PRACTICA DE MODELOS DE SIMULACION Y LABORATORIO

SIMULADOR PETREL

INSTRUCCIONES.- Realice las siguientes simulaciones en flujo multifase dinmico de

petrel, tomando en cuenta que el grupo en cada uno de los casos deber incluir un
tutorial del simulador, explicado paso a paso con sus respectivos screens, el modelo
simulado con su carpeta y finalmente la grabacin en vivo realizando el modelo donde
intervengan todos los integrantes del grupo. Todo debe ser incluido en un DVD o varios
segn la necesidad del grupo.

NOTA: (CADA GRUPO DEBE REALIZAR TODAS LAS SIMULACION Y LLEGAR AL MODELO
FINAL MOSTRADO)

Fecha de entrega: Viernes 4 de Noviembre Hrs. 7:00 (Al ingreso al Parcial Final).

EXERCISE 1 : FAULT MODELING

MODELO A MOSTRAR EN LA SIMULACION

Fault Modeling
The purpose of this process is to build a fault model using variety of fault data. There are
several ways of defining the fault model in Petrel. A fault model
can be generated based on fault polygons, interpreted seismic
lines, imported structural maps or fault sticks. The dip, azimuth,
length and shape define the fault planes by the means of Key
Pillars. The Key Pillars build the framework of the 3D model,
hence the name Key Pillars. A Key Pillar is a vertical, linear, listric
or curved line consisting two, three or five shape points
representatively. The figure in the upper right corner shows a
listric Key Pillar consisting of one top, one middle and one base shape point. Every fault has to be
defined by Key Pillars to be included in a 3D grid. Faults might be crossing, branching and vertical
truncated and the intersections of the faults must be connected in the fault modeling process. The
fault model is complete when all faults are represented by Key Pillars and been properly
connected.

Important icons used in the process steps:

Select/Pick mode Select shape point

Create fault from fault polygons Select pillar

Add to or create fault from selected fault sticks Connect two faults

Create fault from fault sticks, surface or interpretation Add pillar to end

Add new pillar by one point Add pillar between

Add new pillar Branched faults

Snap selected shape point Crossing faults

Move along line tangent only Linear pillar

Listric pillar

Exercise Overview:
A) Define a new model
B) Create faults based on fault polygons
C) Edit Key Pillars
D) Connect faults
E) Create faults using selected fault sticks
 F) Create faults from all fault sticks
G) Automatic generation of faults from fault sticks in the input tab in Petrel Explorer
H) Optional exercises
Adjust Key Pillars to top and base surface automatically
Digitize Key Pillars using 2D structural grid
Digitize Key Pillars on a general intersection with surfaces displayed
During each part you will be deleting, adding, modifying and connecting Key Pillars. When finished
you will have a fault model similar to the fault model displayed below.

A) Define a new model

Before building a 3D grid in Petrel, it is necessary to define a model. The new model only contains
empty folders. When you begin generating Key Pillars, they will be placed in one of these pre-
defined folders.

Exercise Steps

1. Double click on Define Model in the Process Diagram. A window will pop up (Process
for Define Model).
1. Call the model GeoModel and click OK. The model will be placed under the Models tab in the
Petrel Explorer.

A) Create faults based on fault polygons

A fault polygon is the line of intersection of the fault with the structure surface. To build Key Pillars
from these polygons they must have Z-values related to the surface they belong to. In an earlier
exercise you assigned Z-values from structure grids to these polygons. To build Key Pillars from
these polygons the polygon lines must represent a single fault (not multiple faults).

Exercise Steps

1. Activate the Fault modeling process in the process diagram.

2. Display the fault polygon files in the fault polygons folder in the 3D window.
3. Select which fault to be modeled and set the suitable pillar geometry; vertical, linear, listric or

curved . Depending on the type of fault to be modeled.

Open the settings for the fault model process by double clicking on the process in the Process
Diagram. Use the default settings. However, the fault model should represent the input data
properly. Note the option to extend the Key Pillars above the given min point and below the
given max point of the input data. You can control how far Pillars are extended.
 4.

5. Click on the Set Select/Pick mode icon in the Function bar

6. In the 3D window select all fault polygons that describe one fault by clicking on the fault
polygons and on the Shift Key.

7. Click on the Create faults from polygons icon in the Function bar to generate Key Pillars
along the selected polygons.
8. The new fault has been added under the Fault folder in the Model tab of Petrel Explorer and
called Fault 1. You can change the name to a more appropriate name by clicking twice on
the Fault 1 and changing the name under the Info tab of the window that pops up.

