CONTENTS

• Introduction
• History – 1G, 2G, 3G
• Evolution of Cellular Mobile Systems
• Cellular Concepts
• Multiple Access Methods
• Architecture of Cellular Mobile/Fixed System
• Different Processes in a Cellular System: Registration,
Call Initiation, Paging, Tracking a Mobile Customer
• Handover
• Power Control
• Different Wireless Access Systems
 Mobile Communication : Introduction

• Mobile Communication is the Application of Wireless

Technology in the Access Network
• Offers many useful features:
• Easy installation for rapid roll – out
• Proven platform with scalability
• Future Proof
• Reliable & secure
• Mobility
 Mobile Communication : Introduction

• It is a Very Rapidly Growing and Popular Service

which has revolutionised Telecommunication
• It has become a Backbone for Business Success and
Efficiency
• Just like Internet, It is Changing the Lifestyle all over
 Mobile Communication : Introduction

• Since the advent of the telephone system, Copper Wire

has traditionally provided the link in the local loop
between the telephone subscriber and the local
exchange
• But copper is unable to meet the present needs of
• Competitive pressures
• New services
• Mobililty,
• Quick deployment
 Mobile Communication : Introduction

• It connects subscribers to the public switched telephone

network (PSTN) using radio signals as a substitute for
copper
• In other Words:
• PHONES ON THE MOVE
 Mobile Communication : Introduction

• It allows anybody to communicate with anybody while on

the move
• PHONES FOR THE PEOPLE & NOT FOR PLACES
• Different technologies have emerged for different types of
Requirements – coverage, capacity, mobility, bandwidth
• GSM
• CDMA
• Cor DECT
• PHS
• AMPS, DAMPS
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
HISTORY
• First Mobile Telephone Service Started In 1946 in
St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
• Manually operated Service, Restricted Area of
Service, Only few Lucky Subscribers.
• Between 1950-1960 it evolved to be automatic
with decreased cost
• Mobile telephony Service appeared in its useful
form in 1960s.
• LIMITS: ANALOG, SEVERLY LIMITED
CAPACITY
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
HISTORY

• 1970 BELL LAB INTRODUCED

Cellular Principle

• 1979 AMPS System in US

• 1980s TACS & NMT systems

 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
HISTORY
• IMPROVED FORM IN THE 1980s
• FM, TRUNKED ACCESS, ANALOG, CELLULAR
MOBILE
• LIMITS
– SEVERLY CONFINED SPECTRUM ALLOCATION
– DIFFICULT MULTIPATH FADING ENVIRONMENT
– LIMITED NETWORK CAPACUTY
– HIGHER COSTS
– INCOMPATIBILITY AMONG VARIOUS SYSTSMS
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION

WIRELESS GENERATIONS

• 1 G -Analog (cellular revolution)

- only mobile voice services
• 2 G - Digital (breaking digital barrier)
- mostly for voice services & data delivery
possible

• 3 G - Voice & data ( breaking data barrier)

- Mainly for data services where voice services
will also be possible
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
HISTORY
ANALOG SYSTEMS (1st GENERATION

• AMPS ADVANCED MOBILE PHONE SERVICE

(US, 800 Mhz BAND)

• TACS TOTAL ACCESS SYSTEM

(UK, 900 Mhz BAND)

• NMT NORDIC MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICE

(Scandinavian, 450 Mhz & 900 Mhz
BAND)
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
DIGITAL SYSTEMS (2nd GENERATION 1990s)

• DAMPS DIGITAL AMPS

(US, 800 Mhz BAND, IS-54, IS-136)

• CDMA CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS SYSTEM

(US, 900 Mhz BAND, IS-95)

• GSM GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMM.

(EUROPE 900/1800 Mhz BAND)
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
DIGITAL SYSTEMS (2nd GENERATION)

• JDC JAPANESE DIGITAL CELLULAR

• DECT DIGITAL ENHANCED CORDLESS

TELECOMMUNICATION.

