GENERAL UNDERSTANDING

OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
FOR ORDINARY LEVEL

2022
Prepared by: Sir John Edward (BA (ED)- HONS)
Contacts:
+255757189316
+255789049283
Email: johnedwardmej@gmail.com
 Table of Contents

Chapter 1; Parts of speech ……………………………………………………………..1

Chapter 2; Tenses ……………………………………………………………………..25
Chapter 3; Question tags and short answers…..……………………………………48
Chapter 4; Active and passive voice….. …………………………………………….50
Chapter 5; Reported speech: Direct and indirect speech…………………………..54

Chapter 6; English Conversation…………………………………………………….57

Chapter 7; Comprehension and summary…………………………………………..79

Chapter 8; Composition………………………………………………………………83

Chapter 9; Reading programme…………………………………………………….123

Chapter 10; Vocabulary……………………………………………………………..140

References …..……………………………………………………………………….169
 CHAPTER 1
PARTS OF SPEECH
These are words which are used in speech or writing. There are eight parts of speech in English
language. Words have various functions and these functions enable us to combine words, to
build meaningful sentences, to write good paragraphs as well as good compositions. The
followings are the parts of speech:
 Nouns
 Verbs
 Adverbs
 Adjectives
 Pronouns
 Conjuctions
 Prepositions
 Interjections

NOUNS
Are the words which are used to name people, animals, places and things e.g. dog, Dar es
Salaam and Shadrack.
Noun ending Examples
-ation Organization, education.
-er/or Actor, speaker, pointer.
-ism Socialism, nationalism.
-ment Government, environment.
-ness Happiness, kindness.
-ity Reality, ability, activity.
-ance Assistance, abundance.
-ship Ownership, hardship.

TYPES OF NOUNS;
1. Common nouns; are those nouns referring to person, things or places in general sense e.g.
people, child, sister, lion and city.
2. Proper nouns; are the ones which name specific person, things or places. They must
always start with capital letters e.g. John, London, South Africa, Indian Ocean, EAC and
UNO.
3. Collective nouns; are those nouns that name a collection of things or person are regarded
as one e.g. class, army, team, choir and crowd.
4. Concrete nouns; are the ones that name anything that can be perceived through at-least
one of our five physical senses e.g. book.
5. Abstract nouns; are those which name things that cannot be perceived through our five
physical senses e.g. fear, regret, love and truth.

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6. Material nouns; are those which name material or substances which are used for making
other things e.g. wood, steel, copper and cotton.
7. Countable nouns; are the ones that name things which can be counted e.g. box, pen and
pencil.
8. Uncountable nouns; are the ones that name things which cannot be counted e.g. milk,
water, oil, soil and sugar.

VERBS;
Are the words that express action or used to denote an action of noun or pronoun e.g. write,
play, dance, read, darken, differentiate, originate, fasten, beautify, apologize and publicize.
TYPES OF VERBS;
1. Lexical verbs (main verbs); are the ones that can stand independently with full dictionary
meaning e.g. sing, talk, write and see.
2. Auxiliary verbs (helping verbs); are the verbs that help main or lexical verbs to express
meaning e.g. Be, have, has, do, am, are, were, can, must, may, could, shall, will, did and
should.

ADVERBS;
Are the words that are used to modify verbs, adjectives or they are the words that modify one
another e.g. slowly, very, and extremely.
Adjective+ ly = adverb
Kind- kindly
Angry- angrily
Final- finally
Wise- wisely
Nice- nicely
KINDS OF ADVERBS;
1. Adverbs of time and duration; tell when or for how long the actions take place e.g. early,
soon, now, today, tomorrow, yesterday, often, never, again, late, ago, since, formerly and
then.
Examples;
 She will bring our money today.
 The president will be visiting our school soon.

2. Adverbs of manner; are the adverbs that describe how actions are done e.g. fast, quickly,
cheerfully, slowly, well, right, wisely, foolishly, badly, nicely, sadly and happily.
Examples;
 The headmaster was speaking sadly.
 Children were playing football happily.

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3. Adverbs of frequency; are used to tell how often the action is performed e.g. again,
always, once, thrice, twice, occasionally, weekly, sometimes, frequently, annually and
usually.
Examples;
 The MP occasionally visits our school.
 They meet annually to discuss family matters.
 We do a test once a week.

4. Adverbs of degree; are used to show how much or to what extent or degree the action is
done e.g. too, very, little, much, rather, almost, quiet and hardly.
Examples;
 We have almost finished the work.
 They have done little to avoid cholera.
 We have too much homework today.

5. Interrogative adverbs; are used to ask questions and they must appear at the beginning
of the sentence e.g. how, when, where and why.
Examples;
 How did you get there?
 Where are you going next?
 Why do you want to take this class?
 When were you born?
 Where were you born?
 Where will you stay?

6. Adverbs of certainty; are the adverbs that affirm the action e.g. surely, truly, definitely
and obviously.
Examples;
 They definitely care for their child.
 Surely, I will bring the book tomorrow.
 Obviously, he loves her.

7. Conjunctive adverbs; are the adverbs that join two ideas e.g. otherwise, nevertheless,
moreover, however, therefore, besides, in addition, above all, likewise and similarly.
Examples;
 USA is a rich country, therefore should help other countries.
 She was lazy, however she passed the exam.
 We need to study hard; otherwise, we will fail the exam.

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8. Adverbs of place; used to answer the question where e.g. here, there, in, out, inside,
outside, above, below, far, near, forward, backward, up, down, anywhere and elsewhere.
Examples;
 Henry lives here.
 They are standing inside the room.
 Charles is going there.

ADJECTIVES;
Are the words that modify nouns or pronouns by describing them e.g. careful, hopeful,
careless, hopeless, readable, desirable, incredible, contemptible, childish, boyish, childlike,
famous, spacious, windy, handy, friendly and brotherly.
KINDS OF ADJECTIVES;
1. Adjectives of quantity; these are words which tell us how much a thing is e.g. much,
little, some, any, sufficient, great, several, enough, one and many.
Examples;
 I ate some chapattis.
 You have no sense.
 Aisha drinks little milk.
 He has much money.
 We have sufficient food.

2. Adjectives of quality; describe a thing or tell us what kind a person or thing is e.g. color,
shape and texture.
Orders;
 Adjective of size e.g. small and big.
 Adjective of quality e.g. expensive and cheap.
 Adjective of age e.g. old, young and little.
 Shape adjective e.g. irregular, round and rectangular.
 Color adjective e.g. red, blue and white.
 Material or substance adjective e.g. cotton and wooden.
 Adjective of origin e.g. Indian and Tanzanian.
 Adjective of purpose e.g. walking stick, riding boot and killing lion.

3. Demonstrative adjectives; these words point out which person or things are meant e.g.
this, that, these, those and such.
Examples;
 These books are mine.
 I love such girls.

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4. Interrogative adjectives; used for asking questions e.g. which, what, whose and how
many.
Examples;
 Which pen is yours?
 What plans do you make?
 Whose book is this?

5. Possessive adjectives; used for indicating ownership or possession e.g. my, its, their, her
and his.
Examples;
 I have my ways of doing things.
 The dog wags its tail.
 Dogs like their masters.
 One girl has her handbag.
 Our teacher uses his car.

PRONOUNS;
Are the words that take the place of a noun in a sentence e.g. he, she, it, you and they.
TYPES OF PRONOUNS;
1. Personal pronouns; refer to people except for the third person e.g. he, she, I, we, you and
they.
2. Impersonal pronouns; bear no relationship with the speaker.
Examples;
 You never know what may happen.
 You say that man is a selfish animal.

3. Intensive pronouns/ emphatic pronouns; come immediately after the nouns or pronouns
they intensify
Examples;
 I myself believe that things will improve.
 They themselves promised to help us in trouble.

4. Reciprocal pronouns; are the ones that express the interchangeable or mutual actions
among or between individuals in a sentence
Examples;
 Nancy and John greeted each other.
 Workers in this country need to learn to help one another.

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5. Indefinite pronouns; they stand for individuals or groups in general or in definite way
e.g. all, another, any, both, such, each, either, few, many, some, neither, nobody, none,
nothing, other, anybody, someone, everybody, anything, everyone and somebody.
Examples;
 Make sure that you give everyone a copy of the book.
 All are my friends.
 We found nobody in the car.
 Nothing is impossible before God.

6. Demonstrative pronouns; are used for pointing to the intended things for the listeners to
see and understand.
Examples;
 This is the book that I was telling you about.
 These are furious.

7. Reflexive pronouns; such pronouns are formed by suffixing self or selves.

Examples;
 I saw myself on the TV program.
 The girl saw herself in the mirror.
 We trained ourselves to do the job.
 They believed in themselves.

8. Possessive Pronouns; These are pronouns that indicate possession or ownership of

particular things. Examples are mine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, and theirs.
Examples;
 The book is mine.
 The car is theirs.
 The building is hers.
 This book is yours.

9. Interrogative pronouns; are the ones that used for asking questions.
Examples;
 Who said that?
 Whom do you think we should invite?
 To whom did you give the paper?

10. Numerical Pronouns; you use these to show the number or position a thing or a subject
occupies in a scheme of arrangement e.g. one, two, three, first, second and third.
Examples;
 Many people were invited but only two will be interviewed.
 My father has two houses, the first is in Lagos and the second is in Ibadan.

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11. Relative pronouns; refer to people and object.
a) WHO; is used to for saying exactly which person or what kind of person you are
talking about.
Examples;
 He who hesitates is lost.
 The man who is honest is trusted.
 The boy who came here yesterday is my friend.

b) WHOM; is used instead of who as the object of a verb or preposition.

Examples;
 The man whom I saw is not here.
 He is a person to whom I gave the book.
 They are people whom she said.

c) WHOSE; is used to say exactly which person or thing you mean.

Examples;
 A boy whose mother is a doctor is my friend.
 The girl whose leg was injured yesterday is coming.
 The house whose doors are red is burned.
 The boy whose book is lost is crying.

d) WHICH; is used for saying exactly what thing or things you are talking about.
Examples;
 The book which I read is very interesting.
 The pen which I bought is not writing.
 The book which I used is very expensive.

e) WHERE; is used to refer to the place or situation mentioned.

Examples;
 Where can I buy a newspaper?
 I asked him where he lived.
 She ran to where they were standing.

f) WHEN; is used for talking about the time at which something happens or happened.
Examples;
 When did she arrive?
 I don’t know when she arrived.
 Sunday is the day when I can relax.
 I last saw her in May, when she was in London.

g) WHY; is used for talking about a reason for something.

Examples;
 I wonder why they went.
 I’m tired and that’s why I’m in such a bad mood.

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  Why was she so late?

h) HOW; is used to refer in what way.

Examples;
 She’s gone. How strange!
 I can’t believe how expensive it is!
 How do you spell your name?

i) THAT; is used for person and things.

Examples;
 I know the house that he lives in.
 This is the boy that I told you of.
 All that I said had no effect on him.

j) WHAT; refers to things only.

Examples;
 I say what I mean.
 He found what he was looking for.
 I mean what I say.

k) WHICHEVER; is used to refer any person or thing.

Examples;
 You can choose whichever book you want.
 Whichever way did you come?

CONJUCTIONS;
Are the words that connect other words or group of words e.g. and, or, so, for, yet, but,
although, as, because, even if, as if, even though, wherever, neither… nor, either…. or, not
only… but also, as… as, whether…or.
TYPES OF CONJUCTIONS;
1. Coordinating conjunctions; are the conjunctions which connect words or sentences that
are grammatically equal or similar in status e.g. and, or, but, so, for, nor, yet.
Examples;
 John likes tea, but Aisha likes coffee.
 She is kind so she helps people.

2. Subordinating conjunctions; are words that connect words or sentences that are not
grammatically equal or similar e.g. after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, than,
since, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, while, except, as though, as if, even
if, even though, for, lest.

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 Examples;
 I will go wherever you ask me too.
 Jomo went swimming although it was raining.
 Unless you become a hardworking student I won’t help you.

3. Correlative conjunctions; these are the pairs of conjunctions that work together to link
words, phrases, clauses e.g. neither…nor, whether…or, both…and, either…or, not
only…but also, as…as.
Examples;
 Both my mother and my brother work here.
 Asher and neither cake nor ice cream.
 Mr. Shamrock is not only intelligent but also friendly.

USES OF CERTAIN CONJUCTIONS;

AS….AS
Examples;
 I am as strong as him.
 No other metal is as useful as iron.

SO THAT;
Examples;
 I read many books so that I can become an author.
 He goes to school so that he can help his parents.
 I was so tired that I couldn’t walk any further.

ENOUGH TO;
Examples;
 You are old enough to know better.
 She is strong enough to carry the box.
 He is tall enough to reach the picture.

TOO…TO;
Examples;
 She is too weak to carry the box.
 I am too busy to attend the party.
 He talks too fast to be understood.

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 DESPITE;
Examples;
 Despite his poverty, he went to school.
 Despite her beauty, she sold flowers.
 They failed their exam, despite of studying.

INSPITE OF;
Examples;
 She did not win the competition Inspite of her beauty.
 Inspite of running fast, they did not finish the race.
 Inspite of calling him bad name, he was not angry.

SELDOM; Means less often.

Examples;
 He often did not think of his responsibilities.
Seldom did he think of responsibilities.
 Up country train is usually late during the rainy season.
Seldom does the up country train on line during the rainy season.
 I had little time to read novels then.
Seldom did I have time to read novels then.

PREFER…TO
Examples;
 I prefer tea to coffee.
 I prefer English to Kiswahili.
 I prefer reading to writing.

BETWEEN; is used with two things.

Examples;
 Henry is standing between two girls.
 The car is between two buses.

AMONG; is used with more than two things.

Examples;
 Johannes is standing among four girls.
 Juliana is among ten girls who failed the exams.

SO AS TO;
Examples;
 He studies biology so as to become a doctor.

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 I read many books so as to improve English.
 I came to school so as to get education.

IN ORDER TO;
Examples;
 I go to school in order to meet my friends.
 I eat food in order to live.
 I bought a house in order to live with my family.

BOTH…AND
Examples;
 Daniel gave you both pen and note-book.
 Both you and your friend are right.

THOUGH;
Examples;
 Though he has two cars, he walks on foot.
 Though she resisted rapper, she was raped.

THE FACT THAT;

Examples;
 Despite the fact that he was rich he failed to pay school fees.
 Despite the fact that he was tall he ran fast.
 Inspite the fact that he was drunk, he saw the snake.

ALTHOUGH;
Examples;
 Although he was in our group, he is not same like us.
 Although I had a gun, I did not shoot him.
 Although Sam has eaten some food he is hungry.

EITHER…OR; is used when you are giving a choice, usually of

two things.
Examples;
 Either you leave or I do.
 You can either write or phone.
 Either he or his friend has done it.

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NEITHER…NOR; is used to say about two people or things not one and not the other.
Examples;
 Neither she nor her sister passed.
 Neither she nor her friend was to blame.
 Neither Amir nor Salzmann were present.

USED TO;
Examples;
 I used to play football when I was young.
 My grandfather used to tell folk stories at night.

NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO….

Examples;
 Juba is not only rich but also kind.
 Anna is not only intelligent but also wise.

UNLESS = if not
Examples;
 Unless he speaks English, he will go to London.
 Unless I study hard, I won’t be the first.
 Unless they come late, they won’t find me.

AS SOON AS
Examples;
 As soon as I had finished eating a visitor arrived.
 As soon as the patient died, the doctor reported.

NO SOONER HAD…THAN…
Examples;
 No sooner had the patient died than the doctor reported.
 No sooner had I finished eating than a visitor arrived.

HARDLY HAD…WHEN…
Examples;
 Hardly had I finished the work when the church bell rang.
 Hardly had we planted our seeds when it rained.

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 CONDITIONALS;

TYPE 1 (OPEN CONDITION);

This type tells us that something will happen if a certain condition is fulfilled.
Examples;
 If you study hard, you will get first class.
 If he runs all the time, he can get there in time.
 If her uncle arrives, she may not come with you.

TYPE 2 (IMPROBABLE OR IMAGINARY CONDITION)

Conditionals of this type are used when we talk about something which we don’t expect to
happen or which is purely imaginary.
Examples;
 If you studied hard, you would get first class.
 If we started now, we could be in time.
 If he stopped smoking, he might get fat.

TYPE 3 (UNFULFILLED CONDITION)

Conditionals of this type say that something did not happen because a certain condition was
not fulfilled.
Examples;
 If you had studied hard, you would have got a first class.
 If I had seen him, I could have saved him from drowning.
 If you had left that wasp alone, it might not have stung you.

PREPOSITIONS;
Are the words that placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to another word in
the sentence e.g. with, at, below, beyond, out, in front of, outside, inside, up, toward, down.
Examples;
 I killed a lion with a gun.
 School begins at nine o’clock.

TYPES OF PREPOSITIONS;
1. Simple prepositions; are the prepositions that consist of one word only e.g. above, below,
beyond, between, against, among, on, at, in, inside, outside, behind, near, beneath, out,
up, down, off, over, within, beside, through, for, toward.
2. Complex prepositions; are the prepositions that are made by combining two or three
words that function together as a single unit e.g. in front of, because of.

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 KINDS OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE;
1. Prepositions of place;
Examples;
 I went near the NBC bank.
 The cat is sleeping under the table.
 The book was on the table.

2. Prepositions of time;
Examples;
 We were studying before the exam.
 The exam starts at six o’clock.
 We stayed there for several days.
 We go to church on Sunday.

3. Prepositions of direction;
Examples;
 We walked towards the forest.
 Jumna went into the room.
 The dog was looking at the corner.

4. Prepositions of reason or purpose;

Examples;
 She was trembling with cold.
 You need to fight for your rights.

5. Prepositions of accompaniment;
Examples;
 You need to go with Arnold.
 Rice with beans is my favorite meal.

6. Prepositions of similarity or comparison;

Examples;
 A boy is like his father.
 Chocolate like ice creams are sweet.

7. Prepositions of manner;
Examples;
 He passed the exam by cheating.
 The work was done in a lazy manner.

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8. Prepositions of topics;
Examples;
 We were doing homework on syntax.
 They were talking about money.

9. Prepositions of possession;
Examples;
 I like a girl with good manners.
 A girl of high standards is normally admired.

10. Prepositions of means;

Examples;
 Upendo goes to school by bus.
 He takes the window with a stone.

USE OF CERTAIN PREPOSITIONS;

UNDER; in or to position that is below.

Examples;
 Most of an iceberg is under the water.
 We found him hiding under the table.

BEHIND;
Example;
 There is a small garden behind the house.
 Look behind you before you drive off.

IN FRONT OF;
Examples;
 There is a big tree in front of his house.
 There is a car in front of his shop.

BY;
Examples;
 We travelled by train.
 It is two by my watch.

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 ON;
Examples;
 He goes to the office on foot.
 Come here on 5th May.
 The friends sat on the ground.
 He has written books on economic.

INTO;
Examples;
 He jumped into the river.
 4 into 8 go twice.
 They broke into his store.

BESIDE;
Examples;
 Go and sit beside Anna.
 The beggar wants shelter besides money.

OFF;
Examples;
 He lives 2 miles off the main road.
 He jumped off the horse.
 Keep off the grass.
 Take the curtains off their books.
 The child is eating off the plate.

OF;
Examples;
 The color of her dress is red.
 This house is made of brick.
 Give me two kilos of mango.
 This is the house of my friend.

OVER;
Examples;
 He ruled over a large kingdom.
 Donald is over forty-five years.
 The sun shines over the Earth.
 The match is over.
 He spent over five thousand rupees for this show.

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 SINCE;
Examples;
 Henry has been reading a book since 6 o’clock.
 Aaron has been sick since Monday.
 He was here since 1975.

FOR;
Examples;
 I will vote for you.
 Angel is clever for her age.
 I have studied English for 10 years.

FROM;
Examples;
 Examinations begin from 7th May.
 Shops will remain open from 8 o’clock.
 The mango fell from the tree.
 He is coming from home.
 Many evils flow from fear.
 From his appearance, he looks old.

WITH;
Examples;
 The letter was written with a pen.
 The soldiers fought with courage.
 With all his faults, I love him.
 I went to the market with my friends.

AT;
Examples;
 I go to bed at 10 o’clock.
 Milk sells at fourteen rupees a liter.
 She comes here at noon.
 She lives at Agra.
 I got this job at the age of twenty-five.

IN;
Examples;
 She came here in July.

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  He was born in 1975.
 My friend lives in Mumbai.
 He was born in poverty.

INTERJECTIONS;
Are the words which express sudden strong feelings and emotions of the mind. Interjections
are always followed by exclamation marks! There are four categories of feelings and emotions
which can be expressed by interjections;
1. Emotions of desire or aversion; are the ones that express wishes, expectation of having
or possessing something attractive.
Examples;
 Oh! Only if I were rich.
 Mmm! If I can only pass my exam.

2. Emotions of pleasure and approval; are the ones that express the feelings of joy and
gladness on a particular thing.
Examples;
 Yes, you have done very well!
 Wow, what a beautiful car!
 Thank God, I have won the race!
 Ooh, the milk is delicious!

3. Emotions of pain or disapproval; are the emotions that express the sensation of physical
hurts which may cause discomfort, distress or agony.
Examples;
 Ouch, my stomach!
 Wow, it hurts!

4. Emotions of surprise; express the feeling of astonishment when something totally

unexpected happens.
Examples;
 Oh, what a lovely car!
 Wow, what a fantastic score!
 Hah, is this what it is!

ARTICLES;
Are the words that precede and specify nouns. They are used to determine the references of
nouns by telling whether the noun mentioned refers to the thing in a specific or general sense
e.g. a, an, the.

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 TYPES OF ARTICLES;
1. The definite article; is used to refer to the noun which is specific or previously mentioned
noun e.g. the

USE OF “THE”
 Before the musical instruments e.g. the trumpet.
 Before the political parties e.g. the Labor Party, The Congress Party.
 Before the name of ships, airplanes, trains, newspapers, magazines, journals and well
known buildings e.g. the Times of India.
 Before the name of sacred books e.g. The Bible, The Quran.
 Before the names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges, group of islands e.g. The
Indian Ocean, The Alps, The Arabian Sea and The Bay of Bengal.
 Before nouns which are the name of things of which there is only one e.g. The Earth,
The sky, The Moon, The star, The sun.
 Before proper, material and abstract nouns when they are specified e.g. the fish of
Bengal, The beauty of the Taj.
 Before the physical position e.g. the top, the back, the side, the front, the outside.
 Before the committee, club and foundation e.g. The Rotary club, The United Nations,
The Ford Foundation.
 Before important historical events, empire e.g. The French revolution, The Roman
Empire, The middle Ages, The world war.
 Before descriptive geographical names e.g. The Ocean, the United States of America.
 Before names of the branches of government e.g. the executive, the judiciary, the
legislative.
 Before the superlative degree e.g. January is the tallest boy in the class.
 Before the ordinals e.g. the first man.
 Before the nationality word e.g. The Indians, The Italians, The Russians, The
Americans.
 Before the dates of a month e.g. The 3rd of November, 1975.
 Before any invention e.g. the ratio, the television.
 Before expressed with title e.g. The President of India, The Director, and The
Chairman.
 Before the armed forces e.g. The Army, The Air Force, and The Navy.
 Before words indicating number, weight and measure to empress the idea of rate e.g.
-Eggs are sold by the dozen.
-Cloth is sold by the meter.
-Apple is sold by the kilo.
-Petrol is sold by the liter.

19
2. Indefinite article; are used to refer to nouns that are not specific to the speaker or hearer
e.g. A, An.
USE OF “A”
 Before a word beginning with a consonant having sound e.g. a boy, a woman, a horse,
a hole.
 Before a word beginning with ‘O’ when it has the sound of ‘w’ e.g. a one-man show,
a one-rupee note.
 Before a word beginning with a vowel having a consonant e.g. a university, a
European, a uniform, a youth, a UK, a yard.

USE OF “AN”
 Before a word beginning with a vowel e.g. an inkpot, an elephant, an orange, an egg.
 Before a word beginning with a silent ‘h’ e.g. an honor, an heir, an honest man, an
hourly report.
 Before a word beginning with a consonant having a vowel sound e.g. an MP, an
S.D.O, an x-ray plant, an S.I, an Msc, an M.A, an F.I.R.

USE OF SOME;
 Some is used in affirmative sentences to express quantity.
Examples;
-There is some cheese in refrigerator.
-You have bought some books.

 Some may be used in interrogative sentences when these are equivalent to polite
request.
Examples;
-Will you give me some money?
-Will you have some more milk?

USE OF ANY;
 Any is used in negative sentences.
Examples;
- I did not give any butter.
- Angel did not buy any books.

 Any is used in affirmative sentences when it has emphatic meaning.

Examples;
-Any fool can do it.
-She will pay any price she is asked for.

20
 Any can replace some in interrogative sentences.
Examples;
-Do you have any book?
-Did you buy any cloth?

 Any is used in sentences which are negative or which have a negative idea.
Examples;
-I have hardly any money with me.
-I didn’t see any grapes in the market.

USE OF MUCH;
 Much denotes quantity.
 Much is used in negative sentences.
 Much is used in uncountable nouns.
 Much is used in interrogative sentences.
Examples;
-There isn’t much sugar in the pot.
-She hasn’t much money in her pocket.
-Is there much difficulty in crossing the road?

USE OF MANY;
 Many denote number.
 Many are used in interrogative sentences.
 Many are used in countable nouns.
Examples;
-Are there many houses in this lane?
-I have not seen many English films.

USE OF A LOT OF;

 A lot of is used in affirmative sentences.
Examples;
-There are a lot of books in the library.
-David has a lot of money.
USE OF EACH; means one of two things or one of any number exceeding two
Examples;
 Each girl must get her share.
 Each member of the family was given money.

21
 EVERY
EVERY; is never used in speaking of one of two but is always used in speaking of some
number exceeding two.
Examples;
 Every man wishes to be happy.
 Education expects every person to be polite.

