1 1-1

Introduction

1.1
1.2 :
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9 -
1.10

-
-

1.1

251312
(Statically
Indeterminate structures)

(Degree of static indeterminacy, DI)
(equilibrium
equation)
(deflections)
(Conjugate beam)
(Virtual work)

 1 1-2

2
- (slope-deflection
method) (moment distribution)
(Influence lines)

1.1

1



2
2

3
,
4
- -
5

6

7

1.2 :

1. (Stiffness)
 1 1-3

1.2
(Stiffness)
2.
1.2

3.


1.3 B A C

1.

1.4 B
()

2.
-
- 1.5 -
B

1.2
 1 1-4

(internal hinge)

(internal hinge)

1.3

(internal hinge)

1.4

1.5 -
 1 1-5

1.3

3 3

3
2

(beams) (plane truss) 3 (space truss) (plane
frame) 3 (space frame) (arches) (cables)
(plates shells) 1.6

1.6 () 2 3
 1 1-6

1.6 ()

1.6

. 1.7 () (hinged)
(roller)

1.7 () 1.7()


 1 1-7

()

()

()

1.7

(plane trusses) ( 1.8 () (), ())

(hinges)
(triangulated patterns)
(hinged) s
(roller)

3 (space truss) ( 1.8 ())

 1 1-8

() Pratt Truss

() Warren Truss

() Double Warren Truss

() Space Truss
1.8
 1 1-9

(plane frames)
. 1.9 ().
3 (space frames) ( 1.9 ())

1.9

1.4

F1
1.10 ()
1.10 ()

(1.1)
n

F
i l
i ma
 1 1-10

1.10()

1.10()

1.10
n

F m
i l
i

a

M 0 1.10 ()
3
X, Y Z (Cartesian)

F x 0; Fy 0; Fz 0 (1.2)

M x 0; M y 0; M z 0 (1.3)

xy x y
z
 1 1-11

F x 0; Fy 0; M z 0 (1.4)

. 1.11
( 1.12)

(statically indeterminate)
(compatibility equations)

1.11

1.12

1.5

(determinate)
 1 1-12

(indeterminate)
(Internal indeterminate) (External
indeterminate) externally indeterminate
1.13 () ()
1.13 () () externally
indeterminate 1 1.13 () () externally
indeterminate 3

()

()

()

()

1.13 Externally Statically

(trusses) 1.14 () ().

1.14 () ()

 1 1-13

1.14 () () internally indeterminate (truss)

(frame) 1.15 () () internally-externally
indeterminate

() Plane Truss

() Space Truss

1.14
 1 1-14

() Plane Truss

() Plane Frame
1.15

(Degree of indeterminacy)

truss m (1 1
) j r
m + r 1
Fx 0 Fy 0
2j 2 j m r
statically determinate
Degree of indeterminacy

i m r 2 j (1.5)

(Degree of
indeterminacy) 3 (space truss) (plane
 1 1-15

frame) 3 (space frame) (plane frame)

1.16() 15 (1 1 1 1
3 ) 12 (1 3 ) 9

(Degree of indeterminacy)

i 15 3 9 12 3 18 (1.6)

() Continuous Beam

() Plane Frame

() Plane Frame
1.16
 1 1-16

1.6

(Translation) (Rotation)
(Unknown quantities)
(Propped cantilever beam) 1.12 ().


B
kinematic indeterminacy
kinematically determinate
statically indeterminate kinematically
indeterminate

() Propped Cantilever Beam

() Cantilever Beam

() Simply Supported Beam

1.17
 1 1-17

(degree
of kinematic indeterminacy) (degree of freedom)
(frame) 1.18 B C 3 degree of freedom
u1 u 4 u 2
u 4 3
1.18 B C 1

1.18
 1 1-18

1.7

(roller) ( 1.19 )


(rigid body) kinematically unstable structure

1.19
 1 1-19

1.8

1.9 -

1.20 -

1.20
P 1 u 1
 1 1-20

P 2 u 2 P 1 P 2 P 3
P n y
x stiffness k

P ku (1.7)

stiffness
stiffness stiffness
flexibility a

1
a
k
(1.8)
(1.8)

1 (1.9)
P ku u P aP
k

u
PL3 48EI
orP 3 u
(1.10)
48EI L

stiffness 1
stiffness

48 EI
k
L3 (1.11)

P u

PL3
u (1.12)
3EI ZZ
 1 1-21

L ,Youngs modulus E moment of inertia I zz

1.13

u aP (1.13)

L3
a
3EI zz aij
a
I j stiffness

1 3EI
k11 3
a11 L (1.14)
1.10

3

1. (Equilibrium equations)
2. ( Compatibility conditions)
3. (Force-displacement relations)

1 2




 1 1-22

EA = = 20,000 k

1. A

F x
0 ; 0.6 FAB 0.6 F AC 0 FAB FAC (1)
F y 0; 0.8 F AB 0.8 FAC 500 0 (2)

FAC FAB (2)

FAB FAC 312.5 k .

EA = = 20,000 k


 1 1-23

1.

F x
0 ; 0.6 FAB 0.6 FAC 0 FAB FAC (1)
F y 0; 0.8 F AB 0.8 F AC F AD 500 0 (2)

FAC FAB (1) (2)

1.6 FAB FAD 500 (3)

2. (Compatibility conditions)

AB AC 0.8 AD (4)

3.

FAB L AB FAB 20
AB
AE 20000
F L F 20
AC AC AC AC (5)
AE 20000
F L F 16
AD AD AD AD
AE 20000

(5) (4)

FAB FAC 0.64 FAD (6)

(3) (6)

FAB FAC 158.09 k F AD 247.02 k

 2 2-1

Analysis of Indeterminate
Structures by The Method of
2 Consistent Deformations

2.1
2.2 (Superposition)
2.3
(Method of Consistent Deformations)
2.4

2.5 (Method of Least Work)

2.1

(Method of Consistent Deformations)
(Method of Force)
(
)
(Redundants)

2 (1) (Primary structure) (2)
(Super-position) 2.1
(Deformations)

(Compatibility equations)
 2 2-2

2.2

(Superposition)

(1) (2) 2.2

= +
*

2.1

2.2
 2 2-3

2.3

(Propped cantilever beam) 2.3

() DI=1 (Redundant) 1 C y
(Redundant) C y 2
1 P = 32 k
2 C y

C =0

()

1
+

2 C y
 2 2-4

() (Superposition)
C 0

C CO f CC CY 0
0 .3 0 .3 C Y 0
CY 10 k

() C C y

2.3 (Redundant) C y

2 2.3 ()
C 0 (Compatibility
equation) 2.3() C y C y
3 3
2.3
C =0 C y 1
C y ( f cc 1
C y f cc C y )

2.3.1 (Notations and Sign Convention)

1 2
1 0 2 0
1
2
1O 2O
1O = 1
12 22
12 = 1

11
R2 2
21 1 = 1
R1
f12 f22 f12 = 1

1
2
y
x-y
x
2.3.2
 2 2-5

1: (Degree of static indeterminacy)

1
DI = 2
2
Redundant
Redundant = 2
1 0 2 0

2: (Redundants) (primary
structure)

R 1 R 2

R 1 R 2 (2 ) (primary
structure) (Statically determinate structure)

3: (Compatibility
equation) ( 1 2 )

1 2 1 11 12 1O 1
1 0 2 0
2 21 22 2O 2
=

1O 2O
1 f11R1 f12 R 2 1O 1
+

11 f11 R1 21 f 21 R1
2 f 21 R1 f 22 R 2 2O 2

R1 matrix
+

12 f12 R2 22 f 22 R2 f11 f12 R1 1O 1

f
21 f 22 R 2 2O 2
R2

:


11
Support 22
1 2
1 2

4: 3

5: (simultaneous equations) R 1 R 2

1 R1 R2
R1 f11 f12 1O
-
R 2 f 21 f 22 2O
 2 2-6

6: R 1 R2
(Equilibrium equations)

n
n n

1 2

R2 R2

(redundants)
Reaction s
Actual displacement
f11 f12 .... f1n R1 1O 1
f f 2 n R 2 2O 2
21
.
f 22 ....
. .

. . . . f R O
. . . . . . .
f
f nn Rn nO n Flex Displacements at
n1 f n 2 ....
ibility stiffness
redundant

forces
1

1 2.3 () MA
(Redundants)

1:
DI = 1

2: (Redundants)
M A A

3: (Compatibility
equation) ( A )
 2 2-7

M A

A
A AO f AA M A 0 (1)

4: 3 (1)
PL2 L
AO () f AA ()
16 EI 3EI

5: M A
 2 2-8

PL2 L
M A 0
16 EI 3EI
3PL 3 32 20
MA 120 k ft
16 16
M A

6: M A
(Equilibrium equations)

=0k

= 120 k-ft
= 22 k = 10 k

1 2.3

(Compatibility equation)
 2 2-9

1:

DI = 1

2:

B y

3: ( B
)

B
B BO

f BB B y

0 (1)
 2 2-10

4: 3 (1)

28,125 kN m3
BO ()
EI
125 kN m3 / kN
f BB ()
EI

5: B y
28,125 125
By 0
EI EI
By 225 kN ()

6: B y
(Equilibrium equations)

(kN)

(kN-m)
1 2 ()

3
 2 2-11

3
80 kN
20 kN/m
A C E = 200 GPa
B
I = 700(106) mm4
10 m 5m 5m

1:
DI = 1

2:
M B B

3: ( B
)
80 kN
20 kN/m
A C
B
10 m 5m 5m

=
80 kN
20 kN/m
A C BO = BO,R + BO,L
BO,L BO
B
BO,R
100 kN 240 kN 140 kN

+
1 kN-m
A C
f BB,L f BB MB
B f BB,R
f BB =f BB,R + f BB,L
0.1 kN 0.2 kN 0.1 kN
B
BO + f BB M B = 0
 2 2-12

4: BO,R , BO,L f BB,R , f BB,L 3 (

(Virtual work) )
833.33 1333.33
BO , L BO , R
EI EI
3.33 3.33
f BB , L f BB , R
EI EI

5: M B
833.33 133.33 3.33 3.33
MB 0
EI EI
MB 325 kN

6: M B
(Equilibrium equations) 3

HA 0
R A 100 0.1(325) 67.5 kN ()
R B 240 (0.2)(325) 305 kN ()
RC 140 0.1(325) 107.5 kN ()

(Trusses) (Frames)

 2 2-13

1:
DI = 1
2:
D x D x
3: ( D
)

=
(Fo)
( Fo )

+
D x
( u D )
 2 2-14

DO f DD Dx 0 (1)

4: 3 (1)
5,493.6 k / in3
DO ()
E
120 / in
f DD ()
E
5: (D x )
5,493.6 k / in 3 120 / in
Dx 0
E E
Dx 45.78 k ()

6: (D x )
(Equilibrium equations) 3 (
)

 2 2-15

AE =
1:
DI = 1 ()

2:
EC EC E C (
BF )

3: (
EC )

F CE

CEO f CE ,CE FCE 0 (1)

(Fo) F CE
( Fo ) ( u CE )
 2 2-16

4: 3 (1)
1,116 k ft 3
CEO
AE
103.68 ft
f CE , CE
AE

5: (F CE )

1,116 k ft 3 103.68 ft
FCE 0
AE AE
FCE 10.76 k ()

6: (F CE )
(Equilibrium equations) 3 (
)

 2 2-17

( 4 5)

(Redundants) ()

EI =

1:
DI = 1

2:
(A x )

3: ( A
)

1
 2 2-18

=
+

A x

AO f AA Ax 0 (1)

4: 3 (1)
67,500 k ft 3
AO
EI
6,666.67 ft 3
f AA
EI

5: Ax

67,500 k ft 3 6,666.67 ft 3
Ax 0
EI EI
Ax 10.13 k ()

6: Ax
(Equilibrium equations)

1 6
n
n n
 2 2-19

7 2
(Displacement methods) 4, 5 6

1:
DI = 2

2:
By Cy

3: ( 2
B C )

B y
+

C y
 2 2-20

B
BO f BB By f BC C y 0 (1)
C
CO f CB By f CC C y 0 (2)
4: 3 (1) (2)
293,333.33 k ft 3
BO CO
EI
3,555.56 ft 3
f BB f CC
EI
3,111.11 ft 3
f BC f CB ( (Maxwells law))
EI

5: B y C y

293,333.33 3,555.56 3,111.11

By Cy 0
EI EI EI
293,333.33 3,111.11 3,555.56
By Cy 0
EI EI EI

BY CY 44 k ()