• ERMESEUROPEAN RADIO MESSAGE SYSTEM

• TETRA TRANS-EUROPEAN TRUNKED RADIO

 Main Cellular Standards
Year Standard Tech. Primary Markets
A/D
1981 NMT-450 A Europe, Middle East.
1983 AMPS A North & South America.
1985 TACS A Europe & China.
1986 NMT- 900 A Europe, Middle East.
1991 GSM D World-wide.
1991 TDMA D North & South America.
( DAMPS)
1993 CDMA-one D North America, Korea.
(IS-95)
1992 GSM 1800 D Europe
1994 PDC D Japan
1995 PCS D North America
 CELLULAR PRINCIPLE

• The Earliest Mobile

Phone Service was
structured in a fashion
similar to television
broadcasting:
– One very powerful
transmitter located at the
highest spot in an area
would broadcast in a
radius of up to 50
kilometers.
 CELLULAR PRINCIPLE

• Each mobile uses a separate,

temporary radio channel to
talk to the cell site. The cell
site talks to many mobiles at
once, using one channel per
mobile
• Channels use a pair of
frequencies for
communication—one
frequency (the forward link)
for transmitting from the cell
site and one frequency (the
reverse link)
Basic Mobile Telephone Service
Network
 CELLULAR PRINCIPLE: Frequency Reuse
• But with only a limited spectrum allocated by
Regulatory Authorities only few calls can be
supported at a time and all other subscribers
shall have to wait.
• Hence this setup was not suitable for
medium/large customer bases
• The solution lies Frequency Reuse
– Using same frequency channel to serve more than
one call in the same given area
– The concept of CELLS (first time in 70’s)
 CELLS IN A COVERAGE AREA

• Instead of using one

powerful transmitter,
many low-power
transmitters are placed
throughout a coverage
area
• The coverage area of
each such Transmitter is
called a CELL
 CELLULAR PRINCIPLE

• Hexagonal shaped cells are artificial and cannot be generated in the

real world.
• This shape is chosen to simplify planning and design of a cellular
system as hexagons fit together without any overlap or gap in between
them.
• Another advantage of using hexagons is that it approaches a circular
shape which is the ideal power coverage area.
• The real cell shape will keep changing due to prevailing conditions.
 CELLULAR PRINCIPLE: Frequency Reuse
• by dividing a metropolitan region into one hundred
different areas (cells) with low-power transmitters
using 12 conversations (channels) each, the system
capacity theoretically could be increased from 12
conversations—or voice channels using one powerful
transmitter—to 1,200 conversations (channels) using
one hundred low-power transmitters
• Interference problems caused by mobile units using the
same channel in adjacent areas (cells) proved that all
channels could not be reused in every cell.
• Areas (cells) have to be skipped before the same freq
channel could be reused
 CELLULAR PRINCIPLE: Frequency Reuse
• Reuse is critically dependent upon the fact that the
electromagnetic field attenuation in the cellular
bands tends to be more rapid with distance than it
is in free space
• Measurements have shown repeatedly that typically
the field intensity decays like R-n, with 3 < n < 5. In
free space n = 2
• Typical cellular reuse (pre-CDMA, that is!) is easily
rationalized by considering an idealized system.
• If we assume that propagation is uniformly R -n, and
that cell boundaries are at the equisignal points,
then a planar service area is optimally covered by
the classical hexagonal array of cells
 CELLULAR PRINCIPLE: Frequency Reuse

The same group of channels can be used in different cells that

are far enough away from each other so that their frequencies
do not interfere
 CELLULAR PRINCIPLE: Frequency Reuse

No similarly colored cells are adjacent, and therefore there are no

adjacent cells using the same channel.
 CELLULAR PRINCIPLE

THE PERFORMANCE OF CELLULAR RADIO IS RESTRICTED PRIMARILY

BY CO-CHANNEL INTEFERENCE.
Co-Channel Interference :Interference caused by another
cell/mobile using the same frequency.

