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TD-LTE and MIMO Beamforming PDF
TD-LTE and MIMO Beamforming PDF
Rev. A 08/12
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TD-LTE and MIMO Beamforming
Principles and Test Challenges
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
MIMO Beamforming - Exploiting the Spatial Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
How the Spatial Domain Facilitates MIMO Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
A Brief Review of Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
MIMO and Beamforming in a Single System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
TD-LTE Exploiting the Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Testing MIMO Beamforming Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The Challenges of RF Testing in TD-LTE MIMO Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . 12
Phase Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Antenna Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Channel Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Introduction
Why TD-LTE?
corresponding literature
Time-Division Long Term Evolution (TD-LTE) is
one of two variants of 3GPP LTE technology.
Development of the TD-LTE standard has been
POSTER
spearheaded by China as an evolution path
TD-LTE and Beamforming
for its TD-SCDMA 3G technology. However,
the popularity of TD-LTE is growing rapidly
WEBINAR
in other markets, thanks to its high level of
Understanding Beamforming in
commonality with FDD LTE (the other LTE TD-LTE Deployments
variant), with the resulting economies of
scale, as well as the compelling economics
of the unpaired spectrum needed by TD-LTE.
Instead of duplexing uplink and downlink
stream in the frequency domain, TD-LTE (as well as TD-SCDMA) duplexes the uplink and
downlink in the time domain.
WiMAX technology has also been deployed in single-band spectrum rather than in
unpaired bands. The global momentum of LTE technology makes it highly likely that it
will also form the 4G evolution path for many WiMAX operators, with the TD-LTE variant
being ideally suited to deployment in unpaired WiMAX spectrum.
Technically, MIMO beamforming is not exclusive to TD-LTE systems, but there are
distinct advantages to deploying beamforming alongside a Time-Domain-Duplexed
(TDD) technology. These advantages will be discussed in detail in this paper.
The business drivers for tying MIMO beamforming to TD-LTE are a function of TD-LTEs
initial markets. Both China and India are planning to deploy TD-LTE on a staggering
scale; to give one reference point, a Chinese TD-LTE trial includes planned deployment
of over 200,000 TD-LTE base stations by the end of 2013. These countries must
optimize coverage due to pockets of incredibly high subscriber density. While much
of the initial focus for TD-LTE is on Asia, the technology will be adopted worldwide by
operators with unpaired spectrum (WiMAX and TD-SCDMA) who are looking to get in on
the growing LTE ecosystem.
Figure 1: Legacy wireless technologies separated data streams in the time domain (e.g. TDMA),
the frequency domain (AMPS), or both (GSM).
Other domains (e.g. the code domain used in CDMA multiplexing) have been
implemented but all were limited by the availability of finite time and frequency
resources.
MIMO technology exploits space as a domain in which to increase data rates or share
time/frequency resources between users.
Imagine a 2x2 MIMO system deployed in a rich scattering environment one in which
there are a large number of reflections causing fading on radio signals. If two separate
data streams are transmitted from separate antennas, each will encounter different
fading effects en route to a pair of receiving antennas.
If the receiver is able to use those differences in fading to distinguish between streams
and disaggregate them from each other, the system should be able to transmit and
demodulate two independent data streams in the same frequency band and at the
same time. The process is analogous to solving two equations for two unknown
variables... neither of the receivers antenna elements has enough information on its
own to demodulate multiple streams, but the combination of information from multiple
antenna elements does include sufficient information.
Figure 2: MIMO enables the use of space as an extra domain in which data streams can be differentiated
Since signal fading is a function of distance and location (i.e. a function of spatial
parameters) space can be treated as a domain in which data streams can be
disaggregated even when neither stream is giving up resources in the time and
frequency domain.
Intuitively the resulting MIMO system can be thought of as a pair of data pipes known
as eigen channels (since the channels are based on the eigenvalues of the MIMO
channels characteristic transfer matrix). The eigen channel capacity, or sizes of the
pipes are proportional to the eigenvalues, and will therefore almost never be identical.
In practice the two pipes can be allocated to a single user (increasing data rates) or,
in the case of Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), divided between two separate users to
increase capacity.
One other concept that must be understood intuitively is the idea of correlation.
