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bio_largebiologicalmoleculespresentation_20180814.
notebook October 17, 2019
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bio_largebiologicalmoleculespresentation_20180814.notebook October 17, 2019
Biology
Large Biological Molecules
20180814
www.njctl.org
2
Large Biological Molecules Unit Topics
Click on the topic to go to that section
• Organic Chemistry, Hydrocarbons
• Carbohydrates, Polysaccharides
• Nucleic Acids
• Amino Acids, Proteins
• Lipids
• Review
3
Vocabulary
Click on each word below to go to the definition.
1) Organic molecules, hydrocarbons: 4) Proteins
1. Hydrocarbon 1. Protein
2. Saturated 2. Amino Acid
3. Unsaturated 3. Peptide Bonds
2) Carbohydrates, Polysaccharides 4. Primary Structure
1. Monosaccharides 5. Secondary Structure
2. Glucose 6. Tertiary Structure
3. Fructose 7. Denaturation
4. Disaccharides 8. Quaternary Structure
5. Sucrose 5) Lipids:
6. Polysaccharides 1. Lipid
7. Starch 2. Amphiphilic
8. Glycogen 3. Triglycerides
9. Cellulose 4. Fatty Acids
5. Trans Fats
3) Nucleic Acids: 6. Waxes
1. Nucleic Acid 7. Steroids
2. Nucleotide
3. Phosphodiester bond
4. Purine
5. Pyrimidine
6. RNA
7. DNA
4
Organic Chemistry,
Hydrocarbons
Return to
Table of
Contents
https://njctl.org/video/?v=OIQCmd7XL08
5
Carbon
Carbon is the backbone of biological molecules.
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon
compounds.
Carbon has the ability to form long chains, enabling
the creation of large molecules: proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
6
Organic Compounds
Organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones.
Organic compounds contain:
Always Often Occasionally
H N S
C O
P
Si
Halogens
7
Organic Chemistry
Carbon atoms can form
diverse molecules by
bonding to four other
atoms which are in
different directions.
This allows the molecule to take on a 3D configuration. It is this
3D structure that defines the molecule's function.
8
Electron Configuration
Carbon has four valence electrons to make covalent bonds.
You should remember from chemistry,
electron configuration is the key to an
atom’s characteristics.
Electron configuration determines
the kinds and number of bonds an
atom will form with other atoms.
9
1 Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of
_____.

