Istorikii 6

6
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, 2013
, 2013
ISBN 978-954-400-968-7

6

2013
5

CONTENTS
................9
ANTIQUE AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY ......................9

,
,
..............................................11
Krasimir Krustev
SOME PROBLEMS WITH THE TYPOLOGY
OF THE SETTLEMENTS, SETTLED IN THE TIMES
OF THE ANCIENT-GREEK COLONIZATION ...........................................11

..................................................................................49
Stoyan Vitlyanov
ON THE SECURITY OF DAILY LIFE IN VELIKI PRESLAV ....................49

(IX-X .)
..................................................................................62
Ivan Jordanov
ANONYMOUS RULERS IMAGE (IXTH-XTH C.)
FROM VELIKI PRESLAV ..................................................................................62
,

...................................................................................................69
Stella Doncheva, Nikolay Nikolov
GROUP OF MEDIEVAL LOCKS FROM THE LATE
MEDIAEVAL EPOCH ........................................................................................69
6
....................................................................75
NEW AND MODERN HISTORY ...............................................................................75

, :

(1872-1875) ..............................77
Vera Boneva
UNFORTUNATELY, NOTHING CONSOLABLE: THREE LETTERS
FROM OSMAN PAZAR TO SHUMEN, CONCERNING
THE GOVERNANCE OF BULGARIAN EXARHATE (1872-1875) .....................77
,

1879 . ..............................................................92
Vassilka Tankova, Aleka Strezova
ONCE AGAIN ABOUT THE CHOICE AND THE INVESTITURE
OF PRINCE ALEXANDER I IN 1879 ........................................................................92

, ,
,
...................... 107
Rositsa Angelova
THE UNKNOWN HEROES OR THOSE WHOSE NAMES REMAINED
UNKNOWN TO THE FUTURE GENERATIONS BUT WERE
FOR EVER DOCUMENTED IN BULGARIAN HISTORY ................................ 107

............................................. 161
Ivan Ivanov
HRISTO KALFOV FIRST STEPS ON THE MILITARY
AND POLITICAL SCENE ......................................................................................... 161

9 1918 . .
-
....................................... 191
Stefan Minkov
THE INCIDENT OF FEBRUARY 9TH, 1918 IN CONSTANTA. NOTES
ON THE BULGARIAN-GERMAN RELATIONS IN NORTHERN
DOBRUDJA DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR .............................................. 191
7

A 1930-1933 . .....................................................204
Todorka Simeonova
BALKANS CONFERENCES 1930-1933 .................................................................. 204

1980 . ..................... 224
Vasil Paraskevov
A BRITISH DOCUMENT REGARDING BULGARIA FROM 1980 ................. 224

XXI ?................................................. 232
Stoyan Tanev
WILL IS THERE POMAK ETHNICITY AND POMAK NATION
IN BULGARIA DURING THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY? .......................... 232
, ............................................277
ETNOLOGY, MUSEOLOGY AND LOCAL HISTORY........................................277

1912-1918 ..............................................279
Ekaterina Keremidarska
DEMOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOR OF THE BULGARIAN FAMILY
AS A RESULT OF WARS FROM 1912 TO 1926 .................................................... 279

..........................................................................................285
Veneta Yankova
CULTURAL HERITAGE DEFINITIONS AND CHALLENGES .......................285

XIX XX ........................................... 298
Danail Petrov
INVESTIGATION OF THE ANCIENT FORTRESS NEAR THE MODERN
RAZGRAD IN THE LATE XIX AND THROUGH XX CENTURIES ............... 298
8
..........................................................................................305
REVIEWS ......................................................................................................................305

PROSOPOGRAPHIE DER MITTELBYZANTINISCHEN ZEIT (867-1025).
HERAUSGEGEBEN VON DER BERLIN-BRANDENBURGISCHEN
AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN. NACH VORARBEITEN F.
WINKELMAN. ERSTELLT VON: RALPH-JOHANNES LILIE; CLAUDIA
LUDVIG; THOMAS PRASTCH; BEATE ZIELKE. UNTER MITARBEIT VON:
HARALD BICHLMEIER; BETINA KRNUNG; DANIEL FLLER. SOWIE:
ALEXANDER BEIHAMMER; GNTER PRINZING. WALTER DE GRUYTER
GMBH, BERLIN BOSTON 2013 .............................................................................. 307

, .
(680-969).
.
, , 2012, 204 . ...... 310
..........................................................................................................313
ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................313
......................................................................................315
LIST OF THE AUTHORS ..........................................................................................315
9
ANTIQUE AND MEDIEVAL

HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
11
,

,

.
SOME PROBLEMS WITH THE TYPOLOGY

OF THE SETTLEMENTS, SETTLED IN THE TIMES
OF THE ANCIENT-GREEK COLONIZATION
Krasimir T. Krustev
In the Mediterranean, the Greeks created a lot of settlements, but historically the Black
Sea coast was colonized at the latest. There is an assumption, that most of the Greek
colonial settlements have a period in which there were emporia and only then received
Polis status. We should note that such a situation is very disputable and not confirmed
from the reports of ancient authors and archaeological data.
The typology of the settlement is almost an impossible task, because of two
main groups of reasons. At first, we should point the lack of consensus among re-
searchers about the type and nature of the various communities and unclear termi-
nology itself. The second group of reasons include paucity of source material (writ-
ten, epigraphic and archaeological) and controversial interpretation of the existing
material.
In historical sources and modern scientific studies, the most of the researches
often use the term colony, which most often means Greek village oversees. But the Greek
settlements of the era of colonization are too different to label them all with the same
term. To this we must added the difficulty to determine the ethnicity of the population
of a settlement, known only as an archaeological site.
For the settlements situated in the coastal strip, there are several options on their
typology: settlement of the local tribes, 2 apoikia (); 3 epoikia (); 4 kle-
rouchia (); 5 emporion (); 6 katoikia (). The differences of
them are very significant to mark them with only one term: colony.
,
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Her. IV, p. 145.
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Ovid. Metamorph. VII, 133.
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Euseb. Chron. Can., 48.
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Schol. Apoll. Rhod. IV, 284; Plutarch. Libell. de fluv. XIV, 4.
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Steph. Byz. Pantikapaion; Eustath. Comm. ad Dion., p. 311.
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49
ON THE SECURITY OF DAILY LIFE

IN VELIKI PRESLAV
Stoyan Vitlyanov
One of the less explored areas in daily life and culture of the capital center of Veliki
Preslav is the issue related to the matter of security. The number of the exhibits found so
far is limited, but rather characteristic.
A part of the finds have already been officially issued due to various reasons, but
in fact lack the respective academic approach and report. Some others, which have not
been explored by scholars yet, are the main subject of the present research work.
There is a group of means and safeguard tools which are closely connected to the
security of Veliki Preslav, such as: one-component or two-component seals with various
negative images, molivdovuls (lead seals), scales; pad-locks and different types of locks
and respective keys; specialized locking systems.
Analyzing all stamping and sealing devices and locking mechanisms found on the
territory of the capital city of Veliki Preslav, the author comes to the conclusion that all
these preventive mechanisms along with the other means of state control could guarantee
the rights and freedom of the citizens in Veliki Preslav in IX-X century.

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62
(- .)

ANONYMOUS RULERS IMAGE (IXth-Xth C.)

FROM VELIKI PRESLAV
Ivan Jordanov
The paper presents a one-side round plate containing an anonymous rulers image
found during archaeological excavations in Preslav in 2010.
The main questions arising from its existence are connected with the identity of
the ruler represented on it and its functional use.
The ruler represented on the plate is identical with the one represented on a group of
anonymous seals associated with the person of Simeon I in the period 893-913.
The question of its functional use cannot be answered with certainty.
The author assumes that the plate was struck in connection with the successful
conclusion of the Bulgarian-Byzantine war of 894-896 after which a peace treaty was
signed and the status quo was restored.
The image of the ruler on the plate and on the anonymous lead seals had the
same purpose to make public the person of the Bulgarian ruler (Simeon).
,
, 2010 . -
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- . : 2010 . , 2011, 407-409.
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, 47; Jordanov, I. Zhekova, Z. Catalogue of Medieval Seals at the Regional
Historical Museum of Shumen. Sofia, 2007, no. 14.
6
, . . . ,
1907, 44-45.
7
, . . , 3, 1977, 28-29.
8
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, 1971, 286-321.
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13
Janak, V. Fragment medailonu s truncm Kristem z Drnovic u Vykova. Mezi
ranym a vrcholnym stredoekem. Brno, 2012, 261-278, obr. 1.
14
, . .
, 7, 2004, 418-425, . 1; , .
. , 2005, 1-4, 69-70, . 5.
15
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: , 5, , 2005, 213-220, . 1.
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16
Vikan, G., Nesbitt, J. Security in Byzantium: Locking, Sealing and Weighing.
Washington, 1980, p. 12.
17
Schlumberger, G. Mereaux, Tesseres et jetons Byzantin. RN, III, 1895, 91-96.
18
Nesbitt, J. Copper Tesserae: A Little-Known Source for the Study of Byzantine
Philanthropy. The 17th Byzantine Congrss. Abstracts of Short Papers. Washington, 1986, 238-239.
68
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69
GROUP OF MEDIEVAL LOCKS

