0.056 0.000 14.257 28.462 1.996 1.321 21.658
S10 0.063 0.000 14.795 31.034 2.098 1.420 25.359
S9 0.074 0.000 15.390 34.000 2.209 1.530 29.871
S8 0.085 0.000 16.031 37.365 2.331 1.651 35.335
S7 0.095 0.000 16.605 40.897 2.463 1.784 41.836
S6 0.106 0.000 17.209 44.393 2.580 1.905 48.296
S5 0.116 0.000 17.844 48.224 2.703 2.034 55.787
S4 0.127 0.000 18.508 52.418 2.832 2.172 64.433
S3 0.137 0.000 19.202 56.989 2.968 2.320 74.391
S2 0.148 0.000 19.924 61.961 3.110 2.476 85.824
S1 0.159 0.000 19.953 65.036 3.260 2.639 97.710
S0 0.159 0.000 21.274 75.251 3.537 2.963 125.683
S0' 0.159 0.000 21.274 75.251 3.537 2.963 125.683
S1' 0.159 0.000 19.953 65.036 3.260 2.639 97.710
S2' 0.148 0.000 19.924 61.961 3.110 2.476 85.824
S3' 0.137 0.000 19.202 56.989 2.968 2.320 74.391
S4' 0.127 0.000 18.508 52.418 2.832 2.172 64.433

S5' 0.116 0.000 17.844 48.224 2.703 2.034 55.787
S6' 0.106 0.000 17.209 44.393 2.580 1.905 48.296
S7' 0.095 0.000 16.605 40.897 2.463 1.784 41.836
S8' 0.085 0.000 16.031 37.365 2.331 1.651 35.335
S9' 0.074 0.000 15.390 34.000 2.209 1.530 29.871
S10' 0.063 0.000 14.795 31.034 2.098 1.420 25.359
S11' 0.056 0.000 14.257 28.462 1.996 1.321 21.658
S12' 0.049 0.005 13.789 26.230 1.902 1.238 18.669
S13' 0.042 0.011 13.371 24.374 1.823 1.161 16.186
S14' 0.035 0.016 13.001 22.395 1.723 1.087 13.837
S15' 0.028 0.021 12.586 20.748 1.649 1.026 12.082
S16' 0.021 0.027 12.261 19.554 1.595 0.983 10.916
S17' 0.014 0.027 12.007 18.781 1.564 0.955 10.244
S18' 0.007 0.027 11.848 18.405 1.553 0.947 10.035
12. Checking according to Strength Limit State I

12.1. Checking the flexural resistance of sections for negative moment
- Checking sections according to Strength Limit State
 Assume that cross-section of girder is rectangular cross-section.
 Consider the equation of balance load along the longitudinal direction of
cross-section, we have:
Total compressive load in cross-section: Nc = 0.85fcβ1h tf btf + As .f y
' ' '

 Total tensile load in cross-section: N t = A ps .f ps + A s .f y

 By making a comparison:
 If Nc > N t , the neutral axis goes through top flange, and the cross-
section is rectangular.
 If Nc < N t , the neutral axis goes through girder web, and the cross-
section is T-shape.
 Determine the height of compressive area:
 If the cross-section is rectangular, c < h.b.f with:
A ps .f pu +A s .f y -A s' .f y
c=
f
0,85.f c' .β1.b tf +k.A ps . pu
dp
 a a a
M n = A ps f ps  d p -  +AS .f y .(dS - )-AS'.f y .(dS'- )
 2 2 2
 If the cross-section is T-shape, c > h.b.f with:

A ps .f pu +As .f y -A ,y .f y -0,85.f c' .β1.  b tf -t w  .h tf
c=
f
0,85.f c' .β1.t w +k.A ps . pu
dp
 a  a  a a h 
M n =A ps .f ps .  d p -  +As .f y .  d s -  -A ,y .f y .  d s' -  +0,85.f c' .β1.  b tf -t w  .h tf .  - tf 
 2  2  2 2 2 
 Determine the average stress of prestressed steel

 c   f py 
f ps = f pu . 1-k.  with k = 2.  1,04- 
 d p  f pu
  
 Checking formula:
With φ = 1.0 for structure of prestressed steel, Mr = φ.Mn  Mu
- Checking the flexural resistance of sections for negative moment in

construction stage
 Construction of segment K1
Cross- Mr/M Checkin

dp c a fps Mn Mr Mu
section u g
6.1 0.1 0.0 1758. 112641.7 112641.7 35631.
So-So' 3.16 Satisfied
0 2 9 7 1 1 8

Cross- Mr/M Checkin

dp c a fps Mn Mr Mu
setion u g
6.10 0.3 0.2 1758. 333062.0 333062.0 75935.0
So-So' 4.39 Satisfied
0 6 6 7 3 3 5
5.49 0.2 0.1 1757. 201221.2 201221.2 26967.7
S1-S1' 7.46 Satisfied
8 3 7 6 1 1 2
5.18 0.1 0.0 1757. 13896.5
S2-S2' 95562.48 95562.48 6.88 Satisfied
5 2 8 0 9
Cross-
dp c a fps Mn Mr Mu Mr/Mu Checking
section
So-So' 6.119 0.48 0.35 1759.1 442351.34 442351.34 100751 4.39 Satisfied
S1-S1' 5.523 0.35 0.26 1758.1 300924.74 300924.74 43098.13 6.98 Satisfied
S2-S2' 5.221 0.23 0.17 1757.7 190960.04 190960.04 26414.35 7.23 Satisfied
S3-S3' 4.950 0.11 0.08 1758.0 91249.29 91249.29 13652.6 6.68 Satisfied

Cross-
section
So-So' 6.129 0.60 0.44 1759.2 549885.20 549885.20 128419.8 4.28 Satisfied
S1-S1' 5.534 0.47 0.34 1758.3 398899.82 398899.82 62339.78 6.40 Satisfied
S2-S2' 5.231 0.35 0.25 1757.9 284660.17 284660.17 42151.03 6.75 Satisfied
S3-S3' 4.950 0.23 0.17 1758.0 180946.45 180946.45 25888.02 6.99 Satisfied
S4-S4' 4.667 0.11 0.08 1757.7 85986.50 85986.50 13420.77 6.41 Satisfied
Cross-
section
So-So' 6.136 0.72 0.52 1759.3 655739.89 655739.89 158769.5 4.13 Satisfied
S1-S1' 5.540 0.59 0.43 1758.4 495240.11 495240.11 84506.59 5.86 Satisfied
S2-S2' 5.235 0.46 0.34 1758.0 376765.03 376765.03 60914.64 6.19 Satisfied
S3-S3' 4.950 0.34 0.25 1758.0 269091.48 269091.48 41252.17 6.52 Satisfied
S4-S4' 4.667 0.23 0.17 1757.7 170438.13 170438.13 25389.17 6.71 Satisfied
S5-S5' 4.399 0.11 0.08 1757.4 81002.96 81002.96 13201.39 6.14 Satisfied

Cross-
section
So-So' 6.140 0.84 0.61 1759.4 759942.85 759942.85 100751 7.54 Satisfied
S1-S1' 5.544 0.70 0.51 1758.5 589971.13 589971.13 43098.13 13.69 Satisfied
S2-S2' 5.238 0.58 0.42 1758.1 467290.75 467290.75 26414.35 17.69 Satisfied
S3-S3' 4.950 0.46 0.33 1758.0 355684.36 355684.36 13652.6 26.05 Satisfied
S4-S4' 4.667 0.34 0.25 1757.7 253354.88 253354.88 13653.6 18.56 Satisfied
S5-S5' 4.399 0.22 0.16 1757.4 160487.99 160487.99 13654.6 11.75 Satisfied
S6-S6' 4.147 0.11 0.08 1757.1 76304.54 76304.54 13655.6 5.59 Satisfied
Cross-
section
So-So' 6.143 0.96 0.70 1759.5 862506.40 862506.40 240336.93 3.59 Satisfied
S1-S1' 5.546 0.82 0.60 1758.5 683102.72 683102.72 147502.65 4.63 Satisfied
S2-S2' 5.240 0.70 0.51 1758.1 556242.25 556242.25 116185.3 4.79 Satisfied
S3-S3' 4.950 0.57 0.42 1758.0 440725.12 440725.12 88804.89 4.96 Satisfied
S4-S4' 4.667 0.45 0.33 1757.7 334736.75 334736.75 65231.41 5.13 Satisfied
S5-S5' 4.399 0.34 0.25 1757.4 238455.09 238455.09 45340.59 5.26 Satisfied
S6-S6' 4.147 0.22 0.16 1757.1 151107.68 151107.68 29014 5.21 Satisfied
S7-S7' 4.097 0.11 0.08 1761.5 75571.70 75571.70 16139.14 4.68 Satisfied

