ASSIGNMENT 2

PRESENTATION MADE BY GROUP B3

  GENERAL STRUCTURE OF DIESEL ENGINE AND TYPES
OF DIESEL ENGINE & DIFFERENT CONFIGURATION
 Diesel engine an internal-combustion engine the combination of a cylinder and piston constructed
and arranged to compress air to a degree producing a temperature above the igniting-point of the
fuel,
 a supply for compressed air or gas; a fuel-supply; a distributing-valve for fuel, a passage from the
air supply to the cylinder in communication with the fuel-distributing valve,
 an inlet to the cylinder in communication with the air-supply and with the fuel-valve, and a cut-oil,
substantially as described.

 THE DIAGRAM OF A DIESEL ENGINE

 TYPES OF DIESEL ENGINE AND THEIR DIFFERENT CONFIGURATION ?

Ans – there are two types of diesel engine .

2-Stroke Diesel Engine: 2-stroke engines provide a complete engine cycle in just two strokes.
Essentially, as the cycle begins, air enters the cylinder, dispelling any old air. Then, the
compression process occurs. As the piston nears the top of the cylinder, diesel fuel is added,
producing chemical energy. That energy pushes the piston down, sending mechanical energy to
the wheels.
4-Stroke Diesel Engine:
 In a 4-stroke engine, the pistons move up and down twice—for a total of four strokes. In addition to the
compression and exhaust strokes (described above), the pistons also have return strokes. Essentially, the
process begins with drawing the air into the cylinder as the piston moves down. As the piston moves up,
the air is compressed. Once the piston reaches the top of the cylinder, the fuel is injected, causing the
ignition. Upon ignition, the piston is pushed down, and the mechanical energy is released to the wheels.
Finally, the piston moves back up to dispel the burnt gasses.
DIFFERENCE CONFIGURATION BETWEEN TWO STROKE
AND FOUR STROKE .
 Ans-In internal combustion, stroking is the mechanism whereby the pistons in the cylinder go up and down. The process starts
with the injection process, in which a mixture of fuel and air is forced into the vehicle’s engine cylinder by the piston’s
downward expansion.
 The critical distinction between a four-stroke and a two-stroke engine would be that a four-stroke operation completes one
power stroke in four phases, or two full revolutions, whereas a two-stroke engine completes one power stroke in two phases or
one entire rotation.
 Stroke refers to the extent of the piston’s route, hence it’s an element in deciding the engine cylinder volume (which
determines the cc of the engine). The successive strokes of a piston, commencing with intakes, compression, expanding, and
ending with emission or exhaust, define the stages of an engine’s combustion cycle .
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PETROL SPARK ENGINE AND
COMPRESSION IGNITION DIESEL ENGINE.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO STROKE AND FOUR STROKE DIESEL
ENGINE?
 THE FUNCTION OF ALL DIFFERENT EQUIPMENTS OF
DIESEL ENGINE WITH THEIR MATERIAL COMPOSITION.
1. Crankshaft: The crankshaft is one of the most critical components in the engine.
This part along with the connecting rod is responsible for converting the
reciprocating motion of the engine pistons into the rotational motion of the
propeller. The propeller converts this torque into axial thrust and moves the vessel.
Crankshafts are made from forged steel or cast iron.
CRANKPIN:
A crankpin or crank pin, also known as a rod bearing journal.
It is a mechanical device in an engine which connects the crankshaft to the connecting rod for
each cylinder.
It has a cylindrical surface, to allow the crankpin to rotate relative to the "big end" of the
connecting rod.
 The crankpins are generally made of carbon steel, forged steel, and alloy steel
 BEARING ,MAIN BEARING BOTTOM AND END BEARING .
Bearing-Bearing is a device that is used to reduce friction between moving parts of machine elements
to provide movement in a desired way with minimum power losses. Development of bearings is one of
the most revolutionary steps in the development of human made machines.
The main functions of bearings are:
Reducing friction
Supporting parts of the machine or machine elements
Bearing radial or thrust load

