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IRS Well-PileFoundation-Code PDF
IRS Well-PileFoundation-Code PDF
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS
(Railway Board)
ADOPTED 1941
REVISED EDITION - 1985
ISSUED BY
IIB-i
INTRODUCTION
This manual covers the design and construction of well foundation and pile foundations for
Railway bridges, which generally form part of the permanent foundations for long span bridges.
These foundations are commonly used for transferring heavy loads to deep strata in river bed
from piers and abutments of bridges.
This manual finalised by RDSO has been approved by the Bridge & structure Standards
Committee. The Chief Engineers may issue supplementary instructions from time to time to suit
local working conditions.
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CONTENTS PAGE NO
1. WELL FOUNDATIONS
2. PILE FOUNDATIONS
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MANUAL ON THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
OF WELL AND PILE FOUNDATIONS
IIB-iv1
Explanation Of The Diagram: The value of settlement is generally kept within
intention of the diagram is to offer 25mm and the allowable bearing pressure
something definite in place of the rather qa for such settlement can be obtained
fortuious method now centrally practiced. approximately by the following equation:
OA-Represents highest known flood level
OB-Represents deepest ascertainable qa=9.8 x 5/6 (1+ .3/2B )2 for B > 1.2m - in
scour. Newton/m2
OC-Represents depth to which foundation [qa=5/6 (1+ .3/2B )2 for B > 1.2m - in
should be sunk. kg/m2]
Note: qa= N approximately irrespective of B
1. The diagram applies only to sandy qa= 9.8 x 1.367 N for B 1.2 m in
bottom. If the river bed is soft, a greater Newton/m2
depth is necessary. Piers are always [qa= 1.367N t/m2 for B 1.2 m in kg/m2]
presumed to have enough stone around Where,
them to prevent local pier formed swirls N=corrected standard penetration
from scooping pot-holes at pier base. resistance
2. This diagram is based upon (No of blows per 30 cm)
Technical paper No 153 PI: XIIIA.
If larger settlement can be tolerated, the
(e) It shall allow rectification of the tilt
allowable bearing pressure could be
and shift of the well without damaging the
increased accordingly. For clayey strata
well.
settlement should be worked out for full
load based on consolidation test results.
The shapes normally used are circular,
For wells constructed in cohesion less
double D. Dumb-bell, hexagonal or
soils where full settlement due to dead
octagonal, square, rectangular and any of
load will take place by the time
the above shapes with multiple dredge
construction is completed and the
holes.
necessary adjustments in the final level
can be made before erection of girder,
1.3. Allowable Bearing Pressure And
dead load due to well and the substructure
Modulus Of Sub-Grade Reaction
can be ignored. In such cases, settlement
shall be evaluated only for superstructure,
1.3.1. The allowable bearing pressure
live load and loss of friction in the well due
may be determined in cohesion less soils
to scour.
on the basis of the penetration test results
as given in IS: 3955 and reproduced
1.3.2. The passive pressure and skin
below:
friction shall be taken only for soil below
the level of scour. In seismic areas relief
Q = 9.8 {5.4 N2B + 16(100+N2) D}
due to skin friction should be ignored.
in Newton/m2
[Q = 5.4 N2B + 16(100+N2) D in Kg/m2
The average value of skin friction may be
where,
adopted as per following equation.
Q = Bearing capacity of soil under the well
foundation in N/m2 (Kg/m2) 1 2C K a
F = 9.8 K a Z tan 2 in
N = Number of blows per 30cm in the 2 3
standard penetration test.
B = smaller dimension of the well cross- N/m2
section in metre.
D = Depth of foundation below scour level 1 2C
K a 2
in metre. F = K a Z tan in kg / m 2
The capacity worked out by the above 2
3
formula is applicable only for safety Where,
against shear failure. For well foundations, F = Skin friction in N/m2 (kg/m2)
settlement governs the allowable bearing
capacity in most cases. The permissible Ka = Active earth pressure coefficient.
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C = Half of unconfined compressive v) Kentledge during sinking operation
strength.
(b) Horizontal Forces:
= Angle of shearing resistance of soil. i) Braking and tractive effort of moving
vehicles.
= Submerged weight of soil below scour ii) Forces on account of resistance of
line. bearings.
iii) Forces on account of water current or
Z = Depth of foundation level below bed waves.
level. iv) Centrifugal force, if the bridge is
situated on a curve.