Comments

Use as few shape points as possible to describe the shape of the fault. Also note
the option to set the increment in of the Key Pillars in the settings for fault modeling process.
 EXERCISE 2 : PILLAR GRIDDING
Pillar Gridding
The Pillar Gridding process is the generation of a
spatial framework. In this exercise you will generate skeleton
grids based on the Key Pillars as defined in the previous
exercise. The Key Pillars will be converted into fault surfaces
that are defined by Pillars. Pillars will also be inserted in
between the faults and as such, define the grid cell size in the
I and the J directions.

You will learn how the skeleton grids are generated and how it is possible to apply trends and
directions to improve the quality of the grid. The grid cell size (increment) in the I and the J
directions will be specified. The final step will be to perform a quality control check on the
generated skeleton grids by playing through it in the I and the J directions. The skeleton grids will
be divided into segments separated by faults and boundaries. Each segment will have a specific
number of cells, which can be changed to make the grid density higher or lower for specific
segments.

The generated skeleton grids, also called pillar grid, defines the spatial framework into which the
horizons will be inserted later. This means that the pillars are not associated with Z-values. The
three skeleton grids that are created do not represent surfaces. Rather, they represent the position
of the pillars at the top, middle and base levels.

In the next process (the Make Horizon process) will the horizons be inserted and connected to the
pillars, and cells in the z-direction will be defined. A 3D grid will first be generated after this process
has been completed.

The goal of the Pillar Gridding process is to create evenly distributed rectangular shaped grid cells.

Important icons used in the process steps:

Create boundary Set part of grid boundary

Create boundary segment Set part of segment boundary

Set I-direction Set no boundary

Set J-direction Set no fault

Set arbitrary direction New I-trend

 New J-trend

Exercise Overview:
A) Before Pillar Gridding
B) Create a new skeleton grid
C) Create a simple grid boundary and quality check your fault model
D) Create a segment boundary
E) Insert directions and trends
F) Pillar Gridding
G) QC of Skeleton grid
H) Optional Exercises (Specify number of cells, Defining segments using trends, Set fault
undefined, Set fault not part of segment boundary)

B) Before Pillar Gridding

Since Pillar Gridding uses the Key Pillars that define the faults and their intersections to guide the
building of the final pillars, the Key Pillars must be properly constructed. Before starting Pillar
Gridding a series of checks need to be performed to ensure that the fault modeling process is
complete. Once these checks have been performed then Pillar Gridding can be initialized and the
skeleton grids created.

Exercise Steps
In the 3D window display all the faults in the fault model.

B)

C) Create a new 3D grid

Pillar gridding creates the first component (pillars) of a 3D grid. Because of this the process must
either create a new 3D Grid or write over the top of an existing one. When updating a model you
should overwrite an existing 3D Grid because the settings will already be set from previous
executions and make the update easier. The best way to do this is to copy the 3D Grid and
overwrite the copied version.

Some key settings such as name of the 3D grid and the grid increment are set when initializing the
Pillar Gridding process, although they can be altered at any time.
Exercise Steps
2. Start the process of creating a new 3D Grid. Note that when you double clicked on Pillar
Gridding in the Process Diagram, a 2D window opened with your fault model displayed. The
line is the projection line between the Key Pillars mid-points you defined in the previous
exercise. The dots are the mid-point on the Key Pillar it self.

9. Enter a name for the 3D grid (3D Grid) and specify the I and J increment (100).
10. Move the Pillar Gridding window out of the way but leave it up, as it will be used repeatedly
in the following exercises.

D) Create a simple grid boundary and quality

check your fault model
The boundary marks the lateral extent of the 3D grid. It can be defined interactively in a number of
ways. The boundary may completely enclose the faults or it may cut across faults. Alternatively
faults can form part of the grid boundary. The 3D Grid is only defined inside the boundary.
Therefore no volumes, structural horizons, or attribute cells will be calculated or exist outside the
boundary.

To completely enclose all faults in the 3D grid the tool for Create boundary can be used.
This option is used for digitizing a boundary in the 2D window.
Exercise Steps
3. Display one of the time surfaces in the input tab of Petrel Explorer in the 2D window. This will
be used as a guide when digitizing the boundary.
11. Start creating a boundary around the area of interest by using the icon Create boundary

and click with the left mouse button to draw a boundary. Double click on the left
mouse button to close the boundary.
12. Build a 2D grid (QC check) by double clicking on the Pillar Gridding process in the Process
Diagram and pressing Apply. If the boundary is not closed, then close it. Key Pillars that are
crossing each other will be marked with yellow dots. If this is so then go to the Window
menu and Tile Vertical the 3D window with the fault model displayed and the 2Dwindow
with the Pillar grid displayed. The problem pillars will be displayed in the 3D window as well,
activate the Fault Modeling process and fix the problem by editing the Key Pillars. Run the
Pillar Gridding process over again.