Cross- Mr/M Checkin

dp c a fps Mn Mr Mu
section u g
6.19 1.0 1760. 971752.9 971752.9 286599.1 Satisfied
So-So' 0.78 3.39
3 8 3 6 6 1
5.60 0.9 1759. 783134.5 783134.5 184851.7 Satisfied
S1-S1' 0.68 4.24
3 4 5 6 6 5
5.30 0.8 1759. 652336.8 652336.8 149826.9 Satisfied
S2-S2' 0.59 4.35
4 1 3 5 5 6
5.02 0.6 1759. 533204.2 533204.2 118742.8 Satisfied
S3-S3' 0.50 4.49
6 9 6 9 9 3
4.75 0.5 1759. 423168.6 423168.6 Satisfied
S4-S4' 0.41 91469.35 4.63
5 7 6 1 1
4.50 0.4 1759. 323083.4 323083.4 Satisfied
S5-S5' 0.33 67882.27 4.76
4 5 8 8 8
4.27 0.3 1760. 232183.0 232183.0 Satisfied
S6-S6' 0.24 47863.15 4.85
9 3 3 8 8
4.09 0.2 1761. 149654.2 149654.2 Satisfied
S7-S7' 0.16 31299.48 4.78
7 2 5 5 5
3.83 0.1 1761. Satisfied
S8-S8' 0.08 70642.13 70642.13 15834.95 4.46
2 1 4

Cross- Mr/M Checkin

dp c a fps Mn Mr Mu
section u g
6.20 1.1 0.8 1760. 1040563.4 1040563.4 335765.2 Satisfied
So-So' 3.10
3 6 4 4 0 0 5
5.61 1.0 0.7 1759. 225406.2 Satisfied
S1-S1' 845711.82 845711.82 3.75
4 2 4 7 4
5.31 0.8 0.6 1759. 186797.4 Satisfied
S2-S2' 712161.70 712161.70 3.81
6 9 5 5 8
5.03 0.7 0.5 1759. 152131.8 Satisfied
S3-S3' 590449.64 590449.64 3.88
7 6 6 8 7
4.76 0.6 0.4 1759. Satisfied
S4-S4' 477996.60 477996.60 121279.4 3.94
6 4 7 9
4.51 0.5 0.3 1760. Satisfied
S5-S5' 375656.58 375656.58 94115.81 3.99
6 2 8 0
4.28 0.4 0.3 1760. Satisfied
S6-S6' 282668.12 282668.12 70522.66 4.01
9 1 0 5
4.09 0.2 0.2 1761. Satisfied
S7-S7' 198215.31 198215.31 50387.45 3.93
7 9 1 5
3.83 0.1 0.1 1761. Satisfied
S8-S8' 116920.03 116920.03 30640.35 3.82
2 8 3 4
3.58 0.0 0.0 1761. Satisfied
S9-S9' 44239.50 44239.50 15547.66 2.85
9 7 5 2
Cross- dp c a fps Mn Mr Mu Mr/M Checkin

section u g
6.21 1.2 0.9 1108651.7 1108651.7 387889.1 Satisfied
So-So' 1760.6 2.86
3 4 0 3 3 7
5.62 1.0 0.8 269145.7 Satisfied
S1-S1' 1759.9 907581.97 907581.97 3.37
3 9 0 8
5.32 0.9 0.7 227047.7 Satisfied
S2-S2' 1759.7 771287.50 771287.50 3.40
5 7 0 5
5.04 0.8 0.6 188895.3 Satisfied
S3-S3' 1760.0 647003.68 647003.68 3.43
7 4 1 6
4.77 0.7 0.5 Satisfied
S4-S4' 1760.1 532140.89 532140.89 154558.6 3.44
6 2 2
4.52 0.6 0.4 123913.1 Satisfied
S5-S5' 1760.2 427553.43 427553.43 3.45
4 0 4 9
S6-S6' 1760.7 332484.18 332484.18 96840.72 3.43
6 8 5
S7-S7' 1761.5 246114.53 246114.53 73228.67 3.36
7 7 7
S8-S8' 1761.4 162544.44 162544.44 49312.64 3.30
2 5 8
S9-S9' 1761.2 87833.66 87833.66 30054.6 2.92
9 4 0
S10-S10' 1761.3 41494.59 41494.59 15295.17 2.71
7 7 5
Cross- Mr/M Checkin

dp c a fps Mn Mr Mu
section u g
6.22 2.0 1.5 1120217.6 1120217.6 442770.2 Satisfied
So-So' 1760.7 2.53
1 6 0 5 5 2
5.63 1.9 1.3 315866.3 Satisfied
S1-S1' 1760.0 919652.36 919652.36 2.91
2 0 8 1
5.33 1.0 0.7 270372.2 Satisfied
S2-S2' 1759.9 829714.24 829714.24 3.07
4 4 6 9
5.05 0.9 0.6 228826.3 Satisfied
S3-S3' 1760.1 702866.43 702866.43 3.07
4 2 7 9

S4-S4' 1760.2 585601.48 585601.48 191098.6 3.06
3 9 8
4.53 0.6 0.4 157064.6 Satisfied
S5-S5' 1760.4 478774.04 478774.04 3.05
1 7 9 6
4.30 0.5 0.4 126606.1 Satisfied
S6-S6' 1760.8 381631.26 381631.26 3.01
1 5 0 3
S7-S7' 1761.5 293351.91 293351.91 99610.51 2.94
7 4 2
S8-S8' 1761.4 207515.36 207515.36 71637.48 2.90
2 3 4
S9-S9' 1761.2 130782.50 130782.50 48326.02 2.71
9 1 6
S10-S10' 1761.3 82351.76 82351.76 29516.74 2.79
7 4 0
S11-S11' 1761.3 39019.78 39019.78 15063.43 2.59
8 7 5
Cross- Mr/M Checkin

dp c a fps Mn Mr Mu
section u g
6.22 2.4 1.7 1760. 1158707.5 1158707.5 517029.0 Satisfied
So-So' 2.24
9 6 9 8 6 6 9
5.63 2.3 1.7 1760. 379808.9 Satisfied
S1-S1' 951323.87 951323.87 2.50
9 3 0 2 5
5.34 2.1 1.5 1760. 330020.7 Satisfied
S2-S2' 823059.49 823059.49 2.49
1 0 3 0 3
5.06 0.9 0.7 1760. 284183.1 Satisfied
S3-S3' 758037.87 758037.87 2.67
1 9 2 3 1
4.78 0.8 0.6 1760. 242166.0 Satisfied
S4-S4' 638378.38 638378.38 2.64
9 7 3 4 9
4.53 0.7 0.5 1760. Satisfied
S5-S5' 529318.39 529318.39 203845.4 2.60
7 5 4 5
4.30 0.6 0.4 1760. 169102.6 Satisfied
S6-S6' 430109.37 430109.37 2.54
5 3 6 9 1
S7-S7' 4.09 0.5 0.3 1761. 339927.45 339927.45 137825.2 2.47 Satisfied