• Main bearing-A main bearing is a bearing in a piston engine which holds the
crankshaft in place and allows it to rotate within the engine block.
• The number of main bearings per engine varies between engines, often in accordance
with the forces produced by the operation of the engine. Main bearings are usually
plain bearings or journal bearings, held in place by the engine block and bearing caps.
END BEARING:
 The crankshaft end bearing is the bearing between the connecting rod and the crankshaft of an
internal combustion engine.
 The seal below the flywheel was leaking because of a worn crankshaft end bearing. They
discovered that the knocking sound in the engine was due to the failure of one of the
crankshaft end bearings.
 Bearing materials include steel for bearing rings and rolling elements, as well as steel sheet,
steel, copper alloy and synthetic resins for cages.
 CONNECTING ROD SHAPE IN DIFFERENT TYPE OF ENGINE
• Cast rod
 Cast rods are connecting rods fabricated from the casting process. Casting is generally easier and cheaper than alternatives.
 These rods are adequate for low-power, low-speed applications that do not require very high-performance levels.
• Forged rod
 forged rods are made from the forging process. The process aligns a metal’s grain structure to the rod shape and improves
mechanical properties such as ductility, impact toughness, and fatigue strength.
 These are all very desirable properties in a connecting rod. The strength of forged steel rods is more than powdered metal
rods..
Powdered metal rod:
 Powdered metal rods are fast becoming the most common type of connecting rods in the automotive industry.
They offer a cost-effective and high-performance alternative to traditional cast or machined rods.
 Powdered metal rods required no additional machining, which improves the profitability of the process despite
having a higher raw material cost than casting.

Billet rod:
 Billet rods are made from a single billet of flat forged steel. They are designed in CAD programs and then cut
using CNC methods such as waterjet,.
 billet rods can be manufactured in various sizes and designs. We don’t require tooling, dies or retooling for
design changes. The same equipment can manufacture different types of connecting rods.
 Billet rods, however, retain the original grain structure. This reduces the overall strength as the grains do not go
around the big end but rather stay straight as in the original billet.

 The materials used for connecting rods widely vary, including carbon steel, iron base
sintered metal, micro-alloyed steel, spheroidized graphite cast iron. In mass-produced
automotive engines, the connecting rods are most usually made of steel.
DIAPHRAGM:
The rubber diaphragm is the flexible connection between the engine crankcase and the lubrication oil sump tank in
the hull. One purpose of having it is to prevent contamination from entering the sump tank from the engine room.
Rubber diaphragms are made from synthetic rubber with a nylon fabric mesh.

Stuffing box: In a crosshead type two-stroke marine diesel engine, the stuffing box provides
a seal between an engine’s scavenge space and crankcase. Stuffing boxes are required to reduce the
likelihood of a scavenge space fire, crankcase explosion, and/or oil contamination. Trunk type
engines do not have a stuffing box. Stuffing box components are of stainless steel, brass or other
application-specific materials.
PISTON ROD:
Piston rods are generally found in large two stroke engines. Piston rods help in transmitting the
power produced in the combustion space to the cross head and the running gear of the engine. The
lengths of these rods depend on the length of the engine stroke and the manufacturers design.
Piston rod materials are hardened steel and can include metal spray in packing areas to extend rod
life. Piston materials can be steel, cast nodular iron, or aluminum.

Camshaft:
Operate inlet and exhaust valves in the case of four stroke engines and only exhaust valve in the
case of two stroke engines. Operate fuel injection pumps and the starting air distributor. However,
common rail injection systems for fuel deployment are becoming common on modern vessels.
The camshafts are made of chilled cast iron.
CRANKSHAFT:
The crankshaft is essentially the backbone of the internal combustion engine. The crankshaft is responsible
for the proper operation of the engine and converting a linear motion to a rotational motion. Crankshafts
should have very high fatigue strength and wear resistance to ensure long service life. Crankshafts are
made from forged steel or cast iron. Crankshafts for high-volume.

Camfollower:
A cam follower, also known as a track follower or a roller follower, is a rotating or oscillating
component of an assembly that follows the motion of the translating cam through direct contact, it
transforms the cam's reciprocating motions into a linear motion by moving vertically in relation to
the cam's axis. the cam followers are made from a carbonitrided 52100 or 4130 steel.