FROM THE LATE MEDIAEVAL EPOCH
Stella Doncheva, Nikolay Nikolov
This work aims to present a number of identical locks, found with late medieval pot-
tery from XIII-XIV century near Shumen. Locking mechanism is fully preserved in
one of the locks. The use of this three locks is to keep the content of the chest (box) to
which locks were attached and to prove that it was not subject to foreign interference.
Very likely presented locks have existed in parallel with other larger and serious locking
mechanisms. The main purpose of these objects and other similar devices is to prove
these curity and integrity of content.
-
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3
Vikan, G. Security in Byzantium. Locking, Sealing and Weighing. Dumbarton Oaks
Byzantine Collection Publications, No 2, Washington, 1980, p. 6, fig. 12.
71
4.
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73
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. 6.
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75
NEW AND MODERN

HISTORY
77
, :

(1872-1875)

UNFORTUNATELY, NOTHING CONSOLABLE:

THREE LETTERS FROM OSMAN PAZAR TO
SHUMEN, CONCERNING THE GOVERNANCE
OF BULGARIAN EXARHATE (1872-1875)
Vera Boneva
The first part of the article describes public activities of the small community of Bulgari-
ans, lived in the town of Osman pazar (nowadays Omurtag) during the third quarter of
19th century. Educational initiatives, ecclesiastical events, and self-government activities
are the main accent of historical narrative. In the second part of the article three letters,
sent from Bulgarian leaders to Osman pazar community, are commented. Its content is
analyzed in the context of personnel and financial problems of Bulgarian Exarhate. At
the end of the article are published full texts of the three letters, which originals are part
of the archive fund of the Bulgarian National Library in Sofia.
()1

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: . . . . , 1999, . 106.
3
Karpat, K. H. Ottoman Population 1830-1914. Demographic and Social Characteristics.
Winsconsin, 1985, p. 117; , .
() . :
. . . 3. , 2002, 400-425.
4
, . 50--70-
. ., 1980, 19-20.
5
-, . , 112-113; , .
() . :
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6
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, : ... 79

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1870; , . V, . 31 28 1870; . V, . 29 25 1872; -
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1874; . 39 9 1874.
11
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, 125-127.
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, . , . 39 9 1874.
13
, . . ., 1997, 78-158.
80
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15
. . ., 1984, 317-318.
16
V- .
. ., 1997, . 202.
17
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- (1840-1937). ., 1992, 22-23. . : -
, . - . ,
1996, . 2, 101-119; , . , 240-241.
26
-, . 144, . 1, .. 171, . 3, 8, 16, 71; -, 302.
27
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: , . 1870-1879. ., 1989, 166-182.
28
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(1872-
1876). , 1990, . 53. . -
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130- - . ., 2001, 5-23.
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92

1879 .
,
ONCE AGAIN ABOUT THE CHOICE AND THE

INVESTITURE OF PRINCE ALEXANDER I IN 1879
Vassilka Tankova, Aleka Strezova
This article arose out of a small discussion about the nature of the national assembly
which had chosen the first Bulgarian prince on April 17th 1879, also known as The
First Great National assembly in the historiography. Based on the conception that we
could not interpret significant historical events if we have not specified the right answer
to the questions, we decided once again to examine the facts, proving or disproving the
thesis that the assembly, which elected prince Alexander Battenberg as a first Bulgarian
ruler, was namely first in order in respect to the Great national assemblies in the modern
Bulgarian history. In the context of the main theme, we should discuss another problems
relevant to this subject as the initial date when the Constitution of Tirnovo was applied;
the legitimacy of the normative acts issued by the Russian occupation authorities after
accepting the Constitution (April 16th 1879); we should observe the parameters of the
vassalage of the Principality of Bulgaria in the concepts of the main acting characters
in the events the Russian occupation authorities, the Bulgarian representatives in the
Constituent assembly, the Prince, the Great powers and the The Sublime Porte; we should
discuss how and when prince Alexander received his investiture from the suzerain.
, (.
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1879 . -.
3
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. : 1300. . . 3, ., 1983, . 30.
4
. , . . 1879-1886. , 1897; .
, , 1904, V-V. ., 1904; , . -
. ., 1909 (1992).
5
- . . ,
. . . 1, ., 1990, 145-168.
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. . . . ., 1932; -
, . . , 2011.
7
, . . 1879-1886. ., 1979,
180-183 ; . . 7.
. - (1878-1903). ., 1991, 68-70;
. , . , . , . -
, . . ., 1993, 412-417; , ., . , . .
. 1879-1913. ., 1994, 2-5; , ., . .
. 1878-1944. ., 1999, . 16; . . 4. -
. ., 2003, . 239.
8
, . . 1879-
1911. ., 2001. . . , 19-43.
9
, . (1879-1911 .).
, 2007, 7-9.
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,