7 1 7 5 2
3.83 0.4 0.2 1761. 104717.3 Satisfied
S8-S8' 251832.80 251832.80 2.40
2 0 9 4 3
3.58 0.2 0.2 1761. Satisfied
S9-S9' 173086.01 173086.01 76274.6 2.27
9 9 1 2
3.36 0.2 0.1 1761. Satisfied
S10-S10' 122571.52 122571.52 52337.63 2.34
7 1 5 3
3.16 0.1 0.1 1761. Satisfied
S11-S11' 77409.87 77409.87 32760.2 2.36
8 4 0 3
2.99 0.0 0.0 1761. Satisfied
S12-S12' 36815.17 36815.17 17407.73 2.11
0 7 5 2
Cross- Mr/M Checkin

dp c a fps Mn Mr Mu
section u g
6.23 2.8 2.0 1760. 1193682.1 1193682.1 599172.1 Satisfied
So-So' 1.99
5 5 8 9 3 3 1
5.64 2.7 2.0 1760. 451661.2 Satisfied
S1-S1' 979142.03 979142.03 2.17
5 6 1 3 3
5.34 2.5 1.8 1760. 397589.4 Satisfied
S2-S2' 849274.00 849274.00 2.14
7 6 6 1 3
5.06 2.1 1.5 1760. 347470.7 Satisfied
S3-S3' 743293.67 743293.67 2.14
6 6 8 4 1
4.79 0.9 0.6 1760. 301175.0 Satisfied
S4-S4' 690471.55 690471.55 2.29
5 4 9 5 8
4.54 0.8 0.6 1760. 258578.2 Satisfied
S5-S5' 579186.51 579186.51 2.24
2 2 0 6 6
4.30 0.7 0.5 1760. 219561.8 Satisfied
S6-S6' 477918.50 477918.50 2.18
8 0 1 9 3
4.09 0.5 0.4 1761. 184013.2 Satisfied
S7-S7' 385841.14 385841.14 2.10
7 9 3 5 8
3.83 0.4 0.3 1761. 145783.2 Satisfied
S8-S8' 295496.74 295496.74 2.03
2 7 4 4 8
3.58 0.3 0.2 1761. 112222.0 Satisfied
S9-S9' 214744.19 214744.19 1.91
9 6 6 2 2

3.36 0.2 0.2 1761. Satisfied
S10-S10' 162153.86 162153.86 83170.1 1.95
7 8 1 3
3.16 0.2 0.1 1761. Satisfied
S11-S11' 115170.27 115170.27 58481.3 1.97
8 1 5 3
2.99 0.1 0.1 1761. Satisfied
S12-S12' 73008.19 73008.19 38021.03 1.92
0 4 0 2
2.83 0.0 0.0 1763. Satisfied
S13-S13' 34921.57 34921.57 21666.59 1.61
4 7 5 3
Cross- Mr/M Checkin

dp c a fps Mn Mr Mu
section u g
6.24 3.2 2.3 1761. 1225148.6 1225148.6 686500.3 Satisfied
So-So' 1.78
1 4 6 0 0 0 7
5.65 3.1 2.3 1760. 1003115.6 1003115.6 528895.4 Satisfied
S1-S1' 1.90
1 9 2 4 5 5 8
5.35 3.0 2.1 1760. 470622.0 Satisfied
S2-S2' 871435.06 871435.06 1.85
2 1 9 2 6

5.07 2.6 1.9 1760. 416304.2 Satisfied
S3-S3' 764813.80 764813.80 1.84
1 4 3 5 2
4.79 2.2 1.6 1760. 365811.9 Satisfied
S4-S4' 668951.39 668951.39 1.83
9 1 1 6 4
4.54 0.9 0.6 1760. 319020.9 Satisfied
S5-S5' 628378.36 628378.36 1.97
5 0 5 7 7
4.31 0.7 0.5 1761. 275812.8 Satisfied
S6-S6' 525058.66 525058.66 1.90
1 8 7 0 6
4.09 0.6 0.4 1761. 236075.1 Satisfied
S7-S7' 431093.00 431093.00 1.83
7 6 8 5 2
3.83 0.5 0.3 1761. 192821.3 Satisfied
S8-S8' 338507.20 338507.20 1.76
2 4 9 4 8
3.58 0.4 0.3 1761. 154239.9 Satisfied
S9-S9' 255757.05 255757.05 1.66
9 3 1 2 5
3.36 0.3 0.2 1761. 120171.4 Satisfied
S10-S10' 201098.79 201098.79 1.67
7 5 6 3 4
3.16 0.2 0.2 1761. Satisfied
S11-S11' 152300.98 152300.98 90469.63 1.68
8 8 0 3
2.99 0.2 0.1 1761. Satisfied
S12-S12' 108579.06 108579.06 64999.93 1.67
0 1 5 2
2.83 0.1 0.1 1763. Satisfied
S13-S13' 69227.64 69227.64 43639.63 1.59
4 4 0 3
2.66 0.0 0.0 1761. Satisfied
S14-S14' 32730.92 32730.92 21366.64 1.53
0 7 5 7

Cross- Mr/M Checkin

dp c a fps Mn Mr Mu
section u g
6.24 3.6 2.6 1761. 1253114.2 1253114.2 779295.1 Satisfied
So-So' 1.61
6 3 5 1 4 4 9
5.65 3.6 2.6 1760. 1023253.5 1023253.5 611731.1 Satisfied
S1-S1' 1.67
6 2 3 5 8 8 9
5.35 3.4 2.5 1760. 549312.3 Satisfied
S2-S2' 889552.64 889552.64 1.62
7 6 2 3 7
5.07 3.1 2.2 1760. Satisfied
S3-S3' 782055.03 782055.03 490851.6 1.59
5 2 7 5
4.80 2.7 1.9 1760. 436218.8 Satisfied
S4-S4' 686029.45 686029.45 1.57
3 2 8 6 9
4.54 2.2 1.6 1760. 385289.9 Satisfied
S5-S5' 601542.47 601542.47 1.56
9 5 4 8 7
4.31 0.8 0.6 1761. Satisfied
S6-S6' 571529.83 571529.83 337946.4 1.69
3 5 2 1
4.09 0.7 0.5 1761. 294075.6 Satisfied
S7-S7' 475683.01 475683.01 1.62
7 3 3 5 8
3.83 0.6 0.4 1761. 245865.6 Satisfied
S8-S8' 380864.18 380864.18 1.55
2 1 5 4 4
3.58 0.5 0.3 1761. Satisfied
S9-S9' 296124.57 296124.57 202331.5 1.46
9 0 6 2
3.36 0.4 0.3 1761. 163313.8 Satisfied
S10-S10' 239406.30 239406.30 1.47
7 2 1 3 5
3.16 0.3 0.2 1761. 128666.4 Satisfied
S11-S11' 188801.99 188801.99 1.47
8 5 5 3 7
2.99 0.2 0.2 1761. Satisfied
S12-S12' 143527.77 143527.77 98254.8 1.46
0 8 0 2
2.83 0.2 0.1 1763. Satisfied
S13-S13' 102918.20 102918.20 71956.1 1.43
4 0 5 3
2.66 0.1 0.1 1761. Satisfied
S14-S14' 64856.44 64856.44 43104.14 1.50
0 3 0 7
2.52 0.0 0.0 1762. Satisfied
S15-S15' 31058.91 31058.91 21157.39 1.47
4 7 5 1

