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Science
Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Biomolecules
Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 2: Biomolecules, First Edition, 2021

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Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
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Science
Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Biomolecules
Introductory Message
The Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as
you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed with completing this module or if you need
to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for a better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text,
Notes to the teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies
and reminders on how they can best help you with your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this
SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read
the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 What I Need to Know

Biomolecule or biological molecule is any numerous substances that are

produced by living organisms. These are macro molecules present in our body that
perform vital roles to sustain life. They have a wide range of sizes and structures
and perform a vast array of functions. The four major types of biomolecules are
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
This module will provide you with information and simple activities that will
help you understand the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates,

lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (S10MT-IVc-d-22);
2. differentiate the major categories of biomolecules in terms of structures,
elemental composition, and classification; and
3. appreciate the vital role of biomolecules in our life.

Going through this module can be a meaningful learning experience. All you
need to do is make use of your time and resources efficiently.

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 What I Know

Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer and
write it in your notebook/ on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Amino acids are the building blocks of which group of biomolecules?

a. carbohydrate b. fat c. proteins d. nucleic acid

2. Which of the following groups are all classified as polysaccharides?

a. glycogen, cellulose and starch
b. glycogen, sucrose and maltose
c. maltose, lactose and fructose
d. sucrose, glucose and fructose

3. Lipids are insoluble in water because lipid molecules are ?

a. hydrophilic b. hydrophobic c. neutral d. zwitter ions

4. Which of the biomolecules contain other elements aside from carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen?
a. carbohydrates, lipids
b. lipids and proteins
c. nucleic acids, proteins
d. proteins, lipids

5. Which of the following is a correct pair?

a. glucose: disaccharide
b. starch: polysaccharide
c. sucrose: monosaccharide
d. triglyceride: polysaccharide

6. Which is a correct pair of an example of protein and its function?

a. enzymes: speed up reactions in the body and eventually used up in the process.
b. collagen: provides strength and flexibility to connective tissues.
c. actin and myosin: supplies amino acids to baby mammals
d. hemoglobin: helps regulate blood sugar levels

7. What kind of molecule is represented by the structure below?

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH=CHCH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 COOH
a. monosaccharide
b. phospholipid
c. saturated fatty acid
d. unsaturated fatty acid

3
For items 8-9 refer to the structure below:

A. B.

OH

C.

8. Which of the given structures (A, B, or C) represents molecules that provide

energy and are very soluble in water?

9. Which of the given structures (A, B, or C) represents hydrophobic molecule

that is used as storage of energy?

10.Maria wanted to determine what types of biomolecules are present in the three
unknown substances that her teacher gave her. The table below shows her
results.

Substance Iodine Test Biuret Test Benedict’s Test

A Black solution (+) (-) (-)
B (-) (+) (-)
C (-) (-) (+)

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a. Substances A and B are proteins while substance C is a lipid.
b. Substance A contains starch and substance B and C contain nucleic acid
c. Substances A and C are carbohydrates where A is an amylose in starch
and B is a protein and C may be a simple sugar
d. Substance B is a carbohydrate and substances A and C are lipids

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 Lesson
Biomolecules
1
Carbohydrates and lipids are composed of the same chemical elements, but
in different proportions. Both carbohydrates and lipids serve as sources of energy
but these compounds contain different capacities for energy storage.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. They have many functions in the body.
One of which is found as structural materials in the hair, nails, and connective
tissues. On the other hand, nucleotides are organic molecules consisting of a
nucleoside and a phosphate. They serve as monomeric units of the nucleic acid
polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are
essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth. But, both proteins and nucleic
acids contain nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in their
structures.

What’s In
A. Compound that I found!
Directions: Complete the missing letters to identify the given pictures of
compounds. Write it in your notebook/ on a separate sheet of paper.

1. 4.
t t

2.
m m 5.
g

3.
b
s

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 When you were in Grade 9, you have learned that the bonding characteristics
of carbon result in the formation of a larger variety of compounds. In this module,
you will learn more about compounds which are essential to life. These compounds
belong to four main classes of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids.

B. Word Hunt!
Directions: Search at least 8 words that you could find in the puzzle which are
related to biomolecules. Write them in your notebook/ on a separate sheet of
paper.

T B N O M O I F G J L K E
R F S X O H N O F A T S D
I C G H N G J D I P I L S
G L Y C O G E N G N E D E
L W E O S U E T F H J P E
Y G S C A T D A U C P O S
C G L U C O S E R R P A O
E T Y U C B E Y H A A S T
R M L O H G R O J T F G C
I V N S A E I N S S L E A
D D C A R B O N F R T I L
E X S A I S O M E R S L R
S C O N D E N S A T I O N
C H O L E S T E R O L R Y

C. Unlocking Vocabularies!

Directions: Unlock the following words using the numbers that correspond to the
alphabets (ex. 1 is a, 2 is b and so on…). Write your answers in your notebook/on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. The building blocks of proteins.