E) Create a segment grid boundary

Exercise Steps
4. Display one of the time surfaces in the input tab of Petrel Explorer in the 2D window. This will
be used as a guide when digitizing the boundary.
13. Start by making faults, on the left side of the area, part of the boundary. Use the Set

Select/Pick mode to mark a fault. Note that when clicking on the line connecting the
shape points on the fault (the dots) the whole fault becomes yellow. This means that the
fault is selected and you can give it a purpose. Alternatively you can press one shape point
(start point) hold the Shift key and press the end shape point (the start and end shape point
turn yellow).
14. Click on the Set part of grid boundary icon. Note that the fault or the part of fault will
be marked with a double blue line, as shown in the figure below.

15. Continue the boundary from fault to fault (digitizing points in between) on the south, east,
and north sides of the boundary.

16. Select the Create Boundary Segment icon.

17. Click on the point on a fault to start digitizing the boundary from.
18. Digitizing the boundary between the faults so it matches the surface displayed. You can
digitize anyway you like but you can not cross faults.
19. Click on a shape point on a fault to end the boundary.
20. Continue to set the boundary for the rest of the area.
21. Build a 2D grid (QC check) by pressing Apply. If the boundary is not closed, then close it. If
Key Pillars are crossing, then go back to the Fault Modeling process, change the view to 3D
display and edit the Key Pillars so that they are no longer crossing. Press Apply over again.

Comments
It is possible to move parts and delete parts of the digitized boundary. The Pillar Gridding process
must be active in the Process Diagram (the name is bold in the Petrel Explorer) and the boundary is
displayed in the 2D window.

Select the Select and Edit/Add points icon. Click on the point to be moved on one of the
digitized lines and moving it to the desired position.

To create a new point click on the line between two points and move a little.

Points are deleted by selecting the Set select/pick mode icon. Click on the point to be
deleted and press the Delete key. To delete several points hold the Shift key down and select points
with the set select/pick mode. To delete a whole boundary click on the line between the digitized
points, and press delete.

Faults have to be deleted and edited in the 3D window using the Fault Modeling process. But
trends can be edited and deleted as described above.

It is possible to remove a fault from being part of the boundary

Select the Select and Edit/Add points icon. Click on the entire fault by clicking on the line
between the shape points or select part of a fault clicking on a shape point (start point), holding
the Shift key and pressing another shape point (end point).

Click on the Set Segment Boundary icon. The selected portion of the fault will turn from
blue to white, indicating that it is no longer part of the boundary but still defines a segment
boundary (fault is used as a boundary for cell construction).

F) Insert directions and trends

Fault I- or J-directions are terms used by Petrel to identify faults that exert strong control when
Pillar Gridding. Fault directions may be of three types: Arbitrary, I, and J. Arbitrary direction is the
default setting for all faults. I direction (faults are colored green in the 2D window) is used for faults
trending in one direction. J-direction (faults are colored red in the 2D window) is used for faults
trending orthogonal to the I-
direction. During Pillar Gridding
faults designated as either I or J will
have sides of the final cells
oriented parallel to their fault
surfaces and the surface will make
up one side of adjacent cells.
Arbitrary fault surfaces will also
make up one side of adjacent cells.
However, the other side of the
adjacent cells and the sides of other nearby cells will not be oriented parallel to these faults. This
means that the geometric form of cells adjacent to arbitrary faults is very non-orthogonal and the
form of cells adjacent to an I- or J-directed fault is close to orthogonal.

Trends are lines, created by you, that improve the quality of the grid. Trends act just like I- or J-
directed faults during Pillar Gridding, implying that like trends and directions should be aligned
parallel to each other (I || I, J || J, I _|_ J). A trend can be inserted to guide the gridding process. If
you insert a green trend it must be parallel to the green directions, and a red trend must be
parallel to the red directions.

General guidelines:
Start simple, preferably with no directions, and insert directions
only where necessary.
Red (or green) directions and trends should be parallel to each
other.
Red directions should be perpendicular to sets of green
directions and visa versa.
The space between like directed faults should be about the
same along the length of the direction.
Do not make two faults the same direction if they are wide
apart at one end and close together in the middle or at the
other end. The number of cells between two directed faults
of the same type (both I or both J) will remain the same
over the length of the two faults. Therefore, if the two
faults come together the size of the cells gets very small to
allow the number of cells to remain the same.
Do not make part of one fault an I-direction and the rest of the

fault a J-direction.
 Do not put in to many similar directions too close together.