THE UNKNOWN HEROES OR THOSE WHOSE

NAMES REMAINED UNKNOWN TO THE
FUTURE GENERATIONS BUT WERE FOR EVER
DOCUMENTED IN BULGARIAN HISTORY
Rositsa Angelova
The narrative presents the notes of D. Ch., a citizen of Shumen, on his participation in
the First World War on the Dobrudzha front. The unknown hero left valuable infor-
mation on the daily life of the soldiers from the home front, on his own everyday life
and emotions, as well as on the destruction and death. At the same time he presented
the situation of the Bulgarian lands in Dobrudzha and the fate of the Bulgarians liv-
ing there. The description of the relationship between the Bulgarian and the German
armies, of the merciless plunder of the area and the population by the German occu-
pational forces is quite interesting as well. The author also presented the activity of the
Bulgarian government in that period on the recovery of schools, churches and a cultural
centre institutions, which have retained and still retain Bulgarian identity.

- -
(1878 .) 1944 .
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:http://history.rodenkrai.com/new/snimki_ot_nashite_chitateli/
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161
HRISTO KALFOV FIRST STEPS

ON THE MILITARY AND POLITICAL SCENE
Ivan V. Ivanov
The study follows the military training and inclusion of Hristo Kalfov in the political
life of Kingdom of Bulgaria. After graduating the Torino Military Academy in 1914,
Kalfov is enrolled in the military retinue of Tsar Ferdinand he became the military
teacher of the crown prince Boris. The political doings from 1918 lead to abdication of
Tsar Ferdinand and after this to the takeover of Tsar Boris III. Kalfov became again
the man of confidence of the monarch and person which is making the direct contacts
with superior officers in Bulgarian army. Hristo Kalfov also became leading figure in
the take-over from 9 June 1923. Something more he became Minister of foreign affairs
and religion (1923-1926).
-
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9 1918 .
. -

THE INCIDENT OF FEBRUARY 9TH, 1918

IN CONSTANTA. NOTES ON THE BULGARIAN-
GERMAN RELATIONS IN NORTHERN DOBRUDJA
DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Stefan Minkov
On February 9th, 1918 in Constanta, during a charity concert organized by local Ro-
manian, Bulgarians demonstrate. Become collisions. The demonstration was organized
against the German policy of tolerating Romanians. Using this incident, the author
reveals the reasons for the German policy and its specific manifestations. The article
discussed: unauthorized export of food and raw materials from North Dobrudja, rob-
bery and violence against Bulgarian population, Germans tolerating Romanian and
Turkish propaganda. The actions of the provincial German military and administra-
tive authorities are in sync with the geopolitical aspirations of Germany in the Danube
region, the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East.

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.: Minkov, St. Der Status der Nord-Dobrudscha im Kontext des deutsch-bulgarischen
Verhaeltnisses im Ersten Weltkrieg In: Der Erste Weltkrieg auf dem Balkan. Perspektiven der
Forschung. Berlin-Brandenburg, 2011, 241-255.
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204
1930-1933 .

BALKANS CONFERENCES 1930-1933

Todorka Simeonova
France had leading economical and political influence in Central and South Eastern
Europe before the beginning of the world economic crisis. French diplomacy tried to
prevent all attempts for revision of the peace treaties through military and political al-
liances. At the same time, there were new tendencies in the foreign policy of the Balkan
countries. One of them was their aspiration for independent economic policy. Big im-
perialist countries cannot trade with the Balkan countries in the same terms like before
the crisis. The Balkan conferences in the early 1930s, held under the slogan Balkans
for the Balkan peoples, were a manifestation of this tendency. During the period 1930-
1933 there were four Balkan conferences each year that were attempts for union which
had to include all Balkan countries. These conferences had two main meanings. First,
they were an attempt to resolute traditional problems in the peninsula and, second, they
were political probes before the conclusion of the Balkan Pact.
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1934). , 1971, 4, 8-9.
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, . 1918-1938. , 2006, . 117.
3
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4
, . , . 118; , . . (1930-
1394). Actes du premier congres international des Etudes balkanques et Sud-Est Europeennes.
T.V. Sofia, 1970.
206
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224

1980 .

A BRITISH DOCUMENT REGARDING BULGARIA

FROM 1980
Vasil Paraskevov
The present document is the valedictory of British Ambassador in Bulgaria J. C. Cloake.