In the absence of any data, the following v) Wind forces or seismic forces.
values may be adopted; these are based vi) Earth pressure.
on observations made during sinking of vii) Other horizontal and uplift forces due
wells: to provision of transmission line tower
Value of Value of (broken wire condition) etc.
skin skin
Soil 1.5 Tilt And Shifts As far as possible
friction friction
KN/m2 Kg/m2 wells shall be sunk without any tilt and
shift. A tilt of 1 in 100 and shift of D/40
Silt & soft clay 7.16 to 730 to subject to a minimum of 150 mm shall be
28.73 2930 taken into account in the design of well
Very stiff clay 47.86 to 4880 to foundation (D is the width or diameter of
191.52 19530 well).
Loose sand 11.96 to 1220 to
33.54 3420 If greater tilts and shifts occur, their effects
Dense sand 33.54 to 3420 to on bearing pressure on soil, steining
67.08 6840 stresses, change in span etc. should be
Dense gravel 47.86 to 4880 to examined individually.
95.71 9760 1.6 Cutting Edges Cutting edge shall
be properly anchored to the well curb.
1.3.3 Modulus of sub-grade reaction
When there are two or more
may be adopted as per IS: 2950.
compartments in a well the bottom of the
cutting edge of the intermediate walls may
1.3.4 In case the well is found on rock,
be kept about 300 mm above the cutting
its suitability to take load shall be found by
edge of the outer wall to prevent rocking.
testing cores. If the rock bed is inclined, it
is advisable to seat the steining evenly on
1.7 Well Curb It should transmit the
the rock foundation.
superimposed load to the bottom plug
without getting overstressed and it should
1.4 Loading
offer minimum resistance to sinking. The
slope to the vertical of the inner faces of
1.4.1 Wells shall be designed to resist
the curb shall preferably be not more than
the worst condition due to possible
30 degrees. In sandy strata, it may be
combination of the following loads, as may
upto 45 degrees. An offset on the outside
be applicable, with due regard to their
(about 50 mm) may be provided to ease
direction and point of application.
sinking. The curb shall invariably be of
reinforced concrete with a minimum
(a) Vertical Loads:
reinforcement of 70 kg/m3 excluding bond
i) Self-weight of well.
rods. In case blasting is anticipated, the
ii) Buoyancy
inner face of the curbs shall be protected
iii) Dead load of superstructure,
by steel plates or any other means to
substructure.
sufficient height.
iv) Live load, and
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1.8 Well Steining Well steining shall the pressure due to the depth of water
be built of masonry or cement concrete above the bottom of the well.
not weaker than M-100 grade. Sufficient
bond rods shall be provided to bond the 1.12.2. In case the concrete steining is
units of the steining during the progress of used and the tension in concrete exceeds
construction. Bond rods shall be three-eighths of the modulus of rupture,
distributed evenly on both faces of the section of the steining shall be
steining and tied up by providing adequate changed to keep the tensile stress within
horizontal hoop reinforcement. For this limit or mild steel reinforcement shall
masonry steining and for concrete steining be provided suitably over the width of the
of small thickness, bond rods may be steining. The following further points shall
provided in one row in the centre only and be kept in view.
tied up by providing plates or hoop
reinforcement.
(i) Extra hoop reinforcement, if
1.9 Bottom Plug A bottom plug shall required to be provided, shall overlap at
be provided for all wells and its top shall least one bond length below the section
be kept 300 mm above the top edge of the from where MS plates are provided for
inclined face of the curb. The concrete protection against blasting or other
used for the bottom plug when placed reason.
under dry conditions shall generally be of (ii) The pneumatic platform and the
1:3:6 proportions and it shall be placed weight of the steining and kent ledge, if
gently in one operation. When the any, shall be sufficient to resist the uplift of
concrete is placed under water, the air from inside.
quantity of cement shall be increased by
10% and it shall be placed by tremie or (iii) If at any section of steining the
skip boxes under still water condition. uplift pressure is more than the total
weight acting downwards, then the
1.10 Top Plug A 300 mm thick plug of platform and the steining can be weighed
cement concrete 1:3:6 shall be provided down by kentledge and also anchored to
over the hearting which shall normally be the steining, if necessary.
done with sand. Sometimes only water is
filled to reduce the weight. (iv) The well steining shall also be
checked at different sections for any
1.11 Well Cap The bottom of the well possible rupture against the uplift force
cap shall, as far as possible, be located and upto the height at which the uplift
300 mm above low water level. All the force is balanced by the self weight of the
longitudinal bars from the well steining steining and any superimposed load on it.
shall be anchored into the well cap. The
well cap shall be designed as a slab 2. PILE FOUNDATIONS
resting on the well.