6: B y C y
(Equilibrium equations)
 2 2-21

2.4

(Fixed support)
Pinned support




(Rigid body) 1
2.4 B C B
C By Cy
7
B C

B
BO f BB B y f BC C y B

C
CO f CB B y f CC C y C
 2 2-22

B y

C y

2.4
 2 2-23

8 B 5 .
E 200 I 410-4 4.

() B

() B

() C

1:
DI = 2

2:
R B R C ABC Primary structure

3:
 2 2-24

2 B C B = -5 .
C = 0 .

B
B = BO + f BB R B + f BC R C (1)
C
C = CO + f CB R B + f CC R C (2)

BO CO
f ij 1
() ()

4: 3 (1) (2)

-0.005 = 0 + (125/3EI)R B + (625/6EI)R C

0 = 0 + (625/6EI)R B + (1000/3EI)R C

5: 4
E = (200)(106) kN/m2 I=(4)(10-4) m2 4

R B = -43.885 kN () R C = 13.71 kN ()

6: (R B R C )
Equilibrium
Fy 0; R A RB RC 0
R A = = 30.175 kN ()
M A
0;
M A = 82.325 kN ()
 2 2-25

9 A 27.5 .
B 47.5 . C 22 . D
10 . E 200 I 3000 4.

500 kN

A B C D

10 m 7.5 m 7.5 m 10 m

500 kN

A B C D
22 mm 10 mm
27.5 mm
47.5 mm B = 25 mm C = 7 mm

10 m 7.5 m 7.5 m 10 m

1:
DI = 2

2:
 2 2-26

R B R C

3: ( 2 B C
B C )

A B C D
B A D
47.5 [ 10 + ( 27.5 10 )(25/35) ] = 25 . C
A D 7 .
B = -0.025 . C = -0.007 . ()

B
B = BO + f BB R B + f BC R C
C
C = CO + f CB R B + f CC R C

BO CO f ij
1

4: 3 (1) (2)

341,185/EI + (595.1/EI)R B + (488.4/EI)R C = -0.025

341,185/EI + (488.4/EI)R B + (488.4/EI)R C = -0.007

5: 4
EI = (200)(106)(3,000)(10-6) = 6(105) kN-m2 4

0.569 + 9.918(10-4)R B + 8.140(10-4)R C = -0.025

 2 2-27

0.569 + 8.140(10-4)R B + 9.918(10-4)R C = -0.007

R B = -374.6 kN () R C = -273.3 kN ()

6: (R B R C )

R A = 250 + (-0.714)(-374.6) + (-0.286)(-273.3) = 595.6 R A = 595.6 kN ()

R D = 250 + (-0.286)(-374.6) + (-0.714)(-273.3) = 552.3 R D = 552.3 kN ()

500 kN

A B C D
0 kN

595.6 kN 374.6 kN 273.3 kN 552.3 kN

10 B

A B
Spring flexibility=f
EI = constant
C
L
 2 2-28

1:
DI = 1

2:
X B

3: ( B
B )
w
B
A B f X B

w
B
A
wL4
BO
8EI

L3
f BB
A B 3EI XB

X B
 2 2-29

BO f BB X B B (1)

4: 3 (1)
wL4
BO
8EI
L3
f BB
3EI
B f X B
5: X B

wL4 L3
XB f XB
8EI 3EI

3 1
XB wL 3
()
8 1 (3 fEI / L )

2.5 (Method of Least Work)

w
A C
B
L AB L BC

RB

2.5
 2 2-30

2.5
B (R B )
w
R B
Wi = f ( w , RB ) (2.1)

Wi
0
RB (2.2)

(2.2)
RB

n
w X 1 ,, X n

Wi = f ( w, X 1 ,, X n ) (2.3)

Wi Wi Wi
... 0
RB X 2 X n (2.4)

(2.2) (2.4)





(2.2) (2.4)
(Castiglianos compatibility equation)
 2 2-31

11

30 kN/m 80 kN

A B C D EI =

10 m 5m 5m

1:
DI = 1

2:
R B R A R D R B

F X 0 ; HA = 0 ( 1)
M D 0 ; R A (20) + 30(10)(15) R B (10) + 80(5) = 0
RA = 245 0.5R B (2)
F 0 ; R A + R B + R D 80 -30(10) = 0
Y

R D = 135 0.5RB (3)

30 kN/m 80 kN

A B C D

10 m 5m 5m

R A = 245 0.5R B RB R D = 135 0.5R B

3:

B
 2 2-32

Wi
L
M M
dx 0
RB 0 RB EI

3 AB BC CD

(M) M
RB
AB A 0-10 R A (x) 30x(x/2) = (245 0.5RB )x -15x2 -0.5x
CD D 0-5 R D (x) = (135 0.5RB )x -0.5x
BC D 5-10 R D (x) 80(x 5) = (135 0.5RB )x 80(x 5) -0.5x

L
M M 1 1 5

10

0 RB EI

EI 0
dx 0.5x 245 0.5RB x 15x 2
dx + (0.5x)(
135 0.5RB ) xdx
EI 0
1
10

+ (0.5x)(135 0.5RB )x 80(x 5)dx 0

EI 5
-40,416.667 + 166.667R B = 0

4:
B 3

R B = 242.5 kN

5:
R B (2) (3)

RA = 123.75 kN
RD = 13.75 kN
 2 2-33

12 B C

w = 1.5 k/ft
A EI =
C
B
10 ft 10 ft

1:
DI = 2

2:
R B R C R A M A R B R C
w

M A = 300-10R B -20R C w = 1.5 k/ft

A C
B
10 ft 10 ft
R A = 30-R B -R C RB RC

3:
2 AB BC

M M / RB M / R C

x2
AB A 0=>10 (30 R B RC ) x (300 10 R B 20 RC ) 1.5 -x+10 -x+20
2
2
x
BC C 0=>10 RC x 1.5 0 x
2

3.1 B
M
L
M
B dx 0
0
R B EI
 2 2-34

10
x2
10
x2
0 (30 R B RC ) x (300 10 R B 20 RC ) 1.5 ( x 10)dx RC x 1.5 (0)dx
0
2 0
2
0 10625 333.3R B 833.3RC .(1)

3.2 C
L
M M
C dx 0
0
RC EI
10
x2
10
x2
0 (30 R B RC ) x (300 10 R B 20 RC ) 1.5 ( x 20) dx RC x 1.5 ( x)dx
0
2 0
2
0 3000 833.3R B 2666.7 RC .(2)

4:
(1) (2) 3
R B = 17.15 k
R C = 5.89 k

13 (Fixed-end moment, FEM)

EI

P

C
A B
a b
L

1:
r 6 3
6 3 = 3

2 (4 - 2 = 2) DI = 2

2:
 2 2-35

M A M B RA RB MA MB
P

P
MA MB
A a C b B

X1 X2
R A = 1/L (Pb + M B R B = 1/L (Pa + M A
M ) M )

3:

2 AC BC

M M / M A M / M B

x1 x1
AC A 0=>a MA
x1
Pb M B M A 1
L L
L
M B 2 Pb M A M B
BC B
x x2 x2
0=> b 1
L L L

MA V1 M1 M2 MB
V2

1/L (Pb + M B M A ) 1/L (Pa+ M A M B )

X1 X2
 2 2-36

3.1 A
Wi
L
M M
dx 0
M A 0 M A EI
Wi a
x x dx
1 1 M A 1 Pb M B M A 1
M A 0 L L EI
x dx
b
2 M B 2 Pa M A M B 2
x
0
L L EI
=0
M A L M B L Pab L a
0 (1)
3 6 L 3 6

3.2 B
Wi L
M M
dx 0
M B 0 M B EI
Wi x dx
a
1 M A 1 Pb M B M A 1
x
M B 0 L L EI
x dx
b
1 2 M B 2 Pa M A M B 2
x
0
L L EI
=0
M A L M B L Pab L a
6

3
0
L 6 6
(2)

4:
(1) (2) 3

Pab 2 Pa 2 b
MA
L2
() MB
L2
()
 2 2-37

13 BD

E w =10 GPa
A w = 65000 mm2
C B I w = 500(106) mm4

60 kN E s = 200 GPa
A s = 200 mm2
6m

A D

3m 2m

1:
DI = 1

2:
C B
0.316T
T
60 kN 0.949T
x2
T A
x1
T
60 kN

A
0.316T
1.896T - 180

60 + 0.949T
 2 2-38

3:

2 AC BC

M 1 =-60x 1
C C B
N 1 =0 0.316T

60 kN V 1 =60 kN 60 kN x2
0.949T
x1
V 2 =-0.316T

M 2 = 0.316Tx 2 - 180

N2 = -0.949T - 60

M F M / T F / T

CB C x 1 = 0=>3 -60x 1 0 0 0
BA B x 2 = 0=> 6, L = 0.316Tx 2 - 180 -0.949T 60 0.316x 2 -0.949
6
BD - L = 6.324 0 T - 1

Wi M M F FL
L
dx 0
T 0 T EI T EA

Wi 3 dx 1 6
dx 2
(0)(60x 1 ) (0.316Tx 2 180)(0.316x 2 )
T 0
EW I W 0 EW I W
 2 2-39

(0)(0)(3) (-0.949)(-0.949T - 60)(6) (1)(T )(6.324)

0
EW AW EW AW E S AS

7.2T 1023.84 5.4T 341.64 6.324T

0
EW I W EW I W EW AW EW AW E S AS

4:
E W I W A W E S A S B
3 T

T = 127.1 kN ()
 2 2-40

2.1-2.5

60 kN 40 kN
2.1 A B C D E E = 200 Gpa
I = 500(106) mm4

5m 5m 10 m 10 m

w
2.2 A B
EI =
L/2 L/2

40 kN 20 kN
2.3 10 kN/m
A B C D EI =
E

5m 5m 10m 5m

60 kN
20 kN/m
2.4 A B E = 200 Gpa
C D I = 500(106) mm4
5m 5m 20 m

2.5 2 kN/m
I b = 3.861010 mm4
A B E b = 4.176 kN/mm2
C
Spring stiffness
k = 144 kN/m
D
15m 15m
 2 2-41

2.6-2.8

20 kN E F
2.6

3 m.

10 kN
D
C EA =
3 m.

A B

4 m.

100 kN 100 kN
2.7
D C
100 kN
3m EA =

A
B
4m

80 kN

2.8 60 kN D

5 m.

EA =
C
5 m.

A B

5m 5m
 2 2-42

2.9-2.11

10 kN/m
D C
2.9
2I
3 m.
E =
I B
2I
20 kN

3 m.

E A

5 m.