ALL
USE OF ALL; is used for every.
Examples;
 All the students were present in the morning assembly.
 All my brothers are at school.

LITTLE, A LITTLE, THE LITTLE

a) Little; means hardly any or not much.
-It has a negative meaning.
Examples;
-There was little water in the pot.
-There is little hope of his recovery.

b) A little; denotes some at least. It has an affirmative meaning.

Examples;
-He has a little money.
-A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

c) The little; denotes the small quantity. It has both a positive and a negative meaning.
Examples;
-He wasted the little time he had.

FEW, A FEW, THE FEW;

a) Few; means not man. It has a negative meaning.
Examples;
-Few men can keep their words.
-Few men are free from faults.

b) A few; denotes some at least- a certain number, however few. It has a positive
meaning.
Examples;
-A few girls attended the class.
-Henry has a few friends.

22
 c) The few; denotes not many. It has both a positive and negative meaning.
Examples;
-The few are honest; the many are dishonest.
-He lost the few friends he had.
SENTENCE
A sentence is a group is a group of words which have a complete thought.
Types of sentence
1. Declarative sentence: these are used to form statements.
Examples:
 My aunt is a shopkeeper.
 It is a nuclear plant.

2. Interrogative sentences: they are used to ask questions.

Examples:
 Am I rich or poor?
 What has been done so far?

3. Imperative sentences. They are used to express command or request.

Examples:
 Go out! - command
 Give me your book, please. – Request
 Help me, my friend. – Request

4. Exclamatory sentences. They are used to express emotions or feelings.

Examples:
 My God! He has not passed.
 Ooh! They have left.
SAMPLE QUESTIONS:
Pick out common nouns in the following sentences:
1. Those women are with their children.
2. Mary can travel to any country.
3. A dog is an animal.
4. Tanzania is found in Africa.
5. Our English teacher is called Peter.

Underline the adverb in the following sentences:

1. Justina is very beautiful.
2. My uncle is not at work now.
3. Peter speaks loudly.
4. Chama will go to Musoma next week.

23
5. The Manager comes twice every week.
6. You stay at Serena Hotel.
Pick out the verbs in the following sentences:
1. The fish swims in the water.
2. She is so pretty.
3. Leaves fell from the tree.
4. Rose went to the market.
5. Please iron your shirt.
Pick out the nouns in the following sentences:
1. Birds are flying.
2. I have an umbrella.
3. This flower is red.
4. Amish is tall.
5. Close the window.

Find the pronoun in each sentence:

1. My son dropped his bottle on the ground.
2. The girls are standing under the tree are eating their lunch.
3. The guys ate all of their pizzas.
4. Grandma is waiting for her shawl.

Quiz
1. Construct 10 sentences to indicate adjectives.
2. Construct 10 sentences to indicate adverbs.
3. Construct 10 sentences to indicate relative pronouns.
4. Construct 10 sentences to indicate conjuctions.
5. Construct 10 sentences to indicate preposition.
6. Construct 10 sentences to indicate interjections.
7. Construct 10 sentences to indicate articles.

24
 CHAPTER 2
TENSES
MEANING OF TENSE;
Is a grammatical device used to show time in which a certain action or event occurred.
TYPES OF TENSES;
1. Present tense; it expresses those actions, thoughts or states of being that take place at
the present time and those which take place regularly or every day. There are four
types of present tense which are;
a) Simple present tense.
b) Present continuous tense.
c) Present perfect tense.
d) Present perfect continuous tense.
2. Past tense; is used to refer to the actions or events that started and finished in the past
time. There are four types of past tense which are;
a) Simple past tense.
b) Past continuous tense.
c) Past perfect tense.
d) Past perfect continuous tense.
3. Future tense; is used to refer to the actions or events that started and finished in the
future time. There are four types of future tense which are;
a) Simple future tense.
b) Future continuous tense.
c) Future perfect tense.
d) Future perfect continuous tense.

PRESENT TENSE;
1) SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE; is used to express what is taking place at the present
moment.
Rules for the formation of simple present tense;
I
We
You + verb1+ object (usually, always, every day e.t.c)
They
He
She + verb1+s/es/ies+ object (usually, always, every day)
It

25
 Examples;
 I go to school every day.
 We play football every week.
 You cook rice every time.
 They wait for her every Monday.
 He writes a letter every week.
 She speaks English every day.
 It rains heavily.

Negative sentences;
Examples;
 I don’t go to school every day.
 We don’t play football every week.
 You don’t cook rice every time.
 They don’t wait for her every Monday.
 He doesn’t write a letter every week.
 She doesn’t speak English every day.
 It doesn’t rain heavily.

Interrogative sentence/ question form;

Examples;
 Do I go to school every day?
 Do we play football every week?
 Do you cook rice every time?
 Do they wait for her every Monday?
 Does He write a letter every week?
 Does she speak English every day?
 Does it rain heavily?

2) PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE; is used to show that action is in progress and is

incomplete at the moment of speaking or writing.
Rules for the formation of present continuous tense;
I+ am+v1 +ing+ object
He
She + is+ v1+ing+ object
It
We
You + are +v1+ing+ object
They

26
 Examples;
 I am going to school now.
 He is writing a letter now.
 She is speaking English now.
 It is raining heavily at this moment.
 We are playing football now.
 You are cooking rice now.
 They are waiting for her now.

Negative sentences;
Examples;
 I am not going to school now.
 He is not writing a letter now.
 She is not speaking English now.
 It is not raining heavily now.
 We are not playing football now.
 You are not cooking rice now.
 They are not waiting for her now.

Interrogative sentence/question form;

Examples;
 Am I going to school now?
 Is He writing a letter now?
 Is she speaking English now?
 Is it raining heavily?
 Are we playing football now?
 Are you cooking rice now?
 Are they waiting for her now?

3) PRESENT PERFECT TENSE; is used to indicate completed activities in the

immediate past.
Rules for the formation of present perfect tense;
I
We
You + have+ v3+ object
They
He
She + has+ v3+ object
It

27
 Examples;
 I have gone to school.
 We have played football.
 You have cooked rice.
 They have waited for her.
 She has spoken English.
 It has rained heavily.

Negative sentences;
Examples;
 I have not gone to school.
 We have not played football.
 You have not cooked rice.
 They have not waited for her.
 He has not written a letter.
 She has not spoken English.
 It has not rained heavily.

Interrogative sentence/question form;

Examples;
 Have I gone to school?
 Have we played football?
 Have you cooked rice?
 Have they waited for her?
 Has he written a letter?
 Has she spoken English?
 Has it rained heavily?

4) PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE; is used to express an action which

began in the past but is still going on.
Rules for the formation of present perfect continuous tense;
I
We
You +have been+v1 +ing + object
They

He
She + has been+ v1 + ing + object
It

28
 Examples;
 I have been going to school.
 We have been playing football.
 You have been cooking rice.
 They have been waiting for her.
 He has been writing a letter.
 She has been speaking English.
 It has been raining heavily.

Negative sentences/ question form;

Examples;
 I have not been going to school.
 We have not been playing football.
 You have not been cooking rice.
 They have not been waiting for her.
 He has not been writing a letter.
 She has not been speaking English.
 It has not been raining heavily.

Interrogative sentence/ question form;

Examples;
 Have I been going to school?
 Have we been playing football?
 Have you been cooking rice?
 Have they been waiting for her?
 Has he been writing a letter?
 Has she been speaking English?
 Has it been raining heavily?

PAST TENSE;
1) SIMPLE PAST TENSE; is used to express actions that took place sometime in the past.
Rules for the formation of simple past tense;
I
We
You
They +v2 +object
He
She
It

29
 Examples;
 I went to school yesterday.
 We played football last month.
 You cooked rice last week.
 They waited for her.
 He wrote a letter yesterday.
 She spoke English.
 It rained heavily.

Negative sentences/ question form;

Examples;
 I did not go to school yesterday.
 We did not play football last month.
 You did not cook rice last week.
 They did not wait for her.
 He did not write a letter yesterday.
 She did not speak English.
 It did not rain heavily.

Interrogative sentences/ question form;

Examples;
 Did I go to school yesterday?
 Did we play football last month?
 Did you cook rice last week?
 Did they wait for her?
 Did he write a letter yesterday?
 Did she speak English?
 Did it rain heavily?

2) PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE; is used to denote an action going on at some-time in the

past.
Rules for the formation of past continuous tense;
I
He
She + was+ v1 + ing+ object
It
We
You + were + v1+ ing + object
They

30
 Examples;
 I was going to school.
 He was writing a letter.
 She was speaking English.
 It was raining heavily.
 We were playing football.
 You were cooking rice.
 They were waiting for her.

Negative sentences;
Examples;
 I was not going to school.
 He was not writing a letter.
 She was not speaking English.
 It was not raining heavily.
 We were not playing football.
 You were not cooking rice.
 They were not waiting for her.

Interrogative sentences/ question form;

Examples;
 Was I going to school?
 Was he writing a letter?
 Was she speaking English?
 Was it raining heavily?
 Were we playing football?
 Were you cooking rice?
 Were they waiting for her?

3) PAST PERFECT TENSE; is used to show an action that had been completed before a
given time in the past.
Rules for the formation of past perfect tense:

I, We, You,
They, He, She, it +had+ v3 + object

31
 Examples;
 I had gone to school.
 We had played football.
 You had cooked rice.
 They had waited for her.
 He had written a letter.
 She had spoken English.
 It had rained heavily.

Negative sentences;
Examples;
 I had not gone to school.
 We had not played football.
 You had not cooked rice.
 They had not waited for her.
 He had not written a letter.
 She had not spoken English.
 It had not rained heavily.

Interrogative sentences/ question form;

Examples;
 Had I gone to school?
 Had we played football?
 Had you cooked rice?
 Had they waited for her?
 Had he written a letter?
 Had she spoken English?
 Had it rained heavily?

4) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE; is used to denote an action which had been
going on before another action in the past.
Rules for the formation of past perfect continuous tense;
I
We
You
He +had been+ v1+ ing + object
She
It
They

32
 Examples;
 I had been going to school.
 We had been playing football.
 You had been cooking rice.
 They had been waiting for her.
 He had been writing a letter.
 She had been speaking English.
 It had been raining heavily.

Negative sentences;
Examples;
 I had not been going to school.
 We had not been playing football.
 You had not been cooking rice.
 They had not been waiting for her.
 He had not been writing a letter.
 She had not been speaking English.
 It had not been raining heavily.

Interrogative/ question form;

Examples;
 Had I been going to school?
 Had we been playing football?
 Had you been cooking rice?
 Had they been waiting for her?
 Had he been writing a letter?
 Had she been speaking English?
 Had it been raining heavily?

33
 FUTURE TENSE/FUTURE TIME;
1) SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE; is used for an action that has still to take place.
Rules for the formation of simple future tense
I
We + shall+ v1 + object

You
He
She + will + v1 + object
It
They

Examples;
 I shall go to school tomorrow.
 We shall play football next week.
 You will cook rice next Sunday.
 He will write a letter next month.
 She will speak English tomorrow.
 It will rain heavily tomorrow.
 They will wait for her next month.

Negative sentences;
Examples;
 I shall not go to school tomorrow.
 We shall not play football next week.
 You will not cook rice next Sunday.
 He will not write a letter next month.
 She will not speak English tomorrow.
 It will not rain heavily tomorrow.
 They will not wait for her next month.

Interrogative sentences/ question form;

Examples;
 Shall I go to school tomorrow?
 Shall we play football next week?
 Will you cook rice next Sunday?
 Will he write a letter next month?
 Will she speak English tomorrow?
 Will it rain heavily tomorrow?
 Will they wait for her next month?

34
2) FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE; is used to show an action as going on at some-
time in future time.
Rules for the formation of future continuous tense;
I
We + shall be + v1 +ing +object
You
He
She +will be+ v1+ing+ object
It
They

Examples;
 I shall be going to school.
 We shall be playing football.
 You will be cooking rice.
 He will be writing a letter.
 She will be speaking English.
 It will be raining heavily.
 They will be waiting for her.

Negative sentences;
Examples;
 I shall not be going to school.
 We shall not be playing football.
 You will not be cooking rice.
 He will not be writing a letter.
 She will not be speaking English.
 It will not be raining heavily.
 They will not be waiting for her.

Interrogative sentences/ question form;

Examples;
 Shall I be going to school?
 Shall we be playing football?
 Will you be cooking rice?
 Will he be writing a letter?
 Will she be speaking English?
 Will it be raining heavily?
 Will they be waiting for her?

35
3) FUTURE PERFECT TENSE; is used to show an action that will have been
completed at a future time.
Rules for the formation of future perfect tense;
I
We +shall + have + v3+ object
You
He
She + will+ have+ v3+object
It
They

Examples;
 I shall have gone to school.
 We shall have played football.
 You will have cooked rice.
 He will have written a letter.
 She will have spoken English.
 It will have rained heavily.
 They will have for her.

Negative sentences;
Examples;
 I shall not have gone to school.
 We shall not have played football.
 You will not have cooked rice.
 He will not have written a letter.
 She will not have spoken English.
 It will not have rained heavily.
 They will not have waited for her.

Interrogative sentences/ question form;

Examples;
 Shall I have gone to London?
 Shall we have played football?
 Will you have cooked rice?
 Will he have written a letter?
 Will she have spoken English?
 Will it have rained heavily?
 Will they have waited for her?

36
4) FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE; is used to show an action that will
be going on over a period of time and will end in the future.
Rules for the formation of future perfect continuous tense;
I
We + shall+ have been+v1+ ing + object
You
He
She +will+have been+ v1+ ing + object
It
They

Examples;
 I shall have been going to school.
 We shall have been playing football.
 You will have been cooking rice.
 He will have been writing a letter.
 She will have been speaking English.
 It will have been raining heavily.
 They will have been waiting for her.

Negative sentences;
Examples;
 I shall not have been going to school.
 We shall not have been playing football.
 You will not have been cooking rice.
 He will not have been writing a letter.
 She will not have been speaking English.
 It will not have been raining heavily.
 They will not have been waiting for her.

Interrogative sentences/ question form;

Examples;
 Shall I have been going to school?
 Shall we have been playing football?
 Will you have been cooking rice?
 Will he have been writing a letter?
 Will she have been speaking English?
 Will it have been raining heavily?
 Will they have been waiting for her?

37
 List of regular and irregular verbs
List of Regular verbs
Base form of verb (V1) Past simple(V2) Past Participle (V3)
 Accept Accepted Accepted
 Act Acted Acted
 Achieve Achieved Achieved
 Admire Admired Admired
 Advise Advised Advised
 Affect Affected Affected
 Agree Agreed Agreed
 Amaze Amazed Amazed
 Amuse Amused Amused
 Answer Answered Answered
 Appear Appeared Appeared
 Arrange Arranged Arranged
 Arrive Arrived Arrived
 Attack Attacked Attacked
 Bake Baked Baked
 Behave Behaved Behaved
 Believe Believed Believed
 Belong Belonged Belonged
 Blame Blamed Blamed
 Borrow Borrowed Borrowed
 Bother Bothered Bothered
 Call Called Called
 Cancel Canceled Canceled
 Carry Carried Carried
 Cause Caused Caused
 Celebrate Celebrated Celebrated
 Clean Cleaned Cleaned
 Clear Cleared Cleared
 Climb Climbed Climbed
 Close Closed Closed
 Compare Compared Compared
 Compete Competed Competed
 Complete Completed Completed
 Contain Contained Contained
 Cook Cooked Cooked
 Correct Corrected Corrected
 Cough Coughed Coughed
 Count Counted Counted
 Crash Crashed Crashed
 Create Created Created

38
 Cross Crossed Crossed

Base form of verb (V1) Past simple(V2) Past Participle (V3)

 Curse Cursed Cursed
 Change Changed Changed
 Chase Chased Chased
 Chat Chatted Chatted
 Check Checked Checked
 Damage Damaged Damaged
 Dance Danced Danced
 Date Dated Dated
 Decide Decided Decided
 Deliver Delivered Delivered
 Depend Depended Depended
 Describe Described Described
 Design Designed Designed
 Destroy Destroyed Destroyed
 Die Died Died
 Disagree Disagreed Disagreed
 Discover Discovered Discovered
 Discuss Discussed Discussed
 Disturb Disturbed Disturbed
 Dress Dressed Dressed
 Dry Dried Dried
 Eliminate Eliminated Eliminated
 End Ended Ended
 Enjoy Enjoyed Enjoyed
 Entertain Entertained Entertained
 Excuse Excused Excused
 Exercise Exercised Exercised
 Exhibit Exhibited Exhibited
 Expect Expected Expected
 Express Expressed Expressed
 Film Filmed Filmed
 Fill Filled Filled
 Fish Fished Fished
 Fix Fixed Fixed
 Follow Followed Followed
 Fry Fried Fried
 Greet Greeted Greeted
 Guess Guessed Guessed
 Hail Hailed Hailed
 Handle Handled Handled

39
 Happen Happened Happened
 Hate Hated Hated
 Help Helped Helped

Base form of verb (V1) Past simple(V2) Past Participle (V3)

 Hope Hoped Hoped
 Hunt Hunted Hunted
 Identify Identified Identified
 Ignore Ignored Ignored
 Imagine Imagined Imagined
 Impress Impressed Impressed
 Improve Improved Improved
 Include Included Included
 Increase Increased Increased
 Interview Interviewed Interviewed
 Introduce Introduced Introduced
 Invite Invited Invited
 Jog Jogged Jogged
 Jump Jumped Jumped
 Knock Knocked Knocked
 Label Labeled Labeled
 Land Landed Landed
 Last Lasted Lasted
 Learn Learned Learned
 Like Liked Liked
 Link Linked Linked
 List Listed Listed
 Listen Listened Listened
 Live Lived Lived
 Locate Located Located
 Look Looked Looked
 Love Loved Loved
 Manage Managed Managed
 Mark Marked Marked
 Match Matched Matched
 Measure Measured Measured
 Mention Mentioned Mentioned
 Miss Missed Missed
 Move Moved Moved
 Need Needed Needed
 Note Noted Noted
 Notice Noticed Noticed
 Number Numbered Numbered

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 Offer Offered Offered
 Open Opened Opened
 Order Ordered Ordered
 Organize Organized Organized
 Pack Packed Packed
 Paint Painted Painted
 Pamper Pampered Pampered

Base form of verb (V1) Past simple(V2) Past Participle (V3)

 Pardon Pardoned Pardoned
 Park Parked Parked
 Participate Participated Participated
 Pass Passed Passed
 Perform Performed Performed
 Persuade Persuaded Persuaded
 Pick Picked Picked
 Plan Planned Planned
 Play Played Played
 Please Pleased Pleased
 Pray Prayed Prayed
 Predict Predicted Predicted
 Prefer Preferred Preferred
 Present Presented Presented
 Program Programmed Programmed
 Protect Protected Protected
 Provide Provided Provided
 Purchase Purchased Purchased
 Push Pushed Pushed
 Rain Rained Rained
 Receive Received Received
 Recommend Recommended Recommended
 Relate Related Related
 Relax Relaxed Relaxed
 Release Released Released
 Remember Remembered Remembered
 Repair Repaired Repaired
 Repeat Repeated Repeated
 Resist Resisted Resisted
 Rest Rested Rested
 Return Returned Returned
 Review Reviewed Reviewed
 Save Saved Saved
 Scan Scanned Scanned
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 Scare Scared Scared
 Share Shared Shared
 Shop Shopped Shopped
 Shout Shouted Shouted
 Skate Skated Skated
 Ski Skied Skied
 Slow Slowed Slowed
 Sneeze Sneezed Sneezed
 Snow Snowed Snowed
 Solve Solved Solved

Base form of verb (V1) Past simple(V2) Past Participle (V3)

 Start Started Started
 Step Stepped Stepped
 Stop Stopped Stopped
 Stress Stressed Stressed
 Study Studied Studied
 Substitute Substituted Substituted
 Suggest Suggested Suggested
 Surprise Surprised Surprised
 Taste Tasted Tasted
 Terrorize Terrorized Terrorized
 Thank Thanked Thanked
 Touch Touched Touched
 Travel Traveled Traveled
 Try Tried Tried
 Tune Tuned Tuned
 Turn Turned Turned
 Underline Underlined Underlined
 Use Used Used
 Vary Varied Varied
 Wait Waited Waited
 Walk Walked Walked
 Want Wanted Wanted
 Warn Warned Warned
 Wash Washed Washed
 Watch Watched Watched
 Water Watered Watered
 Welcome Welcomed Welcomed
 Wish Wished Wished
 Witness Witnessed Witnessed
 Worry Worried Worried
 Wrestle Wrestled Wrestled

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 List of irregular verbs
Base form of verb (V1) Past simple(V2) Past Participle (V3)
 Abide Abode/Abided Abode/Abided/Abidden
 Alight Alit/Alighted Alit/Alighted
 Arise Arose Arisen
 Awake Awoke Awoken
 be (is, am, are) was, were been
 beat beat beaten
 become became become
 begin began begun
 bend bent bent
 bet bet bet
 bid bid bid
 bite bit bitten
 blow blew blown
 break broke broken
 bring brought brought
 build built built
 burn burned/burnt burned/burnt
 buy bought bought
 catch caught caught
 choose chose chosen
 come came come
 cost cost cost
 cut cut cut
 dig dug dug
 dive dove dived
 do did done
 draw drew drawn
 dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt
 drive drove driven
 drink drank drunk
 eat ate eaten
 fall fell fallen
 feel felt felt
 fight fought fought
 find found found
 fly flew flown
 forget forgot forgotten
 forgive forgave forgiven
 freeze froze frozen
 forsake forsook forsaken

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 get got gotten
 give gave given

Base form of verb (V1) Past simple(V2) Past Participle (V3)

 go went gone
 grow grew grown
 hang hung hung
 have had had
 hear heard heard
 hide hid hidden
 hit hit hit
 hold held held
 hurt hurt hurt
 keep kept kept
 know knew known
 lay laid laid
 lead led led
 leave left left
 lend lent lent
 let let let
 lie lay lain
 loose lost lost
 make made made
 mean meant meant
 meet met met
 pay paid paid
 put put put
 read read read
 ride rode ridden
 ring rang rung
 rise rose risen
 run ran run
 say said said
 see saw seen
 sell sold sold
 send sent sent
 show showed shown
 shine shone shone
 shut shut shut
 sing sang sung
 sit sat sat
 sleep slept slept
 speak spoke spoken

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  spend spent spent
 stand stood stood
 steal stole stolen
 swim swam swum
 take took taken
 teach taught taught

Base form of verb (V1) Past simple(V2) Past Participle (V3)

 tear tore torn
 tell told told
 think thought thought
 throw threw thrown
 understand understood understood
 wake woke woken
 wear wore worn
 win won won
 write wrote written

SAMPLE QUESTIONS:
Change the following sentences into negative form
1. Angel plays football in the national team.
2. We took our book from the staffroom.
3. My friend will fly to Nairobi next Sunday.
4. She drives a school bus.
5. The librarian keeps books for use.
6. He sells second hand clothes at Ilala-Boma.

Change the following sentences into question form

1. We receive our salaries every month.
2. Paul rides a bike.
3. The President addresses the nation at the end of every month.
4. The TRA collects revenue from different business people.
5. They keep animals and grow cash crops.
6. You will be a millionaire.

Change the following sentences into past tense form

1. He works very hard.
2. They will send a letter to the director.
3. Mary cooks ugali in the evening.
4. We enjoy living peacefully.

45
Change the following sentences into present continuous tense
1. He drives a lorry.
2. The school team plays well.
3. They go to the bank.
4. Do you listen to me?
5. I write good short stories.

Change the following sentences into question form

1. Paula was building his house.
2. They are drawing pictures.
3. David will be travelling to Morogoro tomorrow morning.
4. We are eating now.
5. We were cleaning up the bathroom.

Change these verbs into present participle form

1. Show
2. Fly
3. Grow
4. Bake
5. Shake
6. Cry
7. Put
8. Swim
9. Vomit
10. Follow

Change the following sentences into present perfect tense

1. He took my shoes.
2. They will go to Arusha.
3. My father drives a lorry.
4. I went to see them.
5. Paula ate my eggs.

Quiz
1. Construct 10 sentences to indicate simple present tense.
2. Construct 10 sentences to indicate present continuous tense.
3. Construct 10 sentences to indicate present perfect tense.
4. Construct 10 sentences to indicate present perfect continuous tense.
5. Construct 10 sentences to indicate simple past tense.
6. Construct 10 sentences to indicate past continuous tense.
7. Construct 10 sentences to indicate past perfect tense.
8. Construct 10 sentences to indicate past perfect continuous tense.
46
9. Construct 10 sentences to indicate simple future tense.
10. Construct 10 sentences to indicate future continuous tense.
11. Construct 10 sentences to indicate future perfect tense.
12. Construct 10 sentences to indicate future perfect continuous tense.

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 CHAPTER 3
QUESTION TAGS AND SHORT ANSWERS
QUESTION TAGS;
Is a statement followed by a little question. It is a common practice in conversion to make a
statement and ask for confirmation.
Examples;
In positive statement;
 It is raining, isn’t it?
 I am eating, aren’t I?
 You are coming, aren’t you?
 We shall serve our country, shan’t we?
 You will go there, won’t you?
 She went there, didn’t she?
 She goes to school, doesn’t she?
 You have met before, haven’t you?
 She can swim well, can’t she?
 We must go, mustn’t we?

In negative statement;
Examples;
 I am not making noise, am I?
 You did not break the glass, did you?
 They haven’t come yet, have they?
 Henry doesn’t work hard, does he?
 This is not my book, is it?

SHORT ANSWERS;
Examples;
 Do you help her? Yes, I do.
 Can you speak French? Yes, I can.
 Did she pass in the examination? Yes, she did.
 Is your daughter married? Yes, she is.
 Does he work hard? No, he doesn’t.
 Can you swim? No, you can’t.
 Did he say anything? No, he didn’t.

