THE

CHEMISTRY OF
THE
ENVIRONMENT
 GROUP 2

BIBAS, DAINA MARIE

BUTALID, BEA
PRUMON, ANGEL ZOE SHEA
REVILLAS, KRISHA MAE
UNGANG, JULIUS JR.
 OBJECTIVES

To broaden your To be able to To succesfully

understanding about determine the answer the following
the Chemistry of the question after the
Environment (A) Essential discussion.
chemical concept
(B) Biological and
Ecological concepts
A. ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL

TOXIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

What is Toxic Organic Compound?

Often referred to as toxic organic chemicals,

Are substances composed of carbon and other elements that

have the potential to cause harm to living organisms.

These compounds possess chemical structures that can disrupt

biological processes and lead to adverse health effects or
ecological damage when present in the environment.
 They encompass a wide range of substances such
as...

PESTICIDES DIOXINS

CONTAMINANTS OF
FURANS AND PCB'S EMERGING CONCERNS
PESTICIDES

Pesticides are chemical substances or

mixtures used to control, repel, or eliminate
pests that can harm crops, livestock,
structures, or public health. chemical
compounds that are used to kill pests,
including insects, rodents, fungi and
unwanted plants (weeds).
 THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF PESTICIDES
PESTICIDE - MOLECULAR FORMULA

ENDOSULFAN - C9H6CL6O3S
A restricted-use pesticide that is particularly effective against aphids,
fruit worms, beetles, leafhoppers, moth larvae, and white flies on a wide
variety of crops. It is not approved for residential use.
ENDRIN - C12H8CL6O
Almost odorless substance. It was used as a pesticide to control insects, rodents,
and birds.
HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE (ΑHCH)
Used as an insecticide on fruit, vegetables, and forest crops.

LINDANE (Γ-HCH) C6H6CL6

It is a chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as insecticides and a treatment for
certain skin conditions like scabies and lice.
DIOXINS
⚬Are a group of highly toxic chemical compounds that are
formed as byproducts of various industrial processes,
including waste incineration and certain chemical
reactions. They are persistent organic pollutants known for
their harmful effects on human health and the environment.

⚬Toxic byproduct of industrial incineration, combustion,

and chemical manufacturing of chlorine - containing
products or chemicals
DIOXINS
FURANS AND POLYCHLORINATED
BIPHENYLS (PCBS)
Furans and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are
organic compounds. They are man-made chemicals that
can be harmful to human health and the environment
Furan is a naturally occurring compound that is often produced as a
byproduct of the thermal decomposition of fructose or furfural. It is
used in a wide range of applications, including as a flavor and
fragrance additive in the food and cosmetics industries, as a raw
material in the synthesis of other organic compounds, and as a
marker compound in environmental studies.
Any of a class of toxic aromatic compounds, often formed as
waste in industrial processes, whose molecules contain two
benzene rings in which hydrogen atoms have been replaced by
chlorine atoms
Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs)
are chemicals and toxics that have been found in waterbodies that may cause
ecological or human health impacts and are not currently regulated. -an emerging
contaminant is a chemical or material characterized by a perceived, potential, or real
threat to human health or the environment. A contaminant also may be "emerging"
because of the discovery of a new source or a new pathway to humans.
B. BIOLOGICAL AND
ECOLOGICAL
BIO AND ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM
The bioecological model of development is the mature and
final revision of Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological system
theory. The primary focus of ecological systems theory is
on the systemic examination of contextual variability in
development processes. It focuses on the world outside the
developing person and how they were affected by it. After
publication of The Ecology of Human Development.
 ENERGY FLOW IN
FOOD CHAIN
ECOSYSTEM

BIOCONCENTRATION BIOACCUMULATION
ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM

energy flow in ecosystem refers to the flow of power that occurs

along a food chain. All living organisms can be classified as
producers or consumers, and those producers and consumers can
then be classified as part of a food chain. Energy flows within
ecosystems because the organisms in those ecosystems are
highly interdependent.
FOOD CHAIN
A food chain explains which organism eats another organism in the
environment. The food chain is a linear sequence of organisms where
nutrients and energy is transferred from one organism to the other. This
occurs when one organism consumes another organism. It begins with
the producer organism, follows the chain and ends with the decomposer
organism. After understanding the food chain, we realise how one
organism is dependent upon another organism for survival.
BIOCONCENTRATION

is the accumulation of a water-borne chemical

substance in an organism exposed to the water.
BIOACCUMULATION
⚬ An increase in the concentration of a chemical in a biological organism over time,
compared to the chemical's concentration in the environment. Compounds
accumulate in living things any time they are taken up and stored faster than they
are broken down (metabolized) or excreted.

⚬Results from a dynamic equilibrium between exposure from the outside environment
and uptake, excretion, storage, and degradation within an organism.
⚬Bioaccumulation is a normal process that can result in injury to anbioaccumulation
depends on the concentration of a chemical in the environment, the amount of
chemical coming into an organism from the diet, water, or air, and the time it takes
for the organism to acquire the chemical and then excrete, store, and/or degrade it.
The nature of the chemical itself, such as its solubility in water and fat, affects its
uptake and storage. Equally important is the ability of the organism to degrade and
excrete a particular chemical.

⚬Bioaccumulation is overwhelmed, relative to the harmfulness of the chemical.

Sometimes bioaccumulation can be a protective mechanism in which the body
accumulates needed chemicals.
NUTRIENT CYCLE

The nutrient cycle is a system where energy

and matter are transferred between living
organisms and non-living parts of the
environment. This occurs as animals and
plants consume nutrients found in the soil,
and these nutrients are then released back into
the environment via death and decomposition.
GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL
GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL
CYCLES
⚬Is the movement and transformation of chemical elements and compounds
between living organisms, the atmosphere, and the Earth's crust. Major
biogeochemical cycles include the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the water
cycle.

⚬In each cycle, the chemical element or molecule is transformed and cycled by
living organisms and through various geological forms and reservoirs, including
the atmosphere, the soil and the oceans.
⚬It can be thought of as the pathway by which a chemical
substance cycles (is turned over or moves through) the biotic
compartment and the abiotic compartments of Earth.

⚬The biotic compartment is the biosphere and the abiotic

compartments are the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere.
⚬Water or Hydrologic Cycle
⚬Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
⚬Phosphorus Cycle
⚬Sulfur Cycle
THANK
YOU!