15 kN/m
2.10 B
C

4m

EI =
A D

3m 5m

20 kN/m
2.11 60 kN
B
C

10 m. EI =

A
8 m.
 2 2-43

2.12-2.13

2.12
60 kN 40 kN

A B C D E E = 200 Gpa
I = 500(106) mm4
5m 5m 10 m 10 m

2.13 60 kN
20 kN/m
A B E = 200 Gpa
C D I = 500(106) mm4
5m 5m 20 m
 3 3-1

Influence Lines for Statically

Indeterminate
3 Structures

3.1
3.2
3.3 (Qualitative influence lines)
3.4

-
-

3.1

y x
1
(Influence lines)

 3 3-2

3.2
B y 3.1
1 () A
x B y
B y
(Redundant) B
(Compatibility equation) (3.1)
f BX f BB B y 0
(3.1)
(3.1) B y
f BX
By
f BB (3.2)

B y

B y
3.1 B y
 3 3-3

(3.2) B y 1 x
B y f BX f BB B
1 x B Maxwell
(Maxwells law of reciprocal deflections) f BX f XB 3.2
f XB
By
f BB (3.3)

(3.3) f XB x 1 B
B y (3.2) (
(3.3) B )
B y

1
2 B y C y
3.2

f BX f BB B y f BC C y 0
(3.4)
f CX f CB B y f CC C y 0
(3.5)

(Maxwells law of reciprocal deflections)

f XB f BB B y f BC C y 0
(3.6)
f XC f CB B y f CC C y 0 (3.7)
 3 3-4

B y

C y

3.2 B y C y 2

1. (DI)
2.
2.1 x
2.2 1
2.1 1
Maxwell

2.3 1
3.
 3 3-5

1 10 ft
1. A D F
2. C (S C ,
MC)

E =

1
DI = 1 D y

2 D y
2.1 x=0, 10, 20, 30, 40 50 ()
2.2
1 x
D y (Method of Consistent
Deformations) D
f DX f DD D y 0
(Maxwell)
f XD
f XD f DD D y 0 Dy (1)
f DD

1
=

1
+
1 D
 3 3-6

D y
f XD f DD
(Conjugate beam)
10
(1) D y 10 D y

f xD M xconj

1 D x ( 10 )

M 0; A D (20) 1(50 x)/ 50 A y

F y y

F 0; F 1 A D F y
y y y y

D y (k/k)
S C (k/k)

A y (k/k)

M C (k-ft/k)

F y (k/k)
 3 3-7
 3 3-8

3
T

x Dy
f XD Ay Fy SC MC
f DD
(ft) x

0 ( A) f AD 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0
10 ( B) f BD
1 1 10
86(10) (10)(2)
826.67 k ft / k3
0.492 0.603 -0.095 -0.397 2.06
EI 2 3
EI
20 ( C) f CD

1 1 20
86(20) (20)(4)
1,453.33 k ft 3 / k 0.865 0.254 -0.119 -0.746 5.08

EI 2 3 EI
()
0.254 ()
30 ( D) f DD
1 1 30

1,680 k ft 3 / k 1.0 0 0 0 0
86(30) 2 (30)(6) 3
EI EI
40 ( E) f ED
1 1 10

1,140 k ft 3 / k 0.679 -0.072 0.393 -0.072 -1.44
124(10) 2 (10)(6) 3
EI EI
50 ( F) f FD 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0

C 1
x (Free body diagram)

3-6
 3 3-9

2 R B 0 ft 6 ft 12 ft 18 ft 27 ft
A

1
DI = 1 R B

2 R B
2.1 x= 0 ft 6 ft 12 ft 18 ft 27 ft
A ()

2.2 B
(1) 1
x B 1
B R B
f XB
RB
f BB

f XB f BB
x
B

1 B
RB

x (ft)
x= 0 6 12 18 27
R B
 3 3-10

3.3 (Qualitative influence lines)

(Quali-tative influence lines)

- (Muller-Bresslaus
Principle)

1.
2. 1
3. ()
-

3
1. C F
2. B
3. C D

R C

1
1

R F V B

1o
1o
M D
MC
 3 3-11

3.4

(Uniformly distributed live load)

4 3

1. C F
2. B
3. C D

R C

R F V B

M C M D
 3 3-12

5
A B

1. A

A A

2. B

B B
 3 3-13

6
AB

1. AB

AB AB

2. AB

AB
AB

(Checkerboard pattern)
 3 3-14

3.1 5 A D
B

A B C D E
EI =
5m 5m 5m 5m

3.2
4 A B

A B

E=

RA 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m

3.3 A B
B C D
1. 3
2. 800 /.

EI =
A B C D E

3m 12 m 12 m 3m
 3 3-15

3.4 3.1 (qualitative

influence lines) A D B

3.5
1. (qualitative influence lines)
A B
2. A B

B A
 4 - 4-1

Analysis of Statically
- Indeterminate Structures by
4 The Slope-Deflection Method

4.1
4.2 - (Slope-Deflection Equations)
4.3 - (Modified Slope-Deflection Equations)
4.4 (Continuous Beams)
4.5 (Frames without Sidesway)
4.6 (Frames with Sidesway)

- -

4.1

(End Moments)
(Slope) (Deflection)
- (Slope-Deflection Equations)
4.1() AB BC
B
P 1 P 2 A B C
4.1() ()

()
 4 - 4-2

()

4.1
4.1.1 (Unknown Displacements)
-

4.1() (Slope)
B A C ( 4.1.3 )
-

4.1.2
4.1()
()

() ()


M AB A AB
M BA B AB
M BC B BC
M CB C BC

4.1.3
A B
C 4.1()
(
)
 4 - 4-3

A B C (4.1)

M A
0 ; M AB 0
M B 0; M BA M BC 0 (4.1)
M C 0; M CB 0

(4.1) A B C

4.2 - (Slope-Deflection Equations)

()

() ij
4.2

ij 4.2()
ij
4.2() 4.3 3
 4 - 4-4

()
+
i j
ij
Mij ji
Mji
()
+

i j
j
Mji
Mij i

()

4.3

4.2.1

( 4.3 ()) (FEM)
4.4

4.2.2

4.3() ( ji j i )
i ( M ij ) j ( M ij )
()
6 EI ji
M ij M ji
L2

M ij M ji 6 E ( I / L)( ji / L)
ji
K I (Relative flexural stiffness) ij
L L
(Average Chord rotation)
 4 - 4-5

M ij M ji 6 EK ij (4.2)

4.2.3
4.3(
) (
)
2 EI 2 i j
M ij 2 EK 2 i j
L
2 EI 2 j i
M ji 2 EK 2 j i
L
(4.3)
4.2.4 -

M ij M ij M ij FEM ij

M ji M ji M ji FEM ji
(4.4)

4.4 (4.2) (4.3) (4.4)

M ij 2 EK 2 i j 3 ij FEM ij
M ji 2 EK 2 j i 3 ij FEM ji

(4.5)

4.4
 4 - 4-6

4.3 - (Modified Slope-Deflection Equations)

(Hinge Roller supports) 4.1()
(M AB =M CB =0) -

- BC ij C=j
M ji = 0 -

M ij 2 EK 2 i j 3 ij FEM ij (4.6)
M ji 0 2 EK 2 j i 3 ij FEM ji (4.6)

2(4.6) (4.6) j -
j

2M ij 2 EK 3 i 3 ij 2 FEM ij FEM ji

1
M ij 3EK i 3 ij FEM ij FEM ji
2
i
(4.6) 0
-(Modified slope-deflection equation) 2
( 4.7)

j
1
M ij 3EK i ij FEM ij FEM ji
2
i
1
M ji 3EK j ij FEM ji FEM ij
2
(4.7)
-
1.
2. FEM 4.4
3. -
 4 - 4-7

4.
1
5.
6.
7.
8.

4.4 (Continuous Beams)

4.4.1
-
( 4.5)

4.4.2

- ( 4.7)

4.4.3
( 4.5()) CD
C ( 4.5())
CD (
4.5()) C 4.5()

w
A

B C D
L AB L BC L CD

()

wL2CD w
M CD
2

L CD
VCD wLCD

()
 4 - 4-8

wL2CD
A
w M CD
2
D
L AB B L BC

VCD wLCD

()

wL2CD
M CB M CD
C 2
M C 0; M CB M CD 0

() C
4.5
 4 - 4-9

1 (End moments)

EI =
K AB K BC I / 20 K

1 => B

2 FEM 4.4
FEM AB 50 kip ft FEM BA 50 kip ft
FEM BC 40 kip ft FEM CB 40 kip ft

3 - ( 4.5)
AB
M AB 2 EK 2 A B 3 AB FEM AB 2 EK 2(0) B 3(0) (50)
M AB 2 EK B 50 . (1)
M BC 4 EK B 50 . (2)
BC
M BC 4 EK B 40 . (3)
M CB 2 EK B 40 . (4)

4
1
M B
0; M BA M BC 0
(2) (3)
8 EK B 10 0 => EK B 1.25

5
EK B 1.25 (1)-(4)

M AB 2(1.25) 50 52.5 kip ft

M BC 4(1.25) 50 45 kip ft
M BC 4(1.25) 40 45 kip ft
M CB 2(1.25) 40 37.5 kip ft
 4 - 4-10

EI =
K AB I / 30 K
K BC I / 20 (30 / 20) K 1.5 K

1 => A B C
- ( 4.7)
B

2 FEM 4.4
FEM AB 20 kip ft FEM BA 40 kip ft
FEM BC 44 kip ft FEM CB 20 kip ft

3 -
AB
M AB 0 .(1)
M BA 3EK B AB FEM BA 1 / 2 FEM AB
M BA 3EK B AB (40) 1 / 2(20) = M BA 3EK B 50 .(2)
BC
M BC 3E (1.5K ) B 54 . (3)
M CB 0 . (4)

4
1
M B
0; M BA M BC 0
(2) (3)
7.5 EK B 4 0 => EK B 4 / 7.5
5
EK B 4 / 7.5 (2) (3)
 4 - 4-11

M BA 3(4 / 7.5) 50 51.6 kip ft

M BC 3(4 / 7.5) 54 51.6 kip ft

6, 7, 8

3 (End moments)

EI =
 4 - 4-12

1 => B C

2 FEM 4.4
FEM AB 0 FEM BA 0
10(9) 2 10(9) 2
FEM BC 67.5 kN m FEM CB 67.5 kN m
12 12

3 -
AB
M AB 2 E ( I / 6) B . (1)
M BA 2 E ( I / 6)(2 B ) . (2)

BC
M BC 2 E ( I / 9)(2 B C ) (67.5) . (3)
M CB 2 E ( I / 9)( B 2 C ) (67.5) . (4)

4
1
M B
0; M BA M BC 0
(2) (3)
1.11EI B 0.22 EI C 67.5 . (5)
M C 0; M CB 120 0
(4)
0.22 EI B 0.44 EI C 52.5 . (6)

(5) (6)
EI B 41.25 kN m 3
EI C 97.62 kN m 3
 4 - 4-13

5
EI B 41.25 kN m 3 EI C 97.62 kN m 3 (1) (4)

M AB 2 / 6(41.25) 13.7 kN m
M BA 4 / 6(41.25) 27.5 kN m
M BC 27.5 kN m
M CB 120 kN m

6, 7

4.5 (Frames without sidesway)

2
2
(without sidesway) ( 4.6())

()
()
.1
.2
 4 - 4-14

.3
.4
(sidesway) ( 4.6())
()
()

() () ( )
4.6

E =

 4 - 4-15

1 => B D

2 FEM 4.4
(2)(18 2 )(12)
FEM AB 648 kips in FEM BA 648 kips in
12

3 -
AB
120
M AB 2 E 2 A B 3 AB FEM AB
18 12 .(1)
1.11E B 648
M BA 2.22 E B 648 . (2)

BD
M BD 2.22 E B 1.11E D . (3)
M DB 1.11E B 2.22 E D . (4)

4
1
D: M D 0; M DB 0 . (5)

B: M B 0; M BA M BD 24(12) 0 . (6)

(4) (5)
1.11E B 2.22 E D 0 . (7)
(2) (3) (6)
2.22 E B 648 + 2.22 E B 1.11E D 24(12) 0 . (8)
(7) (8)
92.66 46.33
B , D
E E

5
92.66 46.33
B , D (1)-(4)
E E
M AB 750.85 kip in
M BA 442.29 kip in
 4 - 4-16

M BD 154.28 kip in
M DB 0 kip in

6, 7, 8

4.6 (Frames with sidesway)

()

(Shear equation)
 4 - 4-17

5
I AB 240 in.4 , I BC 600 in.4 , I CD 360 in
E=

EI 240 E
K AB 20 E K
L 12
EI 600 E
K BC 40 E 2 K
L 15
EI 360 E
K CD 20 E K
L 18

1 => B , C
( AB / 12 CD / 18 )

2 FEM 4.4

3 -

AB
M AB 2 EK AB 2 A B 3 AB FEM AB
.(1)
2 K B 4.5
M BA 2 K 2 B 4.5 . (2)

BC
M BC 4 K 2 B C . (3)
M CB 4 K B 2 C . (4)

CD
M CD 2 K 2 C 3 . (5)
M DC 2 K C 3 . (6)

4
1
 4 - 4-18

B: M B 0; M BA M BC 0 . (7)
C: M C 0; M CB M CD 0 . (8)
: Fx 0; VAB VDC 6 0
M AB M BA M CD M DC
6 0 . (9)
12 18

(2) (3) (7) (4) (5) (8)

12 B 4 C 9 0 . (10)
4 B 12 C 6 0 . (11)
(1), (2) (5), (6) (9)
108
9 B 6 C 39 . (12)
K

(10) (11) (12)

2.257 0.97 3.44
B , C ,
K K K
5
2.257 0.97 3.44
B , C , (1)-(6)
K K K
M AB 26.45 kip ft M BA 21.84 kip ft
M BC 21.84 kip ft M CB 16.78 kip ft
M CD 16.78 kip ft M DC 18.7 kip ft