A functional groups.
B carbon compounds.
Answer
C water and its interaction with other kinds of
molecules.
D inorganic compounds.
E I need help.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=ByfHq6wKnJ8
10
2 Which property of the carbon atom gives it compatibility
with a greater number of different elements than any
other type of atom?
A Carbon has 6 to 8 neutrons.
B Carbon has a valence of 4.
C A and C only.
Answer
D A, B, and C.
E I need help.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=uSDO3sFr7OE
11
3 What type(s) of bond(s) does carbon form?
A ionic
B hydrogen
C covalent
Answer
D A, B and C
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=T7WCrqS6VyU
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4 How many electron pairs does carbon share to
complete its valence shell?
A 2
B 4
C it depends
Answer
D 3
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=_ynoRFlm77k
13
5 Which of the following is an organic compound?
A H2O
B NaCl
Answer
C C6H12O6
D O2
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=4qlObhwBBO4
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15
Hydrocarbons
These molecules consist of only carbon and
hydrogen atoms.
Each carbon atom makes 4 bonds. Each
hydrogen atom makes 1 bond. Carbon
hydrogen bonds are nonpolar, so those
bonds are hydrophobic.
Fossil fuels are examples of hydrocarbons
that are formed from decaying organic matter.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=VicpcPDuhMY
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Saturated Hydrocarbons
In saturated hydrocarbons:
ꞏ every carbon atom is bonded
to four different atoms
ꞏ no new atoms can be added
along the chain
17
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
In unsaturated hydrocarbons:
H H H
• some of the carboncarbon
bonds are double or triple H C C C C
bonds H H
H
H
• those can be broken and
replaced with a single bond double bond
• at that point, additional atom(s)
can be added
• the carboncarbon double
bonds create 'kinks' on the
hydrocarbon chain
18
6 Hydrocarbons _____.
A are polar
B are held together by ionic bonds
C contain nitrogen
D contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms
Answer
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=hgItVxGejFo
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7 What is the reason why hydrocarbons are not soluble
in water?
A The majority of their bonds are polar covalent
carbon to hydrogen linkages
The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent
B
carbon to hydrogen linkages
Answer
C They are hydrophilic
D They are lighter than water
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=yGED3cqWrDA
20
8 Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between
the carbon atoms are called __________.
A saturated
B polar
Answer
C nonpolar
D unsaturated
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=IwAd_lh9hjI
21
9 Hydrocarbons containing double or triple bonds
between some of the carbon atoms are called
__________.
Answer
A saturated
B polar
C nonpolar
D unsaturated
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=d9RC9mNCf48
22
10 Gasoline and water do not mix because gasoline is
__________.
A less dense than water
B nonpolar and water is polar
C volatile and water is not
Answer
D polar and water is nonpolar
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=rvDQcLS70XU
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24
Biological Macromolecules
Hydrocarbons form the framework from which the 4 different
classes of macromolecules (large molecules) have been
derived. We have mentioned these 4 types of molecules before.
List them below.
ꞏ _____________
ꞏ _____________
ꞏ _____________
ꞏ _____________
https://njctl.org/video/?v=kKYEKmfRge0
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Polymers
Three of the classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers:
carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins. Although organisms
share the same limited number of monomer types, each organism
is unique based on the arrangement of how their monomers are
used to make polymers.
An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small set of
monomers.
Polymer : Monomer they're made from:
Proteins Amino acids
Simple sugars
Carbohydrates
(monosaccharides)
Nucleic acids Nucleotides
26
Review: Dehydration Synthesis
short polymer monomer
OH H
H OH
longer polymer water
27
11 ____________ are to carbohydrates as ___________
are to proteins.
A nucleic acids; amino acids
B monosaccharides; amino acids
Answer
C amino acids; nucleic acids
D monosaccharides; nucleic acids
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=w4aJlG_Qqu8
28
12 Dehydration synthesis reactions join monomers to
form polymers. Which of the following illustrates a
dehydration synthesis reaction?
A C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 > C12H22O11 + H2O
B C3H6O3 + C3H6O3 > C6H12O6
C C6H12O6 + H2O > C3H6O3 + C3H6O3
Answer
D C3H6O3 + H2O > C3H6O4
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=vqAEbcrsSQA
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30
Carbohydrates,
Polysaccharides
Return to
Table of
Contents
https://njctl.org/video/?v=JWmsfOtfuPI
31
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds consisting of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Simple carbohydrates
also called
sugars
also called
monosaccharides and
disaccharides.
32
Formula for Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides have equal amounts of carbon and oxygen
atoms, but twice as many hydrogen atoms.
The general formula for a monosaccharide is
C x H 2x O x
So some possible formulas for monosaccharides are:
C6H12O6 C7H14O7 C3H6O3
33
13 For a carbohydrate described by the formula
Students type their answers here
C5HxO5
Answer

x = ?
https://njctl.org/video/?v=DXNO7FZ1eeE
34
14 In the carbohydrate described by the formula
C H14O x x
Answer
x = ?
https://njctl.org/video/?v=A_4pVIwDu8w
35
15 In the carbohydrate described by the formula
C H 6O x x
x = ?
Answer
https://njctl.org/video/?v=WCik5XrFUMk
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37
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. They are
the monomers that are used to build more complex
carbohydrates. The most common of these are glucose and
fructose.
Disaccharides are formed by combining two
monosaccharides. Table sugar, (sucrose) is made up of
glucose and fructose.
Polysaccharides are formed by combining chains of many
monosaccharides.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=ZsQEyD8jFUM
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Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are the simplest sugars. Their names typically
end in "ose". Examples include glucose and fructose.
The basic roles of simple sugars are as:
• fuel to do work
• the raw materials for carbon backbones
• the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are synthesized.
Fruits and some vegetables
are natural sources of
fructose and glucose.
39
Carbohydrate Solubility
C
Sugars all have many,
polar hydroxyl (OH )

