METHODOLOGY

Working
Tilling tool is rotated at a high RPM with the help of a motor driving it through chain drive
fixed to sprockets.
Tilling tool is supported on a shaft with the help of bearings which gives it a. free rotation.
For digging soil around the tree the ring has to be attached to the tree. The adjustable
link can be varied to adjust to the size of the required radius around the tree.
A ploughing attachment is provided so that after the tilling is done rows can be ploughed
with the V shaped stationery tool.

Detail Design and Analysis Power

source
A Honda manufactured 97.2cc 4-stroke petrol splender engine is the power source. The
weight of the engine is 20 kg. The engine produces a maximum power of 7.7bhp at 5000rpm and a
maximum torque of 0.82 kgm at 5000rpm.

Fig. Four stroke petrol engine

A four stroke or 4 cycle engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes
a power cycle with four four stroke engine which requires 4 strokes of the piston to complete
a power cycle. 4 stroke engine they have greatly reduced number of moving parts, and also can
be more compact and significantly lighter.
Power Transmission System
Chain and sprocket

Fig.Chain and sprocket

The power transmission mechanism used is a sprocket and roller chain. A sprocket is a
profiled wheel with teeth or sprocket that meshes with a chain, track or other perforated or indented
material. The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which radial projections engage
a chain passing over it. Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars, tracked vehicles and
other machinery to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears are un suitable or to
impart linear motion to a track, tape etc. Perhaps the most common form of sprocket may be found
in the bicycle, in which the pedal shaft carries a large sprocket-wheel, which drives a chain which
in turn drives a small sprocket on the axle of the rear wheel. Early automobiles were also largely
driven by sprocket and chain mechanism, a practice largely copied from motorcycle.
 Sprockets are of various designs, a maximum of efficiency being claimed for each by its
originator. Sprockets typically do not have a flange. Some sprockets used with timing belts have
flanges to keep the timing belt centred. Sprockets and chains are also used for power transmission
from one shaft to another where slippage is not admissible, sprockets chains being used instead of
pulleys. They can be run at high speed and some forms of chain are so constructed as to be noiseless
even at high speed.

Bearing
Bearing is a mechanical member that allows constrained relative motion between two parts,
typically linear or rotation movement. It supports the rotating parts and reduces friction between
them. The main objective of bearing is to enable smooth relative movement between two objects
or different parts of the same object. Bearings are made of a variety of materials of which the most
common and important material being stainless steel. The standard industry classification for the
steel in some bearings is 52100, which contains 1% chromium and 1% carbon. Such steels can be
made very hard and tough by heat treating. 440C stainless steel (SS) is used to manufacture
bearings which can face rusting threats.

Fig. Bearing support

Bearing Steel (Inner and Outer rings, Balls)

The standard IKS bearing ring and ball material is electric furnace high carbon chromium
steel which provides uniform hardness, toughness and resistance to wear. This steel is
manufactured by the most modern processing such as vacuum melting and degassing which
provides the lowest non-metallic inclusions. Stainless steel is also available for several series ball
bearings. The material used for cages or retainers is low carbon pressed steel and manufactured
with riveted or pronged type construction. The special purpose bearings, IKS is able to furnish
other types of material for retainers. Chemical compositions of our standard material are as noted.

Bearing radial clearance is determined by designed parameters with respect to temperature,

press fit, noise level, speed and environmental conditions. Radial internal clearance is the average
of outer ring raceway diameter, minus twice the ball diameter. IKS bearings are manufactured to
the standard (0) tolerance as defined by JIS standards which conform to AFBMA standard
tolerances. Bearing can be supplied to other tolerances to provide tight, loose or extra loose fit.
Generally without extra charge.

Selection of a lubricant is generally governed by the operating conditions. Bearings rely on

the lubricants principally to prevent the metal to metal contact. In addition, lubricants conduct heat
away from heavily loaded areas and serves to prevent oxidation or corrosion parts. An oil or slush
lubricant is standard for open type bearings. At IKS Mobil polymer EM grease is standard for
production sealed and shielded bearings.

Wheels

(a) Back Wheel (b) Front Wheel

Fig. Wheels used in frame

The whole machine is moving through wheels. Rear and front having two wheels each.
back wheels are bigger than Front wheels . The maximum load carrying capacity of the wheel is
400 kg at 425 kpa. Maximum speed of front wheel is 20 kmph.

Blades
A rotary tiller is a specialized mechanical tool used to plough the land by a series of
blades which are used to swirl up the earth. Power tiller blades possess extra life up to 20 to 30%
when compared to local blades. They provide fine tilt of soil because of even size of blades. These
have sharp edge even size, weight and width. The blade is inserted to the socket and bolted it.
There are different type of blade is available like C-type,-type etc. In tillers the power is directly
transmitted to the blades so that power transmission efficiency is high.

