STUDY OF IC ENGINES

The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that converts

chemical energy in a fuel into mechanical energy, usually made
available on a rotating output shaft. Chemical energy of the fuel is first
converted to thermal energy by means of combustion or oxidation with
air inside the engine. This thermal energy raises the temperature and
pressure of the gases within the engine, and the high-pressure gas then
expands against the mechanical mechanisms of the engine. This
expansion is converted by the mechanical linkages of the engine to a
rotating crankshaft, which is the output of the engine.
ENGINE COMPONENTS
The following is a list of major components found in most
reciprocating internal
combustion engines
Block. Body of engine containing the cylinders, made of cast iron or
aluminum. In many older engines, the valves and valve ports were
contained in the block.The block of water-cooled engines includes a
water jacket cast around the cylinders. On air-cooled engines, the
exterior surface of the block has cooling fins.
Camshaft Rotating shaft used to push open valves at the proper time
in the engine cycle, either directly or through mechanical or hydraulic
linkage (push rods,rocker arms, tappets). Most modern automobile
engines have one or more camshafts mounted in the engine head
Carburetor Venturi flow device which meters the proper amount of
fuel into the air flow by means of a pressure differential. For many
decades it was the basic fuel metering system on all automobile (and
other) engines. It is still used on low cost small engines like lawn
mowers, but is uncommon on new automobiles.
Connecting rod Rod connecting the piston with the rotating
crankshaft, usually made of steel or alloy forging in most engines but
may be aluminum in some small engines.
Crankcase Part of the engine block surrounding the rotating
crankshaft. In many engines, the oil pan makes up part of the crankcase
housing.
Crankshaft Rotating shaft through which engine work output is
supplied to external systems. The crankshaft is connected to the engine
block with the main bearings. It is rotated by the reciprocating pistons
through connecting rods connected to the crankshaft, offset from the
axis of rotation. Most crankshafts are made of forged steel, while some
are made of cast iron.
Cylinders .The circular cylinders in the engine block in which the
pistons reciprocate back and forth. The walls of the cylinder have
highly polished hard surfaces. Cylinders may be machined directly in
the engine block, or a hard metal (drawn steel) sleeve may be pressed
into the softer metal block. Sleeves may be dry sleeves, which do not
contact the liquid in the water jacket, or wet sleeves, which form part
of the water jacket.
Exhaust manifold.3 Piping system which carries exhaust gases away
from the engine cylinders, usually made of cast iron.
Flywheel. Rotating mass with a large moment of inertia connected to
the crankshaft
of the engine. The purpose of the flywheel is to store energy and furnish
a large angular momentum that keeps the engine rotating between
power strokes and smooth out engine operation.
Fuel injector. A pressurized nozzle that sprays fuel into the incoming
air on SI engines or into the cylinder on CI engines. On SI engines, fuel
injectors are located at the intake valve ports on multipoint port injector
systems and upstream at the intake manifold inlet on throttle body
injector systems. In a few SI engines, injectors spray directly into the
combustion chamber.
Fuel pump. Electrically or mechanically driven pump to supply fuel
from the fuel tank (reservoir) to the engine. Many modern automobiles
have an electric fuel pump mounted submerged in the fuel tank. Some
small engines and early automobiles had no fuel pump, relying on
gravity feed.
Piston .The cylindrical-shaped mass that reciprocates back and forth in
the cylinder, transmitting the pressure forces in the combustion
chamber to the rotating crankshaft.. Pistons are made of cast iron, steel,
or aluminum. They also have lower thermal expansion, which allows
for tighter tolerances. Aluminum pistons are lighter and have less mass
inertia.
Spark plug. Electrical device used to initiate combustion in an SI
engine by creating a high-voltage discharge across an electrode gap.
Spark plugs are usually made of metal surrounded with ceramic
insulation. Some modern spark plugs have built-in pressure sensors
which supply one of the inputs into engine control.
ENGINE TESTING
The basic task in the design and development of engineer is to reduce
the cost of production and improve the efficiency and power out
put ..To achieve this task the development engineers has to compare
the engine developed with other engines in terms of its output and
efficiency. Towards this end he has to test the engine and make
measurement of relevant parameters that reflect the performance of the
engine
Dynamometers is used to measure the torque absorbed in order to find
Brake power .A rotor driven by the engine under test,is
mechanically,hydraulically or electromagnetically coupled to stator
and by knowing the distance moved the periphery of rotor per
revolution also the brake force and applied force from the axis of
rotation, we can calculate the brake power.

Friction power
The internal losses in an engine are of two kinds, pumping loses
and friction loses. During the inlet and exhaust stroke the gaseous
pressure on the piston is greater on its forward side ( on the underside
the inlet and the upper side during the exhaust stroke), hence during
both strokes the piston must be moved against a gaseous pressure, and
this causes the pumping lose. The friction lose is made up of the friction
between the piston and cylinder walls, piston rings and cylinder wall
and between crank shaft and cam shaft and their bearings, as well as by
the use of the incurred by driving the essential accessories such as water
pump, ignition unit etc.
Willian’s line method is one the way to find out the frictional laws.
The method is also known as fuel rate extrapolation method. A graph
constructing fuel consumption (y-axis) and brake power (x-axis), at
constant speed is drawn and it is extrapolated on negative axis of brake
power. The intercept of negative axis is taken as the friction power of
the engine at that speed.

Volumetric Efficiency
Volumetric efficiency is an indicator of the breathing ability of the
engine and is defined as the ratio of the volume of air actually inducted
at ambient condition to swept volume. However, it may also be defined
on mass basis as the ratio of the actual mass of air drawn into the engine
during a given period of time to the theoretical mass which should have
been drawn in during that same period of time, based upon the total
piston displacement of the engine, and the temperature and pressure of
the surrounding atmosphere.
. The volumetric efficiency is affected by many variables, some of the
important ones are:
(i)The density of the fresh charge
(ii) The exhaust gas in the clearance volume.
(iii)The design of the intake and exhaust manifolds
(iv)The timing of the intake and exhaust valves