6, 7, 8

 4 - 4-19

6
15 kN/m

B
C

EI = 4m

K AB = K BC = I/5 K CD = I/4

A D

3m 5m

1 => B C

= h,B = h,C
BC

B B C C C

B B
CD
B C
AB
A D

AB = BB/5 = (5/4)/5 = 0.25

BC = -B B/5 = (-3/4)/5 = -0.15

CD = CC/5 = /4 = 0.25
 4 - 4-20

2 FEM 4.4

FEM BC = -wL2/12 = -(15)(5)2/12 = -31.25 kN-m

FEM CB = wL2/12 = (15)(5)2/12 = 31.25 kN-m

3 -

AB
M AB = 2E(I/5)[2(0) + B 3(0.25)] + (0)
= 0.4EI B 0.3EI
M BA = 2E(I/5)[2 B + (0) 3(0.25)] + (0)
= 0.8EI B 0.3EI
BC
M BC = 2E(I/5)[2 B + C 3(0.15)] 31.25
= 0.8EI B + 0.4EIC + 0.18EI 31.25
M CB = 2E(I/5)[2 C + B 3(0.15)] + 31.25
= 0.8EI C + 0.4EIB + 0.18EI + 31.25

CD
M CD = 2E(I/4)[2 C + (0) 3(0.25)] + (0)
= EI C 0.375EI
M DC = 2E(I/4)[2(0) + C 3(0.25)] + (0)
= 0.5EI C 0.375EI
 4 - 4-21

8.33 m
6.67 m

15 kN/m

B
C

A D
V AB V DC
M AB M DC

4
1

B: M B 0; M BA M BC 0 . (1)
C: M C 0; M CB M CD 0 . (2)

M O 0; M AB + M DC (15)(5)(5/2) + VAB (13.33) + VDC (10.67) = 0 (3)

 4 - 4-22

AB CD (V AB V DC )

M AB M DC
V AB
B V DC C

V AB = 1/5(M AB + M BA )
V DC = 1/4(M DC + M CD )

A D
V AB V DC
M AB M DC

V AB V DC (3)
M AB + M DC 187.5 + [1/5(M AB + M BA )](13.33) +[1/4(M DC + M CD )] (10.67) = 0
1.667M AB + 2.667M BA + 2.667M CD + 1.667M DC +187.5=0 (4)

- 3 (1) (2) (4)

1.6EI B + 0.4EI C - 0.12EI = 31.25 (5)

0.4EI B + 1.8EI C - 0.195EI = -31.25 (6)
2.8EI B + 3.5EI C - 2.925EI = -187.5 (7)
(5) (7)

EI B = 28.969 EI C = -15.913 EI = 72.792

5
EI B = 28.969 EI C = -15.913 EI = 72.792
- 3

M AB = -10.2 kN-m
M BA = 1.3 kN-m
 4 - 4-23

M BC = -1.3 kN-m
M CB = 43.2 kN-m
M CD = -43.2 kN-m
M CD = -35.2 kN-m

BC

x = 29.12/15
= 1.94 m

27

1.3 43.2

43.2

35.2
10.2
 4 - 4-24

1. FEMij
4.4

2. ; M/

1 M / ij 2 L 1 M / ji 1L
ji,real = M j ,conj = L L
2 EI 3 2 EI 3
1 M ij 2 L 1L
/
= L
2 EI 3 3
1 2 M / ij 6 EI .ij
= L M / ij M / ji .(4.2)
6 EI L
2
 4 - 4-25

3. , M

i , real Vi ,conj

1 M // ij 2 L 1 M // ji L
M j 0 ; Vi ,conj L = 2 L EI 3 2 L EI 3

Vi ,conj = L
6 EI

2 M // ij M // ji
i ,real = L
6 EI

2 M // ij M // ji ..(1)

1 M // ji 2 L 1 M // ij L
M i 0 ; Vi ,conj L = 2 L EI 3 2 L EI 3

V j ,conj = L
6 EI

2M // ji M // ij
j,conj = L
6 EI

2M // ji M // ij (2)

(1) (2)

2 EI .2 i j
M // ij
L
2 EI .2 j i .(4.3)
M //
ji
L
 4 - 4-26

(End moment)

M end = M // M / FEMs

(4.2) (4.3)

2 EI .2 i j 6 EI ji
end ij ; M ij FEM ij
L L
2

2 EI .2 j i 6 EI ji
end ji ; M ji FEM ji
L L2

I 3 ji
M ij = 2E 2 i j FEM ij
L L
I 3 ji
M ji = 2 E 2 j i FEM ji
L L

I
K = (Relative flexural stiffness)
L
ji
ij (Average Chord rotation)
2

M ij= 2 EK 2 i j 3 ij FEM ij
M ji = 2 EK 2 j i 3 ij FEM ji
 4 - 4-27

4.1-4.9 -

60 kN 40 kN
4.1 E = 200 Gpa
D E
A B C I = 500(106) mm4

5m 5m 10 m 10 m

40 kN 20 kN
4.2 10 kN/m
A B C D EI =
E

5m 5m 10m 5m

60 kN
20 kN/m
4.3 A B E = 200 Gpa
C D I = 500(106) mm4
5m 5m 20 m

20 kN/m
4.4 60 kN
B
C

10 m. EI =

A
8 m.
 4 - 4-28

4.5 50 kN
3 kN/m
B C D E
2I 2I 2I
3 m. I
20 kN

3 m. E =
A

9 m. 9 m. 3 m.

4.6 60 kN 40 kN
E E = 200 Gpa
A B C D
I = 500(106) mm4

5m 5m 10 m 10 m

0.1 m

4.7 20 k

B C D

EI =
3 k/ft
12 ft E = 29,000 ksi
I = 3,500 in4

12 ft 12 ft
 4 - 4-29

4.8
A

16 k 12 ft
2 k/ft
EI =
E = 29,000 ksi
B D
C I = 3,500 in4
8 ft

8 ft 8 ft 4 ft

4.9

60 kN
20 kN/m
200 kN-m
B C D

4m

E EI =

A 3m

4m 4m 2m
 5 5-1

Analysis of Statically
Indeterminate Structures by The
5 Moment Distribution Method

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4 (Continuous beams)
5.5 (Frames without sidesway)
5.6 (Frames with sidesway)

5.1

(Moment distribution method)

(Iterative procedure)
- (Simultaneous equations)

(End Moments) 5.1(
) AB BC B
P P
B C 5.1()

()
 5 5-2

() B C

5.1

( B C)
M B M C B C (
5.1())
B C
5.1()

5.2

-

5.3

5.3.1 (Bending stiffness)

AB A (fixed-end)
B M A A A
B (M BA ) 5.2

M A B M BA
A
L

EI=

5.2 A
B
 5 5-3

-
M AB M 2 E
I
2 A B 3 AB FEM AB
L
I
M 4E A M K A (5.1)
L

K 4 EK , K I/L

K (Bending stiffness)
K (Relative bending stiffness)

5.3.2 (Carryover Factor, COF)

-

M BA 2 EK 2 B A 3 AB FEM BA
1
M BA 2 EK A M (5.2)
2

(5.2)

M BA COF M COF 1 / 2

5.2 (5.2) B M
A A B 0.5
(Carry over factor, COF)
(Carry over moment, COM)

5.3.3 (Distribution Factor, DF)

B 5.3
M
A I3 D
I1 B
B
I2 L2

L1 C L3

5.3 B
 5 5-4

(5.1) B AB, CB DB
I
M BA K BA B 4 E 1 B 4 EK BA B
L1
I
M BC K BC B 4 E 2 B 4 EK BC B
L2
I
M BD K BD B 4 E 3 B 4 EK BD B
L3
.(5.3)
B

M B
0 ; M M BA M BC M BD 0
(5.4)

(5.3) (5.4)
M 4 EK BA 4 EK BC 4 EK BD B
(5.5)
( 4 EK ) B

M M
B
(4 EK ) 4 E ( K )

B (5.3)

M
M BA 4 EK BA B 4 EK BA
4E (K )
K BA
M
(K )

K
M BC BC M
(K )
(5.6)

K
M BD BD M
(K )

 5 5-5

(5.6)

(5.6)

M ij DFij M (5.7)

K ij
DFij
(K )
5.4 (Continuous Beams)
5.4.1
5.3

5.4.2

5.3 B 5.4
M A B M BA
A
L
EI=
5.4 A
B
- A

M AB M 3E
I
A AB FEM AB 1 FEM BA
L 2
I
M 3E A M K A .(5.8)
L
3
K 4 EK , K ( I / L)
4
B
M BA 0 0 M
COF 0
 5 5-6

5.1

5.1


Fixed-end

Hinged-end

AM K B A
M K B
(end support) M
A A
M
L MBA MBA
L
EI =
EI=constant
EI=constant
EI =

stiffness,
Bending K K 4 EK 4 E( I / L ) K 4 EK 3E( I / L )

Relative bending 3
K
stiffness, K I/L K ( I / L)
4
Carryover

factor, 1/2 0
COF

Distribution
factor, K ij
DFij

DM (K )

5.4.3
( 5.5()) CD
C ( 5.5())
CD (
5.5())
w
A

B C D
L AB L BC L CD

()

wL2CD w
M CD
2

L CD
VCD wLCD

()
 5 5-7

wL2CD
A
w M CD
2
D
B C
LAB LBC

VCD wLCD

()

5.5

5.4.4
1.
2. (FEMs)
3.
4.
5.
6. (SFD) (BMD)

1 (End moments)

1
K ij
DFij
(K )
A ()
DFAB 0
B
I /8
DFBA 0.6 DFBC 1 0.6 0.4
I / 8 I / 12
C ()
DFCB 0
 5 5-8

2 (FEMs)
FEM AB 0 FEM BA 0
FEM BC 36 kip ft FEM CB 36 kip ft

A B C

10.8 21.6 21.6 43.2

2 (End moments) (
)

1
K ij
DFij
(K )
A ()
DFAB 0
 5 5-9

B
2
DFBA 0.5 DFBC 1 0.5 0.5
22
C
2
DFCB 0.67 DFCD 1 0.67 0.33
2 1
D ()
1
DFDC 1.0
1 0

2 (FEMs)
FEM AB 0 FEM BA 0
FEM BC 25 kip ft FEM CB 25 kip ft
FEM CD 10 kip ft FEM DC 10 kip ft

A B C D
 5 5-10

3 (SFD) (BMD)

1
A ()
DFAB 1
B
3 / 4( I / 16)
DFBA 0.484 DFBC 1 0.484 0.516
3 / 4( I / 16) ( I / 20)
C
( I / 20)
DFCB 0.444 DFCD 1 0.444 0.556
3 / 4( I / 12) ( I / 20)

D ()
1
DFDC 1.0
1 0

2 (FEMs)
FEM AB 22.5 kip ft FEM BA 7.5 kip ft
FEM BC 100 kip ft FEM CB 100 kip ft
FEM CD 0 kip ft FEM DC 0 kip ft

3
A B C D
 5 5-11

4 5
A D
B C

R B =37.07kips R C =35.89kips

6 (SFD) (BMD)

4 (End moments)

1
A ()
DFAB 1
B
( I / 8)
DFBA 5 / 9 DFBC 1 5 / 9 4 / 9
( I / 8) ( I / 10)
C
 5 5-12

DFCB 1

2 (FEMs)
FEM AB 14.1 kip ft FEM BA 23.4 kip ft
FEM BC 0 kip ft FEM CB 0 kip ft
FEM CD 20 kip ft

3
A B C

5.5 (Frames without sidesway)

2
2 2

5 A B C
 5 5-13

1
C
(800 / 20)
DFCA 0.429 DFCD 1 0.429 0.571
(800 / 20) (1600 / 30)
D
(1600 / 30)
DFDC 0.4
(1600 / 30) (800 / 20) 3 / 4(1600 / 30)
3 / 4(1600 / 30)
DFDE 0.3
(1600 / 30) (800 / 20) 3 / 4(1600 / 30)
DFDB 1 0.4 0.3 0.3

2 (FEMs)
FEM AC 100 kip ft FEM CA 100 kip ft
FEM CD 150 kip ft FEM DC 150 kip ft
FEM DE 150 kip ft FEM ED 150 kip ft

A C D E B

Distribution factor (DF)
FEM
Distribution
C.O.
Distribution
C.O.
Distribution
C.O.
Distribution
C.O.
Distribution
C.O.
Distribution
Final moments

4 5
 5 5-14

5.6 (Frames with sidesway)

()
2 5.6
()
5.7()

5.6

2
( 5.7)
(1)
(2)
(2) (
)
(Q)
(1) (Q=R = )
(R/Q)
 5 5-15

(Superposition) (1)
(2) 5.7

= R
+
Q

(1) (2)

5.7

EI = R
=
+ Q

(1) (2)