Exercise Steps
5. Look for the overall fault pattern in the 2D window. In this case the major faults are oriented
North-South. Give the main fault(s) aligned North-South a red J direction. With the

Select/Pick mode icon select the line between the shape points to select the fault and

press Set J-direction icon.

22. Give a perpendicular fault a green I direction, selecting the faults in the same manner as

above and pressing Set I-direction icon.

23. Press Apply in the process window and observe the changes in the mid skeleton grid. Note
that the cells along the directed faults are aligned parallel to the fault whereas the cells along
the arbitrary fault (white) are cut towards the fault.

24. Continue to set directions to all major faults in the project.

25. Insert a trend in the I direction (green) between two J directed faults (red), similar to the left

figure below.

26. Press Apply and observe how the cells are aligned along the trend line (right figure above).
27. Make sure that the direction and trend alignment are ok by QC the mid-skeleton grid in the
2D window. Add directions on faults and trends to refine the mid-skeleton grid.

Comments
Note that the number of cells is constant between to faults
defined with direction. This is illustrated on the figure above.
It is possible to move parts and delete parts of the digitized
trend. The Pillar Gridding process must be active in the Process
Diagram (the name is bold in the Petrel Explorer) and the trend
is displayed in the 2D window.
 Select the Select and Edit/Add points icon. Click on the
point to be moved on one of the digitized lines and moving it to
the desired position.
To create a new point click on the line between two points and
move a little.

Points are deleted by selecting the Set select/pick mode

icon. Click on the point to be deleted and press the Delete key.
To delete several points hold the Shift key down and select
points with the set select/pick mode. To delete a whole trend
click on the line between the digitized points, the trend should
now be selected. Press delete. Alternatively open the trend
folder under the fault model folder in Petrel Explorer, model tab.
Find the trend to delete, highlight it and press delete.

G) Pillar Gridding
After the Boundary has been defined and the 2D cell geometry tuned to the point of acceptability
(trends and directions may be applied to help tuning the 2D cell geometry), the 3D grid can be
constructed. The result of this construction is the Skeleton, which is a series of pillars, one for the
corner of each cell. Top, middle and base skeleton grids are used to view these pillars easily in the
X-Y dimensions. The pillars themselves are viewed in intersection to check their integrity.

Under the Pillar Geometry tab in the Pillar Gridding process window, toggle off Curved for the
Non-Faulted Pillars. This will create a simpler 3D Grid geometry with less chance for problems.
When the result is satisfying press OK to make the top and base skeleton grid. Say "Yes" to the
window that pops up (asking if you want to build the top and base skeleton grids).

H) QC of Skeleton grid
You should always do a quality control check after the skeleton grid has been generated. The
important steps during QC involve checking for crossing pillars. Crossing pillars will generate
negative cell volumes. If you find crossing pillars, you must either do the Pillar Gridding over again
and use directions and/or trends to avoid the crossing pillars, but most likely you will have to go
back to the Fault Modeling process and adjust the Key Pillars.

The reason why the QC is important after the construction of the skeleton grids, even if the mid
skeleton grid was fine during the Pillar Gridding process, is because Petrel only checks for crossing
pillars for the mid skeleton when Pillar Gridding. When extrapolating the pillars to create the top
and base skeleton, Petrel will not check for any crossing pillars.

Exercise step
6. Activate the project in the Model tab of Petrel Explorer.
28. Open the Skeleton folder in the newly created 3D grid.
29. Perform a visual check of the grids individually in the 3D window, look for spikes and
irregularities. The comments below describe what to look for.
30. Display the Key Pillars from the fault model to locate the problem.
31. In the 3D window display a J-intersection from the Intersections folder. Click on the name
to make it active.
32. Double click on the intersection folder and toggle on show pillars in the style tab settings
window.

33. Use the player to move the intersection along the grid. Check
the pillar geometries for crossing pillars.

MODELO FINAL A MOSTRAR

34. Perform the necessary corrections on process the fault model to improve the skeleton grids
(you will have to run the Pillar Gridding again).

EXERCISE 3 : VOLUME CALCULATION

Volume Calculation
Volumes are most commonly calculated in the Volume
Calculation Process step. Volumes can be calculated exactly
within zones, segments and user defined boundaries (e.g.
License boundaries). The Contacts defined in the previous
process (Make Contact) are used as input to the Volume
Calculation process.