He served at this post for more than three years since 1976. What did the Ambassador
saw was a changing country Bulgaria looked East and West; beneath the proclaimed
joys of puppetdom, a deeper feeling was discernible; even the system was beginning to
rebel against the system; the mechanism of police state repression was only occasion-
ally apparent but when it was, it was nasty and Bulgaria was no real democracy; the
Bulgarians were sincere in their professed desire for friendship with Britain and West,
by their own lights, and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office should go on trying and
should encourage them.
,
, 70- -
- 1. , ,
, , -
, - .
-
24 1980 .2

, , ,
, -
. - ?
. -
. . ,
1
United Kingdom National Archives (UKNA) Foreign and Commonwealth Office
(FCO) 28/4093, Her Majestys Ambassador at Sofia to the Secretary of State for Foreign and
Commonwealth Affairs, 22 April 1977.
2
UKNA FCO 28/4093, Her Majestys Ambassador at Sofia to the Secretary of State for
Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, 24 June 1980.
1980 . 225
, , ,
,
, -
.

?

1948 .,
, , .
, -
.

, 3. -
1976 . ,
-
.
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, -
. , ,

4.

1980 ., -
. , ,
- .

, -
. , -
,
3
Sir Donald (James Dundas) Maitland, British Diplomatic Oral History Programme:
Transcript of interview, p. 28. http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/
Maitland.pdf
4
Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, 22 April 1977.
226
-
.
, ,
-
, . -
, 70- , -
, . ,
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,
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,
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,
. 50-, 60- 70- -
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6, . ,
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.
5
UKNA Foreign Office (FO) 472/6, Problems of the Satellites. Text of a Lecture given
to the Imperial Defence College on May 18, 1954, by Mr. H. A. F. Hohler, Head of Northern
Department, the Foreign Office.
6
UKNA FCO 28/667, C. S. R. Giffard Minute, 14 January 1969; Carrick, Roger.
Diplomatic Anecdotage. Around the World in 40 Years. London: Elliott & Thompson,pp. 2-3.
1980 . 227
, 24 1980
,
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.
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.
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7
Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, 22 April 1977.
228
5. , -
, . 8,
, , Das Kapital
( . ..). - ,
- [] 9 -
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11, 12,
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1963-1989. , 2008, 97-98.
9
(1938-1996). . 1963 . -
,
. -
1979 1989 . 1989 1990 . -
- 70- 80- . --
1990 . . http://archives.bg/politburo/bg/component/content/
article/48-chlenovenapb/154-2012-01-05-22-56-41
10
(1931-). . , . ;
1971 1977 . -, 1977 1986 .
; 1986 1989 . ; 1989 1990 .
. . , . 1878-
1999. , 1999, . 494.
11
(1942-1981). . , .
1979 1981 .;
1975 1981 .; 1976 1981 .;
. . http://archives.bg/politburo/bg/
component/content/article/48-chlenovenapb/124-2012-01-05-19-32-35
12

, -
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1980 . 229
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(1929-1978). . ,
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. -
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230
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8. 30 1979 . 16 -
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14
(1911-1998). ( ) , .
- 1950 1951 .; 1951 1989 .; -
1950 1954 ., 1954 1981 ., 1981 . -
10 1989 .; - 1962 1971 .; -
1971 1989 .; 1946
1990 . . http://archives.bg/politburo/bg/component/content/article/48-chlenovena
pb/151-2012-01-05-22-36-55
15
(1936-2000). ( ), -
. 1977 1990 .;
10 1989 30 1990 .;
1971 1989 .; 17 1989 3
1990 ., () 3 6 1990 .;
1971 1990 . . http://archives.bg/politburo/bg/component/content/article/48-chlenov
enapb/136-2012-01-05-20-44-55
16

, .
, , ,
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. (UKNA FCO 28/3732, Cloake to Carrington, 30 July 1979)
1980 . 231
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UKNA FCO 28/4093, Her Majestys Ambassador at Sofia to the Secretary of

State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, 24 June 1980. , ,
.
.
17
,
.
232

XXI ?

WILL IS THERE POMAK ETHNICITY

AND POMAK NATION IN BULGARIA
DURING THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY?
Stoyan Tanev
The author of this article stresses on the most important reason for the change and hesi-
tation in the Bulgarian ethnic and national consciousness of Bulgarian Muslims their
adherence to the Muslim religious community. Strategic aims of the Turkish state policy
for the incorporation of Bulgarian Muslims into Turkey are also analyzed in this re-
search. This policy in Bulgaria is fulfilled by the activity of the Movement for Rights and
Freedoms. Circumstances that make this policy unrealistic are showed in the text. For
this reason is accepted a compromise: the separation of Bulgarian Muslims in an inde-
pendent Pomak ethnicity. Author reveals those foreign political factors that use, for the
achievement of their goals, the religious and political aspirations of Bulgarian Muslim
intelligentsia for power. In this way it would be possible the Pomak ethno-political pro-
ject to be implemented in practice. Bulgarian scholars historians, ethnologists, philoso-
phers, etc. use in their publications the Pomak terminology, for which there are not aca-
demic arguments. On the one hand, their studies are published in an unfavorable ethno-
political and ethno-religious situation in Bulgaria and in the context of the dominated
by the USA world geopolitics. On the other hand, their works are in complete synchrony
with similar anti-academic and anti-Bulgarian terminology of Turkish and European
historiography. This situation gives sufficient reasons to the author for a critique towards
those Bulgarian scholars who contribute with their publication to the creation of Pomak
parties, separation of Bulgarian Muslims in Pomak ethnicity, establishment of Pomak
nation in Bulgaria, which is a real threat for national and state integrity.
1993 . , -
, 1.
-
.
-