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 ADDITIONAL NOTES
Examples;
o When the fire started, they were working in the kitchen.
o When he arrived home, she was sleeping.
o When the teacher came in, they were playing football.
o When he met the teacher, he was going home.
o When his children came home, he was cooking.
o When they reached the top of Mount Meru, it was snowing.
o When I found my brother, he was crying.

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 CHAPTER 4
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
VOICE;
Is that form of a verb which tells us whether the subject does something or has something
been done to it.
TYPES OF VOICES;
1. Active voice; is used when the person or thing denoted by the subject is the doer of the
action.
2. Passive voice; is used when the person or thing denoted by the subject is the receiver of
the action.

Rules for changing the active voice into passive voice;

Pronouns in active voice Pronouns in passive voice
I Me
We Us
They Them
He Him
She Her
Who Whom
It It
You You

Rules for change of verbs;

1. Simple present tense; subject+is/am/are+ v3+by +object
Examples;
 Sudha writes a story (active voice)
A story is written by Sudha (passive voice)
 The peon rings the bell (active voice)
The bell is rung by the peon (passive voice)
 My father helps me (active voice)
I am helped by my father (passive voice)
 Do children love flowers? (active voice)
Are flowers loved by children? (Passive voice)

2. Present continuous tense; subject+is/am/are+ being+ v3+ by+ object

Examples;
 They are picking some flowers (active voice)
Some flowers are being picked by them (passive voice)
 The doctor is preparing medicine (active voice)
Medicine is being prepared by the doctor (passive voice)

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  I am reading this book (active voice)
This book is being read by me (passive voice)
 Are you writing a book? (active voice)
Is a book being written by you? (Passive voice)

3. Present perfect tense; subject+ has/have been+ v3+ by+ object

Examples;
 I have lost my book (active voice)
My book has been lost by me (passive voice)
 She has cleaned the cups (active voice)
The cups have been cleaned by her (passive voice)
 Have you decorated the room? (active voice)
Has the room been decorated by you? (Passive voice)

4. Simple past tense; subject+ was/were+ v3+ by+ object

Examples;
 Columbus discovered America (active voice)
America was discovered by Columbus (passive voice)
 Patrick wrote this poem (active voice)
This poem was written by Patrick (passive voice)
 I did not take food yesterday (active voice)
Food was not taken yesterday by me (passive voice)
 Did you answer all the questions? (active voice)
Were all the questions answered by you? (Active voice)

5. Past continuous tense; subject+ was/were+ being+ v3+ by+ object

Examples;
 Mary was writing a letter to her brother (active voice)
A letter was being written by Mary to her brother (passive voice)
 The girls were painting the box (active voice)
The box was being painted by the girls (passive voice)
 Were the farmers sowing the seeds? (active voice)
Were the seeds being sown by the farmers? (Passive voice)

6. Past perfect tense; subject+ had been+ v3+ by + object

Examples;
 They had won the match (active voice)
The match had had been won by them (passive voice)
 We had defended the country (active voice)
The country had been defended by us (passive voice)
 Had you broken the glass? (active voice)
51
 Had the glass been broken by you? (Passive voice)

7. Simple future tense; subject+ shall/will+ be+ v3+ by+ object

Examples;
 Anna will cook the food (active voice)
The food will be cooked by Anna (passive voice)
 He will not steal my books (active voice)
My books will not be stolen by him (passive voice)
 Will he sell tea? (active voice)
Will tea be sold by him? (Passive voice)

8. Future perfect tense; subject + shall/will+ have+ been+ v3+ by+ object
Examples;
 Henry will have written the letter (active voice)
The letter will have been written by Henry (passive voice)
 I shall have finished the work (active voice)
The work will have been finished by me (passive voice)
 Will she have found her lost book by now? (active voice)
Will her lost book have been found by her by now? (Passive voice)

9. Passive voice of the modal verbs; subject+modals+be+v3+ by+ object

Examples;
 A doctor should examine him (active voice)
He should be examined by a doctor (passive voice)
 Ronaldo can win the match (active voice)
The match can be won by Ronaldo (passive voice)
 I would help him (active voice)
He would be helped by me (passive voice)
 Even a rat may help a lion (active voice)
A lion may be helped even by a rat (passive voice)
 Daniel must send a reply (active voice)
A reply must be sent by Daniel (passive voice)

10. Passive voice of the imperative sentence; let+ subject+ be+ v3+ object
Examples;
 Shut the door (active voice)
Let the door be shut (passive voice)
 Put out the lamp (active voice)
Let the lamp be put out (passive voice)
 Help the poor (active voice)
Let the poor be helped (passive voice)

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  Do not let the servant cook the food (active voice)
Let the food not be cooked by the servant (passive voice)

SAMPLE QUESTIONS:
Change the following sentences into passive voice
1. They speak English.
2. He will sell newspapers.
3. Magreth has put a spoon in the bowl.
4. I kicked the ball.
5. Children carried their bags.

Change the following passive voice into active voice

1. The food was eaten by Juma.
2. The children will be taken to school by their parents.
3. He is being interrogated by the police.
4. The library will be opened tomorrow.
5. My uncle was killed by a gun man.

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 CHAPTER 5
REPORTED SPEECH; DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
CHANGE IN PRONOUNS
Person and number Nominative case Possessive case Objective case
1st person singular I My, Mine Me
1st person plural We Our, ours Us
2nd person singular Thou/you Thy, Thine You
2nd person plural You Your, Yours
3rd person singular He, She, It His, Her, Hers, Its Him, Her, It
3rd person plural They Their Them

CHANGE IN WORDS INDICATING NEARNESS IN TIME AND SPACE

Direct speech Indirect speech
This That
These Those
Ago Before
Last night The previous night or the night before
Today That day
Now Then
Tomorrow The next day
Yesterday The previous day, the day before
Tonight That night
Next week The following week
Come Go
Here There

CHANGE OF TENSES;
1) Simple present becomes simple past tense;
Examples;
o Direct; He said, “My mother cooks our breakfast”
Indirect; He said that his mother cooked their breakfast.
o Direct; Anna said, “I don’t want to go to Iringa.”
Indirect; Anna said that she did not want to go to Iringa.

2) Present continuous becomes past continuous;

Examples;
o Direct; She said, “He is taking his examination”
Indirect; She said that he was taking his examination.
o Direct; David said, “I am doing work”
Indirect; David said that he was doing work.

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3) Present perfect becomes past perfect;
Examples;
o Direct; Davis said, “I have finished the work”
Indirect; Davis said that he had finished the work.
o Direct; Deepak said, “Savita has done her work”
Indirect; Deepak said that Savita had done her work.

4) Present perfect continuous becomes past perfect continuous;

Examples;
o Direct; Ram said, “Graham has been giving us very good milk”
Indirect; Ram said that Graham had been giving them very good milk.
o Direct; She said, “The teacher has not been teaching for a week”
Indirect: She said that the teacher had not been teaching for a week.

5) Simple past becomes past perfect;

Examples;
o Direct; Mr. Graham said, “I saw the Taj Mahal”
Indirect; Mr. Graham said that he had seen the Taj Mahal.
o Direct; Daniel said, “The cow died in the morning”
Indirect; Daniel said that the cow had died in the morning.

6) Past continuous becomes past perfect continuous;

Examples;
o Direct; The boys said, “We were watching the game”
Indirect; The boys said that they had been watching the game.
o Direct; He said, “All were laughing then”
Indirect; He said that all had been laughing then.

7) No change in past perfect and past perfect continuous;

Examples;
o Direct; She said, “I had waited for the bus for an hour”
Indirect; She said that she had waited for the bus for an hour.
o Direct; Sudha said, “I had been doing work since morning”
Indirect; Sudha said that she had been doing work since morning.

8) Shall, will, may are changed into should, would, could, might
Examples;
o Direct; Varun said, “I will come here again tomorrow”
Indirect; Varun said that he would go there again the next day.
o Direct; Shailendra said, “Pardeep can stay at home”
Indirect; Shailendra said that Pardeep could stay at home.

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o Direct; The teacher said to me, “The boy shall come”
Indirect; The teacher said to me that the boy should come.
o Direct; Sudha said, “It may rain any time”
Indirect; Sudha said that it might rain any time.

ADDITIONAL NOTES
Using of should
Examples;
o You are tired. You should go to bed.
o I’m hungry. I should eat some food.
o It’s cold. You should wear a coat.

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 CHAPTER 6
ENGLISH CONVERSATION
GREETINGS BETWEEN FRIENDS
David and Derrick
David: hello, Derrick
Derrick: hello, David. How are you?
David: I’m fine and you?
Derrick: I’m fine too.
David: why are you in a hurry?
Derrick: I’m on my way to school.
Warden and Donavan
Warden: Hi!
Donavan: Hi!
Warden: How are you doing?
Donavan: Well
Warden: How is your day?
Donavan: Fine, thank you.
Anna and Benitha
Anna: How are things?
Benitha: They are quite okay/wonderful/good/interesting/amazing.

PRACTICE ON HOW IS…...?

R: How is home?
S: Fine, thanks/good/nice/well/bad/ not well
R: How is your work?
S: It is fine/good/wonderful/interesting/bad/boring/tiresome/not well.
R: How is Dar es Salaam?
S: Dar es Salaam is good/cold/well/boring/hot/not well.
R: How is your morning/day?
S: My morning/day is good/fine/very nice/bad.
R: How is your father?
S: My father is good/well/okay/not well.
PRACTICE ON HOW ARE….?
T: How are you parents?
U: They are fine/good/well/okay/terrific
T: How are you studies?
U: They are quite good/ fine/tough/ confusing/ too tight.

57
T: How are your classmates?
U: My classmates are fine/good.
GREETINGS BETWEEN RESPECTABLE PEOPLE
Greetings during the morning
Mr. Neymar: Good morning madam Esther.
Madam Esther: Good morning! How are you?
Mr. Neymar: I am fine. How about you?
Madam Esther: I’m fine too. Thank you.
Greetings during the afternoon
Mr. Neymar: Good afternoon madam Esther.
Madam Esther: Good afternoon. How are you?
Mr. Neymar: I am fine thank you, and you?
Madam Esther: I’m fine too. How is your home?
Mr. Neymar: It is all right
Greetings during the evening
Sir. Charlton: Good evening sir Isaack
Sir. Isaack: Good evening sir Charlton. How are things?
Sir Charlton: Things are quite fine, and you?
Sir. Isaack: I thank God, I’m good. And things are well.
Sir. Charlton: Ok, see you.
Sir. Isaack: See you too.
Sir. Charlton: How is life?
Sir. Isaack: well
FARE WELL
D: Good bye
E: Good bye
D: Bye
E: Bye
D: See you
E: See you too
D: Good night
E: Good night too
D: Say hello to your friends/parents/uncle/sister
E: Yes, I will
D: Greet your parents.
E: I will
D: Have a nice weekend
E: Thank you and you too

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 BEST WISHES
i. Andrew: Wishing you all the best
Antony: Thank you a lot
ii. Salah: Have a nice journey
Winner: Thanks

iii. Daniel: Have a nice afternoon

John: Thanks, the same to you

iv. Oliva: Have a nice test

Flavian: Have a nice test too
MAKING REQUEST
i. Anna: May I come in?
Benitha: Yes, come in
ii. A student: May I go out?
A teacher: You may please

SELF INTRODUCTION
My name is James Edwin.
I am twelve years’ old.
I live at nanenane street.
I am from Tanga.
My father’s name is Edwin.
My mother’s name is Angela.
I am a Christian by religion.
I am a Roman Catholic by denomination.
I am a Sambaa by tribe.

SELF INTRODUCTION IN A DIALOGUE FORM

A: What is your name?
B: My name is Quiroz
A: How old are you?
B: I am 20 years old.
A: Where do you live?
B: I live at Tazara street.
A: Where are you from?
B: I am from Dar es Salaam.
A: What is your father’s name?
B: My father’s name is Eusebio.
A: What is your mother’s name?

59
B: My mother’s name is Angela.
A: What is your religion?
B: I am a Christian by religion.
A: What is your tribe?
B: I am a Sambaa by tribe.
A: What are your hobbies?
B: My hobbies are reading books and inspirational speeches.
A: What are you dislikes?
B: My dislikes are eating ugali and beans.

INTRODUCING YOUR FAMILY

My name is Major.
I am thirteen years old.
I live at Manzese street.
I study at Manzese Open school.
I live with my parents.
My father’s name is David.
My mother’s name is Eveline.
My father is a pilot while my mother is a teacher.
I also have one brother and two sisters.
My oldest brother is called Elisha and he is an engineer.
My oldest sister is called Beauty and she is a soldier.
I am the last born in my family.

INTRODUCING OTHERS
This is my friend.
His name is Henry.
He lives at Mbangala street.
His father’s name is George.
His mother’s name is Joyce.
She is Christian by religion.
She is Pogoro by tribe.
She likes listening music.
She dislikes watching movies.

TIME TELLING/EXPRESSION OF TIME

What time is it?
-It is fifteen minutes past four am
-It is quarter to three am
-It is half past ten am
-It is quarter past six pm

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 EXPRESSION OF DAYS
There are seven days within a week, these are:
i. Monday
ii. Tuesday
iii. Wednesday
iv. Thursday
v. Friday
vi. Saturday
vii. Sunday

EXPRESSION OF DAYS IN FORM OF DIALOGUE

A: What is today?
B: Today is Monday.
A: What is a day after Thursday?
B: A day after Thursday is Friday.
A: When do you go to church?
B: I go to church on Sunday.
A: When do you go to mosque?
B: I go to mosque on Friday.
EXPRESSING INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
1. Who are you?
I am a student/ I am James.
2. Who am I?
I am Henry.
3. Who is your father?
My father is a teacher/ my father is Goodlisten.
4. Who is your best friend?
My best friend is Reagan.
5. Who is teaching you history?
Sir. Newton is teaching me history.
6. Who is your mother?
My mother is Anna Major.
7. Who was your headmaster in secondary school?
My headmaster was Sir. Tende.
8. Who was teaching you Geography?
Sir. Jota was teaching me Geography.
9. Which kind of phone do you like?
I like Samsung.
10. Which kinds of clothes do you prefer?
I prefer t-shirt.
11. Which class are you?
I am in pre-form one.

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12. When were you born?
I was born in 1998
13. When do you come to school?
I normally come to school at 8 am
14. When did you start your primary school?
I started my primary school in 2000.
15. When did you finish your primary school?
I finished my primary school in 2007.
16. Where were you born?
I was born at Manzese street.
17. Where do you live?
I live at Ilemela.
18. Where do you study?
I study at Paradise Education Centre.
19. Where do you wish to live?
I wish to live at Uzunguni.
20. What are you?
I am a student.
21. What is your future plan?
My plan is to be a businessman.
22. What do you dislike in your life?
In my life, I dislike gossiping.
23. What do you want?
I want my pen.

USES OF AM/ARE/IS
1. Am I your teacher?
Yes, you are my teacher or No, you are not my teacher.
2. Am I your friend?
Yes, you are my friend.
3. Am I your parent?
Yes, you are my parent.
4. Am I your enemy?
No, you are not my enemy.
5. Am I your neighbor?
No, you are not my neighbor.
6. Are you my relative?
Yes, you are my relative.
7. Are they pre-form one students?
Yes, they are pre-form one students.
8. Are they thieves?
Yes, they are thieves.
9. Are we students?

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 Yes, we are students.
10. Is he your father?
Yes, he is my father.
11. Is she your sister?
Yes, she is my sister.
12. Is Happy your monitress?
Yes, Happy is my monitress.
13. Is Ukungu skillful your school?
Yes, Ukungu skillful is my school.

GIVING DIRECTIONS;

WAYS USED TO ASK OR SHOW DIRECTIONS;

 Can you direct me to…?
 Turn left/ right and go straight to… at zebra
 Crossing and take a bus to… on your left follow Jacaranda street and then keep right

Words used when giving directions:

 Go straight
 Cross bridge
 Turn left
 Keep straight
 Turn right
 You will see
 Cross junction
 Walk along

Important issues when giving directions

 Use Basic English to offer directions.
 Short phrases are best.
 Speak slowly.
 Use clear pronunciation.
 Spell out words if necessary.

In giving directions:
1. Use transitions: After that, then, next, when you get to……… go
2. Specify distance: Some people feel better knowing how long it will take to get to their
destination, example "it’s about five minutes away."
3. Use landmarks: “You will see large clock", "You will see blue large building."
4. More useful language: It’s on [street name], It's opposite ...., It’s near .....
5. Repeat yourself: If you repeat the direction again, the other person will feel comfortable.
6. Clarify: Make sure that the person understands your directions, example "did you get all
that?"

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7. Don’t guess: I am sorry, I'm not from here, I'm afraid I can’t help you."

Examples of directions;
1. There is a television in the top right-hand corner.
2. There is a large table in the top left-hand corner.
3. There is a chair in the bottom left-hand corner.
4. There is a mat in the middle of the room.
5. There is a small table on the mat.
Example1;
Rehema; Excuse me could you tell me the way to the pharmacy?
Suzy; Yes, it’s the way, just go straight away after two houses turn to the left; it’s on the corner
opposite to the post office
Rehema; Thanks

Example 2;
o Where is the Ngorongoro crater?
The Ngorongoro crater is north-east of Arusha town.

Example 3;
Where is Kilimanjaro Airport?
o Walk along Makongoro road. Turn right on to Seth Benjamin Road. Stop when you come to the
junction with Sokoine Road. You will see Kilimanjaro Airport on your left.
o Walk along Makongoro Road. At the roundabout, turn right. Kilimanjaro Airport is the second shop
on the right-hand side.
o Walk along Makongoro Road. Turn right on to Seth Benjamin Road. When you come to the
junction with Sokoine Road, turn left. Take the second turning on the right. The Kilimanjaro is on
the left-hand side.

EXPRESSING PERSONAL AND GROUP ROUTINES/HABITS

My daily routine
My name is Julie and I live in Ilemela with my aunt. I work as an assistant manager at an
electric power company. I normally wake up at 6 am, brush my teeth and take a bath quickly
before having tea and vitumbua. Then I go to work, have lunch around noon and continue
with work. At 4 pm, I leave work and head back home. When I reach home, I usually find
my aunt busy watering the garden. I greet her, have a little rest until 6 when I prepare dinner.
We eat at 7:30 and watch some news before going to sleep at 10pm.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS;
1. What time does Julie wake up?
2. Who does Julie stay with?
3. What does Julie work as?
4. What time does Julie have lunch?

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 Class Routines/Habits
St. Theresa Secondary School is in the Kilimanjaro region. Students wake up at 4.30 am,
brush their teeth and at 11 they go for prayers before bathing and prepare for breakfast at 6.
At 7.30 am all students go to their classrooms. Break time is at 10.30 until 11 am until 2:30
pm when the bell rings and they all go back to their dormitories to freshen up. At 3, they have
their lunch after which all students carry out their personal routines. At 5 pm, students go for
prayer and go to the dining hall for supper at 6pm. At 7 pm, all students go to their classes for
self-studies until 10 pm, when they go back to their dormitories to prepare for sleep. All lights
are switched off at 10.15.

SAMPLE QUESTION;
1. Write down your school’s daily routine.

EXPRESSING PREFERENCES

Example;
My name is John and I like bananas and avocados. My friend Asha prefers drinking tea to
coffee. My brother, Amabilis prefers travelling to staying at home all year. I prefer living in
town to living in the village because we have access to more services in town.

SAMPLE QUESTION;
1. What does John's prefer to eat?
2. What does John’s older brother prefer?
3. Where does John prefer to live?

STATEMENT ABOUT OWNERSHIP

These are groups of words that show/express possession. Possession is indicated by
apostrophe [‘] s. For instance; Zuena’s father, Zueka’s family. Different pronouns are used to
indicate possession; these usually come at the end of the sentence or clause.

Example;
1. This is my pen. It belongs to me. It is mine.
2. Our school has a big playground.
3. My sister has a car. It is her car. It belongs to her. It is hers.
4. I have a new bag. My bag is big.
5. I own a new car.
6. It is his boat.
7. My brother owns a big house.

PEOPLE’S PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

Example
My name is Anne and I have two sisters. My younger sister is fair in complexion. My other
sister is beautiful and attractive. She has a daughter called Narsa who is tall and a son called
Anal, who is short. My grandfather has grey hair; he is old and balding as well. My brother
is dark skinned and very handsome.

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 SAMPLE QUESTIONS;
1. Describe your father's physical appearance.
2. Describe the physical appearances of your family members.

DESCRIBING ONE’S OWN CHARACTER

Example 1
My name is Juma. I am a good-hearted person, I am sincere and generous to people with
problems, but I am sometimes careless with other people’s internal or personal issues.

Example 2
I have two friends at school; one is called Ionia and the other is Natal. Natal is a kindhearted
person and is very generous with a charming and welcoming face. She is also silent and gentle.
Ionia is more careless and often gets into trouble.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS
1. In a single paragraph, describe the character of your friends.
2. Describe the character of your family members.

EXPRESSING STATE OF HEALTH

Example;
My name is Jackie and I am a student at Patience Secondary School. I usually get very painful
headaches. I decided to see a doctor who asked me to describe my headaches. I told him that
when my headache, I feel dizzy and it usually aches on sunny days. The doctor asked what
medicine I take for my headaches. I told him that I only drink water and get some rest. The
doctor decided to conduct a medical checkup on me and discovered that I had eye problems
and malaria. He prescribed some pills and advised me to get spectacles for my eye problem.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS;
1. What did Jack do with the doctor?
2. What was the problem Jack was experiencing?
3. What symptoms did Jackie have?
4. What medicine did Jackie take?

EXPRESSING FUTURE PLANS/ACTIVITIES

Talking about future plans/activities is normally done using words and expressions such as
'will', 'shall', 'next', 'tomorrow', 'are going' to', 'about to', and infinitives such as can, may,
could, should, would, might, etc.

There are four common ways to talk about future activities

1. Future simple tense (I will do)
2. Future progressive (I'll be doing)
3. Present continuous tense (I am doing)
4. Present simple tense (I do)

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 Examples
1. I shall decorate my house.
2. I will do it today.
3. She will talk to me.
4. I shall phone him at his office.
5. He will be flying home on Sunday.
6. Jane will write a letter to her mother.

Be + to infinitive
1. We are to be married soon.
2. She is to be regarded as politician.
3. You are to be back by 10 o'clock.

Be about + to infinitive
1. We are about to leave Morogoro.
2. She is about to complete her studies.
3. They are about to visit us.

Be + v- ing + to infinitive
1. They are going to see the headmaster.
2. I am going to see a doctor tomorrow.
3. They are going to eat rice today.
4. We are going to wash our clothes tomorrow.
5. My aunt is coming tonight.
6. We are leaving next week for Nachingwea.

The use of may, might, can, could, should

1. I would like to declare the meeting open.
2. We may help you next mouth.
3. They should go to school easily.
4. He could do his exams next month.

TALKING ABOUT EVENTS

When you are talking about an event, you have to know what took place in that event. The
events took place either at home, in your street, school or nation wise. The event might be a
celebration, an accident, elections or a sport match or game. When you want to talk about an
event you have to note the following:
 The place where the event took place.
 The date and time of an event.
 Participants of that event; examples are the president, vice president, teachers,
students and other people.
 Important information and things that which took place like awards, songs,
deaths, winners, losers etc.
 Read different stories to learn more.

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 INDEPENDENCE DAY
1. When does the celebration take place
2. Where did it take place.
3. Who was the guest of honour.
4. What social and cultural activities colored the occasion.
5. What make you remember the day.
6. What is the significance of this celebration.
7. Why is honoured and upheld in our nation.
8. Mention other kind of holiday celebrated in our nation.
9. If this celebration want be conducted what will happen.

INDEPENCE DAY
It is celebrating on Dec 9th each year last year Independence Day celebration took place at the
Dar es Salaam National Stadium. The President of the United Republic of Tanzania his
Excellence Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete was the guest of honour. The celebration started at around
8:30 in the morning. The other invited guest in the celebration were ambassadors, Ministers,
government official and one president of Zanzibar.

The was colored by various activities such as traditional during, comedy, national anthem the
pared by national defense and security soldiers, I remember this event because it marks the
government day on which our national obtained her independence. Also this was among
having rain fall in the history of our nation, also it to lose on this day that I saw the president
of Zanzibar for the first time.

The day on which our country became free from Colonial domination. Every nation in the
world honour and uphold the day which they got their freedom because it is like the birthday
of this country. It is on this day that our nation came into during.

Other kind of holiday celebrated you’re by our nation include, revolution day, Union day,
Sabasaba, Nane Nane, Nyerere day, Karume Day, Workers day, Maulid, Christmas, Easter,
Id, New year If this celebration won’t be conducted nothing wrong really will happen, but it
is a great day and country use to remember it, so it must be celebrated to honour our national.

TALKING ABOUT ACCIDENT 1 st April 2008

Write a story about “Terrible accidents” you have ever seen. Use guidelines below.
1. What is the title of your story?
2. Where did it occur?
3. How many cars were involved? Were there pedestrians on cyclists?
4. What caused the accident?
5. What damage did the accident cause?
6. What should be done to reduce accidents?
7. What are your opinions?

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 THE TERRIBLE ACCIDENTS
The accident occurred along Morogoro road at that place called Manzese. Two cars were
involved in this accident, one push car, Ferrari which was leading to town and Daladala town
bus coming from Kariakoo, going to Ubungo.

This accident is said to be caused by careless among the drivers, also the town bus had serious
mechanical problems, the driver us the Ferrari was heavily drunk the place had hardly any
road safety sign, road safely regulatory were not observed one of the drive had no driving
license, high speed also is claimed to be the reason so this terrible accident which took away
life of many people.

The accident caused loss of life and properly, passengers were seriously injured some lost
important organs of the bodies two cars were severely damaged. Other damages registered
include destruction of road lights signs, one bicycles completely crushed.