groups in their structure
that makes them soluble
in water.
Glucose Fructose
(monosaccharides)
40
Carbohydrate Structures
In solution, sugars form cyclic structures.
Glucose Fructose
These can form chains of sugars.
41
Disaccharides
Cells link 2 simple sugars
together to form disaccharides
Disaccharide formation is
another example of a
dehydration synthesis reaction.
Sucrose
The most common disaccharide is sucrose (fructose + glucose).
What other molecule is produced when sucrose is formed?
42
16 Which of the following is an example of a
monosaccharide?
A sucrose
Answer
B glucose
C fructose
D B & C
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=UPZ5FKweu2Y
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17 Disaccharides are formed by combining how many
monosaccharides?
Answer
A 2
B 3
C 4
D 5
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=BOmsOBSDFpU
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18 What is another name for simple carbohydrates?
A sugars
B saccharides
C monosaccharides
Answer
D all of the above
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=SYlZoXOTIYM
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46
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are polymers of glucose.
Different organisms link monosaccharides together, using
dehydration reactions, to form several different polysaccharides.
The most important 3 are starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=gVGjh3NZeo4
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Polysaccharides: Starch
ꞏ Different organisms link monosaccharides together to form
several different polysaccharides.
Starch is used for long term
ꞏ The most important 3 are starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
energy storage in plants.
ꞏ Starch is used for long term energy storage in plants.
Unbranched Starch
ꞏ Can be branched (amylopectin) or unbranched (amylose).
A starch can be
unbranched or branched.
Branched Starch
48
Polysaccharides: Glycogen
Glycogen has the same kind of bond between monomers as
starch but it is always highly branched.
It is used for long term energy storage in animals. It's used in
muscles to provide a local supply of energy when needed.
Answer
Glycogen can be
broken down to
obtain glucose
when organisms
need energy.
What kind of
reaction is used?
49
Polysaccharides: Cellulose
Cellulose is a
carbohydrate used to
make cell walls in
plants.
bonds.
Cellulose has a
different kind of bond
between glucose
molecules, forming
chains that are
crosslinked by
hydrogen bonds.
50
Breakdown of Cellulose
Because cellulose is
the principle
structural molecule in
cell walls of plants, it
needs to be strong.
Animals cannot
break down cellulose
without the help of
intestinal bacteria. It
is commonly referred
to as fiber.
51
Getting Usable Energy
In order for cells to obtain
Answer
energy from polysaccharides,
they must be first broken down
into monosaccharides.
____________ occurs,
breaking the polysaccharide
into glucose molecules.
52
19 The fundamental unit of a polysaccharide is
A fructose
B glucose
Answer
C sucrose
D A and B
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=iXvSCpRK4
53
20 Simple sugars do not include
A monosaccharides
B disaccharides
Answer
C polysaccharides
D glucose
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=7UWoNU9FX_U
54
21 Starch and glycogen are similar molecules because
A they are both disaccharides
B they are both structural molecules
Answer
C they are both used to store energy
D they are both highly branched
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=jILx2jce8bw
55
22 A necropsy (an autopsy on an animal) is performed by a
veterinarian. The stomach contents contain large
amounts of cellulose. We can conclude that this animal
is a/an ________________.
A carnivore
B herbivore
Answer
C omnivore
D decomposer
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=p7aSjcFRtaE
56
23 In plants ____________ is used for energy storage
and ______________ makes cell walls.
A glucose; starch
B starch; glycogen
Answer
C starch; cellulose
D cellulose; starch
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=Qwy2PZC0WLs
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58
Nucleic Acids
Return to
Table of
Contents
https://njctl.org/video/?v=43EpY4Nt4RQ
59
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Their main function is to store genetic information.
The two main types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
60
Nucleotides
Nucleic acids are chains
of nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made up of
a sugar, a nitrogenous base,
and a phosphate.
61
24 Identify the monomers in the diagram below.
A Nucleic Acid
B Nucleotide
Answer
C I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=m9FPFjVSaXk
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63
Phosphodiester bond
The bonds between nucleotides are called
phosphodiester bonds.
Like bonds between saccharides, they are
formed by dehydration synthesis.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=amsL9jipeiE
64
Parts of a Nucleotide
As previously mentioned,
nucleotides have three parts:
a base (a nitrogen compound) a sugar
a phosphate
65
Sugars
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) contains the sugar ribose, while
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) contains the sugar deoxyribose.
Ribose Deoxyribose
Here's the difference.
66
Bases
RNA contains the bases DNA contains the bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, adenine, guanine, cytosine,
and uracil (A,G,C,U). and thymine (A,G,C,T).
Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Uracil
RNA RNA RNA DNA RNA