1
, . . , 1993, 4, 40-45.
? 233
. -

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. -
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1878 . XX ,
XXI , - .

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, 20 31 857
3. -
2
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3
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. 1-2, . 171, 172, 179; , . , . 40, 43; , .
. , 1997, 12, .
1; , . . .
., 2006, . 286, 298, 299, 305-307, 309, 310; , . -
. ., 2012, . 307; , . . .,
2007, . 392; -
. ( -
). :
. . , 2009. ., 2010, 200-217; V-
.
- . 29-30 2000 . . ., 2000, . 5;
, . . ., 2010, 137-139, 152-154;
234
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21 1993 .,
,

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4.
1878-2001 .
.
1965 . 27 , 1992 . -
7955
. 95%
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, 2001 ., 7826

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, 2001 . 4737 .

5066 .
90-
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, , 1992 . 355 44
, . (1878-2001 .). ., 2010, . 92, 93, 107;

, . . -
. ., 2011, . 333; -
, . . ., 2011, 183-185; ,
. . ., 2011, . 22; , .
. ., 2005, . 543; , .
. , 2011, . 56, . 99, 111; http://www.capital.
bg/politika_i_ikonomika/bulgaria/2011/06/03/1100194_antonina jeliazkova_dps e partiia
izvun vremeto/.
4
/ /, . 117, .
47, .. 207, . 8, 17; .. 1014, . 7-9, 43, 46, 48, 49, 58, 69, 72, 81-83, 90-95, 153; .. 1015, .
84, 93, 94, 121-123, 161; .. 1046, . 118, 128, 135, 136; .. 1470, . 3-17.
, -
1.
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. 307
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, . 205.
6
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1965-2001 . , 2009, 1, . 102,
108; , . . -
, . ., 2009, .
486, 487, 490, 491; , 1992, 3, 1-2. . , .
. ., 1992, 91-92; , . . ,
. 113 (4117), 18 2005.
236

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163, 164. , . , 219-220; , .
? 237
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19, 360, 361; , . . . ., 2009, . 146; , . -
. . ,
2011, . 61, 67, 68, 98; , .
. , 2012, 3, . 53; , .
. . ., 2012, 316-317; , . 6, 8 1992; 24 , . 37(921), 8
1994; (), V, . 257 (5022), 31 2008;
. 260 (5055), 4 2008; , VIII, . 230 (5686), 5 2010.
9
, . . :
. ., 1994, 75-77; , . -
. , 1996, 1, . 416; -, .
/1912-2000/. -
, 2001, 2, . 142; Blagoeva-Krasteva, Ev.About the Names and Renaming of the
Bulgarian Moslemes (1912-2000) Etnologia Bulgarica, 2006, 3, p. 73; , .
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: . ., 1994, . 301; , . -
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., 2003, . 13; , .
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240
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,

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XXI
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:
, , , -
, -
.
277
ETNOLOGY, MUSEOLOGY AND

LOCAL HISTORY
279

1912-1918

DEMOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOR OF THE BULGARIAN

FAMILY AS A RESULT OF WARS FROM 1912 TO 1926
Ekaterina Keremidarska
The article discusses the demographic behavior from 1912 to 1926 year. The article
takes into account economic development, social conditions, fertility and psychological
stress of the wars the Balkan Wars and World War I. Fragmentations of farms has
been seen. This leads an earlier marriage and desire to shape the nuclear type of family.

1912-1926 .
, -
, -
.
-
1912 1918 .
.

.
. -
1915 .
. 1917 . 1912 .
20%, 22%, -
24%. 17%, -
,
53 /1910 ./ 75 /1917 ./1

. ,
. 1918 . :
, .
1
681-1981 . ., 1981, . 288.
280
, -
2.
,
-
. , , -
. 30% 2/3
, 1/3 .
. -
1877 .
1116, 3.
-
- -
1912/1918 .,
20- 30-
XX .