Measures to reduce the rate of accidents should be put into action for instant, installation of
road signs the drivers who break road safely regulations should be severely punished speed
governors should be used. Thus please to be educate about road safety. Drivers should be
skilled and traffic officer should inspect all cars and buses.

Generally speaking, cars have become dangerous be taking away peoples life maliciously. I
am of the opinion that road safely education should be given the same emphasis as AIDS
education.

TALKING ABOUT CELEBRATION AS CONFIRMATION DAY

It was celebrated on 15th November 2002. It first takes place on the community church then
later on it was celebrated at Sea Cliff Hotel.

My Uncle, Mr. Dennis was the guest of honour. The celebration started at around 10:30 in
the morning. The other guests were aunt, Neighbors, best friends also some neighbors.

The event was colored by a very big confirmation cake, taste food, lost drinks and other drink
which people liked, also some traditional dance and music colored the event. I remember this
event because this was my first time to get confirmation and it was something which was
thought. I remember this event because Polycarp Cardinal Pengo was confirming so also got
a chance to see him for the first time. So also got a chance to see him for the first time.

In Christians, especially in Roman Catholic every child should get confirmation so as to

become a good Christian. Other kind as celebration are communion, baptism, confirmation
and others If the ceremony is not given to a Christians he or she will not be a good Christian
like is supposed to be.

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 Talking about celebrations
Example
TALKING ABOUT A GRADUATION DAY CEREMONY AT OUR SCHOOL
My name is Jane and I am a form one student at James Sangu secondary school in Mbeya
region at Mbozi district. On the 12thof September there was a form four graduation ceremony
at our school. The ceremony started early at 8:00 am, the school bell rang and all student
gathered in the assembly ground. After that, the teacher on duty gave all class leaders the
event timetable, and told all of us to go to the assembly hall and seat as we were arranged the
day before. Students had their rows, teachers sat on the time table and parents sat adjacent to
the students.

At 9:00 am teachers entered in the assembly hall and all students and parents who came earlier
stood to show respect. The headmistress then entered with the guest of honor; the Mbeya
regional commissioner MR Abass Kandoro. After their entrance all students, teachers and
others sat down.

The headmistress introduced the guest of honor to the audience, then introduced teachers and
the audience to the guest of honor. After the introductions there was a short speech from the
headmistress welcoming all to the event. After this form two, and form four students’ sand
farewell songs. A speech from a form four student head prefect followed, after which there
was a speech from the school head and a closing speech by the guest of honor MR Kandoro.

After the speech Mr. Kandoro handed out leaving certificates to form four students and
awards to the best students of the year from form one to form four and I was among of them!
I received a gift of Sh 50000 as the best form one student and leading in seven subjects. I was
so happy and surprised by the money, which I'm planning to use to buy review books for my
form two national examinations.

After the awards all students and parents went to the dining hall for lunch at 3:00. Mr.
Kandoro and the remaining staff had lunch in the teachers‟ staff room. At 4:22 the graduation
ceremony was delayed.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS;
1. What is the date of the event?
2. Who was the guest of honor?
3. What was the aim of the event?
4. What is the name of the school which Jane is studying?
5. What is Jane planning to do with the money?

Talking about Accidents

Example; Car accident
Disappointment, disbelief and fear filled my mind as I lay on my side sandwiched between
the cold, soft dirt and the hot, slick metal of the car. The weight of the car pressed down on
the lower half of my body with monstrous force. It did not hurt; my body was numb. All I
could feel was the car hood's mass stamping my body farther and farther into the ground. My
lungs felt pinched shut and air would neither enter nor escape them. My mind was buzzing.

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What had just happened? In the distance, on that cursed road, I saw cars driving by
completely unaware of what happened, how I felt. I tried to yell but my voice was unheard.
All I could do was waiting. Wait for someone to help me or wait to die.

The third maddening buzz of my alarm woke me as I groggily slid out of bed to the shower.
It was the start of another routine morning, or so I thought. I took a shower, quarreled with
my sister over which clothes she should wear for that day and finished getting myself ready.
All of this took a little longer than usual, not a surprise, so we were running late. We hopped
into the interior of my sleek, white Thunderbird and made our way to school.

With music blasting, voices singing and talking, it was another typical ride to school with my
sister. Because of our belated departure, I went fast, too fast. We started down the first road
to our destination. This road is about three miles long and filled with little hills. As we broke
the top of one of the small, blind hills in the middle of the right lane was a dead deer. Without
any thought, purely by instinct I pulled the wheel of the car to the left and back over to the
right. No big deal but I was going fast. The car swerved back to the left, to the right, to the
left. Each time I could feel the car scratching the earth with its side. My body jolted with the
sporadic movements of the car. The car swerved to the right for the last time. With my eyes
sealed tight, I could feel my body float off the seat of the car.

I opened my eyes to see the black road in the distance above me. I could feel the cold ground
on the side of my body. I couldn't move and couldn't understand why. It had happened so
quickly. I lay there until my mind comprehended what had happened. I was wedged between
the hood of the car and the dirt. The car rustled, every movement of the car pierced my body.
It was my sister. She was okay. I could see her slowly crawl out of the back seat window then
tear away. I opened my mouth to yell her name but air failed to escape my lips. Gasping like
a fish out of water, I dreamily lived there until someone would help.

I heard an uneasy voice in the distance, "Betsy! Oh my God! Betsy!" It was my dad. I was
disappointed and embarrassed of myself. I had let him down. My voice yelled for help as my
heart beat rapidly with fear and relief. The car jiggled. I could feel the weight of the car lift
slowly off me. For the first time, intense pain struck my lower half. "Crawl out of there,"
someone yelled to me. I pushed against the ground with all my might but I couldn't move.
The pain was excruciating, nevertheless I could not feel the lower half of my body. I felt
paralyzed. Still struggling to move, I felt strong arms glide around my shoulders and under
my armpits. They drug me out of the way of the falling car. My dad had saved me. As I lie
on the weed covered ground, several people surrounded me. I dreamily looked around and
saw my sister sitting Indian style next to me, plastered in blood. She had run barefoot to the
nearest house to call the police and my dad. She was my angel. We sat there in shock. Was it
just a dream? Everything had happened so fast. Every minute lying on that dirt felt like a
lifetime. Strangers kept poking every inch of my body and prodding me with questions that I
didn't have answers to. Finally, the ambulance arrived. They rushed over to my sister and I.
They asked me a number of questions that I obliviously answered and started to get me ready
to go. With a bright orange brace around my neck they slowly pushed me onto a stiff
backboard. Each tiny movement they made pierced my lower half like a knife. We finally
made it into the ambulance and made our way to the hospital.

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My sister and I were sent to Delta Hospital. My sister was all right. She had stitches in her
eye, head and elbow. I was relieved that she was not severely injured. I don't know what I
would have done if something extremely bad had happened to her. I was sent to the Denver
Memorial Hospital, where I went under surgery that same night around midnight. A plate
was put on my hipbones to help them stay together. I was in the hospital for six days and in
a wheel chair for around eight weeks.

I have now realized how precious life really is and that it can be taken away in a single minute.
This is even easier when you are driving a car. One little mishap can result in extreme injury
or even death. I am lucky that my sister is all right and that I lived. I will never forget that
moment when I was lying on the ground, disappointment flooding my mind, waiting.

ASKING FOR SERVICE

Making Telephone Calls

1. The Telephone is an electronic device used for communicating with someone who is far
and who also has a phone. We have land line technology and mobile technology.
2. Landline is the earliest technology used almost all over the world. Landline uses set of
wires and cables that carry telephone signals under or over the ground. This system uses
an analog technology which cannot save numbers or receive written messages, it saves
only one function of calling by dialing a number from the phone book to make a call. In
this form of communication, you need to introduce yourself very well before you start
speaking.

Example
FRANK: My name is frank, I am calling from Moshi and I need to speak with Mr. Juma
Rajabu from your company.
RESPONSE: okay Mr. Frank, Mr. Juma is in a meeting, I am his secretary can you leave a
message?
FRANK: Just tell him Mr. Frank called.

Things to Consider When Making Phone Calls

1. Have the number to call.
2. The name of the person you need to speak to.
3. Have all of your personal info at hand (if you are speaking to person who is new to you)
when you introduce yourself prefer your last name or the popular name you are using.
4. Be precise (go straight to the point do not beat around the bush).
5. Use simple words and phrases; avoid using complex vocabularies an vague words. 6.
6. Always check your line to see if it’s on air.
7. Consider the relationship you have with the person you are speaking to.
8. Telephone calls pass through a number of processes and systems of communication before
they reach the intended person. You may for instance, call Grace and begin insulting her,
and later on you come to know that you are not speaking to Grace but her mother.
Cheating and other misconducts are not allowed when making telephone calls.
9. Avoid monologue, allow the second party to listen and respond to what you are telling
him or her.

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10. After finishing talking make sure you hang up the call to save your money and avoid
misunderstanding with the second party.

Importance of Telephone
1. Emergency Purposes: One of the most important contributions the telephone has brought
to the lives of people is the ability to call during emergencies. There are over hundreds of
emergency calls made every day in every country across the globe.
2. Business Purposes: Another great use for telephones is for business. Telephones are a very
important tool for handling business. Without telephones most company's production
growth would slow down causing loss in money. Telephones are used by businessmen to
call their fellow businessman or their partners in business. Businessmen also use
telephones to call for meetings.
3. Home Purposes: Finally, the most common use of the telephone is in the home. Most
families and homes in the Tanzania have a telephone or two. Families are using
telephones to call their relatives and friends.

Talking about Reservations

Reservations are required for all services of public transport travelling for a long journey
of more than 60 kilometers in Tanzania. This is the process of obtaining a ticket to travel
before the time or day of departure. The process of making a reservation;
1. Make sure you know the date of your journey.
2. You have a fare to travel.
3. You know the kind of transport you will use to travel.
4. You know the office that can help you with the process.

Example
Mary is a student from Sangu secondary school in Mbeya, School is closed and she
wants to travel by bus to Mwanza. Let us see how she is going to do a bus reservation
at the Mbeya bus stand.
Mary: Good evening.
Customer care: Good evening, can I help you?
Mary: My name is Mary; I would like to travel to Mwanza on the 9th of December.
Customer care: It is Sh 60 000 per person.
Mary: I am a student, are students not allowed to pay half price for long journeys?
Customer care: Okay Mary you can pay Sh 30 000.
Mary: I am paying as we speak (prepare the ticket for me please).
Customer care: Don't worry (she is writing a ticket for Mary, and after two minutes the
ticket is ready)
Mary: Thank you!
Customer care: You are welcome!

TALKING ABOUT CULTURAL ACTIVITIES

1. Cultural activities are activities which are done according to the culture of a certain
place. In Tanzania we have different cultural activities like marriages, funerals,
harvesting celebrations, ritual celebrations and games.

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2. Games are physical or mental competitions that have rules and have participants in
direct opposition to each other. There are different types of games, for example,
football, basketball, handball, baseball, rugby, cricket, tennis and netball.
3. Football or soccer is a game played between two teams of eleven players with a
spherical ball; it is played in a rectangular field with two goals at the end. The object
of the game is to score by getting the ball into a goal. The goalkeepers are the only
players allowed to touch the ball with their hands while it is in play and only in their
penalty area. Outfield players mostly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, but can
also use their heads or torsos. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the
game wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the
game goes into extra time and/ or a penalty shootout depending on the format of the
competition.

Talking about games/sports

Example 1;
There are many different kinds of sports that are undertaken by a wide variety of
different people. Some people do sport for their career and other people purely do sport
for enjoyment and recreation. Some sports, like cricket, require the use of a lot of
equipment, while others need very little in order to successfully play a game in that
sport. Some people use public playing fields to play sport for free, while other sports
such as squash, tennis, badminton and table tennis are usually paid for on an hourly
basis in the comfort of a local leisure center.

Most sports are played with a round object often known as a ball. Some sports use
more than one ball and snooker is one of the unique sports that make use of a number
of balls while being played. The game itself is often controlled by an impartial
individual known as an umpire in cricket and a referee in sports like football and rugby.
Most sports have duration of not more than a few hours, however some athletic
tournaments can last for up to a week and a game of cricket can be five days in duration
before a winner is announced.

Some people prefer to watch sport. This can either be done by going to a stadium, a
local leisure center and park or on the television. It is often cheaper to watch sport
from the comfort of a person’s home than to visit the stadium or a special event. Some
sports, such as football and cricket, are really popular in the United Kingdom but not
in the USA. In the USA people often play basketball and baseball. However, most
countries put aside time to compete in world sporting events such as the football world
cup or the Olympics, which occur every four years.

Nowadays, people who suffer from any kind of disability are also encouraged to
participate in sport and most sport equipment is adapted to suit the needs of a disabled
person. This means sport is something that can be enjoyed no matter the physical
ability of the person. The para-Olympics takes place a week after the main event and
it is equally popular. Participation in sporting activity is encouraged by doctors and at
schools given the beneficial impact it has on the health of the individual that

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participates, and it is for this reason and the competitive nature of individuals that
sport remains a very popular activity worldwide.

Example 2;
It was Sports Day at our school so students gathered at the playground which was
full of students from different schools within the Morogoro region. At 4pm, a
match between Kilakala Secondary School and Bigwa Secondary School, a sister
school began. The referee called all players to line up at the center of the
football pitch and the coaches directed their teams to the center of the football pitch.
Spectators gathered and cheered at their teams.

One of player, Siha, injured another player, Janet, on her leg. Janet was given
first aid and treated for her injuries. When the match approached to the end, two
students ran into each other, and one of them, Jane, fainted. Five minutes before the
end of the match, the Kilakala football team scored a goal, declaring them the winners.
The referee blew his whistle and then team members left the football pitch.

Example 3;
A VOLLEYBALL MATCH
One day I went to watch a long waited for volleyball match between Azania sec school
and Tambaza High school teams. A larger crowd gathered at Benjamin stadium. The
captain of Azania secondary school team was the first to hit the ball and the match
begin.
The volleyball match is played by twelve players, each team with six players. Each
player has to rotate through six positions. The player at the center received the first
ball from the rival team. He or She receive the ball with arms closed together. He/ She
hit the ball to the settler or the speaker. The settle stands between two speakers close
to the net. The spikes are the ones who receive the third ball so as to smash it to the
rival team.

Then interfered by asking him how can one score a goal. He continued when the ball
from one team falls on the rival teams side it is counted as a point. Also when it is
smashed from one side to another and if players of the rival team fail to return the ball
or when it goes out after being touched ball or when it goes out after being touched by
one of the players it is counted as point. The reference counts fifteen (15) points. It is
normally the teams that decide to play three or five rounds. The winning team must
win two (2) rounds.

He stopped for a while; He then continued The referee should stand on the chair or
table near the net so as to clearly see each ball smashed towards any of the two teams.
In addition, there should be two referees use sigh language and whistle for any
communication with the players.

When I was about to ask him another question spectator from Tambaza High school
entered the playground and started to stone the referee, claiming that he was not fair
consequently our school sports master decided to tell the referee to end the match as

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 the situation was he becoming worse. Then the referee ended the match as he was as
advised. After that the students of each school were ordered to board their school
Lorries which took them to their fast arrived at Ihungo at 19:30hrs

SAMPLE QUESTION;
1. Explain to your friend how familiar you are with football.

Talking about marriage

Marriage is a relationship between husband and wife or a ceremony in which two
people are married to each other. The type, function, and characteristics of marriages
vary from culture to culture, and can change over time. In general, there are two types:
civil marriage and religious marriage, and typically marriages employ a combination
of both (religious marriages must often be licensed and recognized by the state, and
conversely civil marriages, while not sanctioned under religious law, are nevertheless
respected).
 Groom is a man who is getting married.
 Bride groom is a woman who is getting married.

Example
Donavan has asked me to talk today about what a great guy he is, and so I can honestly
say that he is handsome, brilliant, funny and perrr.... (TURN TO GROOM) ...
Donavan, I can't read your writing. What's this last word? Since we met, I have seen
his transformation from an awkward youth to a slightly less awkward adult, and it is
my great pleasure to speak on this important occasion.

Of course, we would not be here today without Angel and her ability to get shy old
Donavan to propose. Angel, I'm sure it was worth the wait. I often think that Angel
makes Donavan look good. Mainly by standing next to him. She is full of warmth,
humor and initiative.

Marriage is a serious matter which shouldn't be entered into lightly and at 200 pounds,
Donavan certainly isn't doing that.

In conclusion, these two married today for better and for worse. Donavan couldn't
have done better and Angel couldn't have done…. (look down at notes and pause)
better either. I'd like to thank the bridesmaids on behalf of the bride and groom. They
look wonderful, and I'm sure you'll all agree they have performed their role splendidly.
And finally, on behalf of everyone here, I can truly say we wish nothing but the best
for your future. You are a unique and perfectly matched couple, and we hope that all
your dreams come true and you have a magical life together. Ladies and Gentlemen,
please join me in a toast............. To the bride and groom.

SAMPLE QUESTION;
1. Identify and explain marriage activities.

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 Talking about Funerals
Example;
Susan was a remarkable woman who always held her head high and gave endlessly to
those around her. Born in Cowra NSW in 1949, Susan’s father George was an army
officer, and her mother Marie, a nurse.

Susan had an interesting upbringing – born into a family with a long history of military
service. Much of her early childhood was spent moving around with her family from
one posting to another, and she saw much of Australia as a young girl.

It was only by chance that first I met Susan a couple of weeks before they were due to
be posted to Canberra. The moment I set eyes on her, I knew she was the one for me.
She was the loveliest woman I had ever seen and reminded me of Greta Garbo from
one of the old movies – her poise, her grace and her beauty.

Our courtship was difficult as we had to overcome distance, but I was determined to
make her my wife. Susan and I came from different backgrounds: I was brought up in
the city and had never ventured out into the country, while Susan had grown up with
a military background, and had travelled to many places by the time she was 18. But
that didn't worry us – we complimented each other perfectly and got on like a house
of fire.

After getting permission from her father, I proposed, she said yes (eventually) – and I
was the happiest man alive. I remember how beautiful she looked walking down the
aisle at our Catholic church. Her big brown eyes and her cheeks flushed with
excitement, her father besides her looking as proud as punch.

It was only later that I found Susan shared my love of the old black and whites and
when we were first married, spent many evenings watching and reciting lines from
movies such as Casablanca and Camille, much to my delight.

Susan followed in her mother’s footsteps and became a nurse. It was a calling that she
said she always had as a little girl, influenced by both her mother’s vocation, and her
father’s and grandfather’s stories of war time and the Great Depression. Her want to
help and care for others was the very essence of the Susan I knew.

When we had Jenny, Susan was thrilled – we felt blessed. She had longed to have a
child of her own, but it had taken longer that we had hoped. Jenny was the apple of
her eye, and the two formed a strong bond. Susan was tough but fair and when Susan
got older, the two of them formed a special friendship that never faltered over the years.
In her last years, her pride was her four-year-old grandson, Roger.

When Susan fell ill, we were all devastated. She was always fit and strong, and on the
ball. She had so much to live for and so much love to give. She never liked any fuss
being made of her, and would chastise us if we ¬ as she would like to say – “flapped”

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around her too much. She was so used to caring for others that she couldn't be doing
with any fuss for her.

Susan, my beautiful, sweet, darling wife, may you be at peace, and God bless you.

SAMPLE QUESTION;
1. Write a story explaining how funerals are held in your culture.

EXPRESSING OPINIONS

DEBATE;
Is a formal occasion which consists/involves two parties such as opposer and
proposer. Debate may be done in schools, community and other social contexts.
Example;
Imagine that you are in a debate club; argue for the topic “Trafficking of girls from
rural to urban areas to be employed as house girls (house maids) should be stopped”
Answer;
TRAFFICKING OF GIRLS SHOULD BE STOPPED.
Mr. Chairman, Secretaries, time keeper and the audience at large. Good evening. I
feel honored to get this chance to support the motion that says trafficking of girls from
rural to urban areas to be employed as house girls should be stopped by the following
views;

To begin with, it leads to family separation. These girls who are transported most of
them are usually young. The period for them staying in the town is not known. This
long stay makes them to forget their homes, neglect their families and hence family
separation.

Also, it is against human rights because these girls are obviously young and in town
their labor a lot depending on their masters. This is simply termed as child labor which
is totally against human rights.

Moreover, it creates an environment for mistreatment. These young girls are

sometimes beaten by male members of the family as a situation which leads to
mistreatment of these young girls.

Finally, in order to eradicate the trafficking of girls from rural to urban areas; the
government should formulate laws which prohibiting the usage of young girls as house
girls hence this will facilitate the eradication of child labor.

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 CHAPTER 7
COMPREHENSION AND SUMMARY
COMPREHENSION;
Refers to the understanding or grasping of ideas or meaning. Comprehension requires the
acquisition of a set of skills or habits to aid your understanding of spoken or written substance.
HOW TO ANSWER QUESTIONS ON COMPREHENSION
1. Comprehension questions are questions are the questions that require the candidates to
read the given passage and answer the questions given basing on the comprehension.
2. When answering a question of this kind, a candidate has to adhere to the following key
points.
3. Must read the questions first before reading the given passage.
4. When reading the questions make sure that you note the main idea (s) of the set questions
so that when turning up to the passage you should capture the relevant answers easily.
5. Then read the passage carefully. You can also use skimming while reading.
6. Strictly produce your answers from the passage itself; never use your experience to give
answers which are out of the passage even. This may happen in the event when the
candidates are asked to suggest measures to be taken to avoid the spread of HIV/AIDS.
To this such a candidate has to give only those measures suggested under the passage.
7. If the questions demand short explanation. The candidates have to write it in a way that
it is brief by taking attention to only those points under the passage that real answer the
questions. Never reproduce the whole paragraph for a question that calls a candidate to
list/mention.
8. If there is a question that demands the candidates to suggest the suitable title for the given
passage, the candidate has also to adhere the scholarly way of writing the titles. This is the
title has to be very short not more than five words, it also has to be written in capital letters
followed by underlined.

HOW TO SUMMARIZE THE PASSAGE

A summary is a short version containing gist (main point) of something. It is a shortened
version of something that has been said or written, containing only the main points.
Therefore, to summarize something means to give a brief statement of the main points of
something. Summarizing any given passage/paragraph is simple. When summarizing any
passage/paraphrase the candidate has to adhere to the following key points. The summary
must consist important or main ideas only concerning the passage. To cement more
competence in this arena. Kindly learn the following examples.

IMPORTANT THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN WRITING A SUMMARY

1. Read the given passage and note the main ideas housed under the passage.
2. Summarize the passage/paragraph using his/her own language/words.
3. Avoid detail copying is strictly prohibited in summary writing.
4. Keep the originality of the work (text). Don’t include issues or information that may
distort the meaning of the original text.
5. Good and logical flow of ideas.
6. Proper use of punctuation marks i.e. commas, full stops, brackets, question marks etc.

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7. Proper usage of tenses and vocabularies.
8. Consider the number of sentences needed.

Example 1
Read and summarize the following passage in the five sentences in a single paragraph.
Mpina secondary school had a traditional of holding a public talk in the school hall. On the
eve of the closing day when the students had settled down, the teachers arrived and took their
seats on the stage.

But one person Omary stood out among the people on the stage, the students were surprised
to see Omary seated next to the school captain and soon there were murmurs all over the hall.
Some students started saying that may be Omary had been made the deputy school captain
but others opposed such possibility.

Their debate was however cut short by the duty master who stood up and introduces the
speaker of the day who turned to the counselor Mrs. Madenge. Mrs. Madenge stood and
began “today, I am going to talk to you about emotion that we all experience but many times
we keep hidden in our hearts.

That is why I have asked Omary to sit in front with us today because he is the one have
confronted this emotion and come out quite successfully. You have all witness of the change
has place in him.
Answer:
On the eve of closing day at Mpina Secondary school, Omary seated next to the school captain. Everyone
was very much surprised by that. The commotion from students arose for sometimes until the appointed
speaker Mrs. Madenge stood up to speak. She explained on the topic she wanted to talk was about
emotion. Finally, she concludes saying the reason as to why Omary has seated in front as he has now
changed as we can all witness.

Example 2.
Read and summarize the following passage in about 40 words.
At 8:30 this morning a body a man was found. Someone had murdered him. A small knife
was found near the body. The murdered had probably used that knife. The police doctor said
the man had died about eight hours before. The murder had probably happened between
midnight and one o’clock.

The police questioned three men but didn’t tell them about the murder. The first man said he
had been at home for the whole evening. He had watched the television and gone to bed early.
The second man told the police that he spent the evening with some friends.

They had been to the cinema together. He got home at about eleven o’clock. The third man
said he didn’t know anything about the murder. He said to the police, ‘I don’t know Mr.
Kadenge. I have never owned a knife; I was asleep at midnight. I didn’t murder Kadenge’.
The policeman arrested him and he was charged for the murder of Mr. Kadenge.

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 Answer:
A certain man was found dead at 8: 30 this morning with a small knife near him. A post –mortem
confirmed that he died around midnight. After questioning three suspects, the police arrested the third as
he denied knowing, murdering Mr. Kadenge or ever owning a knife.

Example 3.
Read the passage below carefully and summarize it in one paragraph of five sentences. Do not write
numbers.
The importance of traditional medicine is acknowledged even today in many parts of the
world. Over 80% of the general global population (especially in the developing word) depends
on traditional medicines for their health needs. Even in U. S. A, one third of the adult
population use some form of alternative medicine such as herbal supplements and other
therapies. And in East Africa, traditional plants and herbs like neem (Mwarobaini), aloevera
and stinging nettle are becoming very popular as popular as supplements or therapies for a
variety of ailments. Although the potential of traditional medicine is widely acknowledged in
Africa, enough has not yet been done to utilize plants with proven health usefulness. More
should be done in that field. It is possible for example to more widely grow medicinal plants
that can be used for local or industrial production of medicine and herbal supplements.