Volume calculations can be performed using several

hypotheses in one operation. Each hypothesis is called a run.
The user has the option to include an uncertainty range for the contact level and create
distribution functions based on this uncertainty range.

The procedures for defining the set-up used for volume calculations are straight forward but
require that the user thoroughly checks all the volume menus.

All settings related to the Volume Calculation process is found under the Volume Calculation
process window. The user will specify the type of output to generate (3D properties, report,
distribution functions) and which input to be used. Uncertainty analysis can be done based on an
uncertainty in the hydrocarbon contact level. If you want to see the effect of different property
models, then you should define several Volume Runs, each using different inputs (such as property,
contacts or boundary).

A report defined by the user will be created after the process has been run, listing all the volume
number per zone, per segment and/or per facies.

The user also has the option of creating a volume height maps (typically a HCPV or STOIIP map).

Exercise Overview:
Calculate bulk volume above a contact
Creating a STOIIP Map
Draping the STOIIP map on a depth surface
Optional Exercise
Creating a Distribution Function

I) Calculate bulk volume above a contact

To execute a Volume Model, first activate the proper model. Double click on the Volume
Calculation process to open the dialog window.

Exercise Steps
7. Open the Volume Calculation process
8. Specify Common Settings:
a. Toggle on the properties to create and define which parameters to be included in the
report. Toggle on Bulk both in the Make property column and in the in report column.

a. Specify Report settings. The Detail level defines the order of reporting. If zone is level 1
and segment level 2 that means that the volumes will be reported for each segment in
each zone.
 b. Define the Units of the reported numbers:

35. Define the inputs for Volume Run 1 under the Individual Run tab:
a. Contacts tab: Select Hydrocarbon Interval(s): Oil and Gas and enter the gas-oil
contact and the oil-water contacts by first selecting them in the Fluid Contacts folder
and then clicking on the blue arrow

b. Under the Gen.Properties enter the general properties to be used. If you do not have a
N/G property in your project then use a constant value of 0.8.

c. Under the Oil Zone Properties choose which Water saturation (Sw) property to be used
and enter the Bo=1.21. If you do not have a Sw property in your project then use a
 constant value of 0.3.

d. Under the Gas Zone Properties choose to use a constant Water Saturation and enter
Bg=0.0009

36. Press OK to calculate the volumes.

37. A report will be created. Try to copy the entire report by clicking
in the upper left corner (as shown by the arrow on the illustration to

the right) and then click on Copy . Open Excel and select Paste
from the Edit menu.

Comments
If negative volumes are detected a warning will be given.
Negative volumes will occur if the model contains crossing
pillars. These are typically associated with vertically truncated
faults or other faults. The Bulk Volume property can be used to
filter on negative volumes to see where they occur. Do this from
Properties > Settings > Filters > Values Filter and filter on the
Bulk Volume to only see negative values.
Cell volumes are calculated exactly across segments, boundary
polygons and contacts. This is possible due to the triangulation
of the cells.
J)Creating a STOIIP Map
A hydrocarbon column height map is the sum of all the values in the same X,Y position. For
instance, a STOIIP map will show the sum of STOIIP for every X,Y position in the entire grid. It will
therefore show you where to expect the highest concentration of oil.

Exercise Steps
9. Close the report window
38. Open the Volume Calculation process. Use the same settings as define previously but toggle
on STOIIP as the Volume Height map to be created. If you dont want to regenerate the Bulk
volume, you should toggle this option off. You can toggle on the option Overwrite existing
properties (in the lower left part of the window) to not create all the same properties over
again.

39. After running the process, the map will be placed in a folder in the bottom of the Petrel
Explorer Input tab

40. Display the map. You will probably have to click on the to be able to see it.

K) Draping the STOIIP map on a depth

surface
Exercise Steps
10. Open the settings for the Top Tarbert horizon, found under the Horizons folder under 3D Grid
(DC) in the Petrel Explorer Models tab. Under the Output tab, select Make Surface. The
generated surface will be stored under the Input tab in the Petrel Explorer.
41. Open the Settings for the generated Top Tarbert depth surface. Under Style tab >Solid > Color
choose Textured. Select the STOIIP map by clicking on it in the Petrel Explorer Input tab
(make it bold) and enter it into the Surface/Image/Seismic position by clicking on the blue
 arrow .

42. Press OK.

43. Display the Top Tarbert depth surface to see the STOIIP map draped over it. Remember that
you are now draping the STOIIP map for all zones on to the Top Tarbert surface.

STOIIP map draped over Top Tarbert depth surface

MODELO FINAL A MOSTRAR