(1)
1.1

C
( I / 7)
DFCA 0.5 DFCD 1 0.5 0.5
( I / 7) ( I / 7)
D
( I / 7)
DFDC 0.417 DFCD 1 0.417 0.583
( I / 7) ( I / 3)

1.2 (FEMs)
 5 5-16

FEM CD 39.2 kN m FEM DC 29.4 kN m

1.3
A C D B

Distribution factor (DF)
FEM
Distribution
C.O.
Distribution
C.O.
Distribution
C.O.
Distribution
Final moments

1.4 R

(2)
2.1 ( 1.1)

2.2 (FEMs)
6 EI
FEM AC FEM CA 50 ()
72
6 EI 72
FEM BD FEM DB 50 2 98
52 5
 5 5-17

2.3
A C D B

Distribution factor (DF)
FEM
Distribution
C.O.
Distribution
C.O.
Distribution
C.O.
Distribution
C.O.
Distribution
Final moments

2.4 Q

2.5

R
2.06
0.06
Q 34.41
M AC 12 (0.06)(42.3) 14.5 kN m
M CA 24 (0.06)(34.5) 26.1 kN m
M CD 23.9 (0.06)(34.3) 26 kN m
M DC 24 (0.06)(45.4) 21.3 kN m
M DB 24 (0.06)(45.4) 21.3 kN m
 5 5-18

M BD 12 (0.06)(71.8) 7.7 kN m

4
-
 6 6-1

Analysis of Statically
Indeterminate Structures by
6 The Matrix Stiffness method

6.1
6.2
6.3 (Transformation)
6.4 (Non-nodal force Element force)
6.5 (Assembly)
6.6

6.1

6.1.1

(members element) (joints node)
6.1
( 3 4)
2 #2 3
#3
#1 4 4
#4 5
1 5

6.1

(
)

 6 6-2

6.1.2
(Coordinate) 2
1. (Global Coordinate System) X, Y, Z

2. (Local Member) Coordinate system) x, y, z

1
n (n )

X Y X Z

x
y x z = Z

()

Y
Z
X

() (right hand rule)

6.2

6.2 (Right hand

rule)
 6 6-3

6.1.3
(Structural model)

()

(Truss)
()
(Beam)
()
( () () )
(Frame)

6.1.4 (Degrees of freedom, dof)

()
1 (member) 2 (node) 1
1 2
()
1 (member) 2 (node) 2
1 4
()
1 (member) 2 (node) 3
1 6

6.3
Q1, 1 Q2, 2
a
b
()
Q1, 1 Q3, 3
a b
Q2, 2 Q4, 4
()
 6 6-4

Q2, 2
Q5, 5
Q1, 1
a b Q4, 4
Q3, 3 Q6, 6
()

6.3

6.2
Qi i (Local coordinate system)
j j
(Stiffness) kij 6.1
Qi kij j (6.1)

6.2.1
Q 6.4
Q
Q,

6.4

6.4 k Q / 1
k Q / 1
(Stiffness, k) 1

6.3()

Q1 k11 k12 1
(6.2)
Q2 k 21 k 22 2 2 2
 6 6-5

k ij i j 1
1 1 1 2 = 0 (6.2)
Q1 k11 1 k12 2 k11 Q2 k 21 1 k 22 2 k 21
AE AE
Q1 1 k11
L L
Q 2 =-Q 1 =-AE/L=k 21

2 2 = 1 1 0 (6.2)
Q1 k11 1 k12 2 k12 Q2 k 21 1 k 22 2 k 22
AE AE
Q2 2 k22
L L
Q 2 =-Q 1 =-AE/L=k 12

6.2.2
6.3()

Q1 k11 k12 k13 k14 1

Q k
2 21 k 22 k 23 k 24 2
(6.3)
Q3 k31 k32 k33 k34 3
Q4 k 41
k 42 k 43 k 44 44 4

k ij
4

1 1 1 2 = 3 = 4 = 0 6.5 () (6.3)

Q1 k111 k12 2 k13 3 k14 4 k11

Q2 k 21 1 k 22 2 k 23 3 k 24 4 k 21
Q3 k31 1 k32 2 k33 3 k34 4 k31
Q4 k 41 1 k 42 2 k 43 3 k 44 4 k 41

- (Slope-deflection equations)
 6 6-6

M ab =2EI/L(2 a + b -3 ab )=-6EI/L2
Q 2 = k 21 = 6EI/L2

M ba =2EI/L(2 b + a -3 ab )=-6EI/L2
Q 4 = =k 41 = 6EI/L2

[M b =0]; Q 1 =12EI/L3 = k 11
[F y =0]; Q 3 =- Q 1 =-12EI/L3 = k 31

6.5 ()

2 2 1 1 = 3 = 4 = 0 6.5 () (6.3)

Q1 k11 1 k12 2 k13 3 k14 4 k12

Q2 k211 k22 2 k23 3 k24 4 k22
Q3 k311 k32 2 k33 3 k34 4 k32
Q4 k 41 1 k 42 2 k 43 3 k 44 4 k 42

- (Slope-deflection equations)
M ab =2EI/L(2 a + b -3 ab )=-4EI/L
Q 2 = k 22 = 4EI/L

M ba =2EI/L(2 b + a -3 ab )=-2EI/L
Q 4 = =k 42 = 2EI/L

[M b =0]; Q 1 =6EI/L2 = k 12
[F y =0]; Q 3 =- Q 1 =-6EI/L2 = k 32

6.5 ()

3 3 1 1 = 2 = 4 = 0 6.5 ()
1 6.5 ()
4 4 1 1 = 2 = 3 = 0 6.5 ()
2 6.5 ()
 6 6-7

3
Q 2 =6EI/L2
ab =1/L
1 =1 Q 4 =6EI/L2
a b Q 1 =12EI/L3
Q 3 =12EI/L3
() 1: 1 = 1 2 = 3 = 4 = 0

2 =1 Q 2 =4EI/L
Q 4 =2EI/L
a b
a =-1 Q 3 =6EI/L2
Q 1 =6EI/L2

() 2: 2 = 1 1 = 3 = 4 = 0

Q 4 =6EI/L2
ab =-1/L 3 =1 Q 2 =6EI/L 2

Q 3 =12EI/L3
a b
Q 1 =12EI/L3

() 3: 3 = 1 1 = 2 = 4 = 0

4 =1 Q 2 =4EI/L
Q 4 =2EI/L
a b
b =1
Q 1 =6EI/L2 Q 3 =6EI/L2

() 4: 4 = 1 1 = 2 = 3 = 0
6.5

6.2.3

6.2.1
6.2.2 3
 6 6-8

6.3 (Transformation)

6.2 (Local Coordinate

System)
(Global Coordinate System)

6.3.1 ( 6.6 ())

a
F 1 F 2 Q 1

Q1 F1 cos F 2sin

b
F 3 F 4 Q 2

Q2 F3 cos F 4 sin

F1
Q1 cos sin 0 0 F2

Q2 0 0 cos sin F3
F4

Q T F (6.3)

T (Transformation matrix) (6.3)

T 1

F T 1Q F T T Q (6.4)
 6 6-9

T u (6.5)

u T 1 u T T (6.6)

6.3.2

6.3.3 ( 6.6 ())

a
F 1 F 2 F 3 Q 1 Q 2
Q 3

Q1 F1 cos F 2sin
Q2 F1 sin F 2 cos
Q3 F3 (Z z )

b
F 4 F 5 F 6 Q 4 Q 5
Q 6

Q4 F4 cos F 5 sin
Q5 F4 sin F 5 cos
Q6 F6

Q1 cos sin 0 0 0 0 F1
Q sin
2 cos 0 0 0 0 F2
Q3 0 0 1 0 0 0 F3

Q4 0 0 0 cos sin 0 F4
Q5 0 0 0 sin cos 0 F5

Q6 0 0 0 0 0 1 F6
 6 6-10

Q T F

6.3.4

(6.1)
Q k (6.1) (6.4) T u
(6.5)

F T T k T u (6.7)

(6.7)

F K u (6.8)

K T T k T (6.9)

(6.9) K

6.1

6.1

 6 6-11

() (Truss) () (Frame)

6.6

6.4 (Non-nodal force Element force)

6.7

(non-nodal force) 6.7

(1)

 6 6-12

(2) (Equivalent nodal force)

( -
)

6.5 (Assembly)


6.4

6.5.1


(1)
(2)
(3)

6.5.2


(1) ( 1 )
(2)
(3)

6.6

1
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4 2.3
3
4 (member forces)
 6 6-13

AE = 90(103) kips

1
= 4, t = 5 = 8 ( = 5 = 3)
5
4

7 8
2
1
6 3

(free)
1 5 (fix) 6 8

2
2.1

 6 6-14

1 2 3 4
1
2 b
3
4

a 1 2
b 3 4

1 4
L24 L L12 L23 1.5L L14 L34 1.8L

6 7 4 5
6 7 1 2
6 6
7 7
1 4
2 5

1 2 3 8 1 2 4 5

1 1
2 2
3 4
8 5

3 8 4 5

3
8
6
5

2.2
2.1
88

 6 6-15

(1,1)
(1,1) 1-2, 2-3 1-1 AE/L(1/1.5+1/1.5+0)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
2
3
[K] s = 4
5
6
7
8

2.3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P 1 =0 d1
P 2 =-12 d2
P 3 =0 d3
P 4 =0 d4
P 5 =0 d5
P6 d 6 =0
P7 d 7 =0
P8 d 8 =0

8 (Partition)
1 5 1 5
6 8 6
7 8 ( )
6 7 8

2.4 2.3

2.3 1 5 1 5

 6 6-16

d1
d2
d3
d4
d5

3

2.3 6 8 6 8

P6 d1
P7 d2
P8 d3
d4
d5

4

F K u . (6.8)
u d F
Q
u 4 =d 5
u 3 =d 4
4
u 4 =d 5
u 3 =d 4 u 2 =d 8
4
d 5 = -7.4 u 1 =d 3
u 2 =d 7 d 4 = 1.8 3
u 4 =d 5
u 1 =d 6
1 7 8 u 3 =d 4
d 2 = -9 4
6 d 1 = 1.8 d 3 = 3.6

u 2 =d 2
u 1 =d 1
2

u 2 =d 7 u 4 =d 2 u 2 =d 2 u 4 =d 8
u 1 =d 6 u 3 =d 1 u 1 =d 1 u 3 =d 3
1 2 2 3
 6 6-17

1-2
F1 1 0 1 0 u1 0 9
F
2 AE 0
0 0 0 u2 0 0

2

F3 1.5 L 1 0 1 0 u 3 1.8 10 9

F4 0 0 0 0 u 4 9 10 2 0

F2 F4
F1 F3 Q 1 =-9 Q 2 =9
1 2 1 2

(6.3) Q T F

9

Q1 1 0 0 0 0 9

Q2 0 0 1 0 9 9
0
2-3
F1 1 0 1 0 u1 1.8 10 2 9
F
2 AE 0
0 0 0 u 2 9 10 2 0

F3 1.5 L 1 0 1 0 u 3 3.6 10 2 9

F4 0 0 0 0 u4 0 0

F 2 =0 F 4 =0
F 1 =9 F 3 =-9 Q 1 =9 Q 2 =-9
2 3 2 3

(6.3) Q T F

9

Q1 1 0 0 0 0 9

Q2 0 0 1 0 9 9
0
 6 6-18

1-4
F1 0.692 0.462 0.692 0.462 u1 0 9
F 0.462
0.308 0.462 0.308 u2 0 6
2 AE
2

F3 1.8 L 0.692 0.462 0.692 0.462 u 3 1.8 10 9

F4 0.462 0.308 0.462 0.308 u 4 7.4 10 2 6

F 4 =-6
F 3 =-9 Q 2 =-10.8
4
4
F 2 =6
Q 1 =10.8
F 1 =9
1
1

(6.3) Q T F

9
Q1 0.832 0.555 0 0 6 10.8

Q2 0 0 0.832 0.555 9 10.8
6
3-4
F1 0.692 0.462 0.692 0.462 u1 3.6 10 2 9
F
2 AE 0.462 0.308 0.462 0.308 u2 0 6

F3 1.8 L 0.692 0.462 0.692 0.462 u 3 1.8 10 2 9
F4
0.462 0.308 0.462 0.308 u 4 7.4 10 6
2