Answer;
The writer talks about the importance of traditional medicine. He shows that about 80% of the world
population use traditional medicines. Moreover, the writer insists on the importance of traditional
medicines to the developed countries. Examples of traditional medicines that are mostly used are herbal
supplements, tradition therapies and plants. He continues elaborating that more studies should be done
in order for traditional medicine to be more effective to the others.

Example 4
Read and summarize the following passage into five (5) sentences.
Substances which allow electricity to flow through them are called conductors. Those which
do not allow electricity to flow are called insulators. Examples of conductors are metals, salts
and inorganic acid solutions. Insulators include air, plastic materials, rubber, wood, paper,
ebonite, pure water and organic acid solutions. Silver is the best of the metallic conductors,
copper is the next best.

Pure copper inside flex and plastic materials is widely used for connecting wire for domestic
and commercial supplies. When impurities, however small are mixed with pure copper an
alloy is produced of much lower conductivity or, to put it the other way, of much higher
electrical resistance. Nichrome and manganic are two copper alloys used in circuits are
resistance wire. The insulating properties of materials can break down under certain condition
and they become conductors. For example, air at normal pressure is usually an insulator but
flashes of lightning show their conducting path during electrical storms.

Answer;
There are two categories of substances as far as scientific electricity concepts are concerned. These are
known as conductors and insulators. The difference between the two are very clear where by the former
allows electricity to flow through them while the latter does not. Metals, salts and inorganic acid solutions

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are good examples of conductors while the examples of insulators include silver and copper. However, it
is possible for insulating properties to become insulate.

Example 5
Read and summarize the following passage into five (5) sentences.
Agriculture is the most commonly activity practiced by human. It involves the cultivation of
crops and animal rearing. Agriculture can be done for subsistence or for commercial purposes.
Even activities like storage processing and marketing of agricultural products are also
regarded as part of agriculture.
Small scale agriculture is practiced on relatively small plots of land to meet both subsistence
and commercial needs. It is characterized with the use of elementary tools, family labor and
use of organic manure from animals.
However, rapid population growth may affect the small scale agriculture as it leads to the
reduction of the sizes of farms. Small scale agriculture had some advantages including
growing of variety of food crops, source of income.
Answer:
Agriculture is the activity of growing crops and keeping animals. Small scale agriculture uses simple tools.
Increase in population affect small scale farming. Small scale agriculture helps us to get different varieties
of food. It is also the source of income to agriculturalists.
TAKING NOTES
This is the process of taking notes, either from spoken or written text. For example, from
radio, television broadcasting and different stories or speeches or in the papers. What to
consider when taking notes from different sources. These include:
 To note down important information.
 Write in short phrases, not long sentences.

To use dashes and other marks to separate points. These marks are used to separate the noted
points to avoid mingling and/or redundancies.

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 CHAPTER 8
COMPOSITION
MEANING OF COMPOSITION;
Refers to a piece of writing on a particular topic, event or person. It can be expository,
narrative, argumentative or descriptive compositions. Composition can be written at collage,
school, and university as a part of studies or assignment given on a particular course. In
writing composition, a student is supposed to generate his/her own ideas and use them to
narrate, describe, explain, argue, or persuade a certain thing or event.

Composition involves writing essays, letter, poems, stories, debates, speeches, dialogue,
which involve a collection of ideas that are organized in a good manner /pattern on a given
topic or subject.
Things to consider when writing a composition
1. Title: Start with the title, the title should be written in capital letters. The title should be
underlined if hand written and bold if type. The title should relate with the topic or subject
given. Think of the number of words if it is given.
2. Introduction which relates to the title i.e. defines, explains the key words from the title.
3. Main body: This is the main part of the composition. Discuss your ideas in point in
relation to the topic or subject given, planned. The main ideas should precede the minor
ideas. Consider the logical arrangement of your ideas and points.
4. Conclusion: Under this part, you may give suggestions, views, opinions on the topic
discussed. It should reflect the whole content discussed in your essay.
There are various types of composition, namely:
1. Narrative composition/essay; that account or give stories of events.
2. Expository composition/essay; that explain something with facts, as opposed to opinion.
3. Descriptive composition/essay; are concerned with describing objects, experience or
ideas.
4. Argumentative/persuasive composition/essay; are written to present on opinions which
either favors or disagrees with a controversial topic.

ESSAY WRITING;
Is generally speaking a written composition containing an expression of one’s personal
experience, opinions or ideas on a subject.
Main parts of an essay;
1. Introduction; in this section you should introduce your view or main theme. It is usually
written in the first paragraph.
2. Body of an essay; in this section you should describe your view or opinion in your own
way, in this way you should prepare the body of an essay.
3. Conclusion; in this section you should give your conclusion but not in more than one
paragraph. Try to give effective conclusion.

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 IMPORTANT THINGS (HINTS) IN ESSAY WRITING
1. Before writing an essay, think careful and note down the main points in a piece of paper
and set down the various ideas that come to.
2. Arrange your thoughts in a logical order because you cannot write good essay without
plan.
3. Each paragraph should explain different views of your opinion on the same subject. So
you Should divide your essay into various paragraphs.
4. Use simple language with simple words and simple sentences.
5. Avoid punctuations, spelling and grammatical errors (mistakes).
6. Avoid usage of contracted (short) forms. Example: Etc. = Et cetera. Isn’t = is not. Don’t
= Do not. Shouldn’t = should not. E.g. = Example.
7. Choosing a point of view. A point of view informs us about who tells a story. The story
teller can be the first person, the second person or the third person.

In addition to the above statement, in order to produce a scholarly composition, when

writing a composition kindly adheres to the following view points;
1. Use attractive hand writing, well-spaced and beautiful shaped letters roughly, 7-9 words
in a single line.
2. Make your composition easy to read without any constrains.
3. Punctuations should be correctly used.
4. Vocabularies should correctly be chosen and used.
5. Make your story as interesting as possible and humor as possible.
6. To hold the attention of the readers all related ideas should be contained in a single
paragraph and properly develop idea from sentence to sentence and paragraph to
paragraph.
7. Before handing over your work to the reader proof read it to ensure that there is no careless
mistakes.
8. Be careful to the way you conclude your composition and make sure that there is a
concluding statement.
9. When you finish writing your composition you should proof read / edit your work, so as
to make the work clean and precisely.

Example 1.
WHY STUDENTS FAIL TO COMMUNICATE IN ENGLISH
Communication is the process of conveying from one person or group to another. Although
English is the medium of instruction at school in Tanzania. Most still fails to communicate
in this language. The reasons for this failure may be analyzed as follows English is a foreign
language; in this case it poses a big challenge using it in communication among the students.
English is not the mother tongue to most students, it is the second or third language, hence
students grow up thinking and speaking in another language may be Kiswahili which is much
preferred and mostly used because most of people at home on the streets use Swahili language.

Lack of strong foundation in English, this is another reason as to why majority of fellow
students fail to communicate in English as most of primary schools use Swahili as their
medium of instruction. Also all subjects except English are taught in Swahili in most primary

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school. As results students miss the foundation in English they keep mastering and getting
used to Swahili language.

Lack of English competent teachers, this is because having leant in an environment where
English is not practiced and with poor foundation, most English teachers are poor in English
as well. They cannot communicate in English fluently. The consequence is that they also
produce incompetent students.

Lack of practice to most students especially while in school or even beyond the school
compound is another reasons behind the failure of students to communicate in English
language, in sense that language mastering needs practice. Most of students fail to practice
communication in English thoroughly since they come from environments where this
language is not spoken or used at all.

Ignorance is another hindrance towards mastering of this language in sense that some students
for example those pursuing sciences think that they do not need English much. This is due
their ignorance because of masterly of language comes before profession, after all the science
written in English also some of the students feel shy to speak English in front of their fellow
thinking that they would lough at them making some mistakes.

Historical point of view has also contributed to the mastery of English language due to the
fact that some people say that English is a colonial language, they feel bad to keep on
communicating using a language of people who once tortured and ill-treated their fore fathers.

Generally, we have to work in ensuring that we best master English by reading different
novels, making practices since English plays much role in different aspects such as in politics,
business and indeed cultural practices.

Example 2
THERE IS NO ONE LIKE MY MOTHER.
A mother is a female parent of a human. She is simply a woman in relation to her child or
children. I really find it very difficult to get proper words to tell how anxious I am to talk
about my mother who is always charming and loving to her children.

Next week is my lovely mother’s birthday, and here I am hundreds of miles away! How I
wish, I was there to congratulate her in person and share this so happy an occasion. Physically
I am here and yet mentally I am there with her. Dear mother, she is always in my thoughts.

I remember in my childhood days, there was a very frightening incident happened to me

which actually makes me always remember and admire my mother the most. It was a Sunday
evening when I was at a playground with my friends. All of a sudden, there emerged three
hooded thugs who were on special mission of child kidnap. I couldn’t realize anything as I
was deeply occupied in the game. Those hooded thugs came and captured my two friends
and I. Muya and Jerry for those were my friend’s names. No sooner had the news of our
kidnap entered my mother’s ears than she ran as a mad dog coming for our rescue. My mother

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kept shouting “Arrest those bastards” she yelled. “The thieves of our children” she continued.
Since we were so young, we did not understand anything that was going on.

Those thugs were very threatened by my mother’s shouting such that one of them stopped so
as to challenge a fight with her. Luckily enough, my mother was very good at karate and it
took her only two minutes to defeat that cursed thug after giving him two tremendous jabs on
the neck.

When the other two thugs saw what happened to their fellow, they set us free and disappeared
very quickly like a flash of lightening. Thanks God to give me such a lovely, caring, brave,
fearless and courageous mother.

Another thing which makes me miss my mother more is her kindness, obedience and
generosity to different people. I remember the time the village children gathered at our home
place during evening listening to her various beautiful folk stories and provided us all with
delicious meals.

There was one night when I was seriously ill. That time my father was not at home, he was
outside the country. We were only the two of us in the house located at the middle of Bonde
village in Tanga. That midnight my mother carried me on her back to take me to hospital,
which was seven kilometers away from the village. Despite the darkness and the terror of the
night, my mother seemed not to give it a damn.

We had to cross the jungle known for its famous notorious animals. She walked all the way
to hospital with me clinging on her back without getting tired.

I really don’t know what to pay back my lovely mother. She is more than African queen to
me. I admire her courage and tolerance. This woman is precious to me more than a gold and
diamond a million times. I really love my mother. There is no one in this world like my
mother. Happy birthday to you my Mum.

Example 3
A RAILWAY JOURNEY
Our school closed for summer vacation on 15th May 2016. My father decided to take us to
Nainital. My uncle lives there. We packed our luggage, hired a taxi and reached the station
in time. We easily got our seats as we had got them reserved. The train was to start at 7 a.m.
At exact seven the guard blew the whistle. He waved the green flag and the train started. Soon
it gathered speed. I amused myself by looking out of the window.
The scenery outside was charming. We were passing over the ponds, tanks and rivers. There
were green fields on the way. While passing through fields I was feeling the freshness in the
air. All the houses, huts, trees and bushes seemed wheeling back.

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The journey from Ihansi to Nainital was very pleasant. The weather was cool and pleasant.
After two hours we reached Nainital. Uncle had come to receive us. We stepped down. It had
been a pleasant journey. We enjoyed every moment of it.

STORY WRITING:
Story writing enables the students to develop competence in skillful way of creativity writing.
Normally, a candidate is assigned a task demanding him/her to compose a story basing on
the set directives.

When writing any story, it is important to note that there is flow of ideas that bring logical
series. Equally important, the arrangement of the paragraphs should go along with the facts
so as to put points at hand.

If a candidate has been asked to write a story requesting him/her to “write the story ending
that is how we became friends”. Such a candidate is supposed to narrate the event that
precipitate to their mutual friends. Like, how they met, the place and activity (s) that made
them become friend.

Example 1
In not less than 250 words write an essay on “The accident I witnessed”.
An accident refers to something that happens with unexpected or unintended plan and that
often damages something or kills someone. This does not happen intentionally. I happened
to witness a motorcycle accident.

First of all, the cause of this accident was over speeding. The bodaboda rider who was riding
this motorcycle failed to negotiate the sharp corner. He almost hit and knocked me down. He
found himself in a trench.

Another cause of accident as I learned later, this rider had taken about ten packets of Kiroba,
kunai and plenty of jungle ram/illicit brew. In other words, drunkenness was the cause of this
accident. This made him mindless. He was real mad on the road.

The third cause of this accident was reckless riding. This victim was also riding turning his
head round to all directions to please the girls along the road who were claiming/applauding
him for over speeding. He was boosting and showing off. This added to the first mis-
happening.

I was told later by the eye witness that a minute before the accident the rider was on phone
with perhaps a passenger who wanted to pick up him. Other people said that the bodaboda
had its break discs loose. This is why he failed to apply them when he was approaching the
sharp corner.

The consequences of this accident are that the bodaboda rider had his shoulder broken, both
limbs dismembered and one arm amputated. I think, the doctor decided to teach him a lesson
for he spared his life.

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In order to avoid any kind of accidents, all road users should extra careful on the roads. The
drivers and riders must possess driving licenses, attend driving schools and adhere to traffic
roles without coercion. Otherwise, pedestrians as well should avoid frivolous behavior on the
roads in this context.

Example 2
Write a story ending with ……unending journey.
UNENDING JOURNEY
In today life new ideas discoveries and new knowledge’s are being discovered or developed
from the older ones to the newer ones. We find ourselves illiterate with many things whether
scientifically, socially or commercially. The world of today needs us to study always as new
knowledge’s are brought out every day.

In our country Tanzania we begin with primary schools for seven years then we join with
secondary studies for four years and thereafter we join with advanced secondary studies for
two years before join the university for the first degree, with the competitive world of
profession we still need to go for masters’ degree and go for PhD studies.

Most surprisingly, a person with a PhD may also go to attend the other studies of other
different professions as he finds himself missing other knowledge on other fields of
professions. A doctor may think of studying business despite of having a professional work,
the same doctor after completing studies in business may also think to join social science
studies. This doctor lacks some knowledge’s on other field of education.

Education is a wide field consists of different professions. Education gives knowledge’s to

people so as to master their environment and compete with modern changes. When we need
to be educated enough or to get know knowledge’s we need to study always without stopping,
thus it is like the ocean. There are so many professions such as teachers, pharmacist, doctors,
dentist, engineers, accountant, opticians, journalist, sportsmen’s, politicians, economics and
pilots. All these professions are results of education. Someone might be a dentist but may wish
to be a driver and some days later he may wish to be politicians and may wish to be more
than that with time.

Generally, a matter of being educated is unending journey as we can’t finish studying, we

should study always even if we are profession because the new knowledge’s are brought out
and the professions are updated. We need to go to school and then. This is unending journey.

Sample Questions
1. Write a story to end ……… “That is how we became friends”
2. Write a story ending …. I will never forget that day ever”

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 LETTER WRITING
What is a letter?
A letter is a piece of hand writing or printed text addressed to a recipient and sent by mail.
Or. A letter is a writing or printed message normally sent by post in an envelope. Therefore,
letter writing is the process of exchanging information, ideas and feelings through writing. By
letter writing, friends, family members, relatives, co-workers, subordinates, bosses and
government officials can communicate effectively. There are different types of letters: These
are such as social letters, business letters, application letters, letters to the editors, Complaint
letters, etc. All these and other types of letters perform different roles.

TYPES OF LETTERS:
1. Application letters.
2. Business letters.
3. Social letters/friendly.
4. Letter to the editor.

SOCIAL CORRESPONDENCE/INFORMAL/FRIENDLY LETTERS

The informal letters are normally written to our friends. These ones don’t follow any rule.
They can be written the way how someone wants.
 FRIENDLY/PRIVATE/PERSONAL LETTERS: These are those letters which are
written to friends, relatives or acquaintances. They are therefore written in a free – and
– easy manner.

FRIENDLY LETTERS;
Refers to the kind of letters which use your thought and feelings to get something done both
the content and the form of a letter say something for you and about you.
COMPONENTS OF FRIENDLY LETTER;
1. The writer’s address; the writer must have an address and this could appear at the top
right hand corner.
2. The date; it is important in any document including letters and it could be written in
several ways e.g. 30th June 2008.
3. The salutation; in writing letters to friends, relatives and loved ones, the salutation is
usually Dear….
4. The body of the letter; after the salutation, you can start the letter with a form of greeting
which you know the addressee will be happy with.
5. Ending of the letter; you can end the letter by asking about some familiar names or people
that you have not asked at the beginning of the letter.

FORMAT OF INFORMAL/FRIENDLY LETTER

1) ADDRESS.
Mazinyungu Secondary School,
P.o. Box 23416,
Morogoro.
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 2) DATE.
11th August 2015.
3) SALUTATION,
Dearest Brother,
4) BODY OF THE LETTER. The aim of writing this letter is to ask you send me some
money for bus fare as we expect to close school very soon. Many kisses and hugs and
a heap of love for my young brothers and sisters there at home.
5) COMPLEMENTARY CLOSE.
Your loving sister/brother,

EXAMPLES OF FRIENDLY/PERSONAL LETTERS

1) Write a letter to your best friend Aboliga the Frog living in Zanzibar telling him/her about your
plans of studying very hard if you succeed to join Form Two in the next academic year 2017. If
possible ask him/ her to send you some stationery like pens, books, ruler and other properties like
school bags and mathematical set.

KICHANGACHUI SEC SCHOOL,

P.O.BOX 524,
KIGOMA.
15th MARCH, 2016.

My dearest friend Aboliga the Frog,

I feel more than delighted to have this brilliant opportunity once and again of writing you this
letter. First of all, let me please know how you and your family are. What about the little kids
Junior, Muga and Maki? Are they all fine?

Back to me, I’m good and I continue well with my family only that Aunt Mwana was a little
sick two weeks ago but thanks God she is all Ok right now and back to work as usual. As for
my twin sisters Hafsa and Mwanaisha, they have just come from attending their Form Four
graduation ceremony the moment I’m writing down this letter.

Dear Aboliga, I’m very sorry for having taken so long in replying your letter you wrote me
about a month ago, you know I’m a bit busy getting prepared for my terminal exams at our
school.

The aim of writing this letter is just to tell you about my plans of studying very hard if I
succeed to join Form Two in the next academic year 2017. You know here at our school; we
have something what we call screening in which students are required to attain the school
required average to join the next class. For those students who fail to meet the required
average will have only two alternatives, whether to repeat a year or quit the
school, please pray for me to do well in my exams.

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Apart from that, I have a special request to you my dear special one; I’m kindly asking you
to send me stationery like pens, books, rulers, mathematical set and school bags when I let
you know of my positive results.
Love you more and miss you much,
Your one and only best friend,
Joe Kimani.

Ps: I’ll send you some of my pictures of school trips at Ngorongoro National Park in
Arusha caves, hope you’ll enjoy much. Take care, see you then and bye!

Example 2
AZANIA SEC SCHOOL,
P.O.BOX 9074,
DAR ES SALAAM.
12th DECEMBER 2008.
Dear mother,
It is my hope that you are doing well. It's been a long time since I last wrote to you. I am
generally fine and continue with my studies. By the way, we will close school for a short
holiday this Saturday till early April. I ask that you to send me some money for a bus fare
from school.

Please send me the money very soon so that I may pay the transport officers. Greetings to
brothers Jorum and Maven and sisters Jacky and Joan, as well as all my friends.

I hope to see you during holiday and pray for you with best wishes.

Your loving son,

Henry Morton.

Sample Questions.
1) Write a letter to your former friend who got transferred to another school last term. Tell
him about the progress you have made in your studies, the part you have been taking in
sports and other activities that have taken place at your school since he/she transferred.
2) Write a letter to your friend telling him/her what activities you will engage in at home
during your holiday. Sign your name as Juneid Ally/Alwiya Issa and your friend’s name
is Omary Siraji/ Shukuru Muhsin.
3) Write a friendly letter to your brother Mr. Kinga who stays at Singida. Ask him to send
you a bus fare as you are expecting to close the school for the holiday.
4) Your younger brother, Desa Kipanga, has been offered a place to form V at
Changanyikeni Secondary School and has decided to take a job straight. Write him a letter
to persuade him to change his mind, lest he regrets his decisions in future. Sign your name
as Shukuru Kipanga.

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5) Write a letter to your pen pal Sawak describing to him/her about mountain Kilimanjaro
in Africa. Talk about its peaks, beauty and its attraction to people from outside Tanzania.
The aim of your letter should be to attract your pen pal to come and see the mountain.
Use the following name and address; Dotto Masanja, P.O Box 15, Mwanza.

APPLICATION LETTERS
These are letters written when seeking an employment. They are very important as they help
the applicants to secure the employment. And since they concern your career, they should be
given sufficient attention and thought. Application letters are generally one page at most in
length and have a standard format.
1) The first paragraph explains which job you are applying for and how/where you heard
about it.
2) The second paragraph briefly describes your most relevant qualifications and/or
experience.
3) The third paragraph explains why you want the job and why you think you would be good
at it.
4) The final paragraph says how you can be contacted and/or when you are available for an
interview.
5) Never write your name at the top of the letter.

THE OPENING STATEMENTS IN APPLICATION LETTERS

1) In responses to your advertisement for the post of……………………………………….
2) I have come to know through a reliable source that you urgently need the services of a
receptionist.
3) I wish to apply for the post of Sales Representative, advertised in the Daily News of 23rd
July 2017.
4) I have the honor to apply for the post of Purchase office advertised in yesterday’s Sunday
News.
5) I have the honor to respond to your advertisement of yesterday’s Majira Newspaper for
the post of Human resource officer.
6) With reference to the Guardian Newspaper of 5th August, I would like to apply for the
post of Assistant lecture at your University.

CLOSING STATEMENTS APPLICATION LETTERS

1) If offered this job, I would do my best to win your confidence through hard and sincere
work.
2) I look forward to hearing soon from you.
3) I wonder if you would kindly give me an opportunity to present my candidature in detail
in person.
4) I look forward to an early interview at your convenience. Yours faithfully.
5) I look forward to hear from you soon, and to be given an opportunity to present my
credentials in interview. Yours faithfully.

OTHER USEFUL EXPRESSIONS IN FORMAL LETTERS

 Further to my later of 25th November 2017.

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  Perhaps you would be kind enough to let us know…………….
 I enclose with this letter copies of my certificates.
 We note from your letter of 2nd January 2015 that………….
 We are wondering whether……………. E.g. We are wondering whether you have
perhaps concentrated too much on the academic aspects of the matter.
 We trust that……………. E.g. We trust that the payment will be made before the end
of this month.

CLOSURE
 Hoping to hear from you soon…………….
 Thank you once again…………………….
 A waiting an early reply…………….
 Looking forward to hearing from you soon………….

FORMAT OF OFFICIAL/FORMAL LETTER

1. SENDER’S ADDRESS.
Mazinyungu Secondary School,
P.o. box 23416,
Morogoro.
2. DATE.
11th August 2015.
3. RECEIVERS ADDRESS,
The Class Master,
Form Three Girls,
P.o.box 23416,
Morogoro.
4. SALUTATION.
Dear Sir
5. HEADING OF THE LETTER.
E.g. RE: FAILURE TO SIT FOR ENGLISH TEST.
6. BODY OF THE LETTER.
I am writing to form you that I was not able to sit for the last week announced English
test. I was very sick suffering from Malaria and I had to attend the medical check – up.
7. COMPLEMENTARY CLOSE.
Yours faithfully.
8. SIGNATURE
R.M
Rubby Magnus

An application letter regardless of their purpose, consist of the following parts or

elements:
1) Writer’s/ sender’s address – this is written on top right hand corner. This part is also called
a letterhead.
2) Date – (this is under a sender’s address), it shows the date of the letter i.e. the day in which
the letter was written.

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3) Reference number (= if any) on right hand side below the date.
4) Receiver’s / sender’s address – this is written on left hand corner /side. It consists of the
name or title of the person, place of business or any place where the letter is intended to
reach.
5) The salutation; this is the greeting that begins the letter. Use dear Sir/Madam if you write
to someone whose name you don’t know i.e. he or she is not known to you.
6) Heading; it should be very brief starting with RE: or REF:-the heading should carry a
message (theme of the letter. It should be capital letter and underlined it if is handwritten
but do not underline if it typed, bold it.
7) Body /message -it contains the message or the information of the letter. It is most
important part which requires good flow of ideas and well punctuated.
8) Complementary close. -it consists of the words of respect to show the feeling of the writer
of the letter towards his/ her correspondent / receiver of the letter. It should also relate
with the salutation.
9) Signature of the writer.
10) Full name plus the name of the company, office or firm which the writer represents,
written at an extreme end of letter. Although sometimes a company name may be written
above the letter.

EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION LETTERS.

SAMPLE ONE
MJIMWEMA VILLAGE,
P. O BOX 12567,
DAR ES SALAAM.
13TH MARCH 2018.

THE DIRECTOR,
MAGAE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE,
P. O. BOX 60435,
DODOMA.

Dear Sir,

RE: APPLICATION FOR THE POST OF A TRANSLATOR.

I have come to know through a reliable source that you urgently the services of some
translators and interpreters.

I am 30 years of age with Bachelor’s degree from the University of Dar es salaam and
presently employed with Top Travel ₰ Tours as an interpreter and translator. My main job
here is to work as a guide – interpreter with foreign tourists and visitors especially from Asia,
Europe and America.

I can read, write and speak fluently Chinese, English, French and Japanese. I have obtained
a degree in translation and Interpretation of these languages from the University of Dar es

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salaam. I have also translated the book of “Houseboy” from French into English and Japanese
languages and this has been acclaimed as a creative work of translation.

Although my present employers are fully satisfied with my work and conduct, but I realize
that here is no opportunity for creative translation and further promotion. As I am keenly
interested to upgrade my career, especially in creative translation, I have decided for a change.

I would be glad to provide you a couple of excellent references at the time of interview. I look
forward for an early interview so that the matter may be discussed in detail and I may put
before you other relevant data in regard to my long experience and expertise in the line.

Yours faithfully,
Maliki Barongo.

