CHAPTER 2: FORCE & MOTION (b) Gravitational potential energy

ESSAYS QUESTION ANSWER change to kinetic energy and

change to heat + sound
Question 1 energy. Energy change to
(a) Changes during collision: kinetic energy of the molecules
(i) Velocity of smaller ball which is used to change the
increases, velocity of bigger shape of the sponge.
ball decreases to zero, (c)
(ii) Momentum of the smaller Modification Reason
ball increases, momentum Torpedo or reduce air friction
of bigger ball decreases aerodynamic
(iii) The bigger ball will stop, the shape
smaller ball will move heat resistant prevent heat from
forward. material entering
(b) The quantity of bus will use parachute reduce the speed
determine the mass of the bus. land on water reduce impulsive
The momentum of the bus force
depends on the mass and strong material not easily
velocity of the bus. breakable or
Bigger mass and velocity dented
means the momentum of the high melting withstand the
bas will increase. point material extreme
A high momentum will cause temperature or
the bus difficult to be stopped. prevent melting

Question 2
(a)(i) Momentum = mass x velocity
(i) The shape of the plasticine ball
on the wooden block change /
flattened or the shape of the
plasticine ball on the sponge
does not change
The shape of the wooden block
does not change or the shape
of the sponge is curved
Plasticine ball takes a longer
time to stop when it hits the
sponge.
Impulsive force acts on the
plasticine ball on the wooden
block is larger
Impulsive force is inversely
proportional to the time of
impact.
Question 3
(a)(i) The property of a spring that
enables it to return to its original
length when the force acting on it is
removed.
(a)(ii)
The thickness of M < the thickness of
N
Maximun height in Diagram 9.2(b) is
greater than maximum height in
Diagram 9.2(a)
The height of the ball increases as
the thickness of the spring increases.
Stiffness increases, thickness
increases / thickness directly
proportional to spring constant k
The elastic potential energy of the
spring increases as the thickness of
the spring

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(b)(i) (c) (i) v = 45 x 1000 = 12.5 m/s
F2 > F1 36000
Spirng in diagram 9.1b / N has thicker v = u + at = 12.5 = 0 + a (10)
wire/ higher spring constant / bigger a = 1.25 ms-2
elastic potential energy than spring (ii) F = ma = 1 800 x 1.25 = 2 250 N
in diagram 9.1a
N stiffer spring / M softer spring / N Modification Explanation
less elastic / M more elastic ABS Brake The lorry can be
stopped immediately
(b)(ii) elastic potential energy to and does not skid
kinetic energy to gravitational Two tyres increase stability /
potential energy lower pressure acts
so less damage on
(c) road/ better grip
Modification Reason 5 small tanks does not shake
tight / fit attire / less air resistance (easily) // to reduce
light attire // small mass the effect of inertia
spike shoes increase grip to Further Prevents collision
prevent from distance between the trailer
skidding and the tractor/
run faster increase energy/ reduce (forward)
momentum momentum
elastic / flexible bend easily Tanker R is Because it has an
poles chosen ABS brake system,
low density lighter / easy to two tyres, 5 small
poles carry tanks and a longer
strong poles not easily broken distance between the
thick mattress reduce impulsive trailer and the tractor.
force
Question 5
Question 4 (i) Mass x velocity
(a) Speed = distance (ii) -change of momentum is same
Time -Diagram 9.1 time for change of
(b) Momentum depends on mass momentum is shorter
and velocity // momentum = -Rate of change of momentum
mass x velocity. produces impulsive force.
High momentum causes a high -Time for change of momentum is
force to act on the lorry when longer so the impulsive force is
accident occurs / difficult to smaller // vice versa
control the lorry // difficult to -Time of change of momentum is
control the direction of the inversely proportional to
lorry // more damage done. impulsive force
Inertia depends on mass.
Difficult to stop/move the lorry.