Doubling the capacity of a 2x2 MIMO channel requires that the four radio links (shown
in Figure 3 as h11, h12, h21 and h22) exhibit a high degree of difference from each other
based on experiencing different fading. This is called a low correlation between links. In
a more rigorous discussion, correlation would be quantified as a scalar value between 0
and 1 (sometimes expressed as a percentage). Figure 4 depicts the concept of high and
low correlation (based on fading) of two radio links.
Figure 5: Beamforming
Critical points:
This not only enables MIMO in the cellular world, it enables the addition of beamforming
to MIMO systems.
In Figure 6, four antenna elements at the transmitter (shown in orange in the left side of
the figure) are designed and placed to create high correlation between their transmitted
signals. By adjusting the phase characteristics of each of their signals, a beam is
formed, creating areas of high SNRs.
A second set of four antenna elements (shown in blue) are cross-polarized in relation to
the first four. They also create a beam, but the two beams exhibit low correlation with
each other. The result is a MIMO beamforming system that can deliver multiple data
streams to a specific physical location.
Transmission Modes
Just as a non-beamforming MIMO system can deliver multiple modes (i.e. increasing
data rates to a single user or splitting data pipes so they are used by different users)
so can a MIMO beamforming system.
The left side of Figure 7 depicts a MIMO beamforming system being used to serve
multiple user signals at the same time, from the same cell and in the same frequency
space. On the right side a Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) system delivers multiple data
streams or layers to a single user. Note that in cases where beamforming is used by
the receiver rather than the transmitter, the nulls between lobes can be steered to
reject interfering signals from known sources.
The 3GPP has defined several downlink physical channel transmission modes to
support different types of beamforming. Table 1 lists the 3GPP transmission modes (7,
8 and 9) that support beamforming along with relevant Downlink Control Information
(DCI) and port assignments.
Transmission DCI
Mode Format Antenna Ports
7 1A port 0 or TX diversity
7 1 port 5 (virtual port)
8 1A port 0 or TX diversity
8 2B ports 7 and 8 (2-layer SU-MIMO); port 7 or 8 (1-layer MU-MIMO)
9 1A port 7
9 2C port 7 or 8
The introduction to this paper noted that one original driver for TD-LTE was the lower
cost and global availability of single-band (unpaired) spectra as opposed to the dual-
band spectra required by Frequency-Division Duplexed (FDD) systems. However, time-
division duplexing is not just a matter of necessity; it offers several advantages over
FDD systems, especially when paired with MIMO beamforming.
By sharing a single frequency band for uplink and downlink, and by adjusting the
number of time slots available in each direction, TDD-based systems offer a degree of
flexibility in uplink/downlink resource allocation. For example, TD-LTE profiles include
seven different frame structures (shown in Figure 8). Theoretically, TDD systems can
dynamically re-allocate uplink/downlink resources on the fly, though initial TD-LTE
deployments are unlikely to include this feature (due to technical considerations beyond
the scope of this paper).
TDD systems do not require that feedback loop; the RF channel state is a function of
frequency, space and time. In TDD the uplink and downlink channels share the same
frequency, occupy the same physical space and are separated by relatively insignificant
slices of time. The TD-LTE uplink and downlink are characteristically identical. Figure
9 displays a close-up view (in terms of time) of a faded TDD radio channel. While the
overall range of the faded signal can be fairly substantial, the differences in channel
state from one time slot to the next are not.
Channel State
Channel State
Time t
Early TD-LTE deployments plan to combine MIMO and beamforming, offering the
advantages of higher data rates as well as capacity and quality improvement. A typical
MIMO beamforming configuration can be thought of as a 2x2 MIMO system, except
that each of the two transmitted layers is actually a steered beam formed by four
transmitting antenna elements. This has led to growth in the study of 8 n systems,
where each base station is equipped with eight antenna elements, as a cost-efficient,
spectrally-efficient alternative to the addition of cell sites or additional carriers. All of
this creates an incredibly complex RF environment with significant development and
test implications that must be addressed to ensure success in the rapidly emerging
TD-LTE markets.
The TD-LTE MIMO beamforming systems that are being developed and tested in Asia
and elsewhere today are 8x2 systems. A plan exists to ramp up to 8x4 systems in the
relatively near future. Release 10 includes provisions for 8x8 beamforming.