1) Write a letter to the General Manager of Mbeya Cement Company Ltd., P.O. Box 400, Mbeya on a
vacancy for secretary. Say you are ready to work as a secretary. Your address is 14, Songwe – Mbeya.

P.O.BOX 14,
SONGWE – MBEYA.
20TH OCTOBER 2016.

THE GENERAL MANAGER,

MBEYA CEMENT COMPANY L.T.D,
P.O.BOX 400,
MBEYA.

Dear Sir/ Madam,

REF: APPLICATION FOR SECRETARIAL VACANCY

Please kindly refer to the caption above. I am humbly writing to apply for the above
mentioned post which was advertised on the Sunday Nation of 28th September, 2017, I am
very much interested in it and I believe that I have the necessary qualities to excel in the job.

I am an active Tanzanian young man aged 25 years old. I finished my Form Four education
at Vuchama Islamic Seminary in the year 2010 where I passed with division three in my
National examinations. Then after, I joined Barongo Junior College where I took short
secretarial courses and worked at Bi Kirembwe Institute as a Secretary for one year.

After having worked for one year, I later joined the University of Dodoma for further studies
pursuing Diploma in Secretarial Management and graduated last year with G.P.A of 3. 5.

My core identifying features are self-motivated, cooperative, punctual and confident in

nature. I am good at computer literacy especially programs like Ms words, Excel, Power
point with a very good typing speed.

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Your wonderful performance as a leading Cement Company in the country is what has
impressed me to apply for this post plus the fact that I am always interested in working under
challenging environment.

If I am given this chance, I hope to take the company at a more advanced stage of success
that it had never experienced before. I hope my application will meet your positive
consideration and I am eagerly looking forward to hearing from you soon. Enclosed with this
letter are the copies of my academic certificates. Don’t hesitate to contact me at any time for
more information.
Yours faithfully,
………………..
Ashraf Abuubakary.

2) A monthly test results of Form Three showed there was a miserable failure among the students
particularly English subject. This fact makes the Subject teacher furious. Write him a letter of apology
and commitment that you will perform wonders in the coming exams. Your teacher’s address is
Ahlulbayt Islamic Seminary, Department of English, P.O.Box 137 Kigoma Sign your name as
Asinjo/Wanjiro.

AHLULBAYT ISLAMIC SEMINARY,

P.O.BOX 137,
MWANGA.
13TH APRIL 2015.

AHLULBAYT ISLAMIC SEMINARY,

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH,
P.O.BOX 137,
MWANGA.

Dear Sir,

RE: REGRETFUL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF FAILURE IN EXAMS.

I am extremely sorry that I could not keep my promise which I previously made to you, first
day I joined this class. We had so many wonderful plans together which could bring the sweet
fruits of academic excellence. It is from this meeting when I gave you a promise of performing
wonders in my form three exams.

Sir, I really don’t know how to express my regrets and remorse for my poor performance in
my monthly test in general and English subject in particular. Actually the results shocked me
a lot and I couldn’t bring myself to believe what happened to me. The simple word I can say
is “I can hardly believe it” I really wonders how it happened. I remember I had been an
exceptional student and have scored uniformly so well in form two class.

As for now, the reason why I have such a poor and disgusting performance in my monthly

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test may be the fact that I had been too busy for nothing. I had very poor preparation before
the exams, I did not have my individual time table, no group discussion and I used to spend
most of my time chatting with my friends over internet. When my father saw my results, he
was as fierce as a mad dog. He reproached me for two hours and he nearly split my head in
two.

Sir, I have now come back to my sense, I have realized my mistake and made up my mind
now. To prove my words, I have decided to join the school camp and I have already formed
the group discussions with my classmates. From now on, my aim is to study very hard so as
to get distinction in all my future exams. This is because I now have come to believe the
English saying which reads “Make hay, while the sun shines” In as few words as it takes, I
again want to underline the fact that the above unexpected turn of events which prevented me
from keeping my promise with you, never will they have any room to me.

I wish there were better word than sorry to express my deep feelings of regret for my betrayal
and disappointment. I hope you will understand and forgive me since you are as forgiving as
Uncle Araali in the Passed like a shadow, the very interesting novel you taught
us in the class.
Your obedient and lovely student,
TTT
Asinjo.

3) The Managing Director of T.T.C.L Company P.O.BOX 200 Kigoma is looking for a form four
leaver to apply for the account clerk post. You as a form four lever apply for the above post. Use your
name as Benjamin Miliwato of P.O.BOX 150 Tanga.

P.O.BOX 150,
TANGA.
10/03/2015
PHONE: 07531235698

THE MANAGING DIRECTOR,

T.T.C.L COMPANY,
P.O.BOX 200,
KIGOMA.

Dear Sir/Madam,

RE: APPLICATION FOR A POST OF ACCOUNT CLERK

The heading above is much concerned. I am a Tanzanian boy aged 22 years old with a
Certificate in Business Administration and excellent skills in Accounts.

I am with honor to apply for the post of Account clerk in your esteemed institution as was
advertised in The Citizen of 26 February, 2015.

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I have enclosed my CV, copies of certificates, and contacts of my referees for your ready
reference.

I hope my application will be positively considered.

Yours faithfully,
……………….
Benjamin Miliwato
(Applicant)

4) Write a letter to the Managing director, The Big T company L.T.D, P.O.Box 090 Mwanza. Apply
for the post of an accountant as it was advertised in the Sunday News of 21 April, 2014. Sign your
name as Mchapakazi bora (Your address is P.O.Box 372 – Mji Mpya, Dodoma).

KACHWAMBA VILLAGE,
P.O.BOX 372,
MJI MPYA,
DODOMA.
7TH JUNE, 2014

THE MANAGING DIRECTOR,

THE BIG T COMPANY L.T.D,
P.O.BOX 090,
MWANZA.

Dear Sir,

RE: APPLICATION FOR THE POST OF AN ACCOUNTANT.

In response to your advertisement for an accountant in the Sunday News of 21 April, 2014, I
wish to apply as a candidate for this post.

I am a young and energetic person of 20 years of age with credits in Book-keeping, Commerce
and Mathematics in my ‘O’ Level examination. I have already some experience as an assistant
accountant as I worked with Barongo Enterprises Company Ltd., Dar es Salaam for a period
of over a year on part time basis.

However, I had to leave the job on account of some family circumstances. I have also done
typing course and possess a certificate with grade A in typing and possess a typing speed of
50 words per minute. My former employers would be glad to give a reference for me.

If offered this job, I would do my best to win your confidence through hard and sincere work.
I look forward to hearing soon from you.
Yours faithfully,
………………….
Mchapakazi Bora.

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 Exercise
1) Write a letter to the Managing director, The Big T company L.T.D, P.O.Box 090
Mwanza. Apply for the post of an accountant as it was advertised in the Sunday News of
21th April, 2014. Sign your name as Mchapakazi bora (Your address is P.O.Box 372– Mji
Mpya, Dodoma).
2) The Managing Director of T.T.C.L Company, P.O.BOX 200, Kigoma is looking for a
form four leaver to apply for the account clerk post. You as a form four lever apply for the
above post. Use your name as Benjamin Miliwato of P.O.BOX 150, Tanga.
3) Imagine that you have just finished your first degree course in Agriculture and you wish
to seek a job at Clove Plantation Company, P.O.Box 2109, Pemba. Write a letter to the
Manager, asking for a post of Agricultural officer. Sign your name as Pendo Kipingo.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

A letter to the editor is a letter sent to a publication about issues concerning from its readers,
Letters are intended for publication. In many publications, letter to the editor may be sent
either through conversational mail or electronic mail. Writing a letter to the editor is often the
easiest way to get your message in print and the letter pages of some publications are often
the most widely read sessions of publications. A letter is usually written to educate the reader
or to make them look at an article published in the newspaper or magazine in different way.

In general, a letter to the editor is published if the writer:

1) Wants to present expert opinions or additional information on something published
earlier.
2) Has been offended by something published in the paper.
3) Disagree with something that was published.
4) Wants to offer an interesting opinion about different news events
5) To complain about something.

 The format of writing this letter can be a bit different from what one has experienced
to. It is unique though it is a kind of official letter. The name and address of the writer
is written at the bottom of the letter while addressee is written on top immediately after
the date.
 Normally letters which are sent to the newspapers are addressed to the editor,
information follows the addressee. The proper form of salutation is dear sir or madam
and really Dear Sir though in some situations, the writer can address the editor as Sir
or Dear Madam or can just write Dear Editor.
 The heading of what intended to be addressed is written below salutation. Then the
writer has to deal with the main body where he/she has present including suggestions,
opinions, disagreements or support.
 The letter may refer to an article, editorial opinion or column in the publication.
 Alternatively, the letter may comment on a public statement or a recent news event.

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 FORMAT OF A LETTER TO THE EDITOR
1) DATE.
14th June 2017.
2) ADDRESS.
The Daily News,
P. O. Box 338899,
Dar es Salaam.
3) SALUTATION.
Editor,
4) TITLE.
Re; DRASTIC MORAL DECAY IS A SOCIAL DISEASE.
5) INFORMATION (The content of the letter).
6) Your name and Your address.
Sospiter Mussa
P.O. BOX 123
Kigoma.

FORMAT ON HOW TO WRITE THE LETTER TO THE EDITOR.

The letter to the editor must be written using the following format
1) The date from which the letter was written. This appears on the top right hand corner
of your letter.
2) Sender’s address/receiver’s address: This appears on the top left hand corner of the
letter. Example,
The Editor,
Daily News,
P.O. Box 1111,
Kigoma.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

SAMPLE I
18TH May 2017.
THE EDITOR,
THE SUNDAY NATION,
P.O. BOX 2000,
DAR ES SALAAM.

Sir/Madam,

SCARCITY OF DRINKING WATER.

Through the columns of your newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the Municipality
Corporation of Dodoma to the scarcity of drinking water in our district. The problem becomes
severe in the summer season. But this summer, it has become very acute. A lot of water is
needed in every household in such season. But for the last two months the residents of our
district have been facing great scarcity. We get water supply only for one hour in the morning
and one in the evening. This is not sufficient to meet the needs of even a moderate size family.

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During these two hours of water supply also, the pressure of water is also, the pressure of
water is so low that it does not reach even the first floor of a house.

Thus, people are having a tough time during this summer. Sometimes people have to go
without bath for two or three days in a stretch. The Municipal Corporation is requested to
pay urgent attention to the inconvenience of the general public and ensure better and regular
water supply.
Thanks in advance,
Yours sincerely,
JULIUS KIMEU,
P.O. BOX 4563,
DODOMA.

SAMPLE II
30TH September 2017.
THE GUARDIAN,
P.O.BOX 1684,
MWANZA.

Dear Editor,

TANZANIANS SHOULD INVEST MORE IN AGRICULTURE

Tanzania is a country whose economic activities to a large extent depend on agriculture. More
than half of people earn their living through agricultural activities.

Recently, it has been experienced, the fleeing of people from rural areas to big cities looking
for jobs in industries and other sectors. Several factors have been mentioned leading to this
including the changes in climatic condition which leads to shortage of rainfall.

Other factors have been connected to globalization where by foreign investors largely focus
on industrialization and companies whose major product are not surely focused on crops from
farms but sometimes products from outside the country.

Another is lack of constant and trusted market value from outside which leads to price
fluctuation. This has discouraged most farmers and hence leaving on the hands of the leading
government.

The government should take appropriate measures on this matter including educating its
citizens and assist them by cutting down the price. It should be born in mind that Agriculture
is the backbone of the national development.
Your truly,
Hassan Kibabu
P.O.BOX 3480,
Mwanza.

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 SAMPLE III

22nd March2018.
THE EDITOR,
MZALENDO NEWSPAPER,
KIGOMA.

Dear editor,

RE: TIME MANAGEMENT IN PRIVATE SCHOOLS

Sir/Madame it is high time steps should be taken to all private schools on student’s time
management. Most of them are over working the students by the preparation of a timetable
which is not giving a student time to rest, for example in a certain school instead of periods
having 40 minutes for a single period and 80 minutes for doubles, it is 1 hour and two hours
instead and no of periods are still the same.

I hope the public, parents and government as education stakeholders can make changes
through this writing.
Yours truly,
Observer.

DEBATE
Debate refers to an organized or public discussion of something especially as a part of formal
exchange of opinion. Debating process is based on the ideas of open discussion and respect
for differing viewpoints. Most of school debates whose structure and nature of argument is
almost the same as other forms of debates are purely academic.

THINGS TO CONSIDER DURING DEBATE

When participating in any debate in school or any place remember to adhere to the following
principles,
1) Introduction: start with a good introduction. In the introduction do the following things.
 Greet the debate participants according to their status or positions in that
debating session.
 Extend the appreciations to the chair person and other special people who have
organized the debate. You may simply say “Thank You”
 State your position, whether you belong to the opposing side or the proposing
side.
2) Repeat reading the motion and start giving your opinions and arguments according to
your stand; whether you are opposing or proposing the motion.
3) Be clear during your presentation: Use the language which is understandable and the voice
should be audible (heard).
4) Logical and fluent presentation of ideas/facts: For more emphasis of the point or idea
words like; in fact, due to the fact that, to prove that or my point, and for more clarification
can be used.
5) Be straight to the point: This helps to keep pace with time.
6) Finish your presentation by simply saying “thank you”

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7) Be patient when other participants unleash a scathing attack or level pricking criticism at
your arguments. Or interrupted: When other participants unleash a scathing attack or level
pricking criticism at your arguments don’t panic be patient and continue elaborating your
points.

NOTE; During the debate, make sure you maintain eye contact with the face of judges,
try as much as possible to face the audience, speak your points first and then elaborate
them systematically, loudly, with clear pronunciation and precise so as to catch the time
before it runs out. The judge determines the winning side through the number of points
given by each side or through the majority vote or both.

EXAMPLE 1

EDUCATION IS BETTER THAN MONEY.

Thank you the chairperson, Secretary, judge, timekeepers, main speakers from both
proposing and opposing sides, the guest of honor and all the audience (members of the floor).
May I first of all take this opportunity to thank the chairperson and his team for organizing
this long – awaited debate.

My name is Abuubakary Jumanne Issa, I am here before you to argue for (support) the motion
which reads “EDUCATION IS BETTER THAN MONEY”. First of all, we need to know
the meaning of the two terms education and money.

Education refers to the process of imparting and acquiring of knowledge through teaching
and learning, especially at school or similar institution. The term money on the other hand
means a medium of exchange issued by a government, or other public authority in the form
of coins of gold, silver or other metal, or paper bills, used as the measure of the value of goods
and services. For me, I support that Education is better than money due to the following
strong reasons.

First of all, education is a light to each and every body, if a person has acquired education,
he/ she will have put the light before his / her eyes to see whatever is in front of him/her.
This is the light to know yourself and the environment surround you. With money, somebody
cannot understand him/herself and his/her environment. As much as you broaden your mind
through education the wider you enlighten your mind. Take an example of a student per –
suing his/her degree and another one ended up in standard four, there is great discrepancy
(difference) between them.

The next reason is that money is just a result of education. The fact that somebody in some
where discovered the use of money is by itself education. So without education money could
not be discovered. How can it be that money is better than education? Rejecting this fact is to
delude oneself.

Another reason is that education starts before somebody has even grasped what money is. To
prove this, a child can learn to use his/her right hand while eating and sitting properly or
greetings the elders before knowing what money is. He/she can also understand the edible

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fruits in the forest before knowing the use of money. This is the fact that a person can survive
without money but not without education.

In addition to that, education makes somebody be confident. It is true that when someone is
aware of him/herself and the environment around him/her, he/she becomes much confident.
For example, you know different types of disease and the way to prevent yourself from them.
This will make you confident in telling people how it is caused, the way it is spread and the
way to prevent it. Or it may happen that you are to stand in front of the people during your
sister’s marriage ceremony, if you have education, you will be much confident because you
are knowledgeable about how to address that mass. But for someone with money but without
education, he/she will be a laughing stock.

Lastly, education simplifies life. Education simplifies people’s lives due to the fact that it has
brought advanced development of science and technology. It is very easy nowadays for a
person to fly from Tanzania to Europe just for a few hours; the works which was to be done
a hundred of people can be done by a single robot or a computer. This is because of education
but not money can perform all of this. Money is just paper or coin whose significance and use
depends on education. There – fore, I would like to end this discussion by insisting that
Education is better than Money.

Thank you for listening.

Example 2
Imagine that your school is due to hold a debate with neighboring school. The motion “Corporal
punishment should be used in school” you are one of the main speaker. Oppose the motion.

The chairperson, the secretary, the main speaker-opposer and proposer’s side, the judges, time
keeper and all members of the floor I salute you.

I am standing here to oppose the motion which states that ““Corporal punishment should be
used in school”.

Dear chairperson, first let us look the meaning of corporal punishment. Actually corporal
punishment means a negative motivation that subjects a person to pain or torture. It includes
caning, whipping, blows, kicking, slashing, lilting, uprooting tree trunks and such other
physical activities.

My first point is that corporal punishment causes conflicts between students and teachers. In
this regard, conflicts act as a barrier of communicating between these groups. Students fail to
grasp what teacher is teaching. Also, teachers develop hostility or dislike against these
students. Hence this results to poor academic performance.

Secondly, the students who are always punished develop fear because they cannot cooperate
with a teacher nor asking a question during the class session. It also leads to physical disability
in a sense that some corporal punishment such as physical activities may lead the students to

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lose his/her leg, hand, teeth broken even eyes may be affected this eventually may lead to
permanent physical disability.

Dear chair person, truancy and dropping act of school (school dropout) is associated with the
use of corporal punishment to those schools where it is dominant.

Lastly but not least, corporal punishment leads to inferiority complexes to both students and
teachers loses confidence because he/she feels different from others. Likewise, students feel
very law because they cannot claim for their rights as a result they succumb (remain) to
silence.

Dear chairperson, to conclude. I would like to state clearly that corporal punishment should
not be used in school. As I have started it has much negative effect. What is more challenging,
corporal punishment may lead to death and someone may be imprisoned for life. Hence, it
deices the rights to quality and free education. I am of the opinion that corporal punishment
should not be used in schools. Thank you for listening.

EXAMPLE 3
TRAFFICKING OF GIRLS FROM RURAL TO URBAN AREAS TO BE EMPLOYED
AS HOUSE GIRLS (HOUSE MAIDS) SHOULD BE STOPPED.

Mr. Chairman, Secretary and other members. I thank you all for the opportunity to participate
to express my ideas on the subject that has been mentioned. I would like to support the motion
that has been mentioned. I have four strong points to do so;

Firstly, most of girls who come to town from rural areas to work as house girls, are still young,
they miss their right to education. Hence leading them not to have better future.

Secondly, housemaids are mistreated when employed, they are overworked, treated like
animals and sometimes they are raped or convinced to engage in sexual affairs with the father
or sons. This is humiliation and harassment.

Thirdly, house girls do not get reliable salaries; they are paid less compared to the heavy work
they perform. They never get their salaries on time mostly, sometimes they are not given
salaries at all despite the hard work they do. Instead of helping them financially the job brings,
frustration and loss of happiness in them. This leads to some psychological disturbances to
the girls.

Fourthly, it is a risk for a girl to live far from her family (parents) as she still needs parental
care and guidance. This may affect all her future plans/goals because most of the employers
do not care and they are not concerned with girl’s future life instead they just want their works
done. These girls at their ages need to be secured and guided. Few families may handle these
girls fairly as their own daughters but at large most families treat them unfairly.

Generally, the business of taking girls from rural to urban areas has many effects to them and
to the large extent may affect the entire future life of these youngsters so it should be stopped.

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 Sample Questions
1) Assume that your school has been invited in the neighboring school in inter – school
debate competition on the motion “Colonization has brought more bad than good to
Africa” Argue for or against the motion. (Give at least six points).
2) You have been invited by your neighboring school to participate in a debate with the
motion “Science and technology have brought more harm than good to third world
countries” write your speech to support the motion.
3) “Science and technology have brought more harm than good to third world countries”
Argue for or against the motion.
4) Write a debate you would support on the motion which reads “Trafficking of girls from
rural to urban areas to be employed as house girls (house maids) should be stopped”.

SPEECH WRITING AND PRESENTATION

FORMAL SPEECH
A speech refers to a formal address or talk delivered / given to an audience. Or A speech
refers to a vocalized form of human communication. It may also denote a formal presentation
on a given topic or subject.

A speech may also refer to a formal faculty or act of speaking, expressing or describing
thoughts, feelings or perceptions through the articulation of words. Speech is written first
before presenting.

Normally, speech can be presented during seminar, graduation, workshop, political

campaigns, report, project presentations, religious speeches, meetings, public meeting,
ceremonies and functions. OR A speech is a formal address or talk directed to a specific
audience on a topic of some importance. It can also refer to a formal writings prepared to be
delivered during a given accession, ceremony or farewell party. A speech implies three things:
the speaker, what he says (message and language) and the listener or audience.

LAYOUT / FORMAT OF A SPEECH

1. HEADING (it should be centered and underlined)
 Speaker (Name and position).
 Occasion (i.e. wedding, graduation, religious, political etc).
 Venue (Place where the event takes place).
 Date
Example:
A SPEECH ABOUT FUND RAISING FOR SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT TO BE
READ DURING THE PARENTS’ MEETING ON 20/06/2017 AT SALMA
KIKWETE SECONDARY SCHOOL ASSEMBLY HALL.

2. SALUTATION. This is giving hierarchically beginning from the most important to the
least ones. Example: His excellence the honorable president, the vice president, Prime
minister, honorable ministers, members of parliament, ladies and gentlemen, Good
morning. Example: The village chairperson, Members of the school board, The

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 headmaster, The second master, Teachers and parents, Distinguished guests, ladies and
gentlemen. Good morning.
3. INTRODUCTION.
 It gives me much pleasure…………………
 I am pleased to introduce you to………………….
 I feel honored to……………….
 May I take this opportunity to………….
 I feel highly privileged to stand before you………….
4. MAIN BODY.
5. CONCLUSION.
6. CLOSING.
 Thank you very much for your attention.
 Thank you for listening.
 Thank you in advance.

IMPORTANT THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN PREPARING FOR A SPEECH.

When writing a speech, you should consider the following view points;
1) THE INTRODUCTION. This includes light hearted remarks, not immediately relevant
to the topic of the speech. They are usually made to establish good rapport (relationship)
between the speaker and his audience. These light hearted remarks are preceded with a
title and greetings. At this stage the speaker introduces the topic of his speech. Under
introduction the speaker is supposed to give salutation by starting from the most superior
to downward. That mean that if it is a speech delivered at school the speaker may simply
say;
2) SALUTATION. This is the way of addressing the audience. When making salutation we
normally start with the most superior people to downwards. Example, The headmaster,
Second Master, Academic master, discipline master, heads of departments, teachers and
students, ladies and gentlemen, Good morning. Then, make an introductory remark on
the item you are going to speak about i.e. any background information on what you are
going to speak. E.g. I am here in front of you in order to share/ to express my experience
that I gain during my study tour in USA. Or to day our fellow form four students are
celebrating for their graduation party…. ;
3) THE MAIN BODY. The main body of a speech is likely to be marked by a series of
points, issues, problems or arguments organized in a logical sequence. The language is
usually formal and matches the subject matter.
4) THE CONCLUSION. This is a part from summing up the contents of the speech. In this
case the speaker needs to express best wishes at the end and give the word of thanks. Also
if there is a reward it should be given at the end of speech.

HOW TO WRITE A SPEECH;

1) Think on the purpose of the speech- why do you want to prepare a speech?
2) Think on the context and audience whom do you want to write a speech.
3) Plan for the heading/ title of your speech. The title/heading should be taken from the
topic or subject given. It should relate with the event that takes place and requires a speech.

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4) The title/heading should be very brief, clear and readable. It should be direct to the
event/function that takes place.
5) Make a good introduction, starting with, greeting from the superior/guest of honor to the
least people. Example; Honorable Guest of Honor…, Your Excellency……, Secretary
General…. Mr. president…., the highness……., the majority……., etc. It will depend
with the title/position of the guest of honor during the event.
6) After introduction/greeting, clarify a little bit about the event, clarify the function taking
place.
7) The main body –concentrate on ideas as conveyed in the question/topic given, put each
idea in a new paragraph giving examples and evidences. Observe a logical arrangement of
ideas with good grammar.
8) If you have a guest of honor, address your speech to him/her, but if there is no guest of
honor and your speaking to general audience use the words’’ ladies and gentleman “in
every beginning of a new idea.
9) Use appropriate vocabulary. Do not use contractions example; I’ll, I don’t, we’ve, I’ve,
etc. Use link words/connectors such as besides, finally, moreover, despite, on top of that,
etc.
10) Give your own suggestion / view opinions on what you have discussed in your speech.

DELIVERING A SPEECH
Delivering a speech requires some things to take into consideration to make your argument
more effective and interesting. The following are some of these things:
1) Stand upright or in the place where you can be seen by all the audience.
2) Look all side so as to hold your audience.
3) Allow eye contact with the audience, a glance to your speech is enough.
4) Avoid repetition, speak moderately, enrich your speech by using proverbs, idioms to make
it more colorful (but this will depend with the audience).
5) If you feel nervous in front of the audience, take a deep breath and put your legs apart and
wait for several minutes before continuing.
6) Observe the time duration so that your speech could not bore the audience.
7) Avoid using offensive and aggressive language/comments that are embarrassing to the
listener/ audience.

Sample question;
Imagine that the Minister of Education has donated textbooks to Mivumoni Islamic
seminary. You are the speaker of the student’s government and have been requested to give a
thanks giving speech on behalf of all students. Write your speech.