F 4 =-6 Q 2 =-10.8
F 3 =9 4
4

F 2 =6
Q 1 =10.8
F 1 =-9 3
3

(6.3) Q T F

9
Q1 0.832 0.555 0 0 6 10.8

Q2 0 0 0.832 0.555 9 10.8
6
 6 6-19

2-4
F1 0 0 0 0 u1 1.8 10 2 0
F
2 AE 0 1 0 1 u 2 9 10 2 12

F3 L 0 0 0 0 u 3 1.8 10 2 0

F4 0 1 0 1 u 4 7.4 10 2 12

(6.3) Q T F
F 4 =12
F 3 =0 Q 2 =12
4 4

F 2 =-12
F 1 =0 Q 1 =-12
2 2

0

Q1 0 1 0 0 12 12

Q2 0 0 0 1 0 12
12
 6 6-20

EI = 30 10 6 kips-in2 ()

1
= 4, = 3 = 8 ( = 4 = 4)

1 2 3 4

5 6 7
8

2
2.1
E, I, L [K]
1 2 3 4

K a b

a 1 2
b 3 4

1 4
1 5 2 6 2 6 3 7
1 1
2 2
K 12 K 23 3
3
4 4
 6 6-21

3 7 4 8
1
K 3 4 2
3
4

2.2
2.1
88

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
2
3
4
K s
5
6
7
8

2.3
1-2 3-4

1-2 3-4

3 4

 6 6-22

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P1 d 1 =0
P2 d2=
P3 0d 3 =0
P4 d 4 =0
P 5 =0 d5
P 6 =0 d6
P 7 =0 d7
P 8 =0 d8

2.4 2.3

2.3 5 8 5 8

d5
d6
(in/ft)
d7
d8

P1
P2
P3
P4

4
1-2
F1 Q1 12 60 12 60 u1 0 2 2 k
F Q 60 400 60 200 u 1.44 10 3 5 0
2 2 EI 2
3
F

3 Q3 L 12 60 12 60 u 3 0 2 2 k
F4 Q4
60 200 60 400 u 4 1.44 10 5 0
3

F 1 =2 F 3 =2
F 2 =0 F 4 =0
1 2
 6 6-23

2-3
F1 Q1 12 60 12 60 u1 0 1.5 k
F Q 60 400 60 200 u 1.44 10 3
2 2 EI 2 0
3
F3 Q3 L 12 60 12 60 u3 0 1.5 k
F4 Q4
60 200 60 400 u4 2.88 10 15 k ft
3

F 1 =- 4 kips
F 3 =1.5
F 2 =0 F 4 =-15
1 2

3-4
F1 Q1 12 60 12 60 u1 0 12 13.5 k
F Q 60 400 60 200 u 2.88 10 3 20 15 k ft
2 2 EI 2
3
F3 Q3 L 12 60 12 60 u3 0 12 10.5 k
F4 Q4
60 200 60 400 u 4 4.32 10 20 0
3

F 1 =13.5 F 3 =10.5
2.4 klf
F 4 =0
1 2
F 2 =15

EA 12 EI
3 1000 kip in
L L

1
= 4, = 3 = 12 ( = 8 = 4)

 6 6-24

2 12

1 11
4

6
9

5 8
7 10

2
2.1

1 2 3 4 5 6
( EA / L)C 2 ( EA / L)CS ( EA / L)C 2 ( EA / L)CS
(6 EI / L2 ) S (6 EI / L2 ) S

(12 EI / L ) S
3 2
(12 EI / L )CS
3
(12 EI / L ) S
3 2
(12 EI / L )CS
3
1
( EA / L) S 2 ( EA / L)CS ( EA / L) S 2

(12 EI / L3 )C 2
(6 EI / L2 )C
(12 EI / L3 )CS (12 EI / L3 )C 2
(6 EI / L )C
2
2

K 4 EI / L (6 EI / L2 ) S (6 EI / L2 )C 2 EI / L

3
( EA / L)C 2 ( EA / L)CS
(6 EI / L2 ) S
(12 EI / L3 ) S 2 (12 EI / L3 )CS 4



( EA / L) S 2
(12 EI / L3 )C 2
(6 EI / L )C
2

5
4 EI / L 6 6
SYMM . 6

a 1 2
3 b 4
5 6
1 4
 6 6-25

Member s c sc c2 s2
1-3 76 0.970 0.242 0.235 0.058 0.941
3-4 0 0 1 0 1 0
2-4 90 1 0 0 0 1
s = sin c = cos

5 6 7 1 2 3

5
6
7
1
2
3

1 2 3 11 12 4

1
2
3
2 11
12
4

8 9 10 11 12 4

8
9
10
3 11
12
4
 6 6-26

2.2
2.1
1212

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
20 0 60 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1
0
20 45 60 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2
60 45 990 240 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3

0 60 240 960 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4
10 0 60 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5

10 15 ...
K S 102
0 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6
60 15 255 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7

0 0 0 60 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8
0 0 0 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 9

0 0 0 240 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 10

10 0 0 60 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 11
0 10 60 60 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 12

2.3
P K d

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 20 0 60 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... d1
6

0
20 45 60 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... d 2
12 60 45 990 240 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... d 3

12 0 60 240 960 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... d 4
P5 10 0 60 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... d5 0

P6 2 0 10 15 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... d 6 0
10
P7 60 15 255 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... d 7 0

P8 0 0 0 60 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... d8 0

P9
0 0 0 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. d9 0

P 0 0 0 240 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. d10 0
10
P11 10 0 0 60 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... d11 0
P 6
12 0 10 60 60 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... d12 0
 6 6-27

3-4

wL2 1(122 )
12
12 12 12

L=12 ft
wL 1(12) 6
6
2 2

12 (Partition)
1 4 1 4
5 12
5 12 ( )
5 12

2.4 2.3

2.3 1 4 1 4

0 20 0 60 0 d1 d1 1.1
6 0 20 45 60 d d 40.9
2 2
10 4
10
2

12 60 45 990 240 d 3 d
3 0 . 366
12
0 60 240 960 d 4 d 4 3.9

3
 6 6-28

P5 10 0 60 0 P5 0.11 kips
P 0 10 15 0 P 4.03 kips
6 6
P7 60 15 255 0 1.1 P7 5.86 kip ft

P8 2 0 0 0 60 40.9 P8 2.34 kips
10 10
4

P9 0 0 0 0 0.366 P9 0

P10 0 0 0 240 3.9 P10 9.35 kips

P11
10 0 0 60 P11 2.23 kip ft

P 6 10 60 60 P 7.97 kips
12 0 12

4
1-3

F1 10 0 60 10 0 60 u1 0 0.11
F 0 10 15 0 10 15 u2 0 4.03
2
F3 60 15 510 60 15 255
2
u 0
5 . 86
10
3
4
F4 10 0 60 10 0 60 u4 1.1 10 0.11
F4 0 10 15 0 10 15 u5 40.9 10 4 4.03

F4 60 15 255 60 15 510 u6 0.366 10 4 4.93

F 5 =-4.03
F 6 =4.93
3
Q 5 =-0.87 Q 4 =-
F 4 =-0.11
3 Q 6 =4.93

F 2 =4.03 Q 2 =0.87
F 3 =5.86 Q 1 =3.94
1 F 1 =0.11
1 Q 3 =5.86

Q1 0.242 0.970 0 0 0 0 0.11 3.94

Q 0.970 0.242 0 0 0 0 4.03 0.87
2
Q3 0 0 1 0 0 0 5.86 5.86

Q4 0 0 0 0.242 0.970 0 0.11 3.94
Q5 0 0 0 0.970 0.242 0 4.03 0.87

Q6 0 0 0 0 0 1 4.93 4.93
 6 6-29

3-4

F1 10 0 0 10 0 0 u1 1.1 10 4 0 0.11
F 0 4
2 10 60 0 10 60 u 2 40.9 10 6 4.03
4
F3 0 60 480 0 60 240 2 u 3 0.366 10 12 4.93
10
F4 10 0 0 10 0 0 u4 0 0 0.11
F5 0 10 60 0 10 60 u5 0 6 7.97

F6 0 60 240 0 60 480 u 6 3.9 10 4 12 18.72

3-4

F 2 =4.03 F 5 =7.9 Q 2 =4.03 Q 5 =7.97

F 3 =-4.93 F 6 =-18.72 Q 3 =- Q 6 =-18.72
F 4 =-0.11 3
Q 4 =-
3 F 1 =0.11 4 Q 1 =0.11 4

2-4

F1 10 0 60 10 0 60 u1 0 2.34
F 0 10 0 0 10 0 u2 0 0
2
F3 60 0 480 60 0 240
2
u3 0 9.35
10
F4 10 0 60 10 0 60 u4 0 2.34
F5 0 10 0 0 10 0 u5 0 0

F6 60 15 240 60 0 480 u 6 3.9 10 4 18.72

F 5 =0 F 6 =18.72 Q 4 =0 Q 6 =18.72
4 F 4 =2.34 4 Q 5 =-

F 2 =0 Q 1 =0
2 F 1 =-2.34 2
Q 2 =2.34
F 3 =9.35 Q 3 =9.35
 6 6-30

Q1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2.34 0
Q 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.34
2
Q3 0 0 1 0 0 0 9.35 9.35

Q4 0 0 0 0 1 0 2.34 0
Q5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2.34

Q6 0 0 0 0 0 1 18.72 18.72
 6 6-31

6.1-6.2

40 kN
6.1
2 80 kN

#3
#1 8m
EA =
#2

1 3 4

6m 8m

100 kN 100 kN

6.2 3 #4 4
100 kN

#1 #3 3m EA =
#5 #6

1
#2 2
4m

6.3-6.4

6.3
20 kN
10 kN/m
1 2 3 EI =
#1 #2
3m 3m 6m
 6 6-32

6.4
40 kN 20 kN
100 kN-m 10 kN/m
1 2 3 EI =
#1 #2 #3 4
5m 5m 10m 5m

6.5
d2

#1 d3 d1 #3 4
1
E1, I1, A1 2 E3, I3, A3

#2
L2
E2, I2, A2

L1 L3

6.6-6.7

6.6 A

16 k 12 ft
2 k/ft EI =
E = 29,000 ksi
B D
C I = 3,500 in4
8 ft

8 ft 8 ft 4 ft
 6 6-33

6.7
60 kN
20 kN/m
200 kN-m
B C D

4m

E EI =

A 3m

4m 4m 2m
 7 7-1

Approximate Analysis of
Indeterminate Structures
7

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4 : 2
7.5 portals

1.
2.
3. Portal method
4. indeterminate Structure determinate
Structure
5. indeterminate Truss
6. industrial Frame portal Frame

7.1

7.1

7.2
( j ) 12
( b )15 ( r) 9 = ((315+9)-
123) = 18 (Exact method) Slope-deflection, Moment
distribution Direct stiffness

 7 7-2

Sectional Elevation Along C1-C3

7.1
 7 7-3

7.2 Idealized frame for analysis

7.3 Building frame subjected to vertical

 7 7-4

7.2
7.3

3 3
3
(point of inflexion) 7.4()
7.4()
0.21L

Bending moment diagram

()

Bending moment diagram

()
 7 7-5

7.4()

0 0.21L
(point of inflexion) 0.1L
2

7.4()

()

()
 7 7-6

7.4
0.1L

7.1
7.5a

7.5a

0.1L ( = 0.6 m) 7.5b

7.5c

7.5b
 7 7-7

7.5c Bending moment diagrams

BE 7.1 kN.m BC BA
8.1
M BC M BA 4.05 kN.m BE 14.4 kN.m
2

7.5d
 7 7-8

8.5d Axial force in columns

7.3

7.6

12

7.6 Shear in columns

 7 7-9

8.7a Two storey building frame

Subjected to lateral load of Example 8.2

7.7b

12

10 2
2 () Potal method () Cantilever
method
7.3.1 Portal method
Portal method
1)
2)
3)

 7 7-10

( 7.6)

7.2
7.7a

Portal hinges /inflexion

( M,N,O) 7.7b
F X 0 V 2V V 20
or V 5kN
R R
V 1.5 M y 2.5 0
M y 3kN

M CB 5 1.5 7.5kN .m ; M IH 7.5kN .m
M CF 7.5kN .m

S S
5 15 O y 2.5 0
O y 3kN
Ny 0

section J,K,L 7.7c

 7 7-11

7.7c

7.7d

F X 0 V ' 2V ' V ' 60

V ' 15kN

P ( 7.7d)
M p 15 1.5 5 1.5 3 2.5 J y 2.5 0
J y 15kN

L y 15kN
 7 7-12

7.7e

7.7f

7.7g

7.7f
 7 7-13

M BC 5 1.5 7.5kN .m ; M BA 15 1.5 22.5kN .m

M BE 30kN .m
M EF 10 1.5 15kN .m ; M ED 30 1.5 45kN .m
M EB 30kN .m M EH 30kN .m
M HI 5 1.5 7.5kN .m ; M HG 15 1.5 22.5kN .m
M HE 30kN .m

7.7g
7.3.2 Cantilever method
Cantilever method

1)
2)
3)

P 7.8

Cantilever method

7.3
cantilever
method 7.8a.

x
xA 0A 5 A 10 A 5 m ()
A A A A
 7 7-14

7.8a Cantilever Column

7.8b
7.8b C.G. CB

My Oy
M y O y
5 A 5 A

Taking moment O

20 1.5 M y 10 0
 7 7-15

M y 3kN ; O y 3kN

Taking moment R R

V M 1 .5 3 2 . 5 0

VM 5 kN

Taking moment S S

VO 1.5 3 2.5 0 VO 5 kN.