5 14 26 13 5 19

2. It is a biological catalyst.

5 15 24 18 2 15 14 21 3 5 9 3

3. It contains the genetic instruction used in the development and functioning of all
living organisms.

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 What is It

CARBOHYDRATES

Source:https://cdn.britannica.com/16/203316-050-822EE04E/food-carbohydrates.jpgCarbohydrate Role in
human nutrition | Britannica
Figure 1. Foods rich in carbohydrates

Look at the figure above (figure 1). Carbohydrates are probably the most
abundant and widespread organic substances in nature, and they are
essential constituents of all living things. They are formed by
green plants from carbon dioxide and water during the process of photosynthesis.
Commonly, carbohydrates are the major source of energy for the body. These are
simple sugar, starch and cellulose.
All carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They may be
classified into the following:

Monosaccharides

From the prefix “mono” which means one, the monosaccharide is the
simplest sugar and the basic sub unit of a carbohydrate. These compounds are
white solids at room temperature. Because they have polar, hydroxyl (-OH)
groups in their molecular structures are very soluble in water. Examples of
monosaccharides include glucose also called dextrose, fructose and galactose.
The most common monosaccharides are glucose and fructose.

Sources:https://th.bing.com/th/id/R661406a93d98fedb0899d9d310946356?rik=UKVhudTJ9SccpA&riu=http%3
a%2f%2fwww.thepaleomom.com%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2015%2f07%2fglucose-and-fructose-molecular-
structure.jpg&ehk=493chuU0Tj4ebkGPryog9ITl3Ghm382sFh4COv4po%2fc%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw
https://i.pinimg.com/236x/6a/2d/99/6a2d99e9ad907b92d33a35d7b766ad1c.jpg?nii=t
Figure 2. Structure of Glucose, Fructose and Galactose

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 Although both of these monosaccharides have the formula C6 H12 O6, their
structural formulas differ. As shown in figure 2, glucose in water solution forms a
ring made up of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom, and fructose in a water
solution forms a ring made up of four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. Both
compounds have five-OH groups in their structures.
Compounds with the same molecular formulas are called isomers. So,
glucose and fructose are isomers. Though they have the same molecular
formula, these sugars cannot be used in the same way by cells in the body. The
arrangement of the C, H, and O atoms determines the shape and properties of each
sugar.
In Grade 8, you have learned how carbohydrates are broken down in
digestion. During digestion, carbohydrates turned into monosaccharide which is
absorbed into the blood and transported to the cells providing instant energy
to perform our activities. Sometimes we eat too much, especially when we are
tired, the excess glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen for later use. It is very
important to have a steady supply of glucose in the blood to maintain body
functions. When blood glucose drops, the pancreas secretes glucagon, which
causes the liver, muscles and fat to convert glycogen back to glucose.
Fruits like mango, apple or atis contain a monosaccharide called fructose or
fruit sugar. Starchy food that we eat is widely distributed in the plant world. Thus,
its main constituent glucose is found in all plants and in the sap of trees. However,
glucose is also found in glycogen that is produced in animal cells.

Disaccharides

In the morning, if your mother prepares a coffee; she always adds half a
teaspoon of table sugar. Do you still remember your TLE (Technology and Livelihood
Education) teacher who mentioned one time in your class that the sugar we use to
sweeten coffee is a disaccharide? It is also called sucrose with the molecular
formula C12 H22 O11. In the breakdown of sucrose to glucose involves two reactions.
Condensation reaction is a reaction in which two molecules or parts of the
same molecule combine. During the condensation of monosaccharides to form
disaccharides, one molecule of water is lost. When two glucose molecules are
combined, maltose is formed and water is lost during the process. A hydrolysis
reaction occurs when the bond between monosaccharides is broken with the
addition of a water molecule.

Source:https://th.bing.com/th/id/R7af2e7c63f355ca24b264c1aa55473e2?rik=eyR3%2b37BlXtjjA&riu=http%3a%
2f%2fwww.viewzone2.com%2fhifrucsugars.gif&ehk=VG%2fJP2lucmgs4pn9wf9jSdFDoo2pxYGxWsAb2r3bSVU%3d
&risl=&pid=ImgRaw

Figure 3. Structure of Disaccharides

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 Figure 3 shows that when two monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) join
together by a combination reaction, a glycosidic bond will be formed between the
two monosaccharide molecules/disaccharides (sucrose). The reaction produces
water as a side product aside from sucrose, lactose and maltose which are the
major disaccharides (Figure 3.a).