2.1 Piles may be divided into the following
1.12 Pneumatic Sinking Of Wells categories depending upon the manner of
Where boring data indicate pneumatic transference of load:
sinking, it will be necessary to decide the (i) Friction Piles
method of such sinking and location of air (ii) Bearing Piles
lock. (iii) Bearing-cum-friction piles
1.12.1. The side wall and roof of the 2.1.1. Friction Piles: These piles transfer
working chamber shall be designed to the load primarily by skin friction
withstand the maximum air pressure developed along their surface.
envisaged with the use of pneumatic
sinking equipment. The design air 2.1.2. Bearing Piles: These piles transfer
pressure for design shall be higher than the load primarily by bearing resistance
developed at the toe.
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2.1.3. Bearing-cum-frication piles: These diameter of the piles. In case of piles of
piles transfer the load both by bearing and non-circular section, `d will be the
friction. diameter of the circumscribing circle.
2.2. Piles may also be further divided 2.3.2. Friction piles shall be sufficiently
into the following categories, depending far apart to ensure that the zones of
upon the method of construction. influence surrounding them do not overlap
to such an extent that their carrying
(i) Pre-cast driven piles. capacities are appreciably reduced.
(ii) In-situ driven piles (these are Generally, the spacing shall not be less
normally not used for Railway Bridges). than 3 d.
(iii) In-situ bored piles (only large
diameter bored piles are normally used for 2.3.3. For end-bearing piles passing
Railway Bridge construction.) through relatively compressible strata, the
spacing shall not be less than 2.5 d to
2.2.1. Selection of type of pile. avoid heaving of soil.
The type of pile shall be selected by
considering broadly the following factors: 2.4. LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF
A PILE
(i) Availability of space. Driven piles 2.4.1.
require large areas and head room since it (a) The ultimate bearing capacity of a
needs larger and heavier driving rigs. pile may be assessed by means of a
Bored piles, however, require dynamic pile formula, using data obtained
comparatively smaller space. during driving of piles or by a static
formula on the basis of soil-test results or
(ii) Proximity to structure: by a load test.
Driving causes vibration of the ground
which may damage nearby structures. (b) For non-cohesive soils, Hileys
formula is more reliable than other
(iii) Reliability: formulae. This formula is given in
Precast driven piles ensure good quality of Appendix `E of IS: 2911(Part-I)-1969.
material, uniform section of piles and give
a valuable guide to the load carrying (c) Hileys formula is not reliable in
capacity. In cast-in-situ piles, segregation cohesive soils.
of concrete is possible in water-logged
areas. (d) The static formula should be used
with careful judgment as the mechanics of
(iv) Compaction of cohesion-less soil load transfer from pile to soil is very
is effected if driven piles are used. complex. This judgment is employed in
selecting appropriate multiplying factors.
(v) Cast-in-situ piles can be formed to
any desired length and no cutting of pile or (e) In unknown areas, load test is
addition in length is required. therefore most desirable.
IIB-5
This can be roughly estimated as However, large scale experiments and
cohesion of the remoulded clay multiplied field observations have shown that the
by the surface area of pile shaft. The theoretical relationships hold good only
underlying hard stratum shall not be upto a certain depth below which the point
considered for assessing the downward resistance and average skin friction
drag and the skin friction expected to be remain practically constant in a
mobilised by the strata will be assessed homogenous sand deposit due to effects
on the basis of para 2.4.3. of soil compressibility, crushing, arching
and other factors. The depth is termed as
2.4.3. Load Carrying Capacity - Static critical depth. The semi-empirical
Formula: relationships between the bearing
capacity factor, Nq, for driven circular or
2.4.3.1. Piles in non-cohesive square piles with various depth ratios Db/B
Soil: in the bearing stratum of depth Db and the
The ultimate bearing capacity Qu of a pile angle of internal friction, of the soil
in homogenous sand may be represented before pile driving shown in Fig. 2.
by
IIB-6
po = Average effective overburden 1.4 = Driven Cylinderical Piles
pressure.