An 8x2 system creates 16 separate radio links in each direction; an 8x4 system doubles
that; a bi-directional 8x8 system of the future will require 128. Each link must not
only be faithfully created on the test bench, the links must be managed so that test
operators can set specific values of correlation.
Figure 10 depicts a live TDD channel, which is naturally reciprocal for reasons already
discussed. However, test equipment must deliver a level of control beyond that
of the live environment, which means that uplink and downlink channels must be
implemented separately. This implies that test equipment cannot deliver an accurate
reproduction of the live environment unless it can deliver nearly identical channel states
in both directions, at all times and on all the radio links being emulated.
DL UL
Phase Accuracy
The beamforming aspect of MIMO beamforming is entirely dependent on phase
characteristics of the transmitted radio links. Therefore, accurate testing must include
a high degree of phase accuracy. This is an important distinction between MIMO
beamforming testing and testing non-beamforming MIMO receivers.
Antenna Techniques
As was discussed, polarization is highly critical in MIMO beamforming systems. The
low correlation required by the MIMO aspect of the system is dependent on cross-
polarization of the beams. Furthermore, since space is now a multiplexing domain, the
angles at which the emulated links arrive at the receiver and are delivered from the
transmitter are now critical parts of the RF environment.
Channel Models
GSM, CDMA and most wireless technologies employed RF channel models known as
classical models. They served for many years as accurate ways to replicate a radiated
signal as seen by a radio receiver.
Figure 12 shows why the classical model is insufficient for testing in MIMO or
beamforming scenarios. As seen by a receivers antenna element, the field surrounding
the element is uniform. Since a single-antenna narrow-band receiver can not make use
of spatial information, this model is as good as any other.
A wide-band MIMO system, on the other hand, must make use of spatial information in
order to work. For the RF emulation to realistically reflect the real world the system must
replicate all relevant angles of departure, angles of arrival and angle spreads, (i.e.,
geometric channel model in Figure 12).
Noise
A by-product of the polarization needed to reduce signal correlation is that it also
reduces the power of the received signal. In addition, the directivity resulting from a
realistic antenna pattern and the gain provided by beamforming must be accounted for
as well.
This has an effect on adding noise for testing purposes. Unlike an SISO environment,
noise levels for testing are not simply a matter of adding a fixed value to the emulated
inherent noise from the transmitter. Instead, additive noise used in testing must be
based on:
The calculated loss between each transmitting antenna element and each
receiving antenna element
For MIMO beamforming testing, the calculated virtual output power must be used as
the basis for adding noise.
Conclusion
TD-LTE technology is an ideal upgrade wherever network operators own single-band
spectrum originally intended for TD-SCDMA or WiMAX, or where lower-cost unpaired
spectrum is available.
Operators who intend to deploy TD-LTE have resolved to use MIMO techniques to
exploit space as a domain in which to multiplex data streams. These MIMO systems
also employ beamforming, a technique which optimizes coverage by concentrating
power where coverage is needed most. This is especially important in Asian markets,
where operators must optimize coverage due to pockets of high population density.
This paper discussed the drivers behind MIMO beamforming. At a conceptual level this
paper examined the techniques involved and included information intended to help
developers ensure success in deploying MIMO beamforming base stations and UEs.
Receiver test requirements for MIMO beamforming present a series of unique technical
challenges as outlined in this paper. These challenges must be considered in the
development and testing phases of a products lifecycle. With the goal of isolating
performance issues as early as possible in research and development, device engineers
must have the ability to replicate the complete real-world spatial channel conditions
of even the most complex environments in MIMO beamforming. Automatic phase
calibration, accurate creation of spatial channel models and support for
8 x n bi-directional MIMO, including MU-MIMO, are essential features for testing MIMO
beamforming.
Spirents MB5 MIMO Beamforming Test System is specifically designed for this purpose.
With years of experience in creating realistic RF environments, Spirent is well positioned
to provide a test solution that addresses all areas required to ensure the successful
deployment of TD-LTE and MIMO beamforming.
Acronyms
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
DCI Downlink Control Information
FDD Frequency-Division Duplexing
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMO
RF Radio Frequency
SISO Single-Input Single-Output
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SU-MIMO Single-User MIMO
TDD Time Division Duplexing
TD-LTE Time Domain Long-Term Evolution
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TD-SCDMA Time Domain Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access
UE User Equipment