Sources:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lactose_Haworth.svg/1200px-
Lactose_Haworth.svg.png https://tvaraj.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/maltose1.jpg?
w=467&h=260
Figure 3.a Structure of lactose (left) and maltose (right)

After you finished answering your modules, you drink milk. When you are
about to jump into your bed to have a good night sleep, you are feeling bloated
because of the intestinal gas build-up on your stomach. You feel uneasy and cannot
sleep. The following morning in your chemistry class, ma’am Eden discussed
another important disaccharide- lactose or milk sugar. Lactose is made up of
sugar called galactose and glucose. In our body, a specific enzyme, lactase is
necessary to help break the bond between the two monosaccharides when lactose
is digested.
People who cannot digest milk products are called “lactose intolerant”
because they do not produce the enzyme (lactase) necessary to break the bond
between glucose and galactose.

Polysaccharides

At night, you did not drink milk anymore. You ate fruits instead before going
to bed. The following morning you had the same routine-ate breakfast and went to
school. As the bell rang, you rushed to the canteen to eat lunch. It included local
tubers like sweet potato or camote and green leafy vegetables like malungay and
kangkong..

Source:https://healthjade.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Starch-structure.jpg
Figure 4. Structure of Starch

Starch (figure 4) is the chief storage form of carbohydrates in plants and the
most important source of carbohydrates in human nutrition. A starch molecule is a
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polysaccharide assembled from the simple sugar glucose; it can contain anywhere

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from five hundred to several hundred thousand glucose molecules joined by
covalent bonds into a single structure. Starch is made up of two types of
polysaccharides: amylose, which is a coiled or helical structure, and amylopectin,
which is branched. Plants make starch. Did you still remember activity #1 that you
performed in Science entitled “Test of Sugars” wherein the result of the activity from
the food samples like sweet potato and ripe banana turned blue-black when stained
with iodine solution? In your class discussion, these foods contain polysaccharides
(the prefix poly means many) or complex carbohydrates. They are large molecules
that are made up of many smaller units that are joined together. The reason why
these foods turn blue-black is because that they contain starchy components. After
lunch, you returned to your classroom. The discussion was about the three
common polysaccharides starch, glycogen, and cellulose

All individuals whose intake of glucose is excessive will store the excess
glucose as fat for long-term storage and some are converted to another
polysaccharide glycogen. Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is similar to starch
because it is also composed of alpha glucose units. It differs from starch since
glycogen shows a higher degree of branching and is a polysaccharide that is made
by animals. On the other hand, starch contains both straight chain and branched
polysaccharides with much less branching than that of glycogen, and is made only
by plants.

Source:https://healthjade.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/glycogen-structure.jpgstarch structure
Figure 5. Structure of Glycogen

Figure 5 shows the structure of glycogen which consists of long polymer

chains of glucose units connected by an alpha glycosidic linkage. It is a
multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in
animals. The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose
in the body. Glycogen is the readily available energy stored in the liver and muscles
and the one that is easily metabolized. Fats are stored in adipose tissues but unlike
glycogen, they are not as readily metabolized. They are used during prolonged
exercise or activity.

Source:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235407157/figure/download/fig3/AS:613573785042944@152
3298798132/Structure-of-cellulose.png
Figure 6. Structure of Cellulose

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 The glucose molecules in cellulose chains (refer to Figure 6) are arranged in
such a way that hydrogen bonds link hydroxyl groups of adjacent glucose molecules
to form insoluble fibrous sheets. These sheets of cellulose are the basic component
of plants. People cannot digest cellulose, but when we eat foods rich in fiber, which
is cellulose, it speeds the movement of food through the digestive tract.
Being of great economic importance, cellulose is processed to produce papers
and fibres, and is chemically modified to yield substances used in the manufacture
of items such as plastics, photographic films, and rayon. Other cellulose derivatives
are used as adhesives, explosives, thickening agents for foods, and in moisture-
proof coatings.
Likewise, starch has many industrial applications in addition to its
importance in human nutrition. It is used in the manufacture of paper, textiles,
pharmaceuticals, and biodegradable polymers, and as an additive in foods.

LIPIDS
You have learned that carbohydrates are important in providing “instant”
energy for cells. There is another class of biomolecules called lipids that have the
“job” of storing energy for later use. Lipids are also found in hormones and cell
membrane components. For fats and lipids, their digestion is completed in the small
intestine and is broken down primarily into fatty acids and glycerol.