EXAMPLE I

THE SPEECH BY MR. DADI HEMED, THE HEADMASTER OF MIVUMONI

ISLAMIC SEMINARY DURING THE FIRST GRADUATION CEREMONY AT
LAMADA APARTMENT CONFERENCE HALL, DAR ES SALAAM ON 06 MARCH
2018.
Hon Dr. Shukuru Kawambwa, Minister of Education and Vocational training, Dr. Zawadi
Simba, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education and Vocational training, Regional and

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District education officers, Chairman of Yang j – Education foundation, Administration staff
and students of Mivumoni Islamic seminary, Ladies and Gentlemen, Good morning.

I feel so much honored to be granted this brilliant opportunity to speak before you for the first
graduation of our school, Mivumoni Islamic Seminary. I am therefore very grateful to
administration of the school for giving me this golden opportunity.

Honorable Minister, ever since the establishment of Mivumoni Islamic Seminary in 2005, the
school has through what I may call several advancements. The school started with only 30
students at the very beginning but thanks God the great that we were able to admit more
students than before from year to year. Indeed, we are very grateful to the parents who trust
us and give us the necessary support.

Honorable Minister, Mivumoni Islamic Seminary has been an outstanding Islamic school in
terms of academic and discipline thus making a remarkable difference in the history of
education in Tanzania. This has been so as a result of friendly ties (relationship) between
teachers and parents.

Dear the Honorable Minister, From the achievements attained by this school, May I kindly
take this opportunity urging (asking) the Minister, Parents together will all the invited guests
on this occasion to become our good ambassadors for our beloved school so as to foster
academic excellence in Tanzania as for Mivumoni Islamic Seminary is where quality
education lies.

Honorable Minister, I also kindly wish to remind our dear graduates that they still have a long
live and let this stage be as a cornerstone for their success in life and I am very optimistic
(hopeful) that future ministers, leaders, engineers and other professional will arise from these
faces right here.

Dear Honorable Minister, May I take this opportunity to congratulate our graduates and
wishing them better results in their National examinations. Thank you so much for your calm
attention.

EXAMPLE II

THE SPEECH BY MR. SUDI JUMA THE VILLAGE CHAIRMAN OF MTAKUJA

VILLAGE ON THE IMPORTANCE OF SENSUS HELD ON 08 JANUARY 2018.
Thank you the distinguished guest of honor, the village executive officer, the village council
of elders, the invited guests and all the villagers.

I feel honored as I stand on the altar of this platform this very evening, inwardly; I am
overjoyed to see you attending this gathering in such a large number. I am also too much
delighted to join with you in sharing some sorts of knowledge about the importance of census.

Dear fellow villagers, let me first begin by defining the concept of census. The term Census
refers to an official account of a population carried out at set of intervals. There are so many

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reasons as to why our nation is obliged to conduct census for every ten years, some of the
reasons are as follows.

Firstly, it is important for our nation to conduct census for every ten years in order to plan for
the national budget. This is very true, because when the nation or the government conducts
census, it will be in a very good position to know the number of people residing in the country,
hence makes it easier to plan for the budget of the country, also to know which sector needs
to be improved. Some of the sectors include healthy sectors, education sectors, and energy
sectors to mention the notable ones.

Secondly, our beloved villagers, there is a great need for us to conduct census after every ten
years so as to identify the population rate in the country. As we all know that, the process of
conducting census involves counting the number of people in the country, it is from this
process that we know the exact number of adult people, men, women and children. In
addition to that, it enables us to know the number of both able bodied people and the disabled
ones in the society.

Dear villagers the third importance which gives us the reason behind to conduct census is to
understand the death rate in the country. Census helps us to know the number of death rate
in the country. This is because during the census exercise, scientific researched data and
statistics are provided by the qualified researchers who are closely connected in census and
they provide full participation in providing mass education concerning the whole concept of
census exercise.

My beloved villagers, another importance of our nation to conduct census after every ten
years goes further in understanding the birth rate of the nation. It is very difficult for the people
living in a certain nation to know the birth rate of the nation in question incase that nation
does not see any importance in conducting census. Therefore, we are very much impressed to
support census campaign as we need to get to know the exact data and statistics concerning
birth rate so that the government may design initiative programs to solve the problems arise.

Last but not the least; census is very important for our socio-economic community
development as it enables us to plan on how to provide the social services such as
improvement of social services like schools, hospitals, construction of wells and improvement
of physical infrastructures like roads, railways and water ways. When we do not have the
tendency of conducting census, it will be like digging our own graves and that it will be a day
dream to expect to experience community development.

With these few words, I hope you have well understood the concept of census and its
importance in our community development. I would like to end up here; I have enjoyed being
invited as the main speaker of the topic in question. I hope we shall meet again and again as
this is not the end but just the beginning. Thanks for your active listening and good bye!!!

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 Example III

DRUG ABUSE AND ITS EFFECTS ON NIGERIAN YOUTHS;

The Chairman, Chief, Special Guest of Honor, The President, The Presidents and
Representatives of invited social clubs, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen.
I feel highly honored to have been chosen as one of the speakers at the 10th anniversary of this
great club. The topic of this year’s lecture is also a pointer to the fact that the blood of
humanity runs in the veins. You will agree with me that the damage which drug is doing on
Nigerian citizens is great. Seven out of every ten Nigerians are guilty of drug abuse one way
to another but the youths are most affected.
The reasons given by these youths for taking to drugs are not tenable. Some, if asked, would
still tell you that they feel. Some may even tell you that they are always moody if they are
normal selves but will work better.
The effects of Drug abuse are limitless. It constitutes a hazard to the human race. Cigarettes
and Indian hemp cause lung and kidney cancer. After a prolonged use youths run the risk of
becoming thieves and high way robbers because the moment they become addicted.
The government should also be up and doing through the ministry of health in the campaign
against drug abuse. The nation’s youth will be grateful for a useful future while the old ones
will go to their graves with the joy of leaving the world a better place.
Thank you very much indeed for the attention. Good evening.

EXERCISE
1) Your fellow students have elected you Head-prefect. Write a speech you intend to give on
the results of the election are going to be announced.
2) Imagine that you are the executive officer of Kiganza Village. Write a speech of not more
than 250 words you would deliver to educate your people on the importance of education
in the society.

INVITATION CARDS
These are cards in which people normally send to their friends or relatives to invite them to
certain functions or parties.

EVENTS/OCCASION WHERE GUESTS CAN BE INVITED

 Graduation,
 Birthday party,
 Weeding ceremony,
 Kitchen party,
 Eid celebration,
 Easter celebration
 Maulid celebration,

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  New year celebration,
 X-mass celebration and
 Send off.

THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN WRITING INVITATION CARDS.

1) The name of (family) the ones who invites.
2) The name of the one who is invited.
3) Time, date and day of the occasion.
4) Place or venue.
5) Title/nature of the ceremony or event e.g. Graduation ceremony.
6) Contact e.g. Phone number, e-mail, P.O.BOX

The following is an example of an invitation cards.

In your group of five people, prepare an invitation to your teacher Madam Asia Omary
welcoming her to the wedding ceremony. Reply this invitation to inform that you will not be
able to attend.

INVITATION CARD
Mr. & Mrs. Omary Msumba invites Dr. Ridhwani Jongo to a wedding party of their
beloved son Othman Katongo held at Mlimani city Social Hall on 10 October, 2015 from
8:00 PM to 11:00 PM.
R.S.V.P
P.O.Box 25768,
Dar es Salaam.
Mobile 0645-786354

INVITATION CARD
Mr& Mrs Henry Morton have a great pleasure to invite
Mr./Mrs./Mr&Mrs/Hon/Rev/Prof/Miss/Gregory to the
graduation ceremony of their beloved son Stanley Morton
which will be held on 3rd May 2016 at Must hall from 4.00
p.m. to 10.00p.m.
For those who will not attend please call:
0749097883
0742097848

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 ACCEPTING
10 June, 2013
Dear Mr. Mathayo,

Thank you very much for your kind invitation to the party on Monday 12 June, 2013, I
have pleasure to tell you that I will come. On that day I don’t have any other commitment.
Yours sincerely,
F. V. Egino.

REGRET

14th June, 2013

Dear Mr. Mathayo,

Thank you very much for your invitation to the party on Monday 15. I am really sorry that
I won’t be able to attend I have other commitment. Give my apologies to Mrs. Joseph. I do
hope that all things will go as scheduled.
Yours sincerely,
F. V. Egino

INVITATION CARD
The Public relations offices, Mrs. Kajibwani is delighted to Welcome the presence of Mr.
and Mrs. Jumanne to the Vodacom Tanzania 20 birthday dinner party which is on
Saturday, 24 November 2015 at Mlimani City Hall, Dares salaam. The event starts at
1700hrs to 2000hrs.
YOUR PRESENCE IS OUR JOY!
RSVP
Mobile number; 0765789234

Format of writing telephone messages;

To ; Mrs. Kajibwani
From ; Mr. and Mrs. Jumanne
Telephone number; 0652219111
Message ; we are sorry that we will not attend the dinner party due to the fact that
Other activities will be done the same day. Please email us the photos of The event.
Action required ; to email them the photos of the event Message taken by ; Anna
Kajibwani.
Date and Time ; 4th November 2015, 1905 his.

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 WRITING A CURRICULUM VITAE (CV)
A curriculum vitae/cv is a Latin phrase which means course of life. It is generally known as
the written document which gives person’s information about life experience and other
qualifications for a job opportunity.

Components of a CV.
1. Personal details. This includes the names of the person, the address, telephone number,
age, sex and nationality. It is the first part in a CV.
2. Educational qualifications. This part displays the academic qualifications of the CV
writer; this includes higher learning institutions the writer has attended, secondary schools
and qualifications gained, no need to go further back in time than secondary school.
3. Employment history. Here the writer has to state the dates and places or institutions
he/she was employed, here the writer is advised to display relevant employment.
4. Certification. This part shows or displays any classes or workshops the writer has
attended and gets a certificate. For example; graphic designing, sports coaching etc.
5. Hobbies. This part displays the hobbies of the writer, if it is swimming, dancing, reading
newspapers etc. should be displayed in this part.
6. References, also called referees. This part shows the people and permanent addresses
that an employer can refer if there is any case. Always state two references.

The information to be included in the CV.

1. Personal information. This part CV contains personal information of the writer such as
his/her name, age, material status and nationality.
2. Contact information. The part constitutes the contact information of the writer such as
his/her address, phone number and email address.
3. Educational background. This part is made by the list of one’s academic qualifications,
the institutions and dates where those qualifications were obtained. The writer has to
provide his/her education background starting with his/her most recent one and work
backward.
4. Work experience. Here the writer has to provide the list of jobs with their descriptions of
positions, places and dates of employment, responsibilities and accomplishments.
5. Special skills. If the writer has other special skills which he/she thinks will help him/her
to get the job such as computer certifications, knowledge on foreign languages and other
relevant skills he/she is also advised to include them in this part of the CV.
6. References. The writer has to list two or more names of his/her references and their
addresses.

Samples of a Curriculum vitae (CV)

CURRICULUM VITAE
A. PERSONAL DETAILS
Surname: Iyunga
Other names: Charles
Date of Birth: 26/12/1986
Sex: Male
Marital status: Married
Nationality : Tanzanian

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 Languages : English and Kiswahili
Contact address: P.O.BOX 11, Kigamboni
Phone : 06890121310

B. ACADEMIC INFORMATION
Year Institutions/school Awarded
2000-2004 University of Dar es Salaam B.A with Education
1998-2000 Makongo High school ACSEE
1994-1997 Makongo High school CSEE
1988-1993 Mtendeni Primary school Primary school certificate

C. WORKING EXPERIENCE
Year Institution Position
2008-2010 Iwambi secondary school English teacher
2006-2008 Iwambi secondary school Part time English teacher
2005-2006 Paradise open school English course teacher

D. HOBBIES
Watching film, reading novels and playing football.

E. REFEREES
1. January Mwamba
Manager, Kikosi Training College
P.O.Box 143, Ndanda

2. Penuel Stanford
The Headteacher
Ndanda Primary School, P.O.Box 144, Ndanda

3. Albert Donavan
Manager, Institute Training college
P.O.BOX 145, Ndanda

Sample number 2.
CURRICULUM VITAE (CV)
1. Personal particulars
Name: Andrew Jungle
Age: 30 years
Marital status: Married
Nationality: Tanzanian

2. Contact information
Address: P.O.Box 5897’
Tarime, Mara.
Phone number:0678909723
Email address: ajmkl@ gmail.com
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 3. Educational background
From-to Institution Award
2011-2013 University of Dar es Salaam BA (Ed)
2009-2011 Tarime High school ACSEE
2005-2009 Tarime High school CSEE

4. Working experience
From July to November 2015, I was working as Assistance Human Resource Officer
at Paradise Education Centre and fulfilling the following roles;
 Managing and promoting employees’ welfare.
 Handling disciplinary cases, conflicts and disputes in a company.
 Keeping records of employees’ payments, incentives and their performance.

5. Special skills
Basic computer skills (Ms Words, Excel, Power Point and Publisher)

6. Referees
Therezia Major
Headmistress Musoma High school,
P.O.Box 456,
Musoma.
Tel: 078901012

Anna Major
Lecturer, University of Dar es Salaam,
P.O.Box 350095,
Dar es Salaam.
Tel: 07890123124

Aidan Major
Lecturer, University of Dar es Salaam,
P.O.BOX 350095,
Dar es Salaam.
Tel: 0789010110

SAMPLE QUESTIONS;

COMPOSITION-QUESTIONS;
1. Imagine you are working with Vodacom Tanzania. Vodacom is celebrating its 20th
birthday since it was inaugurated. As a public relations officer, you are required to write
an invitation card to the selected officials to attend a dinner party. Also outline the format
of writing telephone messages from those who will call for excuse. Use factious names.
2. Assuming that you have recently received an invitation card from the headmaster of the
neighboring school on a graduation ceremony of their form four students to be held on
20th September, 2016. Write an acceptance reply on the invitation.

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3. Imagine that you are teaching at Vuchama Islamic and your school is expecting to
celebrate its 2 year’s anniversary since its initiation. As the English, the head of the school
has appointed you to write an invitation cards to the selected officials to attend a dinner
party. Also, outline the format of writing telephone messages from those will call for
excuse. Use factious names.
4. Write an invitation card to request your sister’s friends to attend on your nephew’s
birthday dinner party. Also write telephone messages from those who will call for excuses.
Use fictitious names.
5. Your sister Kichuna is graduating from University of Dodoma (Udom) on 25th June 2016,
there will be a party at Upper Residential area Mwananyamala from 05:00 p.m till 11:30
p.m. Design an invitation card that you will send out to the invited guest.
6. Write a letter to the General Manager of Mbeya Cement Company Ltd., P.O. Box 400,
Mbeya on a vacancy for secretary. Say you are ready to work as a secretary. Your address
is 14, Songwe – Mbeya.
7. A monthly test results of Form Three showed there was a miserable failure among the
students particularly English subject. This fact makes the Subject teacher furious. Write
him a letter of apology and commitment that you will perform wonders in the coming
exams. Your teacher’s address is Ahlulbayt Islamic Seminary, Department of English,
P.O.Box 137 Kigoma Sign your name as Asinjo/Wanjiro.
8. Write a letter to the Managing director, The Big T company L.T.D, P.O.Box 090
Mwanza. Apply for the post of an accountant as it was advertised in the Sunday News of
21 April, 2014. Sign your name as Mchapakazi bora (Your address is P.O.Box 372 – Mji
Mpya, Dodoma).
9. Write a letter to the Managing director, The Big T company L.T.D, P.O.Box 090
Mwanza. Apply for the post of an accountant as it was advertised in the Sunday News of
21th April, 2014. Sign your name as Mchapakazi bora (Your address is P.O.Box 372– Mji
Mpya, Dodoma).
10. The Managing Director of T.T.C.L Company, P.O.BOX 200, Kigoma is looking for a
form four leaver to apply for the account clerk post. You as a form four lever apply for the
above post. Use your name as Benjamin Miliwato of P.O.BOX 150, Tanga.
11. Imagine that you have just finished your first degree course in Agriculture and you wish
to seek a job at Clove Plantation Company, P.O.Box 2109, Pemba. Write a letter to the
Manager, asking for a post of Agricultural officer. Sign your name as Pendo Kipingo.
12. Write a letter to your best friend Aboliga the Frog living in Zanzibar telling him/her about
your plans of studying very hard if you succeed to join Form Two in the next academic
year 2017. If possible ask him/ her to send you some stationery like pens, books, ruler and
other properties like school bags and mathematical set.
13. Write a letter to your former friend who got transferred to another school last term. Tell
him about the progress you have made in your studies, the part you have been taking in
sports and other activities that have taken place at your school since he/she transferred.
14. Write a letter to your friend telling him/her what activities you will engage in at home
during your holiday. Sign your name as Juneid Ally/Alwiya Issa and your friend’s name
is Omary Siraji/ Shukuru Muhsin.
15. Write a friendly letter to your brother Mr. Kinga who stays at Singida. Ask him to send
you a bus fare as you are expecting to close the school for the holiday.

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16. Your younger brother, Desa Kipanga, has been offered a place to form V at
Changanyikeni Secondary School and has decided to take a job straight. Write him a letter
to persuade him to change his mind, lest he regrets his decisions in future. Sign your name
as Shukuru Kipanga.
17. Write a letter to your pen pal Sawak describing to him/her about mountain Kilimanjaro
in Africa. Talk about its peaks, beauty and its attraction to people from outside Tanzania.
The aim of your letter should be to attract your pen pal to come and see the mountain.
Use the following name and address; Dotto Masanja, P.O Box 15, Mwanza.
18. Imagine that your school is due to hold a debate with neighboring school. The motion
“Corporal punishment should be used in school” you are one of the main speaker. Oppose
the motion.
19. Assume that your school has been invited in the neighboring school in inter – school
debate competition on the motion “Colonization has brought more bad than good to
Africa” Argue for or against the motion. (Give at least six points).
20. You have been invited by your neighboring school to participate in a debate with the
motion “Science and technology have brought more harm than good to third world
countries” write your speech to support the motion.
21. “Science and technology have brought more harm than good to third world countries”
Argue for or against the motion.
22. Write a debate you would support on the motion which reads “Trafficking of girls from
rural to urban areas to be employed as house girls (house maids) should be stopped”.
23. Imagine that the Minister of Education has donated textbooks to Mivumoni Islamic
seminary. You are the speaker of the student’s government and have been requested to
give a thanks giving speech on behalf of all students. Write your speech.
24. Your fellow students have elected you Head-prefect. Write a speech you intend to give on
the results of the election are going to be announced.
25. Imagine that you are the executive officer of Kiganza Village. Write a speech of not more
than 250 words you would deliver to educate your people on the importance of education
in the society.
26. In your group of five people, prepare an invitation to your teacher Madam Asia Omary
welcoming her to the wedding ceremony. Reply this invitation to inform that you will not
be able to attend.
27. Write a composition of not less than 250 words with the title, "We should all strive to
protect our environment so that it protects us."
28. A neighbouring school has invited your school to a debating contest. The motion they
have suggested is: "Murderers or thieves who use violence must, get life imprisonment."
Your school is required to support the motion and you are the main speaker. Prepare a
speech of not more than 250 words to support the motion.
29. In about 250 words, argue for or against the topic, ''Corporal punishment must be
abolished in Tanzania schools."
30. Imagine that you have just heard the news that you have passed your form four
examinations. Your family and friends arrange a partyto celebrate, and you are expected
to make a short speech. Write your speech of not less than 250 words.
31. You are studying at Mlima Kweli High School Where teaching, and learning environment
is not good. Write an essay of not less than 250words to identify the most crucial aspects

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 to be considered by the school administration to improve the teaching and learning
environment.
32. In not more than250 words, write a narrative on"Unending journey".
33. Imagine that you were invited to your best friend wedding ceremony which was held at
Lego Hotel on 23rd February, 2013 from 06:00pm to 11:00 pm. Narrate the incident in not
less than 250 words.
34. Using fictitious names, write an invitation card to requestyour friends to attend your
father's PhD graduation.
35. Outline the format of writing telephone messages from those who will call for excuses.
36. Imagine that you are a member of the school trip committee. Write a composition of about
250 words on the eight ways you are going to use to raise money for your study tour to
Ngorongoro National Park.
37. Write an essay of about 250 words on eight areas that you can concentrate on, if you were
elected the President of Tanzania for the year 2015,2020.
38. Write a letter to your father to inform him on the day you are goiug to close school for
your holiday and ask him to send you some money for bus fare. Sign your name as
Matokeo Kamili.
39. Imagine that you have graduated with a bachelor in laws degree and you wish to apply
for a job at the High Court ofLaw. Write an applicationletter to the Chief Justice. Sign
your name as Sikukuu Nzuri.
40. Write a letter to the General Manager, Arusha Posho Millers P.O. Box 444 Arusha,
applying for the post of an Accountant as it was advertised in the Sunday News of 21 st
April, 2015. Sign your name as Mzuri Kalumekenge and your address is P.O. Box 333
Chekereni.
41. Tanzania has been losing a lot of citizens in the road accidents. Imagine you were the
Minister for Home Affairs, prepare a speech of not more than 250 words on the causes of
these accidents. Give eight points.
42. Write an essay of not more than 250 words on the most important things to consider in
making the environment beautiful. Give eight points.
43. Write a letter to the Guardian Newspaper on the article about “Malaria, the killer disease”
in your area as it was published on 9th May, 2015. Sign your name as Ajuae Shida and
your address is P.O. Box 444 Tanga.
44. Write an invitation card to form two parents to attend the class party for their children
who had good performance in the examination.
45. Outline the format of writing telephone messages for those who will call for excuse.
46. Imagine that you have been elected to be a Chairperson of Mwananchi street. The street
has a total number of 50 houses. It has a lot of problems that need to be solve. Write a
speech to be presented in a meeting to address those problems in eight points.
47. By giving eight reasons, write an essay on “Why women throw away their young
babies” in not less than 250 words.
48. Argue against the statement “Digital revolution has spoilt the world”. Use six points in
not more than 250 words.
49. In not less than 250 words, write a story ending “Thanks God! I had a mobile phone”.
50. You have been appointed to be a principal speaker of the motion: “Prostitution must be
abolished in our country.” Argue for the motion in 250 words.

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51. In not more than 250 words, write a composition on: “Motor Accidents in Tanzania
roads, their causes and suggest ways on how this problem could be controlled”.
52. Write a letter to the Manager, Mtwara Cooperative Union, Makonde Street, P.O. Box
345, Mtwara. Apply for the post of Accounts Clerk as it was advertised in the Daily News
of Thursday June 15th 2006. Sign your name as Doto Majaliwa Kazimoto.
53. You have been appointed to be a principle speaker of the motion “Prostitution must be
abolished in our country”. Argue for the motion in 250 words. Give at least five points.
54. Imagine you are a student at Walla secondary school, P.O.BOX 88, Tanga and your
school will close for a short mid-term break, unfortunately you don’t have money for bus
fare. Write a letter to your father informing him to send fare for you to get back home.
Your name is Bahati Maendeleo.
55. Read the following conversation between Mr. and Mrs. Bukusi. From their conversation,
compose a wedding invitation card in not more than 60 words.
Mrs. Bukusi: I have received a card from Mr. and Mrs. Akida’s family inviting us to
the wedding ceremony of their son Ibrahim.
Mr. Bukusi: Oh! That’s great. When is the ceremony?
Mrs. Bukusi: The wedding will be held on 27 th January, 2021. Will we be able to
attend?
Mr. Bukusi: Off course yes. Where will the wedding take place?
Mrs. Bukusi: In Dar es Salaam.
Mr. Bukusi: OK. But where specifically will the event take place?
Mrs. Bukusi: The event will take place at Mbezi Beach Lutheran Church from 2:00
pm to 4:00 pm. They have prepared a grand reception at Rose Garden in Msasani,
which will start at 6:00 p.m.
Mr. Bukusi: OK. We can’t miss such an important occasion!
Mrs. Bukusi: Please, remind me to buy a present for the couple.
Mr. Bukusi: OK, I will.

56. Suppose that you are the District Medical Officer (D.M.O), write a speech of not less than
250 words to educate the community on the effects of Female Genital Mutilation
(F.G.M). Limit your speech to six points.
57. Students pregnancy is a hot topic these days; write an essay on three (3) causes and three
(3) solutions to student’s pregnancy problems in Tanzania schools. Write in not more the
250 words.
58. Imagine that you have been employed in one of the Chinese industry for about a year now
and you are getting hardships. Write a letter to your sister explaining about the hardship
you are going through and ask her to secure another job for you else where sign your name
Aman Tumanin.
59. Imagine that you have been elected to be a chairperson of Mwananchi Street. The street
has a total number of 50 houses. It has a lot of problems that need to be solved. Write a
speech to be presented in a meeting to address those problems in eight points.
60. Write a composition on the use of cosmetics (250 words)
61. Suppose you are a member of debate club and the motion given is “Politicians are more
destructive than constructive in life. Write on opposing and prosing sides not less than five
point each side.

