6 Connecting past and present 2
A Past simple or present perfect? D Present perfect continuous: uses
The past simple is used to describe actions in a completed
time period.
The present perfect is used when the time period includes
the present.
I lived in Milan many years ago.
(completed: now I live in another place)
Ive lived in Milan since 2008.
(a situation that started in the past and continues in the
present: I still live there)
Ive been to Milan several times.
(life experience)
My boss has agreed to your proposal.
(present result of a past action)
Time phrases used with the past simple (unit 3C) refer to a
particular point in the past: yesterday, last month.
Time phrases used with the present perfect (unit 5C) link the
past to the present: since, never, this month.
The choice of tense often depends on the situation and where
our attention is.
Good news! Weve won the contract!
(recent news: the event is present in my mind)
So, we won the contract, and then ...
(telling a story: the event feels distant in my mind)
B Present simple or present perfect?
The present simple is used for permanent facts and states,
and regular habits.
The present perfect makes a connection between past and
present.
I work here.
(a permanent state: I work here every day)
Ive worked here for two years.
(I started two years ago and still work here now)
C Present perfect continuous: form
The present perfect continuous is formed with the present
perfect of be, and the -ing form of the verb. Negatives are
formed with not.
Ive been (havent been) waiting here for more than an hour.
Shes been (hasnt been) waiting here for ages.
Questions are formed by inverting the subject and have.
Have you been waiting long?
Has she been waiting long?
30
30 3 PAST TIME 1
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The present perfect continuous describes an action or
situation in progress from the past up to the present.
Production at this site has been increasing steadily since we
started here five years ago.
The present perfect continuous often emphasizes the length
of time of the action.
Ive been working on this report all week.
The present perfect continuous can be used for repeated
actions.
Ive been calling her all afternoon, but shes always in a meeting.
The action may be finished or continuing; we only know by
the situation.
Youre late! Ive been waiting here for ages!
(the waiting is finished now)
Ive been waiting for ages. Where is she?
(I will continue waiting)
E Present perfect continuous: time
expressions
Typical time expressions used with the present perfect
continuous include: all day, for months, for ages, recently, over
the last few years, since, for.
F Present perfect or present perfect
continuous?
Sometimes there is no difference in meaning between the
present perfect and present perfect continuous.
Ive worked/been working here for two years.
The choice of tense often depends on where our attention is.
We use the present perfect if our attention is on the present
result.
Ive written the report. Here it is.
(the finished report is in my mind)
We use the present perfect continuous if our attention is on
the action in progress.
Ive been writing the report. Im exhausted.
(the act of writing is in my mind)
If we give details of how many or how much, we do not use
a continuous form.
Ive written three reports this week.
Ive done a lot of research on this company.
See page 243 for an overview of the English verb tense system.
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 6 Connecting past and present 2

Exercises
Sections A, B 6.1 Underline the correct words.
1 Yesterday I phoned/Ive phoned the bank about our overdraft.
2 I work/I have worked here since the end of last year.
3 I work/I have worked from home one day a week.
4 Im enjoying the conference. I made/I have made a lot of useful contacts.
5 I saw/Ive seen Hugh Hopper a few days ago he sends his regards.
6 We went/We have been to an interesting seminar last week.
7 Today has been/was really busy and its only lunchtime!
8 Today has been/was really busy. Its 7 pm Im going home.
9 Im sorry but Patricia left/has left the office an hour ago.
10 Patricia? No, she isnt here right now. She left/has left the office.

Sections A, B 6.2 Put the verbs in brackets into either the present simple, past simple or present perfect.
1 The company is doing very well. Last year sales went up (go up) 15%, and so far this year
they have gone up (go up) another 12%.
2 We (operate) all over Latin America. Recently we (set up) branches in Peru
and Colombia.
3 (you/see) my laptop? Im sure I (leave) it here earlier.
4 This (not look) like the right block. Are you sure we (come) to the right
address?
5 I (never/speak) to him, but I (speak) to his assistant on the phone
yesterday.
6 I (work) for WorldCom since last year, but now I (want) to change jobs.
(you/hear) of anyone taking on new staff?

Sections C, D, F 6.3 In each mini-dialogue put one verb into the present perfect simple and the other into the
present perfect continuous. Use contractions where possible.
1 A: Whats the matter? You look worried!
B: Yes, I am. I ve been looking at (look at) the contract in detail, and I ve noticed (notice) a lot of
potential problems.
2 A: I (call) Carol all day, but it goes straight to voicemail.
B: I expect she (go) to Head Office.
3 A: Tosca is coming to the Opera House. (you see) it?
B: Not yet, but I (look forward) to it for ages.
Shall we go together?
4 A: How long (you produce)
cars at this site?
B: About four years. We
(invest) around twenty million dollars in plant
and machinery.