Co Chl Interference is
a Function of “Q”
the re-use ratio:
D
Q =D / R
R

N =Cluster Size
R = Size (Radius of Cell)
D = Distance between
two Co- Chl Cells
 CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

Q = D/R =  3N =  6 ( S/ I) -
where  is propagation constant.
Much higher level of interference is tolerated if digital transmission is
used.

S / I  12dB For Digital Cellular Mobile Systems.

Higher Q – Less Interference.

N Q=D/R
Higher N
1 1.73 Larger Cluster Size.
3 3.00
4 3.46 Less Freq./ cell.
7 4.58 Lower Traffic Handling Capacity.
9 5.20
12 6.00
 CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS
FREQUENCY REUSE PATTERN

f 3

1
3 * f1
2

f2 Three Sectored Cell

GSM = 4/12 ; 4 Cell Pattern & each cell with 3 sectors

DAMPS = 7/21 ; 7 Cell Pattern & each cell with 3 sectors

CDMA = 1/3 ; 1 Cell Pattern & each cell with 3 sectors

 CELL TYPES

• Macro cells: Very Large Radius (more than 35 kms)

• Micro cells: Medium Radius (upto 3 kms)

• Pico cells: Extremely Small Radius cells (for coverage

indoors eg,

• Umbrella cells: for fast moving traffic (to avoid

frequent handovers & loading of the network)
 Multiple Access Techniques

• What is Multiple access?

– Number of Users share the TRANSMISSION MEDIUM &
BANDWIDTH
for Communication at the Same Time

• Multiple Access Techniques:

– FDMA
– TDMA
– E-TDMA
– CDMA
 FDMA
• FDMA allocates a single
channel to one user at a
time
• FDMA is wasteful of
bandwidth: the channel
is assigned to a single
conversation whether or
not somebody is speaking
(voice activity)
• Cannot handle alternate
forms of data, only voice
transmissions
 TDMA
• TDMA relies upon the
fact that the audio signal
has been digitized
• The digital samples from
a single transmitter
occupy different time
slots in several bands at
the same time
• The access technique
used in TDMA has three
users sharing a 30–kHz
carrier frequency.
 TDMA
• TDMA is used in the European digital standard, GSM,
and the Japanese digital standard, personal digital
cellular (PDC)
ETDMA:
• TDMA had the weakness that it wasted bandwidth: the
time slot was allocated to a specific conversation
whether or not anyone was speaking at that moment
• ETDMA assigns subscribers dynamically
• ETDMA sends data through those pauses which
normal speech contains
 GSM
FDMA

890 915 935 960

25 MHz 25 MHz
0 1 2 0 1 2

Mobile to Base Base to Mobile

(MHz)
890.2 890.4 890.6 935.2 935.4 935.6
200 kHz
200 kHz
45MHz
Channel layout and frequency bands of operation
 Basic Mobile Communication Network

Mobile
Base Station

i nk
rseL
ve
Re (BSC) Mobile
(BSC) Mobile
Base Station
Control Equipment

Mobile
Switching
Network
Center Interface
Equipment
 Mobile Building Blocks: Functions

BTS(Base Transceiver
Station):
• Handles the Radio
resources, allots radio
channels to mobiles,
• Broadcasts control
information for mobiles
• Pages a mobile for I/c
calls
 Mobile Building Blocks: Functions

BSC (Base Station

Controller)
• Controls the allocation of
the radio channels to
mobiles (as guided by
MSC)
• Controls the handovers
when mobile moves from
one cell to another(Under
control of MSC)
 Mobile Building Blocks: Functions
MSC (Mobile Switching
Center)
• Controls the entire process of
the mobile system
• Authentication
• Granting access to mobile
• Keeping database of Subs
• Handovers
• Roaming
• Interface to PSTN, ISDN,ISP
etc
 Mobile Building Blocks: Functions

MS (Mobile Station)
• Establishes Radio link
between user and BT
• acquisition,
synchronization
• Registration,
identification
• Location update
• Power measurements
• Call handling (o/g, i/c)
 CALL PROCESSING IN A MOBILE
NETWORK