DNA DNA DNA
The difference is that DNA
uses thymine (T) rather
than uracil (U).
67
Purines and Pyrimidines
Nitrogencontaining bases Nitrogencontaining bases
composed of 2ringed composed of 1ringed structures
structures are known as are known as
pyrimidines.
purines.
68
Nucleotide Sequence
Each strand is unique due to its
sequence of bases. In this way, genetic
information is stored in the sequence of
nucleotides.
Since the bases are not part of the
sugar or the phosphodiester bond, the
base sequence is independent of the
backbone. Any base sequence is
possible.
69
25 The creation of a phosphodiester bond involves the
removal of ____ from the nucleotides:
A phosphates
B glucose
C water
Answer
D nucleic acids
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=gR8K1C4zq8M
70
26 Which of the following is not a component of a
nucleotide?
A phosphate group
Answer
B nitrogenous base
C 5carbon sugar
D glucose
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=PYCRLLqSLJU
71
27 Which base is found in RNA but not DNA?
A Cytosine
B Uracil
C Guanine
Answer
D Adenine
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=huXWY62wFP0
72
28 The only structural difference between RNA and DNA is
in their nitrogenous bases.
A True
Answer
B False
C I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=n0CRYwMeVxs
73
29 Adenine would be characterized as a purine
A True
Answer
B False
C I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=4ciHISR5B34
74
30 Uracil is a purine
A True
Answer
B False
C I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=F0LVZ4n2A0
75
31 Pyrimidines are bases with single carbon rings.
A True
Answer
B False
C I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=1HolTSAeUH4
76
32 This base would be characterized as a:
A purine
Answer
B pyrimidine
C I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=vXpApKOsQ4M
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78
RNA
RNA molecules are made of single strands of
nucleotides.
RNA strands folds in on themselves, forming
hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases,
and between bases and surrounding water.
These bonds cause RNA molecules to form
different shapes.
Different sequences of bases = different shapes
https://njctl.org/video/?v=7b49PRjPVSk
79
RNA base pair bonding
Hydrogen bonds form between bases in a predictable pattern.
A nucleotide with an adenine base (A) will hydrogen bond with a
nucleotide with a uracil (U) base.
A nucleotide with a guanine (G) base bonds with a nucleotide with a
cytosine (C) base.
A U
C G
80
RNA
In early life, RNA played many roles that have now been taken
over by more specific molecules. RNA's role is still essential, but
more limited than it once was. Think back to last chapter and fill in
the molecules which control these functions now.

Function Then Now
catalyze
RNA
reactions
store
RNA
energy
store genetic
RNA
information
81
DNA
DNA is doublestranded.
It usually forms one shape: the
doublehelix.
Thymine
Pair bonding between nucleotides
still occurs, but in DNA it is between
Adenine
guanine (G) and cytosine (C) and
between adenine (A) and thymine
(T) Cytosine
A T Guanine
C G
82
Double Helix
Instead of nucleotides being attracted
to other bases in the same strand, to
create shapes, they bond to
complimentary nucleotides in a
second strand, to create the double
stranded helix.
83
DNA v. RNA
This makes DNA a better archive for genetic information since the
bases are on the inside of the helix, protected. Thymine is also
more stable than uracil.
But it also means that
DNA can't directly
work in the cell. It is a
library of information,
but the only way that
information can be
used is via RNA.
RNA is chemically
active in the cell, DNA
is not.
84
Storage and Implementation of the
Genetic Code
So DNA is more useful and stable as an archive, while RNA is
more useful working in the cells.
RNA carries genetic information from DNA to where it can be used.
DNA is maintained in a safe environment to maintain the integrity
of the genetic code.
RNA is used throughout the cell to implement the
genetic code that is stored within DNA.
85
One cannot live without the other
RNA strands are shorter and less durable than DNA strands,
but they are critical to communicate the instructions of the DNA
code to the cell where they can be executed.
Without RNA, the information stored in DNA could not be used.
And without DNA, the information would not be as stable.
86
33 DNA is more stable than RNA because _____.
A it can form a double helix
B it contains the base uracil
Answer
C it can form a double helix and contains the
base uracil
D it can form a double helix and contains the base
thymine
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=52vBWcsFryw
87
34 DNA _______________. RNA _____________.
A is a polymer of nucleic acid; is a polymer of
glucose
Answer
B is always a double helix; forms many shapes
has hydrogen bonds between its bases;
C
bases do not form bonds
D acts as an enzyme; stores genetic code
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=392R9l32iyM
88
89
DNA RNA
DNA found inside and
double
outside the

