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MATH SYMBOLS Mathematical Symbols

Basic math symbols List of all mathematical symbols and signs - meaning and examples.
Algebra symbols
Basic math symbols
Geometry symbols
Geometry symbols
Statistical symbols
Algebra symbols
Logic symbols
Probability & statistics symbols
Set symbols
Set theory symbols
Calculus symbols
Logic symbols
Number symbols
Calculus & analysis symbols
Greek symbols
Number symbols
Roman numerals
Greek symbols
RAPID TABLES Roman numerals

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Send Feedback Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example
About = equals sign equality 5 = 2+3
not equal sign inequality 54
> strict inequality greater than 5>4
< strict inequality less than 4<5
inequality greater than or equal to 54
inequality less than or equal to 45
() parentheses calculate expression inside first 2 (3+5) = 16
[] brackets calculate expression inside first [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18
+ plus sign addition 1+1=2
minus sign subtraction 21=1
plus - minus both plus and minus operations 3 5 = 8 and -2
minus - plus both minus and plus operations 3 5 = -2 and 8
* asterisk multiplication 2*3=6
times sign multiplication 23=6
multiplication dot multiplication 23=6
division sign / obelus division 62=3
/ division slash division 6/2=3

horizontal line division / fraction

mod modulo remainder calculation 7 mod 2 = 1

. period decimal point, decimal separator 2.56 = 2+56/100

ab power exponent 23 = 8
a^b caret exponent 2^3=8
a square root a a = a 9 = 3
3
a cube root 3
8 = 2
4
a forth root 4
16 = 2
n
a n-th root (radical) for n=3, n8 = 2
% percent 1% = 1/100 10% 30 = 3

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per-mille 1 = 1/1000 = 0.1% 10 30 = 0.3

ppm per-million 1ppm = 1/1000000 10ppm 30 = 0.0003
ppb per-billion 1ppb = 1/1000000000 10ppb 30 = 310-7
ppt per-trillion 1ppb = 10-12 10ppb 30 = 310-10

Geometry symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

angle formed by two rays ABC = 30

measured angle ABC = 30

spherical angle AOB = 30

right angle = 90 = 90
degree 1 turn = 360 = 60
arcminute 1 = 60 = 6059'
arcsecond 1 = 60 = 6059'59''
AB line line from point A to point B
ray line that start from point A

| perpendicular perpendicular lines (90 angle) AC | BC

|| parallel parallel lines AB || CD

equivalence of geometric
congruent to
shapes and size ABC XYZ
~ similarity same shapes, not same size ABC ~ XYZ
triangle triangle shape ABC BCD
| x-y |
distance between points x and
distance
y
| x-y | = 5
= 3.141592654...
pi constant is the ratio between the
circumference and diameter of a
c = d = 2r
circle
rad radians radians angle unit 360 = 2 rad
grad grads grads angle unit 360 = 400 grad

Algebra symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

x x variable unknown value to find when 2x = 4, then x = 2

equivalence identical to

equal by definition equal by definition

:= equal by definition equal by definition

~ approximately equal weak approximation 11 ~ 10

approximately equal approximation sin(0.01) 0.01
proportional to proportional to f(x) g(x)
lemniscate infinity symbol

much less than much less than 1 1000000

much greater than much greater than 1000000 1
() parentheses calculate expression inside first 2 * (3+5) = 16
[] brackets calculate expression inside first [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18
{} braces set

x floor brackets rounds number to lower integer 4.3= 4

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x ceiling brackets rounds number to upper integer 4.3= 5

x! exclamation mark factorial 4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24
|x| single vertical bar absolute value | -5 | = 5
f (x) function of x maps values of x to f(x) f (x) = 3x+5
f (x)=3x, g(x)=x-1 (f
(f g) function composition (f g) (x) = f (g(x))
g)(x)=3(x-1)
(a,b) open interval (a,b) {x | a < x < b} x (2,6)
[a,b] closed interval [a,b] {x | a x b} x [2,6]
delta change / difference t = t1 - t0
discriminant = b2 - 4ac
summation - sum of all values in
sigma
range of series
xi= x1+x2+...+xn

sigma double summation

product - product of all values in

capital pi
range of series
xi=x1x2...xn
e constant / Euler's
e number
e = 2.718281828... e = lim (1+1/x)x , x
Euler-Mascheroni
constant
= 0.527721566...

golden ratio golden ratio constant

Linear Algebra Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

dot scalar product ab

cross vector product ab
AB tensor product tensor product of A and B AB
inner product

