e-PRACTICE

CHAPTER
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
1
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1 Which of the following regarding the monosaccharides is correct?
Monosaccharide Description Example
A Triose An intermediate in glycolysis Dihydroxyacetone
B Triose A component of nucleotides Ribose
C Pentose An oxygen receptor during Krebs cycle Ribulose bisphosphate
D Pentose A coenzyme involved in the transfer Glyceraldehyde
of hydrogen

2 Which of the following statements of nucleotides is false?

A Nucleotides are monomers of triglycerides.
B Nucleotides are monomers of nucleic acids.
C Nucleotides are bonded by hydrogen bonds among the bases.
D Nucleotides consist of phosphate molecules, pentose sugars and nitrogenous bases.

3 The structural formula of an amino acid is shown below.

Which is a property of this amino acid?
A It is hydrophilic. C It is positively charged.
B It is acidic. D It is insoluble in water.

4 An amino acid which is able to be both an acid and a base is said to be

A bipolar C amphoteric
B non-polar D an electron donor

5 Which of the following proteins is a quaternary protein and consists of four polypeptide
chains?
A Keratin C Myoglobin
B Thyroxine D Haemoglobin

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 6 A diet lacking in phosphorus will affect the production of
A DNA C glycogen
B insulin D fatty acids

7 Which level of protein structure is produced during protein synthesis?

A Primary C Tertiary
B Secondary D Quaternary

8 Which of the following properties of water are important to living organisms?

I Polar molecule
II High heat of vaporisation
III High specific heat capacity
A I and II C II and III
B I and III D I, II and III

9 Which of the following regarding monosaccharides is correct?

Monosaccharide Description Example
A Triose An important intermediate substance in Glyceraldehyde
respiration
B Triose An nucleotide Deoxyribose
C Pentose An oxygen receptor during photosynthesis Ribulose diphosphate
D Pentose A coenzyme involved in the transfer of Dihydroxyacetone
hydrogen during respiration

10 Which molecule is made up of or contains glucose molecules?

A Fructose C Ribonucleic acid
B Cellulose D Deoxyribonucleic acid
STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
1 (a) Why is water a polar molecule?
(b) Describe how a hydrogen bond forms between two molecules of water.
(c) (i)  Describe how water can be a good solvent as a result of hydrogen bond.
(ii)  Name two types of molecules that can be dissolved in water.
(d) Explain why ice, which is a solid, can float on liquid water.

2 The diagram below shows a carbohydrate molecule formed from two sugar units.

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 (a) Name this carbohydrate.
(b) Name the type of chemical bond formed and state the chemical reaction involved.
 (c) State one function of this type of carbohydrate in living organisms.
(d) What is the storage polysaccharide in humans and where is it found?
 (e) How would you isolate cellulose from a mixture of glucose, starch and cellulose?
  (f) Suggest one reason why cellulose cannot be digested by humans.

ESSAY QUESTION
1 (a) Describe briefly the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins. State
the importance of these structures which are related to the properties of protein.
(b) Give four types of proteins and their functions in living organisms.

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 ANSWERS
Objective questions
1 A 2 A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6 A 7 A 8 D 9 A 10 B

Structured questions
1 (a) The hydrogen is slightly positive and the oxygen is slightly negative.
(b) A hydrogen bond is formed when a slightly positive hydrogen of one water molecule is
attracted to the slightly negative oxygen of a nearby water molecule. The two water molecules
are thus held together by weak hydrogen bonds.
(c)   (i) The hydrogen bonds between the water molecules are constantly being formed, broken
and reformed. When a water-soluble substance is on contact with water, some of the
hydrogen bonds break to bond with the ions and the polar groups of the substance.
These ions and polar groups are surrounded by water molecules which dissociate the
ions or molecules from each other. This substance is said to have dissolved in water.
(ii) Ionic molecules and polar molecules.
(d) When water freezes, each water molecule is hydrogen-bonded to four neighbouring molecules
in a three dimensional crystal. The crystal is spacious as ice has fewer molecules than an
equal volume of liquid water and therefore, less dense than liquid water.
2 (a)Disaccharide (sucrose).
(b)α-1,2-glycosidic bond, condensation reaction
(c)Acts as an energy-rich substrate for respiration
(d)Glycogen; liver
(e)Water is added to the mixture and filter. Sucrose which can dissolve in water passes through
the filter but starch and cellulose which do not dissolve, remain as residue. Amylase is then
added to the residue. Starch is hydrolysed to glucose, which will then dissolve in water.
Filtration of the above mixture will leave cellulose as the residue.
(f) Humans do not have the enzyme that fits the β-glucose that make up the cellulose.

Essay question
1 (a)
– The primary structure of a protein refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in a
polypeptide chain. The amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. The polypeptide chain
consists of an amino and a carboxyl terminal. The R-group determines the properties of
the protein. The sequence of amino acids also dictates the biological function of a protein.
– The secondary structure of protein refers to the way a particular linear polypeptide
chain is coiled or pleated. It is dependent on the availability of specific R groups of the
amino acids to form hydrogen bonds in the protein, to produce an α-helix or a β-pleated
structure. The α-helix structure provides elasticity to protein. The β-pleated structure is
highly resistant to stretching.
– The tertiary structure of protein refers to the three-dimensional, compact and globular
shape of a polypeptide. This arises when a polypeptide chain bends and folds extensively.
The tertiary structure is maintained by the interaction of hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds,
disulphide bridges and hydrophobic interactions. A protein denatures when its tertiary
structure is destroyed.

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 (b) Type of protein Function
Enzymatic protein Nutrition (catalyses the hydrolysis of complex food substances)
Transport protein Transport of respiratory gases, ions or molecules across cell
membrane
Hormonal protein Coordination of cellular activities
Receptor protein Response to external stimuli
Defence protein Immunity against disease
Structural protein Support of organism
Contractile protein Movement
Storage protein Storage of amino acids
Growth protein Growth and repair

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