stranded and nucleus
RNA
made up of
deoxyribose nucleotides single
sugar phosphate stranded
group
thymine guanine uracil base
base base
adenine
base
remains in ribose
cytosine
nucleus sugar
base
multiple
shapes
double
helix
https://njctl.org/video/?v=gaThJTLKIu4
90
Proteins
Return to
Table of
Contents
https://njctl.org/video/?v=HXXTyncPHc
91
Proteins
Proteins are compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
Proteins
also called
peptides
also called
polypeptides.
Proteins carry out work in an organism. They are the
machines, the enzymes, the transporters. They also form some
important structures.
92
Amino Acids
Proteins are chains of amino acids. There are 20 amino acids used to
construct the vast majority of proteins.
While there are a few others that are sometimes used, these 20 are
the "standard" amino acids.
All life on Earth uses virtually the same set of amino acids to construct
its proteins.
93
Components of Amino Acids
Amino Acids always include an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl
group (COOH) and a side chain that is unique to each amino acid.
The side chain (sometimes called the Rgroup) determines the
unique properties of each amino acid. Here it is symbolized by the
letter "R".
carboxyl group (COOH)
amino group (NH2)
side chain
94
Peptide Bonds
The chemical bond that is formed between amino acids is
called a peptide bond.
Like bonds between saccharides and nucleotides, they are
formed by dehydration synthesis.
Hydroxyl group H ion Water
95
Peptide bonds
This shows
formation of a
dipeptide.

A peptide chain 1 2
with about 50 or
more amino acids
can form an
individual protein.
The largest known
human protein, 2
Titin, has 34,350 1
amino acids!
96
Amino Acids
The common "amine" group (NH3)
The common "amine" group
and "carboxyl" group (COOH) are
shown in black.
(NH3) and "carboxyl" group
(COOH) are shown in black.
The unique side chains are
shown in blue.
shown in blue.
The 8 amino acids in orange are
nonpolar and hydrophobic.The
others are polar and hydrophilic.
nonpolar and hydrophobic.The
others are polar and hydrophilic.
The 2 in the magenta box are
acidic ("carboxyl" group in the
side chain).
acidic ("carboxyl" group in the
side chain).
The 3 in the light blue box are
basic ("amine" group in the side
chain).
basic ("amine" group in the
side chain).
97
35 Glucose molecules are to starch as ___________ are
to proteins.
A oils
B fatty acids
Answer
C amino acids
D nucleic acids
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=c1CCfUzjRF0
98
36 Which of the following is not a component of
amino acids?
A Rgroup
B Amino Group
Answer
C Hydroxyl Group
D Carboxyl Group
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=ybYRdQ2qaI
99
37 Which component of amino acids varies between the
20 different types, giving each its unique behavior?
A Amine group
B Carboxyl group
Answer
C Hydroxyl group
D Rgroup
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=Kp692XekNvI
100
101
Protein Shape and Structure
Shape is critical to the function of a protein. A protein's shape
depends on four levels of structure:
ꞏ Primary
ꞏ Secondary
ꞏ Tertiary
ꞏ Quaternary
https://njctl.org/video/?v=0ybKJWgo0pU
102
Proteins: Primary Structure
The primary structure of a protein is the
sequence of amino acids that comprise it.
Each protein consists of a unique
sequence.
Alanine Leucine Serine Lysine