• Mobile Initialization
• Registration
• Broadcast Information by BTS
• Waiting for Paging message
• Request for outgoing call
• Handover
• Roaming
• Encryption
• Power Control
 Mobile Initialization
• Switching ON
• Scanning for Strongest signal frequency
• It scans the entire band and tunes to the frequency working in the
cell
• Prepares the list of all frequencies & signal strength
• Synchronization
• Establishing the link with BTS
• Reading the Information from Broadcast channel, like
• Operator identity,
• Location area (and code)
• Cell number & frequency allocation for the cell
• List of neighbouring cells
 Mobile Processes
• Sending identity to MSC when challenged by same (IMSI)
• Verification in Authentication center
• Encryption of radio signal before transmission for secrecy
• as per encryption code allotted by MSC.
• Location update when changing cells
• Power measurements of signal frequencies received from
parent cell as well as six best neighbouring cells
• Regularly reported to BSC
• For use during call handover
 CALL PROCESSING

Waiting for incoming calls

• In idle state the mobile is monitoring a Paging channel

for any paging message regarding an incoming call
• In case of any such message, the mobile requests for
Network access to receive the call
• The MSC verifies the identity of the mobile and then
allows the allocation of radio channel
• The call starts and all extra signalling continues during
the call.
 CALL PROCESSING

Request for outgoing call

• The mobile makes a request to MSC for an outgoing

call
• The MSC establishes the identity of mobile before
allowing the call
• Access permission is granted by MSC
• BSC allots a channel to mobile for communication
• Actual voice channel is allotted only when signalling is
over and the called party has responded
• This is for optimum utilisation of spectrum
 CALL PROCESSING
Handover

• When the call is in progress, the mobile may be crossing its cell
boundary
• Signal level becomes weak and call may fail
• The mobile is to establish a link with the new BTS before signal reaches
below a certain level
• This is achieved by the values of received powers as measured by mobile
from time to time
• The pattern of change indicates the cell towards which the mobile is
moving.
• Simultaneously the location of the mobile is also updated
• The call control is made over to the new cell and the channel of the
previous cell is released
ENCRYPTION AND POWER CONTROL

• Use of Encryption keys between the mobile and the

MSC.
• The MSC uses the same key to de-encrypt the message
which the mobile is using
• The keys can be change dynamically to add more
reliability to the encryption process.
 Discontinuous Transmission
(DTX)

• Speech activity only 40% of time.

• Needs Voice activity detection.
• Determination of voice threshold vis-à-vis
noise.
• Annoying clicks/inefficient DTX.
• Generation of Comfort Noise at receiver
to avoid the feeling of the set being dead.
 Wireless Access Techniques
• CT-2 CORDLESS • GSM GLOBAL
TECHNOLOGY-2 SYSTEM FOR
• DECT DIGITAL MOBILE COM.
ENHANCED • DAMPS DIGITAL
CORDLESS
TECHNOLOGY ADVANCED
• PIIS PERSONAL MOBILE
HANDIPHONE PHONE
SERVICE SERVICE
• CDM CODE
DIVISION
MULTIPLE
ACCESS