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 exercises
section a 6.4 Put the verbs into the correct form of the past simple or present perfect simple. Use
contractions where possible.

VICTORIA: Hi, Sue. I 1 havent seen (not/see) you for ages!

SUE: Hi, Victoria, nice to see you again. No, youre right, I 2 (not/be)
in touch with anyone recently.
VICTORIA: So what have you been up to?
SUE: You know I 3 (leave) my job in January so that I could go
freelance as a graphic designer?
VICTORIA: Yes, I remember you 4 (talk) a lot about that last year.
SUE: Well, it 5 (be) a really difficult year so far. I 6
(never/do) anything like this before and its much harder than I
7
(imagine). 8 (you/ever/be) self-employed?
9
VICTORIA: No, never, although I (often/think) about it. So why
10
(it/be) so difficult?
SUE: Theres a lot of insecurity. At the beginning I 11 (have) two or
three good clients. These are people that I 12 (know) for many
years. Theyre still with me. But apart from that nothing really.
VICTORIA: What about advertising in the specialist magazines?
SUE: Yes, I 13 (already/do) that. I 14 (put) an advert
in Design Monthly a couple of months ago but there were only a few replies.
But I have a new website and Im quite optimistic about using it to generate
business. I 15 ( nish) it just last week. Its optimized for search
engines so that people can nd me more easily. I 16 (have) quite
a few hits already, so things might improve soon.

section a 6.5 Complete the text about technology stocks by putting the verbs into the correct form of
the past simple or present perfect.

MARKET REPORT a rocky road for tech stocks

European investors 1 have watched (watch) US stock Dow Jones Stoxx Technology Index Figures 1st of each month
markets nervously over the last few months. The problems with
US technology and telecomms stocks 2 (begin) 300
last March, and since then share prices at companies like Intel,
HP and Apple 3 (crash). Over the summer all 250
these giants 4 (announce) lower than expected
profits, and investors fear that in the current economic climate
200
demand for their products 5 (peak). Now its the
turn of European stocks, and on Monday stocks in Germanys
SAP and Finlands Nokia 6 (fall) sharply. SAP 150
7
(be) down 4%.
But there was some good news for investors yesterday. 100
Capgemini 8 (release) figures which showed J F M A M J J A S O
that this year revenues 9 (rise) to 9,100
million, up from 8,700 million last year. In recent years the way in the use of offshoring, often transferring work to
Capgemini 10 (become) one of the leading countries such as India and Poland. This 12
players in the global IT services market, alongside IBM, EDS (improve) profitability as well as providing a wider range of
and Accenture. The company 11 (also/lead) options in the event of a sudden change in the market.

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tasks

speaking: listen 1 06 You are going to hear eight phrases. Listen and repeat.
and repeat
translate 2 Translate these short texts taken from the Internet into your own language. Remember not to
translate word for word, but rather to make it sound natural.

The technology-heavy Nasdaq index has been
falling for three weeks, and is now 34% lower
than its March peak. Shares of companies
announcing poor results have fallen by a third
or a half after profits warnings.
Washington Post website
Since completing a consolidation phase three
years ago, ThyssenKrupp has been following
a sustained and profitable course of growth.
The company has raised its earnings forecast
for the current fiscal year to over 3.2 billion
before taxes.
business-magazine.de website

Writing: 3 Think about your life in the last year. Write answers to these questions using the past simple,
personalized present perfect simple and present perfect continuous.
practice
1 How have you tried to keep fit and healthy?
Ive joined a health club. I went a few times after joining, but since then I havent
been at all. Also Ive been trying to eat more healthy food. I dont really have much
time for cooking, but Ive learned a few new recipes.
2 How have you spent your money?

3 What have you done to keep up with new ideas in your professional field?

4 Have you been anywhere interesting?

5 What havent you done that you would like to have done? Why?

rehearsal for 4 Look again at the dialogue in exercise 6.4 and notice how the speakers use the past simple
the real world and the present perfect. Now write a similar dialogue between yourself and a friend or
colleague who you meet after not being in contact for some time. Start like this:
Friend (give their name): Hi! I havent see you for ages!
Me: Hi, nice to see you again.

If you are working in class, read some dialogues aloud.

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