[] brackets matrix of numbers

() parentheses matrix of numbers

|A| determinant determinant of matrix A

det(A) determinant determinant of matrix A

|| x || double vertical bars norm

AT transpose matrix transpose (AT)ij = (A)ji

A Hermitian matrix matrix conjugate transpose (A)ij = (A)ji
A* Hermitian matrix matrix conjugate transpose (A*)ij = (A)ji
A -1 inverse matrix A A-1 = I
rank(A) matrix rank rank of matrix A rank(A) = 3
dim(U) dimension dimension of matrix A rank(U) = 3

Probability and statistics symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

P(A) probability function probability of event A P(A) = 0.5

probability of probability that of events A and
P(A B) events intersection B
P(AB) = 0.5

P(A B)
probability of probability that of events A or
events union B P(AB) = 0.5
conditional probability of event A given
P(A | B) probability function event B occured
P(A | B) = 0.3

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probability density
f (x) function (pdf)
P(a x b) = f (x) dx
cumulative
F(x) distribution function F(x) = P(X x)
(cdf)

population mean mean of population values = 10

expected value of random
E(X) expectation value
variable X
E(X) = 10
conditional expected value of random
E(X | Y) expectation variable X given Y
E(X | Y=2) = 5

var(X) variance variance of random variable X var(X) = 4

2 variance variance of population values 2 = 4

standard deviation of random
std(X) standard deviation
variable X
std(X) = 2
standard deviation value of
X standard deviation
random variable X
X = 2
middle value of random
median
variable x
covariance of random
cov(X,Y) covariance
variables X and Y
cov(X,Y) = 4
correlation of random variables
corr(X,Y) correlation
X and Y
corr(X,Y) = 3
correlation of random variables
X,Y correlation
X and Y
X,Y = 3
summation - sum of all values
summation
in range of series

double summation double summation

value that occurs most

Mo mode
frequently in population

MR mid-range MR = (xmax+xmin)/2
half the population is below this
Md sample median
value
25% of population are below
Q1 lower / first quartile
this value
median / second 50% of population are below
Q2 quartile this value = median of samples
upper / third 75% of population are below
Q3 quartile this value

x sample mean average / arithmetic mean x = (2+5+9) / 3 = 5.333

population samples variance
s2 sample variance
estimator s2=4
sample standard population samples standard
s deviation deviation estimator
s=2

zx standard score zx = (x-x) / sx

distribution of random variable
X~ distribution of X
X
X ~ N(0,3)
2
N(, ) normal distribution gaussian distribution X ~ N(0,3)
U(a,b) uniform distribution equal probability in range a,b X ~ U(0,3)
exponential
exp() distribution f (x) = e-x , x0
gamma(c, ) gamma distribution f (x) = c xc-1e-x / (c), x0
chi-square f (x) = xk/2-1e-x/2 / ( 2k/2
2(k) distribution (k/2) )
F (k1, k2) F distribution

Bin(n,p) binomial distribution f (k) = nCk pk(1-p)n-k

Poisson() Poisson distribution f (k) = ke- / k!

geometric
Geom(p) distribution f (k) = p (1-p) k
hyper-geometric
HG(N,K,n) distribution
Bernoulli
Bern(p) distribution

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Combinatorics Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

n! factorial n! = 123...n 5! = 12345 = 120

nPk permutation 5P3 = 5! / (5-3)! = 60

n Ck
combination 5C3 = 5!/[3!(5-3)!]=10

Set theory symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

{} set a collection of elements A={3,7,9,14}, B={9,14,28}

AB
objects that belong to set A
intersection
and set B A B = {9,14}

AB
objects that belong to set A
union
or set B A B = {3,7,9,14,28}

AB
subset has less elements or
subset
equal to the set {9,14,28} {9,14,28}

AB
proper subset / strict subset has less elements
subset than the set {9,14} {9,14,28}

AB
left set not a subset of right
not subset
set {9,66} {9,14,28}

AB
set A has more elements or
superset
equal to the set B {9,14,28} {9,14,28}

AB
proper superset / set A has more elements
strict superset than set B {9,14,28} {9,14}

AB
set A is not a superset of set
not superset
B {9,14,28} {9,66}

2A power set all subsets of A

(A) power set all subsets of A

both sets have the same
A=B equality
members
A={3,9,14}, B={3,9,14}, A=B

Ac
all the objects that do not
complement
belong to set A
objects that belong to A and A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3},
A\B relative complement
not to B A-B={9,14}
objects that belong to A and A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3},
A-B relative complement
not to B A-B={9,14}
objects that belong to A or B A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, A
AB symmetric difference
but not to their intersection B={1,2,9,14}
A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, A
AB
objects that belong to A or B
symmetric difference
but not to their intersection B={1,2,9,14}
aA element of set membership A={3,9,14}, 3 A
xA not element of no set membership A={3,9,14}, 1 A
(a,b) ordered pair collection of 2 elements
set of all ordered pairs from
AB cartesian product
A and B
the number of elements of
|A| cardinality
set A
A={3,9,14}, |A|=3
the number of elements of
#A cardinality
set A
A={3,9,14}, #A=3

aleph infinite cardinality

empty set ={} C = {}

U universal set set of all possible values

0
natural numbers set
(with zero) 0 = {0,1,2,3,4,...} 0 0

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1
natural numbers set
(without zero) 1 = {1,2,3,4,5,...} 6 1
=
integer numbers set
{...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...}
-6

rational numbers set = {x | x=a/b, a,b} 2/6

real numbers set = {x | - < x <} 6.343434
= {z | z=a+bi,
complex numbers set
-<a<, -<b<}
6+2i