Fig. Tilling blade

The geometry of tiller blades is considered to be the most important factor in their
design, since both the shape of the blade tip and the length of the tiller blade facilitate cutting.
The blade tip width exceeds the blade length. The contact between the blade and the soil moves
slowly from the handle near the centre of the shaft to the blade length. The blade tip cuts the intact
grass at the boundary between the blade length and the blade tip. The grass can also be thrown
away or torn off by the outward rotation. This class of blade performs well in the soil in Asia, and is
extensively adopted in Taiwan and Japan

Shaft

It is the main component of the power transmission mechanism. It is a galvanised iron

pipe of circular cross section
 Fig.3.6 Shaft used

The above figure shows the shaft used in fabrication. The shaft is made of aluminium
alloy. The blades are mounted to the shaft using blade sockets. The shaft has a diameter of 25mm
and is fixed using pillow block bearing.

3.3 Design Calculation

Engine specification
Engine displacement : 97.2 cc
Engine type : 4 stroke (petrol)
Maximum power : 6.15kw
Maximum torque : 0.82kgm
Speed of the engine : 5000 rpm

Notation
T1 : Torque at the end of the engine.
T2 : Torque at the end of the sprocket 2.
F1 : Force acting at the end of engine sprocket 1.
F2 : Force acting at the end of sprocket 2.
F3 : Cutting force acting at tip of the blade.
r1 : Pitch circle radius of sprocket 1 = 55mm.
r2 : pitch circle radius of sprocket 2 = 97mm.
r3 : Distance from centre shaft to tip of the blade = 190mm
N1 : Speed at the end of the sprocket 1.`
N2 : Speed at the end of the sprocket 2.
Torque at the end of the engine(T1)

T1 = lkgm.
= 1x9.81
= 9.81 Nm.
Force acting at the end of engine sprocket(F1)
F1 = T1/r1
F1 = 9.81/55x10-3
= 178.36N.

(The distance between the two sprockets is too small, so neglecting the frictional loss)

Torque acting at the end of sprocket 2,

T2 = F2 x r2

(Where F1=F2)

= 178.36 x 97 x 10-3
= 17.30Nm.

Cutting force acting at the tip of the blade, (F3) F3

= T2/r3
= 17.30/190x10-3
= 91.05N.

The maximum speed at the end of the shaft, (N2)

N2 = N1x (r2/r1)
N2 = 5600 x (97/55)
= 3176.5rpm
 FABRICATION

The project fabrication involves common fabrication methods such as cutting, bending,
welding and bolting etc. The main material used in fabrication is galvanised iron pipe (G.I pipe)
and Honda company kinetic Honda frame because of it is already structured for ow design of
this project and for reason for selecting G.I pipes for the fabrication is that it is light weight
and it is less prone to corrosion; The fabricated component includes.

Machine Frame
The machine frame used in our project by the process of welding, cutting, forging,
etc. this is help to completed 25% fabrication of chassis and also 75% of using G I Pipes. The
pipe has a 1.25 inch breadth and 2.25inch width rectangular cross section for the rear end of the
machine. The pipe is cut in to pieces and is welded dimension 72cm width and 60 cm of height
from wheel centre.
 Fig. Fabricated chassis under construction

Fig. Fabricated chassis

The wheels are mounted on the frame to make it mobile. To mount the rear wheel is fixed
to hollow shaft and the hollow frame is welded inclined to the other frame and the front wheel is
mounted on the small round extension provided and steering mechanism is linked to the front
wheels using a lever and is tacked rigid. The rear wheel and front wheels has a diameter of
60cm 40cm respectively. The centre to centre distance between the rear and front wheel is about
120cm.
 The engine is fixed to the frame at one end through bolt and the other end fixed using the
suspension coil between the engine and frame.

Power System
The main power source of the apparatus is a 97.2cc two stroke petrol engine. The engine
has a maximum power of 6.15 at 5000rpm.and the maximum torque is 0.82 kg at 5000rpm. .
The engine weights about 30kg. The engine has an electronic ignition and a tubular double cradle
type frame with a 97.2 cc engine. The engine is based on the Honda cub C100EX with a similar
bore and stroke of 50mm X 49.5mm the engine is kick starting type. The fuel tank is separately
fitted along with the frame, and has a capacity of about 300ml.

Fig. The engine

The engine is mounted on the frame by bolting to the frame .The accelerator is provided at
the left side of handle and engine switch provided on the left side of handle
 Fig. The engine mounted on frame

Power Transmission System

The project uses chain and sprocket mechanism for the transmission of power from the
engine. The smaller sprocket is connected to the engine shaft and the larger sprocket is connected
to the blade shaft. The larger sprocket has a diameter of 11cm (outer), and 3.7cm (inner). The
smaller sprocket has a diameter of 6.5cm (outer), and 2cm (inner). The distance between the
sprocket centres is about 30cm.

Fig. The chain and sprocket used in fabrication

The larger sprocket is welded to the shaft and the smaller sprocket is mounted on to the
engine shaft. The power is transmitted from the engine to the shaft by the chain drive. The shaft
selected for the project is a GI pipe shaft of diameter 25mm. The length of the shaft is about 40cm.
The shaft is mounted on the frame using the pillow type ball bearing.
Cultivating Mechanism
The main objective of the project is cultivation, so it is the most important mechanism of the
project. The cultivating mechanism includes components like blades, furrow opener, seed tube, shaft,
covering blade etc.