or
Valine Leucine Leucine Alanine
or
Lysine Alanine Serine Lysine
or...
103
Changes in Primary Structure
Changes in the primary structure of a protein are changes in its
amino acid sequence. Changing an amino acid in a protein
changes its primary structure, and can affect its overall structure
and ability to function.
Sickle Cell
disease is an
example of a
single amino
acid defect,
which changes
the shape of
the hemoglobin
protein.
104
Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle Cell Disease is a blood disorder specifically
involving hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood.
A single glutamate amino acid is replaced by a valine
in the primary sequence.The result changes the
overall shape of the hemoglobin molecule and does
not allow it to properly carry oxygen.
105
Secondary Structure
Secondary Structure is a result of
hydrogen bond formation between
amine and carboxyl groups of amino
acids in each polypeptide chain.
Depending on where the groups are
relative to one another, the
secondary structure takes the shape
of an alpha helix or a pleated
sheet.
Note: Rgroups do not play a role in secondary structure.
106
Secondary Structure
pleated
sheets
alpha helix
107
Tertiary Structure
Tertiary Structure is the
overall 3D shape of the
polypeptide.
It results from interactions of
Rgroups in alpha helices or
pleated sheets. Rgroups
• cluster due to hydrophobic
and hydrophilic
interactions
• attract and repel one
another due to charge
interactions.
108
38 The tertiary structure of a protein refers to:
A its size
B the presence of pleated sheets
Answer
C its over all 3D structure
D the number of Rgroups it contains
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=VfyWbXGVUGc
109
39 The __________ structure of a protein consists of a
chain of amino acids assembled in a specific order.
A primary
Answer
B secondary
C tertiary
D quaternary
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=SywTLSDXJxg
110
40 Hydrophobic and charge interactions have occurred
between R groups of adjacent amino acids in a protein.
This has determined the ________ structural level and
forms a/an ________.
A secondary; alpha helix
Answer
B secondary; pleated sheet
C tertiary; 3D shape
D primary; alpha helix
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=STsdhfXGZrM
111
112
Quaternary Structure
Some proteins have a Quaternary
Structure.
Quaternary structure consists of
more than one polypeptide chain
binding together due to multiple
bonds and interactions between
chains.
Tertiary and quaternary structure
are often stabilized by covalent
bonds called disulfide bridges. They
form between sulfurcontaining
amino acids in the same or different
peptides.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=nd2BhF2TFs
113
Structure Determines Function
The function of a protein is determined by its shape, its tertiary or
quaternary structure. Protein shape is driven by amino acid
chemistry. Protein function is determined by its shape and its
surface chemistry.
Each sequence of amino acids folds in a different way as
each amino acid in the chain interacts with water and the
other amino acids in the protein uniquely.
For instance, upon contacting water, a protein could form a
groove with an arrangement of electrons that functions as a
binding site for other molecules.
114
Level Structure Notes

single chain of
peptide bonds between
Primary amino
amino acids
acids
hydrogen bonds
alpha helix,
between
Secondary pleated
amine and carboxyl
sheet
groups within a peptide
clustering of
hydrophobic determine
Tertiary or hydrophilic R groups, overall peptide
charge interactions, SS shape
bridges
bonds and interactions
not present in
between multiple peptide
Quaternary all functional
chains that hold them
proteins
together
115
Denaturation
Changes in heat, pH, and salinity can cause proteins to denature.
This happens when they unfold permanently and lose their
functionality.
This egg's protein has undergone
denaturation and loss of solubility,
caused by the high rise in the
temperature of the egg during the
cooking process.
116
41 Denaturation causes a protein to
A lose its shape
B lose its function
C both A and B
Answer
D none of the above
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=sQyoffdMp8Q
117
42 At which level of folding can a protein become
functional? (Choose 2 answers.)
A Primary
B Secondary
Answer
C Tertiary C or
D Quaternary
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=0sVBfaDj3C0
118
119
Types of Proteins
Proteins have thousands of different roles in an organism.
8 common categories of function are shown below.
Type Function or Example
Structural hair, cell cytoskeleton
Contractile as part of muscle and other
motile cells
Storage sources of amino acids or ions
Defense antibodies, blood cell receptors
Transport hemoglobin, membrane channels
Signaling hormones, membrane receptors
Enzymatic regulate speeds of reactions
Machines motor protein moves organelles,
microtubules move chromosomes
https://njctl.org/video/?v=MfveksCz0U4
120
43 Hormones are an example of what class of protein?
A structural
Answer
B defense
C transport
D signaling
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=Fyzd_k89WRE
121
44 Hemoglobin is an example of what class of proteins?
Answer
A Transport
B Signaling
C Enzymatic
D Structural
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=MWiuYFVaS30
122
123
Lipids
Return to
Table of
Contents
https://njctl.org/video/?v=rruTiQvp4TY
124
Lipids
Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that do
not consist of polymers.
Main functions of lipids include:
· energy storage
ꞏ the major component of cell membrane
ꞏ various metabolic activities
125
Review: molecules and water
Recall the definitions of hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