. 96 345 .. /1911 ./
103 146 .., /1919./4.
, ,
. ,
. -
. 143 000
, -
4 337 513
1910 .5 4 846 971 1920 .6 -
-
200 000 , , -
7.
. 1910 . 45
/., 1920 . 47 /., 1925 . 52
/..8
-
-
. 1911-1912 .
2
.
3
.
4
, ., . . . ., 1985.
5

31.12.1910 . C., 1915.
6

31.12.1920 . C., 1927.
7
. ., 1974, . 213.
8
, . 433.
... 281
40,77 . ; 1919-1920 . 36,68 . , 1923-1924 . 38,24
. 1/10 9.

. -
1910 . 2 496 .
1920 . 1 748 . , 7% -
.10
-
.
-
1908 . -
1926 .11

1908 . 29 255,5
40 106,7
50 99 162,2
300 8,6
1926 . 29 271,1
40 19,3
50 99 190,3
300 4,6
-
. -
,
, -

.
-
.
9
, .287.
10
, , , ,
31.12.1910 . ., 1922; ,
, , ,
31.12.1920 . ., 1924.
11
31.12.1926 .
C., 1931.
282

1910 .12 4 337 513 829 522 3 507 991
1920 .13 4 846 971 1 729 974 3 116 997
1926 .14 5 478 741 1 130 131 4 348 610
-
82,6% -
15.
20- XX -
, - , -
. .

, .
,
.
:
1910 .16 1920 .17 1926 .18

31 1 624 2 766 561
25 5 887 5 148 2 423
20 27 635 17 182 12 599
15 141 305 113 414 89 163
11 536 698 439 142 437 096
8 1 576 258 1 521 824 1 460 505
-
, 1920 . -
31 , 1910 ., -
12

31.12.1910 . , . ., 1922.
13

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14

31.12.1926 ., .II , -
. ., 1931.
15
, . 1935-36 . C.,
1938, . 13.
16

31.12.1910 . C., 1915.
17

31.12.1920 . C., 1927.
18

31.12.1926 . ., 1931.
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. 1926 .
1920 1910 . 20-
.

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XIX

. 1878 . 1920/1925 .
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.

19.

1899-1902 88 081
1921-1925 106 114
1941-1945 91 831
1965-1966 67 563
19 1925 .
15 . 15 59 25% 60
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22
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, . VI, 2011, 253-259.
23
, . -
(gender) -
. : - , . X, . 2, 2007, 42-56.
285
CULTURAL HERITAGE
DEFINITIONS AND CHALLENGES
Veneta Yankova
Since its emergence in the early 20th century and its formulation in the 70s to today the
concept of World Heritage is seen in various theoretical and practical aspects (legal,
political, economic, social and cultural). The papers aims is to trace the key moments
in the development of the idea of continuity of cultural values over time, its expressions
and terminology evolution in their determinations, which demonstrates the growing
global responsibility of the organization-founder.
1972 .

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-

. -
XX 70-
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, , , -), -
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: the feelings aroused by the study
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such discoveries, (). ,
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(common heritage of mankind),
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,
,
, 9.
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, -
.
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Recommendation concerning the most effective means of rendering museums ac-
cessible to everyone (UNESCO, 14 Dec. 1960); Recommendation concerning the Safeguard-
ing of the Beauty and Character of Landscapes and Sites (UNESCO, 11 Dec. 1962); Rec-
ommendation concerning the Preservation of Cultural Property Endangered by Public or
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.
,
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(. 2).

, :
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10.
1972 . -
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3.
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-
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,
, , -
1992 .
1972 . , -
.
(
)
.

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1972 .
,
.
10
Operational Guidelines (2005), ch. VIII.
289
. 1
1972 . : ( -
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11.

12. ,
-

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, -
, : ,
, 13.
11
Operational Guidelines (2005)/ /
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49. : http://whc.unesco.org/
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.

(1989)15
(2001). (2001)
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14
On-line: http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/doc/src/00009-BG-PDF.pdf (2012.09.07).
15
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-
,
( , , , , , , -
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() ,
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,
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298

XIX
XX

INVESTIGATION OF THE ANCIENT FORTRESS

NEAR THE MODERN RAZGRAD IN THE LATE
XIX AND THROUGH XX CENTURIES
Danail Petrov
The archaeological investigations of the ancient fortress near Razgrad were begun by A.
Yavashov in the late XIX centuries. He excavated two Christian churches and together
with K. Shkorpil studied the structure of the fortress. In the beginning of the XX centu-
ries, an archaeological society was established in Razgrad under the supervision of A.
Yavashov aiming to continue the investigation of the fortress.
I
. .
. VI -
.
-
.
, . -
.
.
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,
.
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. ,

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(II ) -
( ), .
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.
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, -
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, .

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32 18 ( -
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, 3,20 21 , 17 3,60 ,
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302
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0,80 ( X). -, .
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... 303
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. : ,
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, ,
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.
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: 34 17 ( XII).
, .
, .
, - . -
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.
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. -,
1350 . .
,
, . . , -
, .
, -
. 1965 . ,
, .
.