F x 0 VM N N VO 20 0

V N 10 kN

Moment
M CB 5 1.5 7.5 kN.m

M CF 7.5 kN.m

M FE 15 kN.m

M FC 7.5 kN.m

M FI 7.5 kN.m

M HI 7.5 kN.m

M IF 7.5 kN.m

hinge J, K, L (Fig. 7.8c)

 7 7-16

Taking moment hinge L, J y

20 3 40 1.5 3 10 J y 10 0

J y 15 kN ; L y 15 kN

Taking moment P P

5 1.5 3 2.5 15 2.5 V j 1.5 0

V j 15 kN

Taking moment Q Q

5 1.5 3 2.5 15 15 2.5 V L 1.5 0

V L 15 kN

F X 0 V J VK VL 60 0

V K 30 kN.
 7 7-17

Moment

M BC 5 1.5 7.5 kN.m ; M BA 15 1.5 22.5 kN.m

M BE 3 kN.m
M EF 10 1.5 15 kN.m ; M ED 30 1.5 45 kN.m
M EB 30 kN.m M EH 30 kM.m
M HI 5 1.5 7.5 kN.m ; H HG 15 1.5 22.5 kN.m
M HE 30 kN.m

7.4 : 2
7.9

7.9

7.9

DI (m r ) 2 j
 7 7-18

j m r
3 3
2

1.
2
3 (
)
2. 2 (Slender)


3

n
n

 7 7-19

7.4
7.10a

7.10a

:
3

R1 23.33 kN ()
R2 26.67 kN ( ) (1)

Free body Diagram A-A

7.10b
 7 7-20

7.10b

FL0U1 sin FL0U1 sin 23.33 0 (2)

Fu0 L1 FL0U1 F (3)

1
2 F sin 23.33 sin
2
23.33
F 16.50 kN (4)
2

FU 0 L1 16.50 kN (Tension)
FL0U1 16.50 kN (Conpression)
 7 7-21

Joint L0

7.10c

Fy 0 FL0U 0 16.50 sin 45 23.33 0

FL0U 0 11.67 kN(Comp.) (5)

Fx 0 16.50cos45 FL0 L1 0

FL0 L1 11.67 kN(Tension) (6)

FU 0U1 11.67 kN(comp.)

B-B ( 7.10d)

7.10d
 7 7-22

3.33 kN free body diagram

F y 0 FL1U 2 sin 45 FU1L2 sin 45 23.33 20 0 (7)

FL1U 2 FU1L2 F
2 F sin 3.33

3.33
F 2.36 kN
2

FU1L2 2.36 kN(Tension)

FL1U 2 2.36 kN(Compression)

Taking moment U 1

1
FL1L2 3 2.36 3 23.33 3 0
2

FL1L2 25 kN(Tension) (8)

Taking moment L1

FU1U 2 25 kN(Comp.) (9)

L1 ( 7.10e)

7.10e
 7 7-23

F y 0 FL1U1 16.50sin 45 2.36sin45 20 0

FL1U1 10 kN(Tension) (10)

C-C ( 7.10f) 3

7.10f
FL3U 2 FL2U 3 F

F y 0 FL3U 2 sin45 FL2U 3 sin45 26.67 0 (11)

26.67
F 18.86 kN
2

FL3U 2 18.86 kN(Comp.)

FL2U 3 18.86 kN(Tension) (12)

L3 ( 7.10g)

7.10g
 7 7-24

F x 0 18.86cos45 FL2 L3 0

FL2 L3 13.34 kN(Tension)

F y 0 FL3U 3 13.33 kN(Comp.)

7.10h

7.10h

7.5

:

R1 23.33 kN ()
R2 26.67 kN ( ) (1)
free body diagram A-A
7.11a

 7 7-25

7.11a

7.11b

7.11c
 7 7-26

Fy 0
FU 0 L1 sin45 23.33 0

FU 0 L1 23.33 2 33 kN

FL0U1 0 (2)

Joint L0

FL0 L1 0 FL0U 0 23.33 kN (Comp.)

Joint U 0 FU U 0 1
23.33 kN (3)

C-C (7.11b)
3.33 kN free body diagram

F y 0 FU1L2 sin45 23.33 - 20 0 (4)

FU1L2 3.33 2 4.71 kN

FL1U 2 0 (5)

Taking Moment U 1

FL1L2 3 23.33 3 0

FL1L2 23.33 kN(Tension) (6)

Taking moment L1

1
FU1U 2 3 4.71 3 23.33 3 0
2

FU1U 2 26.67 kN(comp.)

 7 7-27

Joint L1 ( 7.11c)
F y 0 FL1U1 33sin45 20 0
FL1U1 3.33 kN(comp.) (7)

B-B ( 7.11d) 3

F y 0 FL2U 3 sin 45 26.67 0 (11)

FL3U 2 0
FL2U 3 37.71 kN (Tension) (12)

L3 ( 7.11e)

7.11d

7.11e
 7 7-28

F x 0 FL2 L3 0

F y 0 FL3U 3 26.66 kN(Comp.)

7.11f
(Exact method)

7.11f Final bar force

7.5 portals
7.12a 7.12b
2 (
)

(Hinge) (Fix)

 7 7-29

7.12
 7 7-30

portals ( 7.13)

7.13 Portal Frames

portals (Hinged) 7.13a

1
1 stiffness
stiffness
stiffness
 7 7-31

7.14

:
7.14

P
V A VD
2

Taking moment D

M D 0 RA d P h

Ph
RA ( )
d

Ph
RD ( )
d
Bending moment diagram Fig. 7.15

7.15a Bending Moment Diagram

7.15b
 7 7-32

portals frame 7.13b

3 3
portals 7.16a
industrial frame 7.16b

7.16a

7.16b

bending moment

3
 7 7-33

7.17a

7.17b

Taking moment hinge 1 hinge 1 ( 7.17a)

Ph Ph
MA 0 MA
2 2 4

Taking moment hinge 2 hinge 2

Ph Ph
MD 0 MD
2 2 4

Taking moment hinge 1 hinge 1

 7 7-34

P h Ph Ph
RD d M D 0 RD ( )
22 2 2D

Ph
RA ( )
2d

Bending moment diagram 7.17b

(Partially Fixed) hinge

1/3
(Fixed)

35.3

7.18a

7.18b
 7 7-35

7.18b

7.18c

Taking moment hinge 2 hinge 2

P
MB 4 M B 20 kN.m (2)
2
M A 20 kN.m (3)
 7 7-36

Taking moment hinge 1 hinge 1

R B 18 V B 4 20 104 4 0 kN
80 40
RB
18 9

kN
40
RA (4)
9
Method of section method of joint
A-A 7.18d

7.18d

40 4
F y 0
9
FU 0 L1 0
5

FU 0 L1 5.55 kN(Copm.) (5)

 7 7-37

Taking moment U 0

5 8 FL0 L1 4 0

FL0 L1 10 kN(Tension) (6)

Taking moment L1

40
10 4 5 4 3 FU 0U1 4 0
9

FU 0U1 11.66 kN(Comp.) (7)

 8 8-1

Tips and Tricks for

Computer Aided
8 Structural Analysis

8.1
8.2
8.3 (Linear Static Stress Analysis)
8.4 Sign convention
8.5
8,6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-
-

8.1

 8 8-2

8.2

,

(member forces) (nodal reactions)
(joint displacements)







stiffness method


?
.

8.3 (Linear Static Stress Analysis)

.


,

1.
()

 8 8-3

2. :

(displacements) (strains stresses)

. Hookes Law

. ,

8.4 Sign convention

8.1

Y
"" 3
.

8.2
 8 8-4

(tension side)

3
Y 2 x-y
x-z 2 z
( x )


SAP2000

8.3 Positive Axial Force Torque

8.4
 8 8-5

8.5

8.6
 8 8-6

8.7

hinged
roller
"" 'truss' 'moment
releases' truss

8.5

""


X-Z-Y (
Y ) B-5-10 B05010
" B " , " "

''
bandwidth stiffness matrix
(Re-number
node)
' bandwidth minimization '?
global stiffness matrix

 8 8-7

8.6

3

8.8

200 x 300 200 x 400

200x300
' ' ' '
= 400 = 200 8.9

3 SAP2000
'tx' 'ty' ( 'ty' 'tz' 't2' 't3')
 8 8-8

8.9

' Iz ' ' Iy ' Iz =
200x3003/12 Iy = 300x2003/12 Iz = 200x4003/12 Iy = 400x2003/12
'local axes' 'local axes'
' global axes ' ' local axes ' 8.10

8.10
 8 8-9

8.11

local axes global

axes local global axes

8.7

(concentrate)
(uniform)

'' node


7-1
' L ' ()

(triangular load) (trapezoidal load)
( )



(plate elements) 7-1

plate element
(mesh)
 8 8-10

1 plates 10x10 11x11x100 = 12100

8.12

8.13 8.14

8.13 8.14

8.14 Global axes 8.13

Local axes

 8 8-11

8.8

8.15 x-y 15-2

''

8.15

8.16
8.15 x Z
YZ

 8 8-12

8.9

'
'
8.17

8.17

8.18
 8 8-13

8.19

25 kN 20 kN
5 kN

8.20

8.21
 8 8-14

8.22

8.23

8.24
8.25 spans 8.26
x Z beams
8.27

8.24
 8 8-15

8.25

8.26
 8 8-16

8.27
 9 9-1

Introduction to plastic analysis

of structures
9

9.1
9.2 -:
9.3 -:
9.4 :

9.1

9.1 ()
9.1()
q
q
A B
L/2 L/2

() q
qL2/24

-qL2/12
-qL2/12

()
 9 9-2

qu
A B

C
()
Mp

-Mp -Mp
()

9.1

(Plastic Hinge)
(Plastic moment,
Mp)
(Simply-supported beam) q
(Moment redistribution)
( 9.1())
()
(Ultimate load)
9.1()

( )
(
(yield)
) ()

 9 9-3

9.2 - :

=P/A
(1) (2) (3)
P
y

L
A

P
Es
/L
Elastic P
y
lastic
Plastic
Strain
hardening
()Elastic-plastic
(
material )
2
1
y

1.
2. ()
Es
y

Perfectly plastic material
() ()

9.2 -

(Stress) (Strain) 9.2()
(1) (2) (3)
(strain hardening)

Es (Youngs modulus)
y (Yield stress) y (Yield strain)
9.2()
y

(Perfectly plastic model)
 9 9-4

9.3 -:
M
(Neutral axis, NA)

0

9.2()

1 2= y 2>
3 y 4>y
Plane section

remains plane Strain diagram
pre
Com ssion ()
N.A.
1 y y y

M
Stress diagram

M1 < My M2 = My M3 < Mp M4 = Mp

9.3 -

9.3.1 (Yield Moment, My)

( 2
9.3 )
(1)
9.2() (flexural stress equation) 9.1
M My , y S I (9.2)
c

I
M (9.1)
c
M y yS (9.2)

S (Elastic section modulus) I

c
 9 9-5

9.3.2 (Plastic Moment, Mp)

( 9.2())


(plastic moment)
(Plastic hinge)
9.4 A2
(Compression zone) A1 (Tension zone)

T C
T ( A1) C ( A2) ( A1) ( A2) A1 A2 A / 2

M p Ty1 Cy 2 (9.3)
T C ( A / 2)

y A y1 y 2
Mp (9.4)
2

Z A y1 y 2 (Plastic section modulus) y1

2
y2

M p yZ (9.5)

