Organic Compounds

What Real Men are made of!

Amoeba Sisters Biomolecules Video

Organic Compounds

Are made up of mostly of 3 main

elements:

1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Oxygen
 Large Organic Molecules
(Macromolecules)

Made from monomers

(simple building blocks)

Monomers can bond together to form

polymers (repeating links)

Large polymers create macromolecules.

 What Makes up Life?

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Protein
4. Nucleic Acids

The four major macromolecules of life!

Carbohydrates aka Sugars
The most abundant biological molecule

Used for storing energy and

transportation within cells.

Can be simple or complex.

 The Sugars
1. monosaccharides= simple sugars
General formula : Cx(H2O)x
Example: Glucose (C6H12O6)

2. disaccharides= two monosaccharides

3. polysaccharides= multiple monosaccharides

(complex sugars)
Complexity of Sugars
Monosaccharide= Glucose

Disaccharide= Glucose + Glucose

Polysaccharide= Lots of Glucose

Big sugars are made from simpler (less complex) sugars
b. Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides linked together by a glycodic
bond.

Example:
Sucrose= fructose + glucose
(table sugar)

Lactose= glucose + galactose

(milk sugar)

Maltose= glucose + glucose

c. Polysaccharides

Starch-used for storage in plants and

made entirely of glucose
Glycogen-used for storage in animals
Cellulose-used for structure in plant cell
walls.
Chitin-used in for structure in animals
(bugs) and fungus.
Identify the types of sugars in
these foods!
How do you build polymers from
monomers?
Condensation Reactions
Link monomers together by producing a
water molecule.

(a hydroxyl from one monomer and

hydrogen from another)
 CONDENSATION REACTION

enzyme action at functional groups

When would your body need to break
down large molecules?

When does it happen?

Hydrolysis Reactions
Is the reverse of
condensation/dehydration synthesis.

Breaks the monomers apart by adding

water. This splits the bonds.
 HYDROLYSIS

enzyme action at functional groups

 Lipids aka Fats
Characterized the inability to dissolve in
water. That means most of them are
________________.
Composed mostly of hydrocarbon.

Four Types:
1. Triglycerides
2. Phospholipids
3. Waxes
4. Steroids
Triglycerides: 2 Types

1. Saturated 2. Unsaturated
Hydrogen filled Have kinks in their
tails.
Solid at room temp.
(ex. Shortening and Are oils at room
animal fat) temperature.
What type of triglyceride is this?
Phospholipids

Are important in forming membranes of

cells!

Hydrophobic tails
Hydrophilic head
 Waxes
Fatty acid chains attached to alcohols.

Have waterproofing qualities (ex.

Developing protective coating in plants)
 Steroids

Made up of four
carbon rings.

Can act as hormones.

Can you give any

examples?
 Nucleic Acids
Small organic molecules.

The monomers are ____________.

Each nucleotide consists of three parts:

1. Sugar
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogen base
DNA
Is double
stranded.

Genetic messages
are carried within
its base
sequences.
RNA
Single-stranded

It aids in the function of assembling

proteins.
 Proteins

Composed of C, H, N, O.
Amino acids are the monomers for
proteins.
-20 amino acids

Note the major parts

of the amino acid:
Proteins serve many purposes
in the body.

Build and repair tissues.

Control the rate of chemical reactions and
regulate cell processes. (enzymes)
Transport substances in and out of cells.
Help to fight diseases. (antibodies)
 Two amino acids come together to
form a peptide bond.
Proteins Continued
The Primary Three or more
Structure of proteins amino acids form
consists of chains of this polypeptide
amino acids. chain.

Polypeptide bond is
what keeps the long
chains together!
Enzymes
Act as catalyst for chemical reactions.

Function depends on substratethe

reactant being catalyzed.

The enzyme is unchanged

Enzymes are sensitive to pH and

temperature
Proteins as Enzymes (video)
Chapter Vocabulary
1. Carbohydrate 1. Amino acid
2. Lipid 2. Unsaturated fat
3. Protein 3. Nucleotide
4. Nucleic acid 4. Monomer
5. Dehydration 5. Polymer
synthesis
6. Hydrolysis 1. Saturated fat
reaction