Sorce:https://www.healthysystem.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Fat-rich-Indian-Food.png
Figure 7. Foods rich in lipids

Source: https://s3.amazonaws.com/cbi-research-portal-uploads/2017/09/08134759/fatty-acid-1024x476.jpg

Figure 8. Structures of Some Common Fatty acids

Lipids have different structural types such as carboxylic acids or fatty acids,
triglycerides or neutral fats, steroids, and waxes, to name a few based on figure 8.
Naturally occurring esters are lipids that contain one or more long-chain carboxylic
acids called fatty acids. These are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar
solvents. When you accidentally mixed oil and water you observed that they do not
mix.
You were late in Chemistry class the following morning but you were able to catch
up with the discussion of your teacher on lipids. Your teacher explained that oil and
water do not mix because they do not have the same polarity. Also, oils are
composed primarily of long hydrocarbon chains. They are formed reactions between
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an alcohol and one or more long–chain carboxylic acids.

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 The most abundant lipids are fats and oils, also called triglycerides. The
presence of double bonds in the fatty acids lowers its melting point. At room
temperature, lauric acid is solid while linoleic acid is liquid.
Fats are solids at room temperature and contain saturated fatty acids. Do
you still remember that all saturated hydrocarbons contain single bonds and they
are produced only by an animal? Lard and butter are examples of animal fats.
Oils are liquids at room temperature and contain unsaturated fatty acids.
Again, he recalled that unsaturated hydrocarbons contain one or more double
bonds. Most oils, such as vegetable oil, corn oil, and olive oil are produced by
plants.
Can we consider fats good or bad? It depends. If you eat in moderation, fats
are good sources of body fuel. They are considered good emergency food and are an
efficient energy storage system. However, an excess quantity of fats is not good for
the heart. The reason why fats are not good for the heart is because that they tend
to clog arteries and overwork the heart. While carbohydrates are the main source of
energy in your body, your system turns it into fat as a backup energy source when
carbohydrates are not available. Vitamins A, D, E, and K cannot function without
adequate daily fat intake since they are fat- soluble vitamins. If you do not meet
your daily fat intake or follow a low- fat diet, absorption of these vitamins may be
limited resulting in impaired functioning.
Steroids are another class of lipids which molecules are composed of fused
rings of atoms. The most important steroid is cholesterol. Figure 9 shows the
unique structure of cholesterol which consists of four linked hydrocarbon rings
forming the bulky steroid structure. There is a hydrocarbon tail linked to one end
of the steroid and a hydroxyl group linked to the other end. Cholesterol is
known as a “sterol” because it contains an alcohol functional group-OH.
Cholesterol is present in most animal membranes with varying amounts but is
absent in prokaryotes.

Source:https://image.shutterstock.com/z/stock-vector-cholesterol-molecule-structure-medical-vector-illustration-
199592687.jpg
Figure 9. Structure of Cholesterol

Cholesterol plays an important role in eukaryotes and especially abundant in

the cell membranes of animal cells. A small amount of cholesterol can also be found
in the membrane of some organelles inside the cells, such as the mitochondrion and
the endoplasmic reticulum. It is not only abundant in the cell membrane, but also
in brain tissues of the nervous system. An important nerve cell, myelin, covers
nerve axons to help conduct the electrical impulses that make movement,
sensation, thinking, learning, and remembering possible. Studies have shown that
cholesterol was found to be the most important factor in the formation of synapses,
which greatly affects our memory and learning ability.
Animals are able to use cholesterol to synthesize other steroids like cortisone,
testosterone, and estrogen. These hormones are already discussed in Grade 9.
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PROTEINS

Proteins are made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and
sulfur. Let us continue the story, this time your journey is the world of proteins.
From the result of the activity, you were able to know that egg white, fish, meat, and
cheese are foods rich in proteins. You have learned from the discussion that
proteins are found in all living cells. They are the second most common molecules
found in the human body (after water) and make up about 10% to 20% of the mass
of a cell. So whenever you eat protein-rich foods, your digestive system breaks the
long protein chains into simpler substances called amino acids. You also
learned from your Chemistry class that amino acids are the building blocks of
proteins. Of the 20 amino acids found in human protein, only 11 can be
synthesized by the body and 9 have to be supplied by the foods we eat. These 9
amino acids are also called essential amino acids. Adults only need to obtain eight
of them: valine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine,
threonine and tryptophan. The ninth amino acid - histidine - is only essential for
infants. Your body does not store amino acids, so it needs a regular daily supply of
these essential building blocks. Nonessential is a slightly misleading label because
these amino acids actually fill essential roles, but since they are synthesized by
your body, they are not an essential part of your diet. Of the 11 nonessential amino
acids, eight are called conditional amino acids. When you are sick or under
significant stress, your body may not be able to produce enough of these amino
acids to meet your needs. The list of conditional amino acids includes arginine,
glutamine, tyrosine, cysteine, glycine, proline, serine, and ornithine. The
remaining three - alanine, asparagine, and aspartate - are nonessential. Aaron
Jay also learned that whenever he eats protein foods, he is supplied with amino
acids for the rebuilding of his body system.

Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Amino_Acid_Structure.png/1200px-
Amino_Acid_Structure.png

Figure 10. Structure of Amino Acids

Figure 10 shows the structure of amino acids. Amino acids are organic
molecules that contain two functional groups: a basic NH2 amino group and an
acidic- COOH carboxylic acid group.

When two amino acids react with each other in an acid-based reaction, a
peptide bond is formed. The basic amino group of one amino acid reacts with the
acidic carboxylic group of another amino acid, forming the peptide, and a molecule
of water is lost. This reaction shown above is classified as a condensation reaction
because the two amino acid molecules join together and water is formed. The bond
formed is called a peptide bond, and the product is a dipeptide because it is made
15
up of two amino acid units. Longer chains are called polypeptides and chains of 50
or more amino acids are called proteins. After the discussion on essential & non-
essential amino acids, your teacher discussed the primary, secondary, tertiary, and
quaternary structures of proteins.

Source:https://microbenotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Protein-Structure-Primary-Secondary-Tertiary-
and-Quaternary.jpg

Figure 11. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Proteins

Proteins are characterized by their primary, secondary, tertiary and

quaternary structures (figure 11). The kind of amino acids, which make up the
chain, the sequence in which the amino acids are arranged and the length of
the chain distinguishes the primary structure of proteins. The secondary
structures of proteins refer to the coiling of the protein chain into α–helix structure,
formation of b sheets, or twisting into random structures.
These structures are the results of interactions between R groups, H-bonding
or formation of –S-S- bonds between chains. Protein molecules are so long that they
automatically coil, fold or twist. The resulting shape is unique for each polypeptide
in a particular medium, at a particular pH. The tertiary structure describes the
shape of the coiled chain when it is folded or hydrated in its natural state.
(Adapted: Practical Work for Teacher Trainers, High School Chemistry volume 2,
UP-NISMED) The quaternary protein structure involves the clustering of several
individual peptides into a final specific shape. A variety of bonding interactions
including hydrogen bonding, salt bridges and disulfide bonds hold the various
chains into a particular geometry. Proteins perform varied functions in the body.
How they perform their functions depends on their composition and structures.
The particular form and shape each protein molecule takes determines or dictates
its function within the organism.
Another type of protein are enzymes. It is known as biological catalysts. In
Grade 8 biology, you have learned the amazing action of catalysts particularly
during the digestion process. These molecules speed up biochemical reactions
without themselves being used up in the process. They are also highly specific.
That is, they act only on certain molecules called substrates (reactants), while
leaving the rest of the system unaffected. The role of an enzyme can be compared
to a lock and a key. The lock will not open unless you use the right key. In the
same manner, an enzyme
14
works for a specific substrate like the enzyme lactase. Its role is to break down the
sugar lactose into glucose and galactose. You must appreciate the role of enzymes
in the body. Without them, chemical reactions in the body may be too slow to occur
in normal condition and may affect the normal functioning of the different systems
of the body

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Family picture
Photo credit: Eden Rose L. Gonzales

Have you ever wondered why siblings resemble each other, or how a father
and his son look alike? You will discover the answer as you explore the next lesson.

Sorce:https://th.bing.com/th/id/R4102840156561cc17f6a9d1335473624?rik=m6xVjmPFZRYvUg&riu=http%3a2f
%2fknowgenetics.org%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2012%2f12%2fBio-1-
e1354321656394.png&ehk=9XWT1DhnbE2Qc3CqfRKp3YcqJdyumXkBacndMGc1mtA%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw

Figure 12. Show a model of a nucleotide

Nucleic acids are molecules that code for hereditary traits by controlling the
production of protein. Like proteins, nucleic acids are a long chain of polymers
consisting of simpler units or monomers. There are two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA,
or deoxyribonucleic acid; and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. DNA found mainly in the cell
nuclei contains the genetic information that codes for the sequences of amino acids
in proteins. RNA is found in many places in the cell and carries out the synthesis of
proteins. The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides. They are made up of three
parts: a five-carbon sugar (pentose), a phosphate group, and a ring-shaped base
containing nitrogen. In this model (figure 12), the sphere represents a phosphate