= Angle of skin friction and 1.2 H = Driven H Piles
2
= Bored piles variation of considerably influences
resistance. The unit point resistance shall
preferably be estimated from static cone
penetration results. While the pile point is
1 above the critical depth, the unit point
H
resistance has to be deduced from limiting
static cone resistance, qc in proportion to
the embedment ratio Db /B in this stratum,
30 35 40
the suggested correlation is
Angle of Internal friction in degrees
qc x Db
Fig. 3 Coefficient of Earth Pressure on
qp = ----------- qL
shaft of piles above critical depth in
10B
sand.
The ultimate skin friction of a driven pile
The conventional shaft capacity theory in
can be known by unit resistance of local
terms of Ks cannot be used for piles
friction sleeve of static penetrometers.
longer than about 15 to 20 pile diameter
Value of fs/qb generally varies between
because the corresponding value of fs in
% to 1% for driven cylindrical piles. For
case of such long piles does not exceed
bored piles one third to one half values as
the critical value f1. The empirical
applicable to driven piles shall be used.
relationship between the limiting value of
For piles driven upto a depth Db into a
fs=f1 and the friction angle of sand
sand stratum the ultimate unit point
indicates a wide variation from a lower
resistance in t/s mm may be taken in
limit for bored piles to an upper limit for
terms of Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
piles driven in over consolidated sand, as
as under:
shown in figure 4.
4.3747 N x Db
qp= ------------------- 43.75N
B
IIB-7
In which N = Average standard (a) Ultimate point resistance: Qp
penetration resistance in blows per 0.3 m
near the pile point. Db/B = 9/1.2 = 7.5
For = 25 using Dc/B curve in Fig 4.
The average ultimate skin friction of driven
displacement pile in t/sq.m. Dc/B = 4.6 Qu
f1 = (limiting value) = .22 N
Db=9m
Pile 1.2 m Dia
be used for piles with small soil
Z
displacement such as `H piles. For piles
driven into non-plastic silt, better SANDY
agreement is obtained by using an upper STRATA
limit of approximately qp=32.81N (in
t/sq.m). The value of N shall be corrected
for overburden pressures to determine Toe of Pile
unit point resistance and not for frictional
A3 Db/B Dc/B, the condition for limiting
resistance.
value of q1 is satisfied.
Example showing use of Static formula:
Using Db/ B-Nq curves of Fig 4.
Problem
To work out the ultimate bearing capacity
of a single pile. We get Nq = 22 for = 25
- Given data
- Diameter of the pile ------ 1.2 m Therefore, qL = 0.5 x Nqx tan
- Type of pile ------ Driven- = 0.5 x 22 x tan
- Embedded Depth below the deepest
= 5.1 t/sq.m
scour level ------ 9 m
Effective over-burden pressure = p0
- Soil strata ------ sandy
= Submerged density of soil x bearing
- = Angle of internal friction for soil at 9m
depth= 0.8 x 9 = 7.2 t/sq.m
depth below scour level --- 25
Standard penetration test (SPT) value
qp= p0 x Nq
(Corrected for overburden & water
= 7.2 x 22 = 158.2 t/sq.m
level) - 55
since qp qL
(Average value from scour level to toe)
Therefore, q1 is adopted for calculating the
Now N = 55
We get = 41 45 from Fig 4
unit point resistance i.e. qp will be taken as
5.lt/sq.m
Saturated density of soil - 1.8
t/cum.
Therefore, the ultimate point resistance
Submerged density of soil-0.8 Qp= qp x Ap
t/cum.
= 5.1 x /4 x (1.20)2
= 5.7 tonnes
Design Qu = Qp + Qs
(B) Friction resistance
Where
From the formula, the limiting value of unit
Qu=Ultimate bearing capacity of the pile
skin friction
Qp=Ultimate point resistance
f1 = .22 N
Qs=Ultimate skin friction resistance
IIB-8
Here, N is 55. Therefore, the unit skin Therefore, the ultimate bearing capacity of
friction the pileQu = Qp + Qs = 5.7 + 81.77= 87.47
tonnes
= .22 x 55 = 12.1 t/m2
Also, fs = Ks po tan 2.4.3.2 Piles in cohesive soils
For = 41 45 where fig 2 (for cylindrical Qu = Ap . Nc. Cp + C As
driven pile)
Where,
2
Ks is found to be 0.75 (taking the value at Ap (cm) = cross sectional area of pile
=37.5 toe.
