Diego Isaac Peña Quintero

Chemistry Homework
What is a hydrocarbons?
A compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those which are the chief components of
petroleum and natural gas.

Describe what is a empirical, molecular and structural formula in OCh.

There are three main types of chemical formulas: empirical, molecular and structural. Empirical
formulas show the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound, molecular formulas
show the number of each type of atom in a molecule, and structural formulas show how the
atoms in a molecule are bonded to each other.

Named and draw the structure of functional groups in OCh.

Peroxide is the functional group of O3.

What’s a Sigma and Pi Bonds?

Sigma bonds (σ) are the first type of covalent bond, formed by overlap of atomic orbitals head-to-
head. They are found in single, double, and triple bonds. Pi bonds (π) are the second and third
types of covalent bonds, formed by overlap of p orbitals side-to-side. They only exist in double and
triple bonds.

Explain how the cis-trans isomerism works?

Cis-trans can occur whenever both double-bond carbons are directly attached to a carbon and a
hydrogen. In this case, interchanging the substituents on one of the double-bond carbons creates
a different isomer

How fractional distillation works?

In a fractional distillation, a mixture of liquids is boiled and the resulting vapors travel up a glass
tube called a “fractionating column” and separate. The fractionating column is placed between the
flask containing the mixture and the “Y” adaptor and improves the separation between the liquids
being distilled.

How can hydrocarbons pollute the environment? And what is done when there is an oil
spill on the high seas?
-Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination presents microorganisms with environments which have
characteristics not usually experienced in natural conditions. Therefore, understanding the
interaction of anthropogenic chemical pollutants within soil and their interactions with microbial
communities is very important.

-Oil spills can harm sea creatures, ruin a day at the beach, and make seafood unsafe to eat. It takes
sound science to clean up the oil, measure the impacts of pollution, and help the ocean recover.

Describe the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule and why is it important in organic

chemistry?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated DNA) is the molecule that carries genetic information for the
development and functioning of an organism. DNA is made of two linked strands that wind around
each other to resemble a twisted ladder — a shape known as a double helix.

Explain how penicillin works and how it is extracted.

Penicillin rich aqueous broth was treated with activated charcoal to remove pigments and
impurities. After filtration and carbon treatment, penicillin recovery was done by liquid-liquid
extraction (solvent extraction). Penicillin was extracted from an aqueous phase into the solvent
butyl acetate.

When used as an antibiotic treatment, penicillin operates by a very specific mechanism. Penicillin
interferes with the production of a molecule called peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan molecules form
strong links that give the bacterial cell strength as well as preventing leakage from the cytoplasm.

What is the economic impact of organic farming in global markets?

The global organic farming market size will grow from $169.04 billion in 2022 to $187.84 billion in
2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.1%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the
chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term.

What problems do organic farmers face when market your products?

The organic food and beverage market depends on organic farming, a cumbersome process faced
with challenges like pest attacks, insufficient appropriate land availability, and increased costs.

What is a self-sustaining integral farm?

A self-sufficient farm tries to produce as little waste as possible. Instead, waste products are
repurposed or reused in other ways. And almost nothing is consumed on the farm other than what
is produced there.

General formula of Alkanes:

Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are held together by single bonds. Their
general formula is CnH2n+2 for molecules which do not contain ring structures.