15
group, the pentagon represents a five–carbon sugar (pentose) and the rectangle
represents a nitrogen-containing base

Source: (http://www.diffen.com/difference/DNA_vs_RNA)

Figure 13. A model of a double helix for DNA

Below is a summary of the differences between the two kinds of nucleic acids:

Criteria Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Definition A nucleic acid that contains the
genetic instructions used in the
development and functioning of all
modern living organisms. DNA's
genes are expressed, or manifested,
through the proteins that its
nucleotides produce with the help of
RNA.
Function The blueprint of biological guidelines
that a living organism must follow to
exist and remain functional. Medium
of long-term, stable storage and
transmission of genetic information.
Structure Double-stranded. It has two
nucleotide strands which consist of
its phosphate group, five-carbon
sugar (the stable 2-deoxyribose), and
four nitrogen-containing
nucleobases: adenine, thymine,
cytosine, and guanine.
Base Adenine links to thymine (A-T) and
Pairing cytosine links to guanine (C-G).
Location DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell
and in mitochondria.
Source:(http://www.diffen.com/difference/DNA_vs_RNA
The information found in DNA
determines which traits are to be
created, activated, or deactivated,
while the various forms of RNA do the
work.
Helps carry out DNA's blueprint
guidelines. It transfers genetic code
needed for the creation of proteins
from the nucleus to the ribosome or
the protein synthesis.
Single-stranded. Like DNA, RNA is
composed of its phosphate group, five-
carbon sugar (the less stable ribose),
and 4 nitrogen-
containing nucleobases: adenine,
uracil (not thymine), guanine, and
cytosine.
Adenine links to uracil (A-U) and
cytosine links to guanine (C-G).
Depending on the type of RNA, this
molecule is found in a cell's nucleus,
its cytoplasm, and its ribosome.

16
 What’s More

Activity 1: Picture Perfect!

Directions: Identify the following chemical structures into carbohydrates, lipids, protein and
nucleic acid. Write your answers in your notebook/ on a separate sheet of paper.

1.
4.

2. 5.
3.

Activity 2: Compare to complete!

Directions: Complete the table by comparing carbohydrates, lipids, protein and nucleic
acid in terms of composition, classification and importance. Write your answers in your
notebook/ on a separate sheet of paper.

Carbohydrates Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid

1. Chemical
Composition

2. Classification

3. Importance

17
 What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the paragraphs by arranging the jumbled letters inside the
parentheses. Write your answers in your notebook/on a separate sheet of paper.

(1.) (oibculelemo) is any large molecule that is produced by a

living organism, including large macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides,
lipids and nucleic acids. (2.) (drahyobcartes) are probably the most
abundant and widespread organic substances in nature, and they are
essential constituents of all living things. It is the major source of energy for the
body. These are simple sugar, starch and cellulose. It contains carbon,
hydrogen, and
oxygen. They may be classified into (3.) (cchasedirsanomo)
disaccharide and polysaccharide..
Biomolecules called (4.) (sdiilp) that have the “job” of storing
energy for later use. It is also found in hormones and cell membrane components. It
has different structural types such as carboxylic acids or fatty acids,
(5.) (tricedesrilgy) or neutral fats, steroids, and waxes.
(6.) (roptnies) are made up of the elements carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. The building blocks of proteins is (7.)
(minoa cidsa). There are 20 amino acids found in human
protein, only 11 can be synthesized by the body and 9 have to be supplied by the
foods we eat. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain two functional
groups: a basic
NH2 amino group and an acidic- COOH (8.) ( bocarilcyx ) acid
group. When two amino acids react with each other in an acid-base reaction, a (9.)
(ptpeide) is formed. Longer chains are called polypeptides and
chains of 50 or more amino acids are called proteins. Proteins are characterized by
their primary, secondary, tertiary and (10.) (yrterquana).
(11.) (cleinuc sadic) are molecules that code for
hereditary traits by controlling the production of protein. Like proteins, they are long
chain of polymers consisting of simpler units or (12.)_ (mersonmo). There are
two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA, or (13.)
(bonrdeoxyileicuc) acid; and RNA, or (14.) (nucboleicri)
acid. DNA found mainly in the cell nuclei contains the genetic information that
codes for the sequences of amino acids in proteins. RNA is found in many places in
the cell and carries out the (15.) (ntsyishes) of proteins.

