GRANULAR FLOWS

Persented by :
HETRAM(2014CH10100)
ABSTRACT :

granular flow is A multiphase process.

for granular material brownian motion is negligible.

granular materials has non-equilibrium nature which makes them differ from
molecular system .
INTRODUCTION:

granular material is collection of microscopic particles .

which are size of 10 micrometer . due this micro size they have dissipative
interaction between grains.
absence of brownian motion and presence of dissipative interaction makes these
materials non-equilibrium system.
external energy is necessary for keep grains in motion.
due to non-equilibrium system it is impossible to apply conventional statics
physics directly
for the flow of granular materials focus on two cases
1. dry flow - where the effect of interstitial fluid are not important.
2. grain liquid mixture - fluid-grain interaction is essential.
1.DRY GRANULAR FLOWS :

due to microscopic particle the negligible thermal fluctuation for dynamics.

grains interact via physical contact with repulsive force and dissipative
force(frictional forces ) .
cohesive interaction is negligible when particles are dry and not charged .

for example consider the sand particle or glass beads are placed on a plate , they
form a mountain . there is finite angle of repose , this granular solid
grains supporting the shear force due to gravity by forming a force chain inside
the pile .
granular solid is very random, jammed state .
if we want to keep them flow it is required to supply energy to the grain else all the
energy is dissipated .

the flow behaviour is strongly depend on energy .

when we put the material on inclined they start flow at some angle .

when the angle is rather small, the flow will be quite dense and slow, and particles
will experience long-lasting contacts . Such a flow is sometimes called frictional
flow.
As we increase the inclination angle, the particle get more kinetic energy and start
to jump around and collide.
Such a low-density flow can be called rapid granular flow or collisional flow

to explain the solid and liquid behaviour of granular material there is theory of
Bagnold scaling .
BAGNOLD SCALING:

Bagnold considered the situation where the effect of fluid is

negligible and the main contribution to the shear stress
comes from grains.
he drives Bagnold scaling for the shear stress.
fig: Schematic description of the granular shear flow that Bagnold considered
Let us consider a collection of mono-disperse granular particles, whose diameters
are and mass is m.
there is constant shear rate and distance between the layer is .
there is shear stress along the flow direction as well as perpendicular the flow.
1. grains form layers, and 2. collisions are the main source of the momentum
transfer.
We assume that the interaction between particles are described by dimensionless
quantities such as restitution coefficient and friction constant.
The simple shear flow can be described with shear rate and density (the
number density of grains n, with which the packing fraction can be calculated as
^(d)n).
Energy dissipation in granular materials is necessary feature to derive the Bagnold
scaling.
In the case of ordinary molecular fluid, the kinetic energy is characterized by
temperature.
Thus Bagnold does not hold for ordinary molecular fluid.
In the case of granular flow, the fluctuating part of particle velocity, which would
correspond to temperature (called granular temperature) is determined by the
shear rate .
2. Granule-liquid mixture:

Compared to the dry granular flow there is role of interstitial fluid in the grains .

the behaviour can change drastically depending on how wet the grains are .

When grains are partially wet, the liquid bridge exerts the cohesive force among
grains.
As liquid increases, the pores among grains are filled and at some point the
system becomes dense slurry, where both grain-liquid interaction and grain-grain
interaction play important roles.
as we add liquid further, the direct interaction among grains becomes less
important.
granule-liquid mixture and dry granular flow is shear thickening fluid .

In this case shear stress grows faster than linear in the shear rate.

However, the cornstarch- water mixture or similar shear thickening suspensions

shows much stronger shear thickening behavior, where sometimes the shear
stress shows a discontinuous jump by a few orders of magnitude as the applied
shear rate increases.
Such a strong shear thickening suspension is also called as dilatant fluid.

The tendency of a compacted granular material to expand in volume when it is

sheared.

The dilatancy happens because the compacted grains do not have enough free
space around to move relative to each other, and it is easy to imagine such a
situation will result in very strong shear stress.
The features of the dilatant fluid :
(i)thickening is severe and instantaneous.

(ii) relaxation after removal of the external stress is fast but not instantaneous.

(iii) thickened state is almost a solid and does not allow much elastic

(iv) noisy fluctuations can be seen in response to an external shear stress.

CONCLUSION:
Out of various interesting behaviours of granular materials, discussed some
features of the rheology of dry granular media and the granule-liquid mixtures.

Because of the dissipative nature of the grains, the flow behaviour is very different
from the well- studied Newtonian fluids, that is characterized by the Bagnold
scaling for the dry granular case, and by the stress-thickening behavior for the
granule-liquid mixture case.
REFERENCES:
1. J. Duran, Sands, Powders, and grains: introduction to the physics of granular
materials
(Springer, New York, 1997)
2. S.N. Coppersmith, C.h. Liu, S. Majumdar, O. Narayan, T.A. Witten, Science
269, 513
(1995)
3. C.h. Liu, S.R. Nagel, D.A. Shecter, S.N. Coppersmith, S. Majumdar, O.
Narayan, T.A.
Witten, Science 269, 513 (1995)