Cross- Mr/M Checkin

dp c a fps Mn Mr Mu
section u g
6.25 2.9 1277586.3 1277586.3 878196.7 Satisfied
So-So' 4.02 1761.2 1.45
1 3 6 6 7
5.66 2.9 1039564.6 1039564.6 700720.6 Satisfied
S1-S1' 4.04 1760.6 1.48
1 5 9 9 7
5.36 2.8 634176.0 Satisfied
S2-S2' 3.91 1760.4 903636.71 903636.71 1.42
1 5 3
5.07 2.6 571591.9 Satisfied
S3-S3' 3.60 1760.6 795028.67 795028.67 1.39
9 2 4
4.80 2.3 512838.3 Satisfied
S4-S4' 3.23 1760.7 698590.05 698590.05 1.36
6 5 8
4.55 2.0 Satisfied
S5-S5' 2.79 1760.8 614470.95 614470.95 457791.1 1.34
1 3
4.31 1.6 406331.6 Satisfied
S6-S6' 2.29 1761.1 540341.90 540341.90 1.33
4 7 5
4.09 0.5 358347.5 Satisfied
S7-S7' 0.80 1761.5 519611.17 519611.17 1.45
7 9 4
3.83 0.5 305204.7 Satisfied
S8-S8' 0.69 1761.4 422567.66 422567.66 1.38
2 0 2

3.58 0.4 256741.3 Satisfied
S9-S9' 0.57 1761.2 335846.77 335846.77 1.31
9 2 7
3.36 0.3 212798.0 Satisfied
S10-S10' 0.49 1761.3 277076.39 277076.39 1.30
7 6 8
3.16 0.3 173228.6 Satisfied
S11-S11' 0.42 1761.3 224673.31 224673.31 1.30
8 0 6
2.99 0.2 Satisfied
S12-S12' 0.34 1761.2 177854.34 177854.34 137898.5 1.29
0 5
2.83 0.2 106684.9 Satisfied
S13-S13' 0.27 1763.3 135993.25 135993.25 1.27
4 0 1
2.66 0.1 Satisfied
S14-S14' 0.20 1761.7 96376.56 96376.56 71285.32 1.35
0 5
2.52 0.1 Satisfied
S15-S15' 0.13 1762.1 61521.55 61521.55 42797.3 1.44
4 0
2.42 0.0 Satisfied
S16-S16' 0.06 1762.7 29872.01 29872.01 21050.01 1.42
7 5
 Closure side-span segment
Cross-
section
So-So' 6.256 4.41 3.22 1761.3 1298572.31 1298572.31 870801.01 1.49 Satisfied
S1-S1' 5.665 4.47 3.26 1760.6 1052057.89 1052057.89 694243.34 1.52 Satisfied
S2-S2' 5.365 4.36 3.18 1760.5 913697.25 913697.25 628085.59 1.45 Satisfied
S3-S3' 5.082 4.08 2.97 1760.7 803746.01 803746.01 565890.86 1.42 Satisfied
S4-S4' 4.809 3.73 2.72 1760.8 706645.92 706645.92 507529.15 1.39 Satisfied

S5-S5' 4.554 3.32 2.42 1760.9 622633.22 622633.22 452876.2 1.37 Satisfied
S6-S6' 4.316 2.85 2.08 1761.1 549355.72 549355.72 401813.57 1.37 Satisfied
S7-S7' 4.097 2.30 1.68 1761.5 485709.13 485709.13 354228.75 1.37 Satisfied
S8-S8' 3.832 0.76 0.55 1761.4 463617.65 463617.65 301568.37 1.54 Satisfied
S9-S9' 3.589 0.64 0.47 1761.2 374923.64 374923.64 253591.04 1.48 Satisfied
S10-S10' 3.367 0.56 0.41 1761.3 314109.07 314109.07 210137.36 1.49 Satisfied
S11-S11' 3.168 0.49 0.35 1761.3 259914.94 259914.94 171061.12 1.52 Satisfied
S12-S12' 2.990 0.41 0.30 1761.2 211558.75 211558.75 136229.52 1.55 Satisfied
S13-S13' 2.834 0.34 0.25 1763.3 168452.79 168452.79 105523.43 1.60 Satisfied
S14-S14' 2.660 0.27 0.19 1761.7 127291.28 127291.28 70820.38 1.80 Satisfied
S15-S15' 2.524 0.20 0.14 1762.1 91387.94 91387.94 43057.55 2.12 Satisfied
S16-S16' 2.427 0.13 0.09 1762.7 59156.53 59156.53 22070.42 2.68 Satisfied
S17-S17' 2.369 0.06 0.05 1763.7 29170.68 29170.68 7741.25 3.77 Satisfied
- Checking the flexural resistance of sections for negative moment in

construction stage
Cross-
section
So-So' 6.256 4.41 3.22 1761.26 1298572.31 997293.13 1298572.31 1.302 Satisfied
S1-S1' 5.665 4.47 3.26 1760.62 1052057.89 793821.53 1052057.89 1.325 Satisfied
S2-S2' 5.365 4.36 3.18 1760.47 913697.25 717744.84 913697.25 1.273 Satisfied
S3-S3' 5.082 4.08 2.97 1760.68 803746.01 646336.57 803746.01 1.244 Satisfied
S4-S4' 4.809 3.73 2.72 1760.77 706645.92 579436.63 706645.92 1.220 Satisfied
S5-S5' 4.554 3.32 2.42 1760.87 622633.22 516897.87 622633.22 1.205 Satisfied
S6-S6' 4.316 2.85 2.08 1761.13 549355.72 458588.26 549355.72 1.198 Satisfied
S7-S7' 4.097 2.30 1.68 1761.45 485709.13 404394.76 485709.13 1.201 Satisfied
S8-S8' 3.832 0.76 0.55 1761.37 463617.65 344631.62 463617.65 1.345 Satisfied
S9-S9' 3.589 0.64 0.47 1761.25 374923.64 289965.93 374923.64 1.293 Satisfied
S10-S10' 3.367 0.56 0.41 1761.25 314109.07 240106.23 314109.07 1.308 Satisfied
S11-S11' 3.168 0.49 0.35 1761.25 259914.94 196026.95 259914.94 1.326 Satisfied
S12-S12' 2.990 0.41 0.30 1761.25 211558.75 158087.74 211558.75 1.338 Satisfied
S13-S13' 2.834 0.34 0.25 1763.30 168452.79 125081.01 168452.79 1.347 Satisfied
S14-S14' 2.660 0.27 0.19 1761.70 127291.28 89116.39 127291.28 1.428 Satisfied
S15-S15' 2.524 0.20 0.14 1762.06 91387.94 61565.61 91387.94 1.484 Satisfied
S16-S16' 2.427 0.13 0.09 1762.70 59156.53 41292.45 59156.53 1.433 Satisfied
S17-S17' 2.369 0.06 0.05 1763.67 29170.68 28179.12 29170.68 1.035 Satisfied
12.2. Checking the flexural resistance of sections for positive moment
Cross-
section
S14 2.524 0.09 0.068 1858.41 97876.79 97876.79 8638.12 11.33 Satisfied
S15 2.382 0.12 0.091 1858.78 122500.98 122500.98 37212.57 3.29 Satisfied
S16 2.297 0.16 0.114 1858.93 146820.09 146820.09 57158.25 2.57 Satisfied
S17 2.278 0.16 0.114 1858.93 145551.66 145551.66 68520.34 2.12 Satisfied
S18 2.278 0.16 0.114 1858.93 145551.66 145551.66 71374.85 2.04 Satisfied
S16' 2.297 0.156 0.114 1858.93 146820.09 146820.09 17096.84 2.57 Satisfied
S17' 2.278 0.156 0.114 1858.93 145551.66 145551.66 30914.28 2.12 Satisfied
S18' 2.278 0.156 0.114 1858.93 145551.66 145551.66 36709.74 2.04 Satisfied
S19' 2.278 0.156 0.114 1858.93 145551.66 145551.66 36751.13 2.04 Satisfied
12.3. Checking the reinforcement limits