18
 What I Can Do

Directions: The table shows the result of the activity performed by Rojuan Paul in his
Chemistry class with the topic Biomolecules. Then, answer the given questions. Write
your answers in your notebook/ on a separate sheet of paper.

Note:
Iodine test with positive (+) result means there is the presence of simple sugar.
Biuret test with positive (+) result means there is the presence of protein.
Benedict’s test with positive (+) results means there is the presence of complex sugar.
Ethanol emulsion with positive (+) result means there is the presence of lipids.

Benedict's Ethanol
food samples Iodine Test Biuret Test Test Emulsion
1. sweet potato
( camote) (+) (+)
2. ripe banana (+) (+)
3. rice (+)
4. milk (+) (+)
5. oil (+)
6. egg (+) (+)
7. peanut
butter (+)
8. burger (+) (+)
Guide Questions:

Q1. What food samples have a presence of sugar?

Q2. What food samples have a presence of proteins?

Q3. Which foods are rich in lipids?

Q4. Why is rice positive in the Iodine test but not in Benedict’s test?

Q5. Which food(s) tested will the body use for a quick burst of energy?

Q6. What kind of foods rich in fats should be taken in moderation? Why?

19
 Assessment
Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer and
write it in your notebook/ on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Amino acids are the building blocks of which group of biomolecules?

a. carbohydrate b. fat c. proteins d. nucleic acid

2. Which of the following groups are all classified as polysaccharides?

a. glycogen, cellulose and starch
b. glycogen, sucrose and maltose
c. maltose, lactose and fructose
d. sucrose, glucose and fructose

3. Lipids are insoluble in water because lipid molecules are ?

a. hydrophilic b. hydrophobic c. neutral d. zwitter ions

4. Which of the biomolecules contain other elements aside from carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen?
a. carbohydrates, lipids
b. lipids and proteins
c. nucleic acids, proteins
d. proteins, lipids

5. Which of the following is a correct pair?

a. glucose: disaccharide
b. starch: polysaccharide
c. sucrose: monosaccharide
d. triglyceride: polysaccharide

6. Which is a correct pair of an example of protein and its function?

a. enzymes: speed up reactions in the body and eventually used up in the process.
b. collagen: provides strength and flexibility to connective tissues.
c. actin and myosin: supplies amino acids to baby mammals
d. hemoglobin: helps regulate blood sugar levels

7. What kind of molecule is represented by the structure below?

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH=CHCH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 COOH
a. monosaccharide
b. phospholipid
c. saturated fatty acid
d. unsaturated fatty acid

20
For items 8-9 refer to the structure below:

A. B.

OH

C.

8. Which of the given structures (A, B, or C) represents molecules that provide

energy and are very soluble in water?

9. Which of the given structures (A, B, or C) represents hydrophobic molecule

that is used as storage of energy?

10.Maria wanted to determine what types of biomolecules are present in the three
unknown substances that her teacher gave her. The table below shows her
results.

Substance Iodine Test Biuret Test Benedict’s Test

A Black solution (+) (-) (-)
B (-) (+) (-)
C (-) (-) (+)

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a. Substances A and B are proteins while substance C is a lipid.
b. Substance A contains starch and substance B and C contain nucleic acid
c. Substances A and C are carbohydrates where A is an amylose in starch
and B is a protein and C maybe a simple sugar
d. Substance B is a carbohydrate and substances A and C are lipids

21
 Additional Activities
Are you in for more challenging activities?

Since food is always a part of our lives, it is important that we know the
nutrients found in the food we eat. Poor nutrition can lead to different problems like
low performance in your academics.
According to the Data and information shared during the presentations of the
2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey (ENNS) results answered some
questions such as: Did the nutrition situation of Filipinos improve since the last
survey in 2015? Or has it deteriorated further? Can we say that our efforts to
combat malnutrition paid off? Or do we need to go back to the drawing board
for new solutions? Key findings by life stage were presented by senior staff of the
Nutritional Assessment and Monitoring Division (NAMD). Among the data and
information presented were: anthropometry (prevalence of underweight, stunting,
thinness and overweight among infants and young children and chronic energy
deficiency among adults); infant and young child feeding (breastfeeding and
complementary feeding practices). Other data presented were biochemical
(incidence of anemia and iodine deficiency); clinical and health (incidence of
elevated blood pressure, high fasting blood sugar, insufficient physical activity,
smoking and alcohol consumption); food security; and maternal health.
(Source:https://fnri.dost.gov.ph/index.php/programs-and- projects/news-and-announcement/766-
what-is-the-latest-in-the-nutrition-situation-of-the- philippines-find-out)

Proper nutrition and a balanced diet can address malnutrition among

children and other population groups. Here is an activity to educate us on proper
nutrition and a healthy lifestyle.