A
 TECHNIAL PARAMETERS – CT-2
• CT-2 ETSI STATNDARD
• FREQUENCY 864-868MHz
• ACCESS METHOD FDMA
• DUPLEXING METHOD TDD
• MODULATION 2 LEVEL FSK
• VOICE CHLs/CARRIER 1
100 kb/S
• RE CIIL SPACING
ADPCM
• VOICE CODING
ALGORITHM
32 Kb/s
• VOICE CODING RATE
72 kb/s
 TECHNIAL PARAMETERS – CT-2
• DECT ETSI STATNDARD
• FREQUENCY 1880-1990 Mhz
• ACCESS METHOD MC-TDMA
• DUPLEXING METHOD TDD
• MODULATION GFSK
• DUPLEXING METHOD 24
• MODULATION 12
• TIME SLOT PER CARRIER 1.728 MHz
• RF CHANNEL SPACING ADPCM
• VOICE CODING RATE 32Kb/s
• CHANNEL BIT RATE 1152Kb/s
TECHNICAL PAREMETERS – PHS
• PHS JAPANESE STANDARD
• FREQUENCY 1895-1918 Mhz
• ACCESS METHOD MC-TDMA
• DUPLEXING METHOD TDD
• MODULATION PIE/4 QPSK
• VOICE CHLs/CARRIER 4
• RF CHANNEL SPACING 300 Khz
• VOICE CODING ADPCM
ALGORITHM
• VOICE CODING RATE 32 Kb/S
• CHANNEL BIT RATE 384 Kb/s
TECHNICAL PAREMETERS – PHS
• GSM/FREQUENCY GSM ETSI STANDARD
• FREQUENCY DCS-1800 890-915 & 935-960MhZ
• ACCESS METHOD 1710-1785 & 1805-1880 Mhz
• DUPLEXING METHOD FDMA-TDMA
• MODULATION FDD
• TIME SLOT ER CARRIER GMSK
• VOICE CHLs/CARRIER 8 IN 200 Khz
• VOICE CODING 8 IN 200 Khz
ALGORITHM RPE-LTP
• VOICE CODING RATE 13Kb/S
• CHANNEL BIT RATE 270.833 Kb/s
 TECHNICAL PAREMETERS-D-AMPS

• D-AMPS IS-136 STANDARD

• FREQUENCY 824-849 & 869-894 MHz
• ACCESS METHOD MC-TDMA
• DUPLEXING METHOD FDD
• MODULATION PIE/4 QPSK
• TIME SLOT PER CARRIER 3
• RF CHANNEL SPACING 30Khz
• VOICE CODING VSELP
ALGORITHM
• VOICE CODING RATE 7.95Kb/s
• CHANNEL BIT RATE 48.6Kb/s
 TECHNICAL PAREMETERS-D-AMPS

• CDMA IS-95 STANDARD

• FREQUENCY 824-849 & 869-894 MHz
• ACCESS METHOD CDMA
• DUPLEXING METHOD FDD
• MODULATION QPSK/OQPSK
• VOICE CHLs/CARRIER 25-40
• RF CHANNEL SPACING 1.5 Mhz
• VOICE CODING QCELP
ALGORITHM
• VOICE CODING RATE 8.5 Kb/s
Mobile communication market
• CHINA IS THE MOST IMPORTANT MARKET FOR
MOBILE COMMUNICATION.
• ALREADY CLOSE TO 125 MILLION USERS
• 1.5 MILLION/MONTH GROWTH
• HANDSET MARKET ALONE MORE THAN 28
MILLION GSM USERS
• HOME GROWN TECHNOLOGY
• TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous CDMA)
PROMOTING AS 3G STANDARD FOR IMT-2000
 Mobile communication projected
market
World Cellular PCS market in2004
• ASIA-PACIFIC 35% 225 M
• WESTERN EUROPE 30% 192.85 M
• NORTH AMERICA 17% 109.85 M
• LATIN AMERICA 8% 51.5 M
• EASTERN AMRICA 5% 32.25M
• AFRICA 3% 19.25 M
• MIDDLE EAST 2% 12.5 M
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
PROJECTED MARKET SIZE
CELLULAR MARKET

WORLD INDIA
• 2005 850M 25M
• 2010 1700M More than fixed lines
• 2015 3000M ---

It wont be long before we ask

“Phones used to have wires --- why”?
 MOBILE
COMMUNICAITON
ULTIMATE PERSONAL SECRETARY
COMBINING THE FEATURES OF
• A TELEPHONE,
• A COMPUTER
• A TELEVISION
• A NEWSPAPER,
• A LIBRARY
• A PERSONAL DIARY
Information Communication Entertainment (ICE)