IIB-9
(c) Possible reduction in the strength of an overloading upto 10%. of the pile
the sub-soil strata arising out of the capacity may be allowed on each pile. For
installation technique. a group of piles, the maximum overloading
on the group shall be restricted to 40% of
(d) Experience of similar structures near the allowable load on a single pile of the
the site. group. This overloading shall not be
allowed at the initial design stage.
2.5.2 The minimum factor of safety of
static formula shall be 3. The final 2.6 Pile Grouping
selection of the factor of safety shall take
into consideration the total settlement and 2.6.1. The bearing capacity of a pile
differential settlement of the structure. group may be worked out as under:
Bearing
Type of
2.5.3 The ultimate safe load capacity Strata capacity of
Pile
shall be obtained wherever practical from the Pile group
a load test (as per IS: 29II-Part-I 1964). No. of piles x
1. Dense sand
A minimum factor of safety shall be 2, on SPC *
not underlain
the ultimate load capacity, if obtained from Driven
by weak
load test. The factor of safety based on deposit.
load tests shall be increased in
unfavourable conditions such as: (Nos. of
2. Loose
piles x SPC)
(a) settlement is to be limited or sandy soil
unequal settlement avoided as in the case
2/3 (No of
of accurately aligned machinery or a 3. Sand not
piles x SPC)
superstructure with fragile finishing. underlain by Bored
weak deposit
(b) large impact or vibrating loads are
* SPC = Single pile capacity
expected.
2.6.2. The bearing capacity of a group of
(c) the properties of the soil may be piles is generally evaluated by multiplying
expected to deteriorate with time, and with efficiency factor. A large number of
equations giving the efficiency factor are
(d) the live load on a structure carried in use and it is very difficult to establish
by friction piles is a considerable portion of the accuracy of these equations as the
the total load. behaviour of pile group is dependent on
many complex factors. It is, therefore,
2.5.4 The maximum permissible desirable to consider each case
increase over the safe load of a pile on separately on its own merits. Full scale
account of Wind load is 25%. In the case trials have shown that for piles driven into
of loads and moments arising out of soft and medium clays with 3 to 4d
earthquake effects, the increase of safe spacing, the ultimate group capacity may
loads on a single pile may be limited to the be only 2/3 of the sum of single pile
provisions contained in IS: 1893-1975. For capacities.
transient loading arising out of
superimposed loads, no increase in the 2.6.3. A group of piles deriving their
safe load is generally permitted. support mainly from friction and connected
at the top by a rigid pile cap may be
2.5.5 Overloading visualised to transmit load to the soil from
When a pile designed for a certain a column of soil enclosed between the
allowable load is found to be short of the piles. The ultimate capacity of the group
load required to be carried by it, due to may be computed taking into account the
change in design during construction friction capacity along the sides of the
stage or due to construction inaccuracies column of soil and the end bearing of the
or due to outcome of the actual load test, soil column. The ultimate capacity of the
IIB-10
group computed in this manner shall, net foundation pressure for settlement
however, not be taken as more than the estimation.
capacity obtained by multiplying the
capacity of individual piles by the number After ascertaining the load taken by skin
of piles. friction and point resistance (if any) the
total settlement is given as under:
2.6.4. When the cap of the pile group is
cast directly on reasonably firm stratum Sf = Ss + SI + SII
which supports the piles, it may contribute
to the bearing capacity of the group. This Where Sf = final settlement
additional capacity along with the Ss =elastic compression of the foundation
individual capacity of the piles multiplied of structure.
by the number of piles in the group shall P + Pb D
not be more than the capacity worked out = ---------- X -------
as per Para 2.6.3. 2 AEP
IIB-11
P
G.L.
D/3 1
G.L.
1
TOTAL LOAD
BEARING STRATUM
G.L.
1
SOFT SOIL FRICTIONAL LOAD
2
H
TOTAL LOAD
BEARING STRATUM
H/3
12
FIG. 5- APPROXIMATE SOLUTION
IIB-12
referring Reese and Matlock Curves
(presented in 8th Texas Conference,
1956).
IIB-13