Direction: Choose only 1 task to perform.

1. Write a slogan promoting proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle.
2. Draw a poster promoting proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle.

Standard Rubric
Creativity and neatness 30
Relevance to the idea 15
Uniqueness 5
Total 50 pts.

3. Create a pamphlet promoting proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle.

Standard Rubric
Relevance to the idea /informative 30
Creativity and neatness 15
Uniqueness 5
Total 50 pts.

22
4. Make a Blog/Video showing the foods that you eat /or recipes which promote
proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle.

Standard Rubric

Showing 3 types of biomolecules in the food (30) 30

Showing 2 types of biomolecules in the food (20)
Showing 1 types of biomolecules in the food (10)

Relevance to the idea 10

Well-presented/overall impact 10
Total 50 pts.

5. Pretend that you are a Dietitian and you will help a diabetic person. Prepare
healthy foods suited for his/her condition for one-day meal. Use the rubric below as
your guide.

Standard Rubric

Prepared foods that contain Very low carbohydrates (none or only 1 50

food is with the presence of carbohydrates) in 3 meals (breakfast, pts.
lunch and dinner)
Prepared foods that contain Low carbohydrates (2 foods with the 45
presence of carbohydrates) in 3 meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner) pts.
Prepared foods that contain High carbohydrates (3 foods with the
presence of carbohydrates) in 3 meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner)
Prepared foods that contain Very high carbohydrates (4 foods and 40
more with the presence of carbohydrates) in 3 meals (breakfast, pts.
lunch and dinner)

Prepared foods that contain Very low carbohydrates (none or only 1 35

food is with the presence of carbohydrates) in 2 meals pts.
Prepared foods that contain Low carbohydrates (2 foods with the 30
presence of carbohydrates) in 2 meals pts.
Prepared foods that contain High carbohydrates (3 foods with the 25
presence of carbohydrates) in 2 meals pts.
Prepared foods that contain Very high carbohydrates (4 foods and 20
more with the presence of carbohydrates) in 2 meals pts.

Prepared foods that contain Very low carbohydrates (none or only 1 15

food is with the presence of carbohydrates) in 1 meal pts.
Prepared foods that contain Low carbohydrates (2 foods with the 10
presence of carbohydrates) in 1 meal pts.
Prepared foods that contain High carbohydrates (3 foods with the 5
presence of carbohydrates) in 1 meal pts.
Prepared foods that contains Very high carbohydrates (4 foods and 0
more with the presence of carbohydrates) in 1 meal

23
Answer Key

24
What’s More (Activity 2)
Proteins Nucleic acid
Elemental Composition Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Nitrogen and hydrogen,
Carbon, sulfur oxygen, Nitrogen and sulfur
-Essential/non - essential -DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
-primary, secondary, tertiary and-RNA
quaternary
(ribonucleic acid)
Classification
- found as structural materials in hair, nails and connective tissues.
-act as the emulsifying agent
-speed up chemical reaction -The blueprint of biological
4. Importance guidelines that a living organism must have to exist
functional.
-Medium of long-term, stable storage and transmiss
-Helps carry out DNA's blueprint guidelines. Transfe

25
 References

Books:

Acosta, Et Al. (2015). Science 10. Meralco Avenue, Pasig City Philippines. Rex Bookstore, Inc.,

Government of the Philippines, Department of Education, (2015).Grade 10 Learner’s Material

Government of the Philippines, Department of Education, (2015).Grade 10 Teacher’s Guide

LeMay, Jr. Eugene H., et.al. (2000). Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World
(Teacher’s edition) Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

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www.britannica.com/science/biomolecule

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https://cdn.britannica.com/16/203316-050-822EE04E/food-carbohydrates.jpg
Carbohydrate - Role in human nutrition | Britannica

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https://cdn.britannica.com/16/203316-050-822EE04E/food-carbohydrates.jpg

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https://media.philstar.com/images/the-philippine-
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9j4g6lw&riu=http%3a%2f%2fgym.training%2fwp-

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 content%2fuploads%2f2019%2f05%2fHigh-Protein-Rich-Foods-LOSE-fat- quickly.jpg&ehk=
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Galactose February 10, 2021

https://i.pinimg.com/236x/6a/2d/99/6a2d99e9ad907b92d33a35d7b766ad1c.jpg?nii=t

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lactose_Haworth.svg/1200px-
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w=467&h=260

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27
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio
Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Email Address: * blr.lrpd.deped.gov.ph

28