- Maximum reinforcement limit
 Content of prestressed and reinforced steel must be limited by:
 c = the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis
(mm)

 de = the corresponding effective depth from the extreme compression
fiber to the centroid of the tensile force in the tensile reinforcement
(mm)
c
  0.42 (5.7.3.3.1-1)
de
A PS .fPS dp  A ps
'
.fps' .dp'
 de  (5.7.3.3.1-2)
A PS .fPS  A ps
'
.fps'
 Reinforcement for negative moment
Cross-
de (mm) c (mm) c/de Checking
section
So-So' 6.256 4.413 0.705 Not Satisfied
S1-S1' 5.665 4.472 0.789 Not Satisfied
S2-S2' 5.365 4.364 0.813 Not Satisfied
S3-S3' 5.082 4.075 0.802 Not Satisfied
S4-S4' 4.809 3.731 0.776 Not Satisfied
S5-S5' 4.554 3.321 0.729 Not Satisfied
S6-S6' 4.316 2.851 0.660 Not Satisfied
S7-S7' 4.097 2.299 0.561 Not Satisfied
S8-S8' 3.832 0.758 0.198 Satisfied
S9-S9' 3.589 0.642 0.179 Satisfied
S10-S10' 3.367 0.564 0.167 Satisfied
S11-S11' 3.168 0.487 0.154 Satisfied
S12-S12' 2.990 0.413 0.138 Satisfied
S13-S13' 2.834 0.340 0.120 Satisfied
S14-S14' 2.660 0.268 0.101 Satisfied
S15-S15' 2.524 0.198 0.078 Satisfied
S16-S16' 2.427 0.130 0.053 Satisfied
S17-S17' 2.369 0.064 0.027 Satisfied
 Reinforcement for positive moment

Cross-section de (mm) c (mm) c/de Checking
S14 2.524 0.093 0.037 Satisfied
S15 2.382 0.125 0.052 Satisfied
S16 2.297 0.156 0.068 Satisfied
S17 2.278 0.156 0.068 Satisfied
S18 2.278 0.156 0.068 Satisfied
S16' 2.297 0.156 0.068 Satisfied
S17' 2.278 0.156 0.068 Satisfied
S18' 2.278 0.156 0.068 Satisfied
S19' 2.278 0.156 0.068 Satisfied
- Minimum reinforcement limit

 To ensure to development flexural resistance in calculation Mr.
 Take the minimum value in 2 following values:
 1.2 times thecracking strength MCR determined on the basis of elastic
stress distribution and the modulus of rupture, fr, of the concrete.
f r = 0.63 x 45 = 4.226 MPa
Mn ³ 1.2Mcr
Ig
M cr  fr
yt (5.7.3.6.2-2)
 1.33 times the factored moment required by the applicable strength
load combinations.
 Minimum reinforcement for negative moment

Cross- fr 1.2Mcr 1.33Mu

IgII (m4) YtbII (m) Mr (KN.m) Checking
section (KN/m2) (KN.m) (KN.m)
So-So' 125.683 3.537 4226.17 180192.44 1326399.87 1298572.31 Satisfied

S1-S1' 97.710 3.260 4226.17 152024.69 1055782.63 1052057.89 Satisfied
S2-S2' 85.824 3.110 4226.17 139959.88 954600.63 913697.25 Satisfied
S3-S3' 74.391 2.968 4226.17 127113.90 859627.63 803746.01 Satisfied
S4-S4' 64.433 2.832 4226.17 115375.21 770650.71 706645.92 Satisfied
S5-S5' 55.787 2.703 4226.17 104685.14 687474.16 622633.22 Satisfied
S6-S6' 48.296 2.580 4226.17 94946.80 609922.39 549355.72 Satisfied
S7-S7' 41.836 2.463 4226.17 86143.83 537845.03 485709.13 Satisfied
S8-S8' 35.335 2.331 4226.17 76884.97 458360.05 463617.65 Satisfied
S9-S9' 29.871 2.209 4226.17 68574.12 385654.68 374923.64 Satisfied
S10-S10' 25.359 2.098 4226.17 61312.53 319341.29 314109.07 Satisfied
S11-S11' 21.658 1.996 4226.17 55017.68 260715.85 259914.94 Satisfied
S12-S12' 18.669 1.902 4226.17 49771.68 210256.69 211558.75 Satisfied
S13-S13' 16.186 1.823 4226.17 45030.51 166357.74 168452.79 Satisfied
S14-S14' 13.837 1.723 4226.17 40739.78 118524.80 127291.28 Satisfied
S15-S15' 12.082 1.649 4226.17 37168.13 81882.26 91387.94 Satisfied
S16-S16' 10.916 1.595 4226.17 34714.28 54918.95 59156.53 Satisfied
S17-S17' 10.244 1.564 4226.17 33213.02 37478.23 43538.86 Satisfied
 Minimum reinforcement for positive moment
fr
Cross- IIIg YIItb 1.2Mcr 1.33*Mu Checkin
(kN/m2 Mr (kN.m)
section (m4) (m) (kN.m) (kN.m) g
)
13.83 Satisfied
S14
7 1.723 4226.17 40739.78 11488.71 97876.79
12.08 Satisfied
S15
2 1.649 4226.17 37168.13 49492.72 122500.98
10.91 Satisfied
S16
6 1.595 4226.17 34714.28 76020.48 146820.09
10.24 Satisfied
S17
4 1.564 4226.17 33213.02 91132.05 145551.66

10.24 Satisfied
S18
4 1.564 4226.17 33213.02 94928.55 145551.66
10.91 Satisfied
S16' 1.595
6 4226.17 34714.28 22738.79 146820.09
10.24 Satisfied
S17' 1.564
4 4226.17 33213.02 41115.99 145551.66
10.24 Satisfied
S18' 1.564
4 4226.17 33213.02 48823.95 145551.66
10.24 Satisfied
S19' 1.564
4 4226.17 33213.02 48879.00 145551.66
12.4. Calculate and check the shear resistance of main girder

- Checking formula:
Vu  .Vn (5.8.2.1-2)
With:
  = Factor of shear resistance = 0.9
 Vn = nominal shear resistance (N), shall be determined as the lesser of:
Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp(5.8.3.3-1) and Vn = 0.25 fc’.bv dv + Vp(5.8.3.3-2)
 Vc  0.083 f 'c b v dv (5.8.3.3-3) = the nominal shear resistance of the
concrete
A v fy dv  cot g  cot g  sin 
 Vs  (5.8.3.3-4)
s
 Vp = component of prestressing force in direction of the shear force,
positive if resisting the applied shear (N)
 bv = effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the
depth dv (mm)
 dv = effective shear depth (mm)
 s = spacing of stirrups (mm)
 β = factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit
tension
 θ = angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses (DEG)
 α= angle of inclination transverse reinforcement to longitudinal axis
(DEG)
 Av= area of shear reinforcement within a distance s (mm2)
- Shear resistance of the efficient prestressed components
 Determine bv and dv

 dv = effective shear depth taken as the distance, measured
perpendicular to the neutral axis, between the resultants of the tensile
and compressive forces due to flexure;
0.9d e
= max  (5.8.2.7) with a = 𝛃1.c = 0.73c
0.72h
 The effective width of shear resistance of cross-section = bv = 1600mm.
0.72h
Cross-section 0.9de (mm) dv (mm) bv (mm)
(mm)
So-So' 4680 5630 5630 1600
S1-S1' 4247 5099 5099 1600
S2-S2' 4021 4828 4828 1600
S3-S3' 3807 4574 4574 1600
S4-S4' 3603 4328 4328 1600
S5-S5' 3411 4098 4098 1600
S6-S6' 3229 3884 3884 1600
S7-S7' 3058 3687 3687 1600
S8-S8' 2867 3449 3449 1600
S9-S9' 2692 3230 3230 1600
S10-S10' 2533 3031 3031 1600
S11-S11' 2389 2851 2851 1600
S12-S12' 2261 2691 2691 1600
S13-S13' 2148 2551 2551 1600
S14-S14' 2023 2394 2394 1600
S15-S15' 1925 2272 2272 1600
S16-S16' 1856 2185 2185 1600
S17-S17' 1814 2132 2132 1600

 Determine v and v/ fc’:

 The shear stress on the concrete shall be determined as:
Vu - φVp
v=
φb v d v
 The strain in the reinforcement on the flexural tension side of the
member shall be determined as:
Mu
+ 0.5Vu cotgθ - A ps f po
dv
εx =  0.002
E s A s + E p A ps
 If the value of x, calculated from Equation 2, is negative, it shall be
multipled by the factor, Fε taken as:
E P A PS
Fε =
E c A c + E P A PS
φ = resistance factor for shear
Ac = area of concrete on the flexural tension side of the member (mm2)
Aps = area of prestressing steel on the flexural tension side of the
member, reduced for any lack of full development at the section under
investigation (mm2)

Nu = factored axial force taken positive if tensile (N)
Vu = factored shear force (N)
As = area of non-prestressed reinforcing steel on flexural tension side of
member, reduced for any lack of full development at the section under
investigation (mm2)
Mu = factored moment (N.mm)
fpo = stress in prestressing steel when the stress in the surrounding
concrete = 0.0 MPa
Cross-section dv (mm) bv (mm) Vu (kN) V (MPa) v/f'c

S19 1801 1100 8656 4.856 0.108
S18 2052 1100 5249 2.584 0.057
S17 2061 1100 2215 1.085 0.024
S16 2079 1100 3699 1.797 0.040
S15 2115 1100 5241 2.503 0.056
S14 2178 1100 6799 3.153 0.070
S13 2208 1100 8378 3.833 0.085
S12 2323 1100 9986 4.342 0.096
S11 2457 1100 11627 4.780 0.106
S10 2611 1100 13306 5.148 0.114
S9 2786 1100 15031 5.451 0.121
S8 2982 1100 16807 5.694 0.127
S7 3166 1100 18373 5.862 0.130
S6 3367 1100 19985 5.996 0.133
S5 3571 1100 21646 6.122 0.136
S4 3793 1100 23359 6.221 0.138
S3 4031 1100 25128 6.296 0.140
S2 4287 1100 26956 6.352 0.141

S1 4522 1100 28527 6.373 0.142
S0 4753 1100 30144 6.406 0.142
S0’ 5012 1100 31809 6.411 0.142
S1’ 5624 1100 38120 6.846 0.152
S2’ 5624 1100 37919 6.810 0.151
S3’ 5012 1100 31629 6.374 0.142
S4’ 4753 1100 29982 6.372 0.142
S5’ 4522 1100 28375 6.339 0.141
S6’ 4287 1100 26814 6.318 0.140
S7’ 4031 1100 24996 6.264 0.139
S8’ 3793 1100 23238 6.189 0.138
S9’ 3571 1100 21534 6.091 0.135
S10’ 3367 1100 19882 5.965 0.133
S11’ 3166 1100 18278 5.831 0.130
S12’ 2982 1100 16719 5.664 0.126
S13’ 2786 1100 14950 5.421 0.120
S14’ 2611 1100 13232 5.119 0.114
S15’ 2457 1100 11559 4.752 0.106
S16’ 2323 1100 9924 4.315 0.096
 Determine θ and β :
Cross- Mu Vu Aps dv fpo Ep

2
Fc ε x .103 v/f'c θ β
section (kN.m) (kN) (mm ) (mm) (MPa) (MPa)
S19 0 8656 24640 1801 1339.20 197000 0.037 -0.17070 0.108 22.57 5.04
S18 47227 5249 30800 2052 1339.20 197000 0.046 -0.09836 0.057 27 5.63
S17 71832 2215 36960 2061 1339.20 197000 0.054 -0.09291 0.024 27 5.63
S16 71622 3699 36960 2079 1339.20 197000 0.054 -0.08424 0.040 27 5.51
S15 65469 5241 36960 2115 1339.20 197000 0.053 -0.09675 0.056 27 5.63
S14 53428 6799 36960 2178 1339.20 197000 0.051 -0.12782 0.070 27 5.93
S13 54214 8378 30240 2208 1339.20 197000 0.023 -0.02787 0.085 25.57 4.46
S12 83634 9986 37800 2323 1339.20 197000 0.028 -0.01301 0.096 23.97 3.73
S11 118143 11627 45360 2457 1339.20 197000 0.034 0.07920 0.106 24.13 2.77
S10 157861 13306 52920 2611 1339.20 197000 0.039 0.25413 0.114 27.42 2.5
S9 202932 15031 60480 2786 1339.20 197000 0.043 0.42703 0.121 29.26 2.45
S8 253520 16807 68040 2982 1339.20 197000 0.048 0.58671 0.127 32.39 2.29
S7 301413 18373 75600 3166 1339.20 197000 0.052 0.55189 0.130 32.44 2.28

S6 353625 19985 83160 3367 1339.20 197000 0.056 0.56651 0.133 32.29 2.29
S5 410320 21646 90720 3571 1339.20 197000 0.060 0.57426 0.136 32.4 2.27
S4 472139 23359 98280 3793 1339.20 197000 0.063 0.57204 0.138 32.41 2.27
S3 539359 25128 105840 4031 1339.20 197000 0.067 0.56134 0.140 32.34 2.27
S2 612150 26956 113400 4287 1339.20 197000 0.070 0.54207 0.141 32.19 2.27
S1 677215 28527 120960 4522 1339.20 197000 0.073 0.45162 0.142 31.22 2.34
S0 746428 30144 128520 4753 1339.20 197000 0.076 0.41754 0.142 30.78 2.36
S0’ 819935 31809 136080 5012 1339.20 197000 0.078 0.35004 0.142 29.93 2.4
S1’ 1067278 38120 151200 5624 1339.20 197000 0.083 0.56936 0.152 32.58 2.21
S2’ 1067278 37919 151200 5624 1339.20 197000 0.083 0.56936 0.152 32.58 2.21
S3’ 816068 31629 136080 5012 1339.20 197000 0.078 0.35004 0.142 29.93 2.4
S4’ 741017 29982 128520 4753 1339.20 197000 0.076 0.41754 0.142 30.78 2.36
S5’ 670221 28375 120960 4522 1339.20 197000 0.073 0.45162 0.142 31.22 2.34
S6’ 603557 26814 113400 4287 1339.20 197000 0.070 0.54207 0.141 32.19 2.27
S7’ 528859 24996 105840 4031 1339.20 197000 0.067 0.56134 0.140 32.34 2.27
S8’ 459746 23238 98280 3793 1339.20 197000 0.063 0.57204 0.138 32.41 2.27
S9’ 397036 21534 90720 3571 1339.20 197000 0.060 0.57426 0.136 32.4 2.27
S10’ 340390 19882 83160 3367 1339.20 197000 0.056 0.56651 0.133 32.29 2.29
S11’ 288683 18278 75600 3166 1339.20 197000 0.052 0.55189 0.130 32.44 2.28
S12’ 241770 16719 68040 2982 1339.20 197000 0.048 0.58671 0.127 32.39 2.29
S13’ 192925 14950 60480 2786 1339.20 197000 0.043 0.42703 0.121 29.26 2.45
S14’ 150259 13232 52920 2611 1339.20 197000 0.039 0.25413 0.114 27.42 2.5
S15’ 113652 11559 45360 2457 1339.20 197000 0.034 0.07920 0.106 24.13 2.77
S16’ 83420 9924 37800 2323 1339.20 197000 0.028 -0.01301 0.096 23.97 3.73
- Check the shear resistance