water water
Hydro_______ Hydro______
molecules molecules
126
hydrophilic
Amphiphilic
Lipids are either hydrophobic or hydrophobic
amphiphilic.
Amphiphilic molecules have a
hydrophobic "tail" and a
hydrophilic "head". So one of its
ends is attracted to water, while
the other end is repelled.
What molecule did we already
learn about that was
amphiphilic?
Fats and oils are
hydrophobic lipids.
127
Triglycerides: Hydrophobic Lipids
Triglycerides are common fat storage molecules in our
bodies. They are hydrophobic. They are constructed from
two types of smaller molecules: a single glycerol and three
fatty acids
Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a very long chain of
carbon atoms. They vary in the length and the number and
locations of double bonds they contain.
a fatty acid
glycerol
CH OH
2 H H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C C COOH
CH OH
2
H H H H H H H
CH OH
2
128
Triglycerides
3 fatty acids added to
glycerol produce a
trigliceride.
129
Phospholipids: Amphiphilic Lipids
Phospholipids have 2 fatty acids and 1
phosphate group.
The phosphate end is polar and hydrogen
bonds with water. The fatty acids are
made of long chains of carbon and
hydrogen, making them nonpolar.
As a result, the phosphate end is
hydrophilic and the fattyacid end is
hydrophobic. Overall, phospholipids are
amphiphilic.
130
Phospholipids form Cell Membranes
If lipids do not form polymers, how do they form cell
membranes?
Cell membranes are held together by hydrophobic
hydrophilic interactions.
The interior and exterior of a cell are both aqueous,
so the polar heads orient toward the interior and
exterior.
The long, hydrophobic tails orient toward one
another, away from water, forming a nonpolar,
hydrophobic layer, the interior of the membrane.
131
45 How are lipids different from other large biological
molecules?
A they do not contain carbon
Answer
B they contain oxygen
C they are hydrophillic
D they are not polymers
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=LFWcNACbg90
132
46 Lipids can be _____.
A hydrophobic
Answer
B amphiphilic
C hydrophobic and amphiphilic
D hydrophilic and amphiphilic
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=7u6g5LrwrQM
133
47 A phospholipid is an example of a/an _____.
A hydrophobic molecule
B hydrophilic molecule
C amphiphilic molecule
Answer
D hydrophobic and amphiphilic
molecule
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=2Hms7UhURo
134
135
Saturated Lipids
• Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible
• Have no double bonds in their carbon chain
• Solid at room temperature
https://njctl.org/video/?v=2vrRk6SNmH8
136
Lipids and Fats
Unsaturated Lipids
Unsaturated lipids have one or more double
bonds.
Oils are examples. They are liquids at room
temperature.
When hydrogenated (by adding more
hydrogen) they become solid and saturated.
137
Fatty Acid Bonding Structure
Saturated fatty acids
double bond
Unsaturated fatty acids
138
Trans Fats
The chemical process that's used to saturate unsaturated fatty acids
can lead to trans fats.
These have a double bond that results in a linear chain. These do not
form naturally, do not function well in biological systems and are a
health hazard.
Trans unsaturated fatty acid
(trans fats)
trans double bond
click here to see a cis double bond
video on lipids
139
Trans Fat: Margarine
Margarine is a trans fat which
was developed during World
War II.
Due to a milk and butter
shortage, scientists took corn oil
and hydrogenated it. The double
bonds became single bonds and
a solid was formed.
140
Health Hazards of Trans Fats
Trans fats tend to stay in the
bloodstream much longer than
saturated or unsaturated fats.
Trans fats are much more
prone to arterial deposition and
plaque formation.
Scientists have studied whether trans fats could play a role
in the following diseases and disorders: cancer,
Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, obesity, liver dysfunction,
and infertility. Their role remains unclear.
141
Amphiphilic Lipids:
Soaps and Detergents
The hydrophobic end of a
soap or detergent is repelled
by water, but attracted to
other nonpolar molecules,
like grease and oil.
The hydrophilic end of the
soap or detergent forms
hydrogen bonds with water.
142
Soaps and Detergents