Furrow opener
Furrow opener are the most convenient component of the cultivating mechanism a C type
curved Furrow opener is used for the project. The blade used here is the dry type blade and it can
also he used for the wet cultivating purposes. The material of the blade is cast iron, and has a gauge
thickness of 10mm and teeth thickness of about 25mm. The blades are mounted on the shaft with some
angle displacement using the blade socket.

Fig. Furrow opener

Design of seed box
Seed box rectangular shape of seed boxes is generally used in the machine for free flow
seed. Wheat, Green gram ,Bajra, Gram are majorly used for seeding seed control is also attached
to seed box for easy access and smooth flow of seed Seeder.
It is a box in which is used to collect the seed . And pass it one by one to a funnel connected to
it.there will be a seed storage space from there the required amount of seed is passed to second
compartment which has a seed separator connected to shaft using a chain and sprocket
arrangement. The seed seperator is used to transfer seed one by one to a funnel arrangement from
which it is passed through a pipe and and hence seeding operation is done.
 Fig . Design of seed box

The seeding box is cuboidal structure which has 3 parts namely

1. Seed storage
2. Seed separator
3. Funnel and pipe arrangement
The overall size of seeding box is 40cm10cm10cm.

The seed separator with a circular arrangement having 14 teeths in which each teeth can
carry 2 seeds at a time , therefore 28 seeds can be transferred at a revolution of wheel shaft.

The diameter of seed separator is 9cm and hence circumference is 56.5 cm

Agri Cargo Cart

The agri-cargo carrier is a cart meant for the transportation of the agricultural goods from
one place to the other place. The working principle of cart is based on the concept of typical
automobile.

. The engine starts with neutral condition and continued by applying 1st gear using lever
system. The engine will be accelerated by the accelerator and required speed is attained. The
designed speed of cart is 4-5km/h. The agricultural goods that are used to be transported is placed
on the tray and moved with engine power. The capacity of tray designed is 175 to 200 kg. agri-
cargo carrier is attached to the main frame using nuts and bolts.

Fig . Agri Cargo Cart

2D Design

Top view Front view

 Top View Front view

Side view

Fig . 2D CAD Model of Multipurpose Ploughing Machine

3D Design

Fig .Seeding Box

Fig . Seeding funnel

Fig .Ploughing Machine Frame

Fig .Ploughing Machine

 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

Machine Testing Result

The result from this above project outcomes are assurance of much efficiency, less time
consuming, worker friendly machine respective to the conventional method of tilling and ploughing
and light weight machine. It assures you of maximum work done with minimum work effort.

This manual machine is developed to reduce the time and effort required for production
up to the great extent also this machine manufacturing cost is less as compared to other. by
selecting above topic we are understand , familiar and know the details of agricultural technology,
with the help of this semi-automatic machine we are trying to reduce labour cost, time of a middle
class and small sector farmers. The average forward speed of operation of tilling is by hand
pushing. And the speed of the rotating tool unit is of 500rpm then the average effective field
capacity was 2 Acers/day. The average fuel consumption has 1.5to2 litre/hr. For the coconut tree
or areca nut tree bund mending this machine takes average time of maximum 10 minutes to
completion according to the moisture content of soil in average of minimum 15% to
maximum50%.
 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
The machine can made automatic by using sensors and microcontrollers.
The machine can be made self-propelled by transmitting the engine power to the wheel
shaft by using gears and differentials.
By incorporating rotating circular disc blades, the tilled soil can be displaced to one side.
The incorporation of the cultivating mechanisms in ATV's facilitates the use of large scale
farming purposes.
The sliding clamps can be replaced by hydraulic clamps.
The use of tiller type wheels make it possible to work on paddy fields.
By implementing a hopper and conveyer channel it can be used to sow the seeds and to
fertilise the land.
Also the machine is provided with a seeding attachment. Whenever seeding has to be done
a port has to open for the seeds to flow through hopper and fall on ground for uniform
seeding.

Advantages
The machine is so cheap of cost so that it can be afforded by the small scale agriculturists.

The machine is user friendly, so that it can be operated by any one, i.e. there is no need of
skilled labours to operate the machine.

The machine can be used both in small scale farming and in house hold gardening
purposes.
 CONCLUSION
In the present agriculture sector so many wide varieties of power tillers are available, but
these types of power tillers are very costly, so that it cannot be afforded by the small scale farmers
and agriculturists. The introduction of this machine brings a solution to this problem. This machine
provides a supporting aid for the small scale farmers who are suffering from labour scarcity, thus
encouraging the small scale farmers to come forward in the agricultural fields by overcoming these
problems.

The machine is very simple in construction and operation, so that there is no need. of skilled
labours, so that it can be used in the house hold farming's by housekeeping women's. The
innovation of the clamping mechanism provides easy handling of the equipment to till the soil and
makes mud bunds around the trees. As the equipment is smaller in size it is very convenient to
work in coconut and areca nut plantations to till the soil and make mud bunds around the trees for
the purpose of fertilising. So many modifications can be introduced to this to make it suitable for
large scale farming.

THANK YOU