 Select stirrups for shear resistance with s = spacing between stirrups =
150mm
Cross-section θ β bv dv s Vc Vs 0,25.f'c.bv.dv Vn Vr Vu Checking
S19 22.57 5.04 1100 1801 150 5558.43 24746.26 22283.83 22283.83 20055.44 8656 Satisfied
S18 27 5.63 1100 2052 150 7075.59 23003.80 25393.50 25393.50 22854.15 5249 Satisfied
S17 27 5.63 1100 2061 200 7106.63 17328.52 25504.88 24435.15 21991.63 2215 Satisfied
S16 27 5.51 1100 2079 200 7015.90 17479.86 25727.63 24495.76 22046.18 3699 Satisfied
S15 27 5.63 1100 2115 200 7292.83 17782.55 26173.13 25075.37 22567.83 5241 Satisfied
S14 27 5.93 1100 2178 200 7910.24 18312.24 26952.75 26222.48 23600.23 6799 Satisfied
S13 25.57 4.46 1100 2271 200 6202.57 20330.54 28099.91 26533.11 23879.80 8378 Satisfied
S12 23.97 3.73 1100 2376 200 5427.91 22894.18 29403.00 28322.08 25489.87 9986 Satisfied
S11 24.13 2.77 1100 2502 150 4244.67 31904.05 30962.25 30962.25 27866.03 11627 Satisfied
S10 27.42 2.5 1100 2651 150 4058.31 29182.42 32799.94 32799.94 29519.94 13306 Satisfied
S9 29.26 2.45 1100 2821 150 4232.38 28756.96 34904.93 32989.34 29690.41 15031 Satisfied
S8 32.39 2.29 1100 3013 150 4226.11 27131.29 37288.35 31357.40 28221.66 16807 Satisfied
S7 32.44 2.28 1100 3195 150 4461.52 28712.82 39538.13 33174.34 29856.90 18373 Satisfied

S6 32.29 2.29 1100 3393 150 4758.79 30669.27 41988.38 35428.06 31885.25 19985 Satisfied
S5 32.4 2.27 1100 3594 150 4996.26 32345.71 44472.04 37341.97 33607.77 21646 Satisfied
S4 32.41 2.27 1100 3813 150 5301.56 34309.02 47189.59 39610.59 35649.53 23359 Satisfied
S3 32.34 2.27 1100 4050 150 5630.64 36537.24 50118.75 42167.88 37951.09 25128 Satisfied
S2 32.19 2.27 1100 4304 150 5983.50 39052.74 53259.53 45036.24 40532.61 26956 Satisfied
S1 31.22 2.34 1100 4538 150 6503.37 42765.17 56155.28 49268.53 44341.68 28527 Satisfied
S0 30.78 2.36 1100 4782 150 6911.48 45854.49 59173.54 52765.97 47489.37 30144 Satisfied
S0’ 29.93 2.4 1100 5037 150 7404.34 49977.31 62336.59 57381.64 51643.48 31809 Satisfied
S1’ 32.58 2.21 1100 5621 150 7608.76 50246.76 69564.83 57855.52 52069.97 38120 Satisfied
S2’ 32.58 2.21 1100 5621 150 7608.76 50246.76 69564.83 57855.52 52069.97 37919 Satisfied
S3’ 29.93 2.4 1100 5037 150 7404.34 49977.31 62336.59 57381.64 51643.48 31629 Satisfied
S4’ 30.78 2.36 1100 4782 150 6911.48 45854.49 59173.54 52765.97 47489.37 29982 Satisfied
S5’ 31.22 2.34 1100 4538 150 6503.37 42765.17 56155.28 49268.53 44341.68 28375 Satisfied
S6’ 32.19 2.27 1100 4304 150 5983.50 39052.74 53259.53 45036.24 40532.61 26814 Satisfied
S7’ 32.34 2.27 1100 4050 150 5630.64 36537.24 50118.75 42167.88 37951.09 24996 Satisfied
S8’ 32.41 2.27 1100 3813 150 5301.56 34309.02 47189.59 39610.59 35649.53 23238 Satisfied
S9’ 32.4 2.27 1100 3594 150 4996.26 32345.71 44472.04 37341.97 33607.77 21534 Satisfied
S10’ 32.29 2.29 1100 3393 150 4758.79 30669.27 41988.38 35428.06 31885.25 19882 Satisfied
S11’ 32.44 2.28 1100 3195 150 4461.52 28712.82 39538.13 33174.34 29856.90 18278 Satisfied
S12’ 32.39 2.29 1100 3013 150 4226.11 27131.29 37288.35 31357.40 28221.66 16719 Satisfied
S13’ 29.26 2.45 1100 2821 150 4232.38 28756.96 34904.93 32989.34 29690.41 14950 Satisfied
S14’ 27.42 2.5 1100 2651 150 4058.31 29182.42 32799.94 32799.94 29519.94 13232 Satisfied
S15’ 24.13 2.77 1100 2502 150 4244.67 31904.05 30962.25 30962.25 27866.03 11559 Satisfied
S16’ 23.97 3.73 1100 2376 200 5427.91 22894.18 29403.00 28322.08 25489.87 9924 Satisfied
13. Abutments and Piers

13.1. Abutment

Bcau
blc ble Bxe/2 Bxe/2 ble blc

Ltc ttd
Lí p bª t«ng nhùa dµy 5cm
S Lí p phßng n- í c dµy 1cm

B¶n mÆtcÇu dµy 20cm
V¹ch s¬n V¹ch s¬n
in% in%
id%
iqd%
htc1
htd
htd
tqd
hgk1
Lqd
tg
hgk2
bgk
Bqd/2
1:n
tdk
bdk adc adc
Hmo
Hmo
650
htc2 Lxm Bxm
1:n ttc
ttt
htt
htt
Bmo
bvtc
htc3
a2 a1 a6 a6
bclc
hm
hm
Lm Bm
a5 a4 a3 a8 a7 a7 a9
Dcoc
Dimensions Symbol Value Unit

Height of abutment Hmo 637 cm
Width of abutment Bmo 1510 cm
Footing
Height of footing hm 200 cm
Length of footing (along the bridge) Lm 700 cm
Width of footing Bm 1610 cm
Head wall
Height of head wall htd 210 cm
Thickness of head wall ttd 50 cm
Width of head wall Btd 1510 cm
Body wall
Height of body wall htt 427 cm
Thickness of body wall ttt 170 cm
Width of body wall Btt 1510 cm
Distance from body wall to outside of footing a1 50 cm
Wing wall
Wing wall on road S 100 cm

Thickness of pavement structure tmd 30 cm
Length of wing wall Ltc 688.75 cm
Thickness of wing wall ttc 50 cm
Bottom width of wing wall bctc 430 cm
Chamfer width of wing wall bvtc 258.75 cm
Height of behind part of wing wall htc1 150 cm
Chamfer height of wing wall htc2 207 cm
Bottom height of wing wall htc3 280 cm
Transition slab
Length of transition slab Lqd 600 cm
Thickness of transition slab tqd 20 cm
Width of transition slab Bqd 1310 cm
Curb of transition slab
Length of curb Lgk 1310 cm
Width of curb bgk 30 cm
Height of curb 1 hgk1 30 cm
Height of curb 2 hgk2 60 cm
- Structure of abutment M0

- Arrange piles in abutment
 Pile foundation with low footing is designed with drill-shaft piles as following
table.
No. Property Symbol Value Unit

1 Diameter of drilled shaft pile D 1.50 m
2 Length of drilled shaft pile L 35.00 m
3 Diameter of main reinforce steel D32
4 Nominal gross-area of reinforce steel As 819 mm2
5 Yield limit fy 420 MPa
Number of longitudinal reinforced steel in 1
6 section n 24 bar
7 Type of stirrup bar Torsional type
 Diagram of arrangement piles on foundation
13.2. Pier
- Structure of piers

Bxm
ag Lxm
hv
Rtr
Htr
Htr
htt
htt
a1 Btt a1 a5 ttt a5
hm
hm
Lm
Bm
a2 a3 a3 a3 a4 a6 a7 a7 a8
Dcoc Dcoc

Height of pier Htr 1270 cm
Total width of cross-section of bridge Bcau 1600 cm
Bearing seat
Height of bearing seat hdk 30 cm
Width of bearing seat bdk 150 cm
Length of bearing seat Ldk 150 cm
Footing
Height of footing hm 300 cm
Length of footing Lm 1150 cm
Width of footing Bm 2050 cm
Body of pier
Height of pier body htt 1270 cm
Thickness of pier body ttt 300 cm
Radius of pier body R 150 cm
Width of pier body Btt 800 cm
Area of cross-section of pier body Att 220686 cm2
Area of cross-section of pier top Adt 150000 cm2
- Arrangement of pile on foundation