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Question 6 A large backwards momentum is
(i) Ratio of force to the extension // produced
F/x where F = Force The rocket gains forwards
x = extension momentum of equal magnitude
(ii)
o mass in Diagram 9.1 = mass in
diagram 9.2 Question 11
o Diameter in Diagram 9.1 < - to absorb the shock
diameter in Diagram 9.2 - to make the rider feel more
o Extension in Diagram 9.1 < comfortable // reduce vibration
extension in Diagram 9.2
o As the diameter increases the Modification Explanation
extension increases Low density of So that it is
o As the diameter increases the motorcycle parts lighter
spring constant decreases High engine To produce high
power acceleration//
Question 7 high resultant
- The forces between molecules are force
attractive and repulsive force High spring So that the spring
- When the spring is stretched constant // stiffer is stiffer //
attractive force between molecule spring motorcycle
acts bounce less //
- When the spring is compress the less vibration
repulsive force between molecule Wide tyre // To increase
acts smooth tyre stability // to
- When the force is released, the reduce friction
spring returns to its original High strength Spring is not
position due to the forces. easily broken
Question 8
(i) Work = force x displacement
(ii) - Force in diagram 10.1 > force in
Diagram 10.2
- Distance travelled in 10.1 <
Distance in Diagram 10.2
- The Potential energy is the Question 12
same characteristics explanation
- When Force is higher the
Reinforced The passenger
distance traveled is shorter
passenger should remain
- Potential energy = Work done
compartment intact during a
collision. It is
Question 9
made of high
Fuel burns in the combustion
tensile strength
chamber
steel that is able
Hot gases expelled at high speed to withstand large
backwards forces

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Crumple zones Lengthen the time (b)
These are of collision, hence Total energy at any time is
specific points reduces the constant
at the front and impulsive force on As the stone falls, gravitational
back portion of the bus. potential energy converts to kinetic
the car that are energy
made to Gravitational potential energy is
crumple maximum at the highest point
progressively Kinetic energy converts to heat
Safety belt Prevent and sound energy when it hits the
passenger from ground.
jerking forward
when the bus stop (c) Qualitative problem
suddently The material must Does not break
airbag Lengthen the time be strong easily when
of collision pressure is
applied
Shatter roof Break into small The shape is Can move with
windscreen. pieces with blunt aerodynamic / the least amount
edges. streamlined of friction /
Narrower at the To decrease air reduce air
front shape friction resistance
By high To deceases the Angle of So that the rocket
strength and fusibilities to launching is 45 can travel very
high rigidity of become dented far / maximum
material distance
The volume of To increase
water is 1/3 of the momentum +
Question 12 whole volume impulsive force
(a) Attach / fix fins at Rocket can move
The mass of the coin is greater the tail of the smoothly and
than the mass of leaf rocket stable / does not
Both objects reach the ground at wobble
the same time (berpusing)
While falling, both objects are at
the same position/ both objects Question 13
travel the same distance at any (a) (i) momentum = mass x velocity
time. (ii)
The coin and leaf have the same Total momentum in
increase in velocity // same Diagram 9.1 is zero
acceleration Total momentum before the
All objects fall with the same bullet is fired = total
gravitational acceleration due to momentum after the bullet
gravity, g. is fired

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 The magnitude of the The kinetic energy increases
momentum of the bullet and as gravitational potential
pistol are equal energy decreases
The direction of the Principle of conservation of
momentum of the bullet and energy
pistol is opposite (c)
The physics concept is Velocity increases
principle of conservation of Kinetic energy maximum
momentum Based to principle of
conservation of energy, the
(c) gravitational potential energy
Aspects Reason is zero because change to
Use bigger blade/ Increase the air maximum kinetic energy.
increase the intake (c)
number of blade/ Semi circular Exchange
inrease the speed curve shaped between kinetic
of blades energy and
Blade made of Can withstand gravitational
strong material strong pressure potential energy
or it will not easily
break easily Increasing slop Easilly oscillate
Increase the More fuel to be slightly caused by
number of fuel burnt to produce changing of
injection / add greater thrust energy
more fue Smooth surface Reduce frictional
injectors force / easy to
Increase the size More space for move
of combustion the fuel to be Soft layer at the Reduce impulsive
chamber burnt surface force when
Decrease the Exhaust gas landing
diameter of the ejected at higher Strong material / Withstand to the
nozzle velocity / concrete of high force
momentum foundation of the caused by
track jumping and
Question 14 landing
(a) Energy caused by position
from ground.
(b) (i)
The height of the ball at P >
Q
Gravitational potential
energy of the ball at P >Q
The velocity of the ball at Q >
P
The kinetic energy at Q > P

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Question 15
(a) Power is the rate of work done
or work
time
(b)
Characteristics Reason
Low mass Can move faster/
active
Tall Easy to shoot
goal
Responding time Easy to catch ball
fast
Power high Will not tired
easily / more
energy
Small time to can run fast
complete 100 m
run
Choose C Low mass, tall,
high power,
responding time
very fast and
small time to
complete 100 m
run

(c)
Runner has inertia
To continue moving forward
The legs stop, body continue
moving forward
Unstable and fall

(d) Student 1:
power = mgh/t
= (55 x 10 x 10)/12
= 458 W
Student 2:
power = (60 x 10 x 10)/14
= 428 W
Student 1 has higher power.

FIZIKMOZAC 2010