Internal Loadings

DEVELOPED IN
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
INTERNAL LOADINGS AT A SPECIFIED POINT

If the internal loadings at a specified point in a member are to

be determined, the method of sections must be used. This
requires that a cut or section be made perpendicular to the
axis of the member at the point where the internal loading is to
be determined. Positive normal force tends to
elongate the members

Positive shear force tends to rotate the Positive bending moment tends to bend
segment clockwise the segment concave upward
INTERNAL LOADINGS AT A SPECIFIED POINT
INTERNAL LOADINGS AT A SPECIFIED POINT
INTERNAL LOADINGS AT A SPECIFIED POINT
INTERNAL LOADINGS AT A SPECIFIED POINT

Example 1
Determine the internal shear and moment acting in the
cantilever beam shown in the figure at sections passing
through points C and D.
INTERNAL LOADINGS AT A SPECIFIED POINT

Example 2
Determine the internal shear and moment acting at a section
passing through point C in the beam shown in the figure.
INTERNAL LOADINGS AT A SPECIFIED POINT

Example 3
The 40 kN force in the figure is supported by the floor panel DE,
which in turn is simply supported at its end by floor beams.
These beams transmit their loads to the simply supported
girder AB. Determine the internal shear and moment acting at
point C in the girder.
SHEAR AND MOMENT FUNCTIONS
The design of a beam requires a detailed knowledge of the
variations of the internal shear force V and moment M acting at
each point along the axis of the beam. The internal normal
force N is generally not considered for two reasons:

1. In most cases the loads applied to a beam act perpendicular to the

beams axis and hence produce only an internal shear force and
bending moment;
2. For design purposes the beams resistance to shear, and
particularly to bending, is more important than its ability to resist
normal force.
SHEAR AND MOMENT FUNCTIONS

In general, the internal shear and moment functions will be

discontinuous, or their slope will be discontinuous, at points
where the type or magnitude of the distributed load changes or
where concentrated forces or couple moments are applied.
Because of this, shear and moment functions must be
determined for each region of the beam located between any
two discontinuities of loading.
SHEAR AND MOMENT FUNCTIONS
SHEAR AND MOMENT FUNCTIONS
Rules and Sign Conventions
1. Upward acting forces or loads are considered as positive.

Positive shear Negative shear

2. Upward acting external forces cause positive bending

moments with respect to any section; downward forces
cause negative bending moments.

Positive bending moment Negative bending moment

SHEAR AND MOMENT FUNCTIONS
Example 1
Determine the shear and moment in the beam shown in the
figure as a function of x.
SHEAR AND MOMENT FUNCTIONS
Example 2
Determine the shear and moment in the beam shown in the
figure as a function of 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 .
SHEAR AND MOMENT FUNCTIONS
Example 3
Determine the shear and moment in the beam shown in the
figure as a function of x.
RELATIONS BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR & MOMENT

+ = 0
= ()

+ + = 0
= ()()2
RELATIONS BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR & MOMENT

1. The slope of the shear diagram at a point (dV/dx) is equal to the intensity
of the distributed load w(x) at the point.
2. The slope of the moment diagram (dM/dx) is equal to the intensity of the
shear at the point.
RELATIONS BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR & MOMENT

1. The change in the shear between any two points on a beam equals the
area under the distributed loading diagram between the points.
2. The change in the moment between any two points equals the area
under the shear diagram between the points.
RELATIONS BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR & MOMENT
RELATIONS BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR & MOMENT
RELATIONS BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR & MOMENT
RELATIONS BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR & MOMENT
RELATIONS BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR & MOMENT
Problem Set 4
1. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each of the beam
shown in the figure.
Problem Set 4
2. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown.
Problem Set 4
3. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown.
Problem Set 4
4. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown.
Problem Set 4
5. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown.
Problem Set 4
6. Draw the shear and
moment diagrams for the
frame shown.
Problem Set 4
7. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the frame shown.
Problem Set 4
8. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the gable frame
shown.
Problem Set 4
9. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown.
Problem Set 4
10. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each member of
the frame. The members are pin connected at A, B, and C.