Logic symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

and and xy
^ caret / circumflex and x^y

& ampersand and x&y

+ plus or x+y

reversed caret or xy
| vertical line or x|y

x' single quote not - negation x'

x bar not - negation x

not not - negation x

! exclamation mark not - negation !x

circled plus / oplus exclusive or - xor xy

~ tilde negation ~x

implies

equivalent if and only if

for all

there exists

there does not
exists

therefore

because / since

Calculus & analysis symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

limit limit value of a function
represents a very small number,
epsilon
near zero
0
e constant / Euler's
e number
e = 2.718281828... e = lim (1+1/x)x , x
y' derivative derivative - Leibniz's notation (3x3)' = 9x2
y '' second derivative derivative of derivative (3x3)'' = 18x
y(n) nth derivative n times derivation (3x3)(3) = 18
derivative derivative - Lagrange's notation d(3x3)/dx = 9x2

second derivative derivative of derivative d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x

nth derivative n times derivation

derivative by time - Newton

time derivative
notation

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time second derivative derivative of derivative

partial derivative (x2+y2)/x = 2x

integral opposite to derivation

integration of function of 2
double integral
variables

integration of function of 3
triple integral
variables

closed contour / line
integral

closed surface integral

closed volume integral

[a,b] closed interval [a,b] = {x | a x b}

(a,b) open interval (a,b) = {x | a < x < b}
i imaginary unit i -1 z = 3 + 2i
z* complex conjugate z = a+bi z*=a-bi z* = 3 + 2i
z complex conjugate z = a+bi z = a-bi z = 3 + 2i

nabla / del gradient / divergence operator f (x,y,z)

vector

unit vector

x*y convolution y(t) = x(t) * h(t)

Laplace transform F(s) = {f (t)}

Fourier transform X() = {f (t)}
delta function

Numeral symbols

Name European Roman Hindu Arabic Hebrew

zero 0
one 1 I
two 2 II
three 3 III
four 4 IV
five 5 V
six 6 VI
seven 7 VII
eight 8 VIII
nine 9 IX
ten 10 X
eleven 11 XI
twelve 12 XII
thirteen 13 XIII
fourteen 14 XIV
fifteen 15 XV
sixteen 16 XVI
seventeen 17 XVII
eighteen 18 XVIII
nineteen 19 XIX
twenty 20 XX
thirty 30 XXX
fourty 40 XL
fifty 50 L

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sixty 60 LX
seventy 70 LXX
eighty 80 LXXX
ninety 90 XC
one hundred 100 C

Greek alphabet letters

Greek Symbol
Greek Letter Name English Equivalent Pronunciation
Upper Case Lower Case

Alpha a al-fa

Beta b be-ta

Gamma g ga-ma

Delta d del-ta

Epsilon e ep-si-lon

Zeta z ze-ta

Eta h eh-ta

Theta th te-ta

Iota i io-ta

Kappa k ka-pa

Lambda l lam-da

Mu m m-yoo

Nu n noo

Xi x x-ee

Omicron o o-mee-c-ron

Pi p pa-yee

Rho r row

Sigma s sig-ma

Tau t ta-oo

Upsilon u oo-psi-lon

Phi ph f-ee

Chi ch kh-ee

Psi ps p-see

Omega o o-me-ga

Roman numerals

Number Roman numeral

1 I
2 II
3 III
4 IV
5 V
6 VI
7 VII
8 VIII
9 IX
10 X

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11 XI
12 XII
13 XIII
14 XIV
15 XV
16 XVI
17 XVII
18 XVIII
19 XIX
20 XX
30 XXX
40 XL
50 L
60 LX
70 LXX
80 LXXX
90 XC
100 C
200 CC
300 CCC
400 CD
500 D
600 DC
700 DCC
800 DCCC
900 CM
1000 M
5000 V
10000 X
50000 L
100000 C
500000 D
1000000 M

See also

Algebra symbols
Geometry symbols
Statistical symbols
Logic symbols
Set theory symbols
Calculus & analysis symbols
Number symbols
Greek alphabet symbols
Roman numerals
Math calculators

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