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. . - ,
. .
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-
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: ()
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.
.

.
305
REVIEWS
307
PROSOPOGRAPHIE DER MITTELBYZANTINISCHEN

ZEIT (867-1025). HERAUSGEGEBEN VON DER
BERLIN-BRANDENBURGISCHEN AKADEMIE
DER WISSENSCHAFTEN. NACH VORARBEITEN F.
WINKELMAN. ERSTELLT VON: RALPH-JOHANNES
LILIE; CLAUDIA LUDVIG; THOMAS PRASTCH;
BEATE ZIELKE. UNTER MITARBEIT VON: HARALD
BICHLMEIER; BETINA KRNUNG; DANIEL FLLER.
SOWIE: ALEXANDER BEIHAMMER; GNTER
PRINZING. WALTER DE GRUYTER GMBH,
BERLIN BOSTON 2013.

( -
)

( , , , , , -
.), .
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, -
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( : Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange)
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. -
,
.

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.

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. -
,
.
.

. -

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.
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, .
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.
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.
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.
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-
- 680-969 .
313

ABBREVIATIONS

-

- . -

- -

-

- - -

-
- -

,
- -

AJA American Journal of Archaeology
BAR British Archaeological Reports
BCH Bulletin de Correspondance Hellnique
CIJ J.-B. Frey. Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum. Recueil des inscriptions
juives qui vont du IIIe sicle avant Jsus-Christ au VIIe sicle de notre
re. Pontificio Instituto di Archeologia Critiana. Vol. I. Rome, 1936;
Vol. II. Rome, 1952.
314
IGBR I G. Mihailov. Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria Repertae. Vol. I.

Inscriptiones Orae Ponti Euxini. Serdicae, 1970.
IGBR III-2 G. Mihailov. Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria Repertae. Vol.
III-2. Inscriptiones inter Haemum et Rhodopem repertae. Serdicae,
1964.
IGBR II G. Mihailov. Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria Repertae Vol. II:
Inscrptiones Inter Danubium et Haemum Repertae. Serdicae, 1968.
IGBR V G. Mihailov. Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria Repertae. Vol. V.
Inscriptiones novae, addenda et corrigenda. Serdicae, 1997.
JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies
NC Numismatic Chronicle
REG Revue des tudes grecques
VAHD Vjosnik za arheologiju i historiju Dalmatinsku
315

LIST OF THE AUTHORS
, -, -

, -,

, -,
-
, -,

, ...,
,
, . ,

, -,

, ,

, ...,

, . -,

, . -,

,
, -,

, -,
,
, . -,

, -,

, -,

, . ,

6

70x100/16
19,75

FABER (062) 600 650
. , . . 8
www.faber-bg.com

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6

ANTIQUE AND MEDIEVAL

SOME PROBLEMS WITH THE TYPOLOGY

Bouzek, J., L. Domaradzka. Op. cit., 391-409.

Her. II, 178-182; III, 47; .: , . -

. , 21, 211-213, 219; Moss, C. La colonisation d`antiquit. Paris, 1970, p. 50.

ON THE SECURITY OF DAILY LIFE

ANONYMOUS RULERS IMAGE (IXth-Xth C.)

GROUP OF MEDIEVAL LOCKS

NEW AND MODERN

UNFORTUNATELY, NOTHING CONSOLABLE:

1981, 3, 5-18; , 31-45; , . - -

ONCE AGAIN ABOUT THE CHOICE AND THE

THE UNKNOWN HEROES OR THOSE WHOSE

, . 871, 28 1937; , . 37, 24

HRISTO KALFOV FIRST STEPS

, 1925, 5-6, . 218; , . . , 1929, 2,

THE INCIDENT OF FEBRUARY 9TH, 1918

BALKANS CONFERENCES 1930-1933

A BRITISH DOCUMENT REGARDING BULGARIA

The present document is the valedictory of British Ambassador in Bulgaria J. C. Cloake.

UKNA FCO 28/4093, Her Majestys Ambassador at Sofia to the Secretary of

WILL IS THERE POMAK ETHNICITY

, . (1878-2001 .). ., 2010, . 92, 93, 107;

, 24-25; , . , . 39, 41, 59; , .

. ., 2010, 11-12; , . , . 57;

ETNOLOGY, MUSEOLOGY AND

DEMOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOR OF THE BULGARIAN

1910 .16 1920 .17 1926 .18

INVESTIGATION OF THE ANCIENT FORTRESS

PROSOPOGRAPHIE DER MITTELBYZANTINISCHEN

IGBR I G. Mihailov. Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria Repertae. Vol. I.

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