 Number of piles = 15 piles
 Length of drilled shaft pile = 35m

 Arrangement diagram of piles on foundation
14. Main Steps in Construction Procedure

14.1. Abutment Construction
- Plan preparation for construction
 Prepare materials and equipment for construction
 Determine the construction area, and locate the abutment center
 Use the combination of bulldozers and labors to level plan construction to
the designed elevation
- Construction of drilled-shaft pile
 Locate the center of pile
 Ensure the drill in right place
 Use the vibration hammer to lower the casing to the designed elevation
 Drill to form the holes in the designed elevation
 Clear the drilled hole; then assemble and lower the reinforced cage
 Assemble pipe and hopper for concreting
 Concreting pile by method of vertical stripping pipe
- Dig the soil – Ship pile head
 Use the combination of equipment and labor to dig the soil in the designed
elevation
 Excavate ditch for drainage, or drainage holes (Arrange the water pump if it
is necessary)
 Ship pile head, clear and make an acceptance/inspection the foundation pit
- Footing construction

 Spread a layer of mortar with thickness of 10 cm
 Ship pile head, and bend the reinforcement for pile head
 Clear foundation pit, assemble the formwork, falsework and reinforcement
for footing
 Concreting for footing
 Disassemble the formwork, falsework from footing
- Abutment construction
 Assemble the formwork, falsework and reinforcement for abutment body
 Concreting for abutment body
 Assemble the formwork, falsework, and reinforcement for abutment wing
wall and abutment breast wall
 Concreting for abutment wing wall and abutment breast wall
 Disassemble the formwork with falsework system, and supporting structures
 Complete abutment construction when constructing completely span
structures
14.2. Pier Construction

- Preparation of plan construction
 Level the plan construction for pier
 Assemble positioning frame, and pile the steel sheet pile outside
 After piling the steel sheet pile completely, level the plan construction to the
designed elevation of steel sheet pile
 Locate the center of pier and Make a road for the driller
- Construction of the drilled-shaft pile
 Drill the pile to the designed elevation
 Treat the sediment and clear the drilled hole
 Assemble the reinforced cage in the drilled hole
 Concreting for pile by method of vertical stripping pipe
- Dig the soil and concrete to fill the bottom
 Assemble positioning frame, and pile the steel sheet pile around the
foundation pit
 Dig the soil in the foundation pit
 Concrete to fill the bottom by method of surged mortar
- Footing construction
 Arrange the water pump in the foundation pit
 Cut the casing, ship pile head, and clear the pile head
 Spread a layer of concrete for levelling with the thickness of 10 cm
 Assemble the formwork and falsework system, and reinforcement for pier
footing
 Concrete on pier footing to the designed elevation by the concrete pumping
- Construction of pier body
 Fill the soil on the foundation pit to the designed elevation
 Assemble the formwork and falsework system, and reinforcement forpier
body
 Concrete for pier body
 Wait until concrete reached the necessary strength, and disassemble the
formwork and falsework system
14.3. Construction of main span structure
- Construct segment K0 on the pier
 Use the crane for assemble formwork to expand the pier
 Assemble the formwork and scaffolding/falseworksystem and reinforcement
of K0 segment
 Concrete for segment K0
 Disassemble the formwork system, and stretch prestressed strand when
concrete reaches the required strength
 Anchor segment K0 in pier body
- Construction of next segments of cantilever span
 Use crane to assemble form traveler on the segment K0
 Construct segments K1 by balanced cantilever method on scaffolding + form
traveler
 Move form traveler
 Construct next segments by balanced cantilever method on scaffolding
+form traveler
- Construction each segments on scaffolding/falsework
 Assemble the formwork and falsework/scaffolding system
 Assemble reinforcement, duct and concrete to each segments
 Stretch the prestressed strand when concrete reaches the required strength
- Closure segments on side spans
 Assemble formwork and scaffolding to closure segments on side spans on
scaffolding
 Disassemble formwork, scaffolding and equipment

 Lower span structure on main bearing
- Closure segments on main span
 After lowering span structure on main bearing, move form traveler in
position
 Closure segments of main span
 Disassemble formwork, scaffolding and equipment

Iamhai Report of Balanced Cantilever Bridge

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Iamhai Report of Balanced Cantilever Bridge

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CONCRETE BRIDGE ALTERNATIVES ATP 55 - GROUP 6

II. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES .................................................................. 5

1. Alternative 1: Prestressed Continuous Bridge in Balance Cantilever Method 5

1.1. Bridge Structure .......................................................................................... 5

1.2. Length of Main Span L ................................................................................. 5

1.3. Length of Side Spans L1 ............................................................................... 5

1.4. Height of Box Girder .................................................................................... 6

1.5. Width of Bridge B ........................................................................................ 6

2. Explanation the selection of bridge alternative ...................................... 7

III. DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONTINUOUS BRIDGE ........................ 8

1.1. Background ................................................................................................ 8

1.2. General Arrangement of Structure ................................................................ 8

2.1. Main Span .................................................................................................. 8

2.2. Materials for superstructure ......................................................................... 9

2.3. Factor for calculation ................................................................................... 9

3.1. Pier Structure.............................................................................................. 9

3.2. Abutment Structure ..................................................................................... 9

3.3. Materials for substructure .......................................................................... 10

4.1. Top Slab ................................................................................................... 10

4.2. Bottom Slab .............................................................................................. 10

4.3. Box Wall ................................................................................................... 10

Supervisor: Ass,Prof. Nguyen Duy Tien Page 1

6. Curve Equation for Changing Elevation ................................................ 11

6.1. The Equation of Girder Bottom in Elevation ................................................. 11

6.2. The Equation of Girder Bottom in Thickness................................................ 12

6.3. The Equation of Slab of Main Girder in Elevation ......................................... 12

6.4. The Equation of Girder Bottom in Width ..................................................... 12

6.5. Basic Dimensions of Cross-sections ............................................................ 12

6.6. Geometric properties calculation ................................................................ 14

7. Equivalent cross-section in T-section ................................................... 16

7.1. Determine the effective flange width be ...................................................... 16

7.2. Change cross-section to T-section .............................................................. 17

7.3. Diaphragm structure ................................................................................. 18

7.4. Structure of deck slab................................................................................ 18

7.5. Structure of wearing surface ...................................................................... 18

8. Load Combination. ................................................................................ 18

9. Determine the Dead Load acting on main girder. ................................. 18

9.1. Dead Load I .............................................................................................. 18

9.2. Dead Load II ............................................................................................ 20

10. Determine the internal force ............................................................. 21

10.1. Principle for determination of internal force ................................................ 21

10.2. Diagrams for determination of internal forces according to construction stages21

10.3. Construction stage .................................................................................... 21

10.4. Exploitation stage ...................................................................................... 26

10.5. Summarization internal forces .................................................................... 39

11.1. Mechanical properties of materials ............................................................. 42

11.2. Calculate dimension of equivalent section for box cross-section ................... 42

Supervisor: Ass,Prof. Nguyen Duy Tien Page 2

12. Checking according to Strength Limit State I ................................... 63

12.3. Checking the reinforcement limits .............................................................. 79

13. Abutments and Piers .......................................................................... 89

13.1. Abutment ................................................................................................. 89

13.2. Pier .......................................................................................................... 92

14. Main Steps in Construction Procedure............................................... 94

14.1. Abutment Construction .............................................................................. 94

14.2. Pier Construction ....................................................................................... 95

14.3. Construction of main span structure ........................................................... 96

STUDENTS: CHU Long Hai

Supervisor: Ass,Prof. Nguyen Duy Tien Page 3

Minimum Clearance above 20 Year High Water

Supervisor: Ass,Prof. Nguyen Duy Tien Page 4

II. DESIGN ALTERNATIVES