9.4
 9 9-6

9.3.2 (Shape factor, f)

Mp yZ Z
f (9.6)
My yS S

1
y = 3500 kg/cm2
200 mm
25 mm

150 mm

50 mm

Step 1:
()

y Ayi i

A i

y (150)(50)(75) (25)(200)(162.5)

(150)(50) (25)(200)
110 mm
()

=
( y )(50) (150 y )(50) (25)(200)
y 125 mm
y
 9 9-7

Step 2:

()

1 1
I (20)(2.53 ) (20)(2.5)(2.752 ) (5)(153 ) (5)(15)(3.52 ) 2073 cm 4
12 12

I
My y
c
(2073)
(3500) 6596 kN m
(11)(100)

()

A
Mp y ( y1 y2 )
2
(2.5)(20) (5)(2.5)
(3500) (6.25) (3.25)
2(100)
41562 kN m

()
Mp yZ Z
f
My yS S

9.4 :


(Unstable) (Collapse)

(Equilibrium method)
(Virtual work method)
 9 9-8

9.4.1 (Equilibrium method )

(Lower bound theorem)

(Free body diagram)

2 P

y 220 106 N / m 2

1)
- () y 220 106 N / m 2

2)
-
yI
M y yS
c
1
220 106 0.05 * 0.13
12 18,333.33 N m
0.1 / 2

-
y A y1 y 2 y bh 2
M p yZ
2 4

220 10 0.05 0.1
6 2
27,500 N m
4

3)

-

4M
P
L
 9 9-9

- P (Py)
4M y 4 18,333.33
M= My P= Py Py 36,666.7 N
L 2
- P (Pu)

M=Mp P=Pu
4M p 4 27,500
Pu 55,000 N
L 2

3 q

3)

q (qy)

128M y 128 y S
qy = qy
9 L2 9 L2
 9 9-10

q (qu)
128M p 128 y Z
qu 2
= qy
9L 9 L2

4 P
= My = Mp

2 A

3)

A
A
B
B

A B

 9 9-11

P A (Py)
M= My P= Py
A
16M y
Py
3L
P (Pu)
A B

1
2 3

5 q
= My = Mp

3)

A=B
 9 9-12

A B
A
B
C
A B C

q A B (qy)

M=My P=Py
A B
12 M y
qy
L2

q (qu)
A B C

 9 9-13

4 5

-

( 6-8 ) 9.5

9.5
 9 9-14

6
Mp

A C B
MP

L/2 L/2

1 (1)
(2)
PL/4

A B
A
+
C B

MA

2 2


Pu

A C B

 9 9-15

3
1

Mp
Mp PuL/4
Mp/2
A C B

4
Pu

M P Pu L
MP Pu 6 M P / L
2 4

7
AB M P BC 1.2 M P
P 0.5P 0.5P

A B C
Mp 1.2Mp

4m 4m 3m 3m 3m

1 (1)
(2)

2P
1.5P

A C
B B

(1)
 9 9-16

+
A B C

MB

(2)

2 2

1

Pu

A B C

1 AB

0.5Pu 0.5Pu

A B C

2 BC

3
1
B
 9 9-17

B MP

2Pu Mp
Mp
0.5Mp
A B C
1 AB

1.2Mp
Mp 1.5Pu

A B C
Mp/3
2 BC

1 AB
MP + MP/2 = 2Pu

Pu = 0.75MP ()

2 BC

1.2MP + MP/3 = 1.5Pu

Pu = 1.022MP ()

() () Pu 0.75MP
0.75 MP
AB
 9 9-18

Pu 0.5Pu 0.5Pu

A B C

0.458Mp
0.792Mp

Mp
Mp

A B C

8 MP 2000
kN-m Pw 400 kN ww 180 kN/m

4PW PW
ww
B C
A 2Mp Mp

2m 4m 2m 3m

1 (1)
(2)
6.5P

4.5w
3.5P

A B C
B

(1)
 9 9-19

+
A B C

Mp

2Mp

(2)

B MP

2 2
1 AB
AB 4P

4Pu Pu

A B C

1 AB

2 BC x
C BC

wu

A B C

2 BC
 9 9-20

3 4

1 AB

2Mp 2Mp
1.75M P 2M p 6.5Pu
Mp
Pu 0.577 M p 1.75Mp
0.577(2000) A B C
1153.8 kN (1) AB

c
Pu 1153.8
2.885 ()
Pw 400

2 BC

Mp
3wux wux2/2

Mp

xMp/6
(2) BC
Wu

Mp
x

3wu + Mp/6 3wu - Mp/6

BC
 9 9-21

x BC
B x

M
3wu p
x
6 Mp
3 ()
wu 6 wu

BC

xM p x2
M p 3wu x wu ()
6 2

() ()

2
M M M wu M
3 p p M p 3wu 3 p 3 p
6wu 6 6wu 2 6wu
2
Mp Mp
wu wu 0
2

3 324
wu
Mp
18

3 8

9.532 10 3 M p ,0.324 M p

9.53210 (2000),0.324(2000)
3

19.1, 647.6 kN/m

wu 647.6 kN/m 19.1

c
647.6
3.60 ()
180

() () c = 2.885
AB
 9 9-22

4616 kN 1154 kN
519.3 kN/m

4000
1539
2000
4000

1444

8.4.2 (Virtual work method)

(DI)

(Upper bound
theorem) 1




1.
2.
3.

 9 9-23

9 4 P

1.
()

2.

10 P

3 3
A B C ( D ) 3

 9 9-24

3
2

2
=

3:

2.5M p
Pu 3
L

11 Mp = 600 kN-m

1.5P
P P
A B C D
Mp 1.5Mp Mp
4m 4m 6m 6m 4m 4m
 9 9-25

1:

Pu Pu
A B C D

4 2 4 2

() 1
1.5Pu

A B C D

6 2

() 2

2:

1
We Wi
2 Pu (4 )
2 M p (2 ) M p ( )
Pu 0.75M p
0.75(600) 450 kN

2
We Wi
1.5 Pu (6 ) M p ( ) 1.5M p (2 ) M p ( )
Pu 0.556 M p
0.556(600) 333.3 kN

3:
Pu 333.3 kN

500 kN
333.3 kN 333.3 kN
A B C D
 9 9-26

12 Mp = 3,000 kN-m
P
w=0.2P
A B
C
Mp 1.2Mp
6m 3m 3m

1:

w=0.2Pu
A B
C

x
x
6
x
6
6 x

x AB

() 1
Pu

A B

C
3
2

() 2

2:
1
We Wi
1 6 x
(0.2 Pu ) ( x )(6) Mp Mp
2 6 x 6
1 6 x
Pu Mp
0.6 x 6 x

x = 2.486 .
1 6 (2.486)
M p 1.619M p
0.6(2.486) 6 (2.486)
Pu

1.619(3000) 4857 kN
 9 9-27

2
We Wi
( Pu )(3 ) M p ( ) 1.2M p (2 ) 1.2 M p ( )
Pu 1.533M p
1.533(3000) 4600 kN

3:
Pu 4600 kN

4600 kN
w=920 kN/m
A B

13 P

Mp
Mp Mp

2 3
 9 9-28

3:

3M p
Pu 3
L
 9 9-29

9.1 y = 2,400
kg/cm2
12 mm

15 mm

100 mm 400 mm

50 mm 200 mm
3.2 .

9.2 Pu Mp = 120
kN-m

2P
P

A B C D
Mp
2m 1.5 m 2.5 m

9.3 Pu Mp = 120
kN-m

2P
P P

A B
C
Mp
2m 2m 2m 2m
 9 9-30

9.5 Pu Mp = 120
kN-m
1.6P
P 0.8P

A B
C
Mp 2Mp
5m 3m 3m 3m 2m

9.6 wu Mp = 200
kN-m

2w
w
A B C
Mp 2Mp
5m 5m

9.7 Mp = 300 kN-m

100 kN 200 kN

100 kN
B C
Mp
4m
Mp
Mp
D

A 3m

3m 2m 3m

80 kN
( D ) D

C y
D
40 kN

5m
E = 200 Gpa
A (all members) = 2000 mm2

B
A

5m

1. Node, Element Degree of freedom

1. Node No.
2. Element No.
3. Dof No. ( Dof )
8
2
4 3
7 #1
1

Y
#2
#3
4
6
3 X
1 2 5

Degree of freedom node

truss (
) 1 node 2 dofs. beam frame 2 dofs 3 dofs.

2. node D dof. 1 2

P S d d S 1P

P
S stiffness
d
 ( ) 3 elements stiffness matrix
stiffness stiffness 3 elements

2.1 P
Matrix degree of freedom 1
40 k dof 1 80 k dof 2
matrix

P1 40 1
P 80 2
2
P3 0 3

P4 0 4
P = =
P5 0 5
P6 0 6

P7 0 7
P 0 8
8

matrix degree of freedom

2.2 stiffness matrix S

3 elements stiffness
stiffness 3 elements
stiffness stiffness element
(Assembly)

Y
Node 4

X

Node 1

Stiffness Matrix element

 1 2 3 4
C2 CS C2 CS 1

S2 CS S2 2
K T k T 2
T EA CS
L C CS C2 CS 3

CS S2 CS S 2 4

C Cos S Sin X (global) x (local)

dof 1 ()
stiffness degree of freedom element

2.2.1 Element#1
L = 5 m. = 0 , Cos = 1 Sin = 0

7 8 1 2
1 2 3 4 2 4
0.2 0 0.2 0 1 7
1 Global
0 0 0 0 2
3
K T k T EA
T 8
0.2 0 0.2 0 3 1 Node #1 Node
2
0 0 0 0 4

2.2.2 Element#2
L = 7.07 m. = +45 , Cos = 0.707 Sin = 0.707

3 4 1 2 3
1 2 3 4
Node
0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 1 3 #1
0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 2 4
K EA 2 Global
0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 3 1

0.071 0.071 0.071
0.071 4 2 1
Node
2.2.3 Element#3
L = 5 m. = +90 , Cos = 0 Sin = 1
4

3
Node
5 6 1 2
Global #1
1 2 3 4
0 0 0 0 1 5
0 0.2 0 0.2 2 2
K EA 6

0 0 0 0 3 1
Node
0 0.2 0 0.2 4 2
1

element E A

2.2.4 stiffness 3 elements stiffness

stiffness degree of freedom element
2.2.1 -2.2.3 degree of freedom 1 matrix

1 2

S AE
0.2707 0.0707 1

0.0707 0.2707 2

3. d

P S d

40 0.2707 0.0707 d1
AE
80 0.0707 0.2707 d 2

d1 1 ......
Ans.
d 2 AE .......
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
S11
0.271 0.071 S12 1
0.071 0.071 2

3

S = 4
S21 S22 5

6
7

8

P= S d

P1 40 S d1
P 80 11 S12 d
2 2
P3 Ax d 3 0

P4 Ay d 4 0
=
P5 B x S21 S22 d 5 0
P6 B y d 6 0

P7 C x d 7 0
P8 C y d 0
8

1.) d1,d2
40 S11 d1 d1 1
= =
80 d 2 d 2 AE

2.) Reactions

P3 Ax
P Ay
4
P5 B x d1
= S21
P6 By d 2
P7 Cx

P8 C y
 degree of freedom
2.2.1 21.2.3 degree of freedom Local
( )

2.2.1 Element#1
L = 5 m. =180 , Cos = -1 Sin = 0

node

1 2 7 8
1 2 3 4 4 2
0.2 0 0.2 0 1 1
0 Global
0 2
3
0 0
K T k T EA
T 2 1
0.2 0 0.2 0 3 7 Node #1 Node
8
0 0 0 0 4

2.2.2 Element#2
L = 7.07 m. =(180+45) , Cos = -0.707 Sin = -0.707

node

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 1 1
0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 2 2
K EA
0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 3 3 2

0.071 0.071 0.071 0.071 4 4

1
Node
#1
4 Global

3
Node
2.2.3 Element#3
L = 5 m. =(180+90) , Cos = 0 Sin = -1 node

1

Node
1 2 5 6
1 2 3 4 Global
0 0 0 0 1 1 #1
0 0.2 0 0.2 2
K EA
2 4
0 0 0 0 3 5

0 0.2 0 0.2 4 6 3
Node

2.2.4 stiffness 3 elements stiffness

1 2
0.2 0.071 0 0 0.071 0 1
S AE
0 0.071 0 0 0.071 0.2 2

1 2

S AE
0.271 0.071 1

0.071 0.271 2

stiffness {S}