The soap or detergent bonds with
many stains (oil, grease, etc.),pulls
them from the surface being cleaned
and into micelles in the surrounding
water.
DIRT
REMOVED
The water and micelles then go
down the drain, along with the oil
or grease, leaving the surface DIRT
clean.
detergent
fabric
hydrophobic end
being
hydrophilic end washed
143
Waxes
Waxes are effective
hydrophobic coatings
formed by many
organisms (insects,
plants, humans) to
ward off water. They
often consist of 2 long
fatty acids connected
by oxygencontaining
groups.
144
Steroids
Steroids are lipids with backbones which form rings. Examples:
• Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes.
• Male and female sex hormones, testosterone and estrogen, are
also steroids.
• Cortisol is a stressrelated hormone.
145
48 Fatty acids with double bonds between some
of their carbons are said to be:
A saturated
B unsaturated
Answer
C triglycerides
D monoglycerides
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=qN5W7ZE2Pkc
146
49 Which of the following is not a lipid?
A wax
B cellulose
Answer
C cholesterol
D triglyceride
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=AEJKyOLtb2I
147
50 Cholesterol is a lipid found in cell membranes
A True
Answer
B False
C I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=Fscp55i2s
148
51 Which of the following is not one of the four major
groups of molecules found in living organisms?
A glucose
B carbohydrates
Answer
C proteins
D nucleic acids
E I need help
https://njctl.org/video/?v=Z2DN3aVHlaw
149
150
Review
Return to
Table of
Contents
151
carbonhydrogenoxygen
monosaccharides
1:2:1
simple sugar
primary source of energy Glucose long chains of ring shaped
Fructose monosaccharides
plants (autotrophs) monosaccharides Starch polysaccharides

Cellulose table sugar
Glycogen
152
found in
types
phosphate
store genetic nucleotides
ribose
information adenine
deoxyribose
carbon, hydrogen,
uracil DNA
nitrogen, oxygen, phophorus
guanine
make proteins
Nitrogenous base
thymine sugar RNA
cytosine
153
have
muscle, hair and sometimes secondary structure

enzymes cartilage, nails, amino acids
meat we eat
amine group tertiary structure
carbon, hydrogen,
quaternary structure
oxygen, nitrogen,
primary structure sulfur
control the rate body to function
of chemical carboxyl group properly
r group
reactions
154
e
ar
are
glycerol,
fatty acid, phosphate
head and tail
energy storage saturated OR
triglicerides unsaturated
amphilic hydrophobic
carbonhydrogenoxygen
phosphorus hormones and
cell membranes
phospholipids
155

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bio_largebiologicalmoleculespresentation_20180814.

Always Often Occasionally

C6H12O6 C7H14O7 C3H6O3

Glucose Fructose

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Uracil

RNA RNA RNA DNA RNA

Hydroxyl group H ion Water

Alanine Leucine Serine Lysine

Level Structure Notes

plants (autotrophs) monosaccharides Starch polysaccharides

muscle, hair and sometimes secondary structure

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bio_large­biological­molecules­presentation_2018­08­14.

Always Often Occasionally

C6H12O6 C7H14O7 C3H6O3

Glucose Fructose

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Uracil

RNA RNA RNA DNA RNA

Hydroxyl group H ion Water

Alanine Leucine Serine Lysine

Level Structure Notes

plants (autotrophs) monosaccharides Starch polysaccharides

muscle, hair and sometimes secondary structure

You might also like

bio_largebiologicalmoleculespresentation_20180814.