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62. Imagine that you are a trader of King Township, P.O.BOX 222, LINDI. Order 90 dozens
of Khanga from AS-SALAM WHOLESALE SHOP, P.O.BOX 333, MTWARA
particularly made by “URAFIKI” Textile Industry in Tanzania. Sign your name as
SAMA WALES.
63. In not more than 250 words, write a composition about: “Who is more important to the
society, a teacher or a doctor?
64. Through invitation card below, reply it by writing an accepting card
“Mr. and Mrs Rashidi Athumani have a great pleasure to invite Mr. Tito to the
graduation ceremony of their son Elito Athumani on Saturday 3rd, June 2019 at New
Pub Hall, Sokoine from 4:00 pm to 10:00 pm.”
65. In not less than 250 words, write a story ending “Thanks God! I had a mobile phone”.
66. Imagine you were member of the school debating club. You have been asked to write a
speech for or against the motion: “Women should be given exactly the same opportunities
as men”. Write the speech you would have given.
67. The general manager of the small scale industries Development Organization (SIDO) P.O
BOX 2474 Dar es Salaam advertised training opportunity (Daily News of 24th June, 2014)
for form four leavers. Courses: Electrical Engineering, Carpeting and Textile Engineering.
Apply for a course. Sign your name as Masonga Magesa.
68. Imagine that you are one of the village medical doctor and you are invited to educate the
villagers who are dying of malaria. Write a speech about 250 words on its causes,
symptoms, effects and prevention.
69. For years now, the flow of youths from rural areas to towns has been increasing. Explain
four (4) economic effects of this situation and four (4) points on what the government
should do to control it.
70. Write a telegram to Hamis, P. O. Box 1, Kanyigo, telling him that he has been selected to
join Ihungo Secondary School P. Box 95, Bukoba. Your telegram should not exceed 10
words.
71. Write a story of not less than 200 words ending with ………………” I shall never go there
again”.
72. Bush fires cause a lot of damage to environment. Your village has invited you to educate
them on bushfires. Write a speech which you are going to give to them. (250 words)
73. Write the composition with the ending “My son … my dear son …………Welcome home,
East or West, home is the best.”
74. Write a letter to your young brother advising him on the effects of drug abuse. Your
address; P.O. Box 716, Iringa.
75. Write a letter to the editor of Citizens newspaper on the bad conditions of roads in your
village. Use fictitious name and address.
76. Imagine you are a student from Lugarawa Secondary School (a boarding school). Write
an informal letter to your guardian asking for school necessities like two pairs of shoes,
the metal tubes and school uniform. Sign your name as Mpenda Shule.
77. Write an official letter to the general manager NMB Dodoma branch P. O. Box 60,
Dodoma. Asking for a bank letter position. Sign your name as Emanuel Joseph P. O. Box
640, Dodoma.
78. Suppose that you are the medical Officer (D.M.O). Write a speech of not less than 250
words to educate the community on the causes and measures to be used to protect the
community against Covid 19.

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79. Write a CV which can be attached with your application letter.

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 CHAPTER 9
READING PROGRAMME
Key terms;
1. Author - A person who writes a book or story
2. Plot - The main sequence of events in a play, novel
3. Theme - Subject of a teller, piece of writing or dominating idea in a literary work
4. Message/lesson- refers to what we learnt in a literary work
5. Chapter - main division of a book
6. Characters: These people, Things/objects that play/perform certain roles in a work of art
like play/drama, Novel and films
7. Characterization: these are the attributes and descriptions of characters` behavior and
actions they play in the work of art which are normally made by the author/ writer.
8. Setting – refers to a place whereby literary work took place
9. Summary - A brief statement of the main point
10. Comprehension- The ability to understand
11. Publisher - A company or person that Publisher, book, News, Paper, Journal.
12. Poetry-is an art which uses imaginative language in a pattern of lines and sounds to
express deep thought, feeling or human experience.
13. Poem-It is a piece of writing arranged in patterns of lines and sounds.
14. Poet-It is a person who composes poems
15. Stanza-It is a group of lines divisions in a poem
16. Verse-It is a single line in a poem
17. Persona- is a person who is speaking in a poem
18. Content –is about or what to describes
19. Form –refers to how literary work is arranged
20. Mood - attitude of the poet
21. Major character- These are characters which carry the main theme or idea of the story
(book), film or drama.
22. Minor characters- These are characters which carry minimal/least themes/idea in the
book, film or drama.
23. Conflict-is misunderstanding among people in the story.

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 TITTLE OF THE BOOK: HAWA THE BUS DRIVER.
AUTHOR OF THE BOOK: RICHARD S. MABALA.
SETTING OF THE BOOK: DAR ES SALAAM- TANZANIA.
YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1988
PUBLISHER: Ben & company limited.

THE PLOT OF THE BOOK

Plot is the arrangement of event in the work of art. Events in the work of art are arranged in
terms of chapter, scenes, parts, seasons, Arts etc. The book “Hawa the Bus Driver” is
arranged in chapters, ranges from chapter 1– chapter 6.

CHAPTERS SUMMARY

CHAPTER 1(HAWA THE BUS DRIVER)

The chapter is all about the physical characteristics of Hawa Ibrahim the way she looks like/
appears and she is famous in Dar es Salaam city of being a good and careful driver. She is
Very strong woman, tall, tough, Bus driver and the lioness.

CHAPTER 2 (HAWA’S DAY)

The chapter is all about the hardworking habit of Hawa in both at home and her driving work.
Also the chapter reveals the kindness of Hawa to his neighbors and her family. Hawa lives
Manzese, suburb of Dar es Salaam. Hawa had two children which are Hassan and Sauda.
The best friend of Hawa was known as nurse Chausiku.

CHAPTER 3 (HAWA AND THE DRUNKARD)

The chapter talks about challenges that Hawa faces in her driving work, as there some people
like Drunkard man who despises Hawa that woman can’t drive the bus rather she is supposed
to stay at home and looking after her family and not driving. Hawa faces trouble from a
drunkard. The conductor, Meshack co-operates with passengers to help Hawa comfort the
drunkard. The drunkard is taken to the police station.

CHAPTER 4 (HAWA AND THE THIEVES)

In this chapter, we can see the way Hawa fought with thieves while driving the bus and she
succeeded to make the thieves to be arrested and then taken to the police station at Mbezi,
and people nickname Hawa as honest and heroine e.g. During the night shift, a man with a
pistol pointed at Hawa. Hawa was hijacked and ordered to drive car to Mbezi. This attack
was made by a passenger who was in a blue overall. Hawa stopped the bus abruptly. The thief
was overcome by grabbing the pistol. The passengers helped Hawa and then the thief was
taken to the police station. Hawa becomes the Heroine with mind that arms are like baobab
trees.

CHAPTER 5 (THE ACCIDENT)

The chapter shows the way Hawa drove her bus careful to the extent that she was helped to
serve life of people by avoiding unnecessary accident. This is shown when Hawa helped the
injured people from an accident of another bus e.g. Accidents are common in Dar es salaam

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due to drivers’ negligence, driving too fast disobey traffic lights, ignore other cars Changu ni
changu chota chako kwingine Bus coach hit a primary school boy. Hawa takes troubles to
take him to hospital Passengers are angry as well as police officers her heart is as sweet as ripe
mango

CHAPTER 6 (SELEMAN IS JEALOUS)

Seleman is jealous because his wife is more famous. Hawa the great. Some of Seleman’s
friends advised him that it is wrong for a wife to be famous and bad to drive a bus. Selemani
orders his wife a stop driving and stay at home. Unwilling Hawa decides to resign. Before
submitting a resignation letter her fellow drivers advise her not to do so until they take with
her husband. After a long discussion Selemani changes his mind and allow Hawa to drive
after seeking his opinion to. Hawa and Seleman, continued to live happy together.

WHAT IS THE BOOK ABOUT?

Generally, the book “HAWA THE BUS DRIVER” is all about a woman called HAWA who
lives at Manzese Dar es salaam and Drives a bus as her daily work. Or the book is all about
a famous woman bus driver called HAWA.

CHARACTERS & CHARACTERIZATION

MAJOR/MAIN CHARACTERS FROM THE BOOK

1) HAWA IBRAHIMU.
 She is a famous woman bus driver in Dar es Salaam city.
 She is strong and courageous woman as she was able to cope with all changes she
faces in her work environment like that of thieves, accident, the drunkard man and
even from her husband, Seleman.
 She is Seleman’s wife.
 She has about 82 kg
 She is Hassan’s and Saada’s mother.
 She is a kind and hard working woman as she was able to help her family with
domestic activities and her neighbors.
 She was despised with men that woman can’t drive a bus, because driving a car
(bus) is not a work of woman; that means, woman should take care of family like
cooking and selling vitumbua and other petty business.
 She was a good and careful bus driver in the city as she always avoided unnecessary
accidents to the extent that passengers liked to travel by her bus.
 She was polite and respectful woman to her husband, Seleman that she was ready
to resign from being a driver after her husband claimed her to not to drive.

2) SELEMAN:
 He is Hawa’s husband.
 He is Hassan’s and Saada’s father.
 He works at Urafiki textile mill as a machine operator.
 He is a tall and strong man like his wife, Hawa, became operating machines needs
strong people.

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  He is a very jealous man as he was commanded his wife, Hawa to resign from job
of driving a bus because of becoming more and more famous in the city than him.
 He seemed as a stupid man that allows his wife to be a bus driver.

3) MESHACK:
 He is Hawa’s bus conductor.
 He is somehow weak and coward as he failed/unable to help in difficult time like
that of thieves, drunkard disturbances.
 He is the one who hard people’s shouting about the thieves sanded in the bus.

MINOR CHARACTERS FROM THE BOOK

1) THE DRUNKARD
 He is the one who despises Hawa that, woman can’t drive a car.
 He was batten by Hawa became of his misbehavior and despises showed to Hawa.
 He is the one who pushed Hawa from the stalling and wanted to cause an accident.
 He is an outdated man, because he believed that woman can’t drive a car while is
not true.

2) THE THIEVES:
 They are the ones who wanted to steal money from passengers and Meshack, Hawa’s
bus conductor.
 They are the ones who were arrested by the police after being tilted by Hawa.

3) HASSAN AND SAADA.

 They are Hawa’s and Seleman’s children.
 They are studying at primary school.
 They are laughed by their fellow children at school became of being children of a bus
driver.

4) GEORGE:
 He is a primary teacher at Manzese primary school.
 He is Hawa’s neighbors.

5) CHAUSIKU:
 She is a nurse at a certain hospital in the city.
 She is Hawa’s best friend who after sit together in the evenings, cooking vitumbua,
planting their hairs and every chatting.

THE MAIN THEMES FOUND IN THE BOOK:

1) HARD WORKING; This is the main theme/idea of the book, in which the writer
showed the character HAWA, the way she was working hard in both at home and
working place of driving a bus (Driver). This habit of Hawa to work hard made her to
become more and more famous and respectable in the city. Hard working means devoting
time and energy to achieve the set goals and objectives.

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 2) DRUNKARDNESS; This is also the theme depicted from the book in which some
characters are portrayed as drunkard, such characters are like the drunkard who was
beaten by HAWA because of his misbehavior of despising HAWA and he wanted to push
HAWA from driving because he believes that women can’t drive a bus. This outdated
idea of that woman can’t drive a car (bus).
3) GENDER STYREOTYPING; This is also a theme portrayed in the book. This is shown
when men regard themselves to be superior than woman, for example the drunkard tends
to despises HAWA that woman can’t driver a bus while in reality not true because any
person be it man or woman can drive a car. This problem is much practiced in many
societies in African continent that men are superior to women.

MESSAGE FROM THE BOOK

1) Hardworking is a source of development in the society.
2) Gender stereotyping should be stopped in the sense that men and women should be given
equal opportunity in all spheres of life.
3) Drunkardness is a source of misbehaving characters/attributes among people in the
society.
4) Women are the source of family and national development.

CONFLICT
1) The conflict between HAWA and SELEMAN; This happens when Seleman wanted to
stop Hawa from driving bus.
2) The conflict between HAWA and The DRUNKARD; This happens when HAWA tried
to beat the drunkard when drunkard tried to stop Hawa from driving while despising her
that woman can’t drive a car (bus).
3) The conflict between HAWA and the other DRIVERS in the company; This happens
when Hawa seems to be a good driver instead of being woman; And this is when
4) The conflict between HAWA and THE THIEVES; This happens when Hawa tried to fight
with thieves until she succeeded the thieves to be arrested in the police post.
5) The conflict between SELEMAN and his FRIENDS; This happened after Seleman came
to realize that all things that have been told by his friends that Hawa was a misbehaving and
arrogant woman not correct.

PHILOSOPHY OF THE WRITER

This is the stand of the writer which can be protagonist or antagonist towards the issues
portrayed and revealed in the story for example, in this book the stand of the writer (Richard
S. Mabala) is the positive contributions of woman in bringing development to the society.
That was revealed by the writer that women can do any job regardless their gender, for
instance Hawa to drive a bus which is normally regarded as a job for men.

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 SAMPLE QUESTIONS;
1) Who is the author of the book?
The author is Richard S. Mabala
2) List of what you see in front
a) Hawa the bus driver
b) The bus
c) Ubungo plaza (the weather building)
d) 114 (the number route of the car)
e) UDA (the name of a car)
f) Isuzu (the name of the company of the car)
g) T 140 ADS (the plate number of the car)
h) Coconut tree
i) Route of the bus K/Koo

3) Mention the name of the publisher.

The publisher is Ben and company Ltd.

4) Who is the main character of the whole book why? Hawa is the main character of the
book because she is the one who the whole story is taking about her being a bus driver.

5) Names of the characters

a) Selemani
b) Hawa
c) Mzee Athumani
d) Saada
e) Hassan

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 TITLE OF THE BOOK: MABALA THE FARMER
AUTHOR: RICHARD S. MABALA
SETTING: Tanzania
YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1988
PUBLISHER: Ben &company limited.

PLOT OF THE BOOK

 Mabala the farmer is one among the famous short stories ever written in Tanzania.
This short story has seven chapters.
 The first chapter introduces Mabala as the Main character.
 The second talks about Mabala’s first day on the farm.
 The third chapter tells us that Mabala rests instead of working.
 The fourth chapter is set at the Mtama Bar where during drinking the mtama, Mabala
is advised by men that he was supposed to drink a little mtama early in the morning
and at the farm if his body could start aching. Also if his head could ache he was
advised to lay down for five minutes and soon all things could be ok.
 The fifth chapter talks about the hoe and the gallon can. It explains that Mabala was
now in practices following what the men advised him. He drank the Mtama and could
not afford to lift the hoe. Therefore, he slept under the nearby mango tree and his wife
informed him that he was a lazy man as he stayed a whole day without working.
 The sixth chapter is about Mabala and the fertilizer. Here, Mabala goes on showing
how much he was stubborn because his wife Mama Martina advised him to carry the
fertilizer half of a bucket but he rejected and carried the whole bag and he was tired
and some of the fertilizers had to fall down. At the end Mr. Sekulu (a neighbor) tells
Mabala that it was sugar and not fertilizer but Mabala refused to agree until Mama
Martina went back to the farm. Also Mabala seems not to follow the instructions of
putting fertilizers on the maize plant and two rows dried because of poor way of
putting fertilizers.
 The last chapter (chapter seven) is about Mabala’s winning respect. Within this chapter
Mabala become a village accountant and he works effectively. One of the shop
assistants had to run away because he realized that Mabala would catch him. They
harvested together and it was good harvest. Also Mabala agreed that he had learn a
lesson and asked his wife whether he could join the shamba work. Therefore, going to
the village was a fortune to Mabala and his family. Martina was now nine years old
and they were expecting to have another child. Lastly there is a glossary words which
have been used in the story.

CHAPTERS SUMMARY
CHAPTER 1
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MABALA
This chapter explains the historical background of Mabala who was born in Dar es Salaam,
went to school and got a job in a certain company in the city of Dar es Salaam. He saved
nothing from his earning for the future life. Mabala married Mauja and they get a baby girl
(Martina). After Martina born, Mabala realized that he must save money for future life but it

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is now impossible because goods and services prices go up and up every day. Mama Martina
tries a lot to run small business so as to help Mabala but things become worse.

They together discuss the issue and come into conclusion that they must shift to the village
where Mabala thinks that life there is simple. Mama Martina tells him life in the village is not
simple as he thinks but Mabala is very stubborn.

Mama Martina moves to her relatives at Morogoro while Mabala remains in Dar es Salaam.
In Morogoro he gets ten acres of farm which he cultivates in the right way whereby some of
the acres and gets 60 bags of maize which is more valuable than annual salary of Mabala. By
being so, Mabala resigns his work and joins Mama Martina in the village.

This chapter shows Mabala with three problems which are;

i. He is careless on how he spends his money (extravagant)
ii. He is stubborn
iii. He has no experience about village life.

CHAPTER 2
MABALA FIRST DAY AT THE FARM
Mabala reaches in the village before the beginning of new cultivating season. The villagers
accept his family and help him to build a temporary house and other activities.

The first day in the beginning of new cultivating season, his wife wakes up Mabala early in
the morning to go to the farm where Mabala refuses to wake up although his wife tries to.
Mama Martina goes alone to the farm early and Mabala comes late around 8:30 am. In
shamba, Mabala seems to be lazy while his wife works hard. He complains about his hurting
body as well as demands food from his wife.

CHAPTER 3
MABALA HAD A REST
Mabala leaves the hoe and goes to rest under mango tree where he opens the basket brought
by Mama Martina and eats all food present before he falls asleep under the mango tree. The
farmer passers-by becoming surprise after seeing Mama Martina is working alone while her
husband was sleeping. After working for a while, she decides to drink some water.

When she opens the basket, she realizes that the food is no longer there. The hungry that she
feels cause her to be angry to his husband Mabala who ate all food. She wakes up Mabala and
starts to accuse him for what he did. Mabala apologizes to his wife, he takes her at Mtama
bar to buy some food.

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 CHAPTER 4
AT THE MTAMA BAR
At the Mtama bar, Mabala orders meat, banana and big plastic mug of mtama which have
seen to be the misuse of money by his wife. Mama Martina drinks and eats quickly and then
she goes home. Mabala remains at the area with other men discussing about life in general.
The men complain about village life and blame on Mabala after left town where each and
everything like social services and good life can be found. Mabala argues against them by
telling that life in town is very difficult because each and everything in town needs money to
be obtained. Also Mabala tells them that the village life is not simple because of the situation
that he met at the farm. Ongoing discussion, Mabala accuses the men of keeping on drinking
while their wives do all the work. His accusation hurt them and they promise to teach him a
lesson. They advise him to drink mtama early in the morning and goes to the farm whenever
he feels his body is hurting in order to work hard. Mabala takes a gallon of mtama special for
next day.

CHAPTER 5
THE HOE AND THE GALLON CAN
The next day in the morning, Mabala wakes up and follows the men advice. He drinks mtama
early in the morning, his wife surprises but one of their neighbor tells her to leave him because
they want to teach him a lesson. Mabala and Mama Martina are in the farm and after few
minutes Mabala gets tired and his body starts to ache. He drinks a little mtama as the men
advised him. He keeps on drinking after every few minutes and finally is unable to carry the
hoe. He goes under the mango tree where he falls asleep.
At lunch time, his wife tries to wake him up without success so she works alone till in the
evening when she tries to wake him up again. At this time, he wakes up but is very weak to
walk straight alone so his wife helps him. They met the men at Mtama bar who laugh him
after his explanation on what happened at the farm that day. The men tell him to work hard
without caring the aching body and after two (2) weeks he will cope and be fine. The next day
Mabala works hard in the farm and his wife is happy about it.
CHAPTER 6
MABALA AND THE FERTILIZER
It is the time for putting fertilizer on the field. Mabala decides to carry the full bag of fertilizer
to the farm. In the morning Mabala carries the bag of sugar instead of fertilizer. The bag
becomes too heavy to him but he forces to carry it till it splits and some fertilizer fells out. His
neighbor Sekulu looks at it carefully then he realizes that it is not fertilizer but it is sugar.
Sekulu tells Mabala about it but he denies him by insisting it is fertilizer and not sugar.
Sekulu runs to tell Mama Martina who also runs to the farm so as to stop Mabala. It is a hard
moment for Mabala to carry the bag of sugar to back home.
Next day, Mabala carries the real fertilizer at the farm. On putting it, he puts it on top of the
maize plant instead of putting around the maize plant. He claims to feed the plant directly.
Since Mabala is very stubborn (Mr. Haambiliki) which means Mr. Never-Told, his wife

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allows him to do so on the two rows of maize in order to see the outcome. Mama Martina
accuses him on his behavior for not listening and learning (He acts as he knows each and
everything). In the farm, the two rows he where put the fertilizer their maize become yellow
and dying while the rest are healthy. Mabala has nothing to say because what his wife says is
the truth (THE TRUTH HURTS).
CHAPTER 7
MABALA WINS RESPECT
Since the village had no an accountant and there are problems with accounts, Mabala asks
for the chance. At the beginning people joke him because they know his behavior. In contrast;
Mabala writes account well and he uses most of his time to deal with it instead of drinking.
Villagers realize that their accounts and all village projects are running well and even the
village shop is now full of goods than never been before. Mama Martina realizes positive
changes to his husband like hard working and others which make her happy.
Villagers are also stopping to laugh at Mabala, they show him respect. All family members
become happy and they expect the new child soon.
WHAT IS THE BOOK ABOUT?
Generally speaking, the story “Mabala the Farmer” is about a man called Mabala who was
born in Dares Salaam and spent all his life there. Mabala married to a woman called Mauja.
Mauja has a daughter called Martina. Because of that, Mauja is now known as Mama
Martina. Mabala has neither a house nor a shamba in Dar es Salaam. Although Mabala was
working as a chief clerk in one of companies in Dar es Salaam, he could not save the money
as he was extravagant. When the ideas of saving money come into Mabala’s mind it was too
late because at that moment price went up and up. Mama Martina started to sell matis and
chapatis but still life was tough.

Mabala finally, gets an idea of leaving the city in order to try the rural/ village life therefore,
he decide to go to the village to do the shamba work. At last, he leaves the city and starts life
afresh in the village. There, he faces a lot of difficulties. This is mainly because Mabala does
not know how to dig. He has never worked on the farm. Strangely, Mabala does not like to
admit his weaknesses before other villagers. Thus why they called him Mr. Never told! Or
Bwana Haambiliki or stubborn.

Mabala pretends to know everything. His wife Mama Martina uses much of her energy to
make her husband cope with both village life and villagers. It takes time for Mabala to adapt,
but at last he succeeds in making his life happier in the village. He engages himself in farming
activities seriously after he became the village accountant. He views to get enough food which
makes other villagers admire him. The villagers no longer laugh at him, mock or joke him as
they used to do previously. They now appreciate and trust him.

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 CHARACTERS AND CHARACTERIZATION
MAJOR/ MAIN CHARACTERS
1) MABALA
 He is a main character in the story.
 He was born in Dar e salaam and married a woman called Mauja.
 He is extravagant and he wants to live very luxurious life while his salary is not enough
for that. The life in town becomes difficult and tough because he did not prepare his
future. When he was still working he never built a house or made any other
preparations that could help him in future.
 He had a good heart because he was generous and helped others.
 Mabala also never lived in a village. This means that he never cultivated a farm and
he could not know how hard the work was.
 In town he always listened to radio and read books.
 He decides to leave the town in order to start life a fresh in the village.
 He faces a lot of obstacles but at the end he manages to cope with village life.
 His actions in the village make people laugh at him but his wife tries hard to make her
husband cope with village life.
 He is flexible. But he sometimes pretends to know more than he does.
 He is selfish as he does not consider others. This seen when he eats all the food at the
farm without considering his wife.
 He is also stubborn as he never listened to anyone. Thus why they call him Mr. Never
told!

2) MAUJA/ MAMA MARTINA

 She is another main character of the story.
 She is known as Mama Martina because her first born is called Martina.
 She is the wife of Mabala and she has true love for her husband.
 She is one among the few women who can tolerate life difficulties in their families.
 She uses most of her time to make her husband Mabala cope with village life.
 She works very hard to improve her family life. In town for instance she could sell
matis and chapatis, at the village she worked very hard to the farm despite the laziness
and ignorance of her husband. She seeks and follows good advice given by the villagers
and Bwana shamba and thus why she got 60 bags of maize.

MINOR CHARACTERS
1) MARTINA
 She is the daughter of Mabala and Mauja.
 She is the only child in the family similar to her father Mabala.
 She was born in Dar es Salaam.
 She was educated in Morogoro village when her parents decided to live in the village.
 She refused to go to school because her fellow pupils laughed at her as her father was
stubborn.
 She likes school because later on she continues with it after Mabala wins respect and
become a village accountant.

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2) MZEE KOMBO
 A village who is not satisfied with what Mabala tries to explain about town life.
 He is an old man who suggests that all the men in town want to drink beer and chase
girls.
 He is among the men who saw Mabala fast asleep under the tree while Mama Martina
was working hard.
 Mzee Kombo and other men decide to teach Mabala a lesson after he insulted the men
that were only drinking mtama and not working, working was for women. So they
advised Mabala to drink little mtama early in the morning, at the farm if the body
could ache and he did so.

3) SEKULU
 This is Mabala’s and Mauja’s neighbor.
 He sees sugar on the ground and realizes that it is not fertilizer but sugar.
 He is a good man because he decided to call Mabala and asked him why he was taking
much sugar to the farm. But Mabala says it is not sugar but fertilizer.
 He runs to Mama Martina and gave her the story. Mama Martina decides to follow
her husband to prove that later on she assures Mabala that what he is carrying is not
fertilizer but the sugar bought while they were in Dar es Salaam.
 He said truthful to the villagers about the arguments between Mabala and Mama
Martina on how to put fertilizer to the maize plants and soon the song of Mr. Never
told / Bwana Haambiliki started to be sung in the village by the villagers.

THEMES FOUND IN THE BOOK

1) LIFE IN TOWN: In this book, the author describes that life in town is very tough because
things are sold in high price. For example, Mabala could not even save his salary because
of life hardship. That’s why his wife Mama Martina decides to sell matis and chapatis in
order to improve life but still life was becoming harder and harder.
2) LIFE IN THE VILLAGE; On the other hand, life in the village is very easy. Mabala says,
“Life on the farm is easier than life in town. You wake up when you want to, you plant,
you harvest, and you eat. No problem”. But Mama Martina said that life will be good in
the village if they could work hard. Failure to that life also could be difficult. This is seen
in chapter four when Mabala attend to the farm and his body was aching and that’s why
he said. “But my friend life in the village is not easy either. Today I went to dig and my
whole body started to ache, headaches, backache and leg ache.”
3) IGNORANCE OF PEOPLE; This means lack of knowledge or information about
something. In the book, “Mabala the farmer” the author has used “Mabala” as a person
who lacked knowledge on various things especially in farming activities. For example,
Mabala was cheated by his friends at the Mtama bar that if he drinks Mtama early in the
morning and drank it at the farm, he could work hard. At chapter six, Mabala and the
fertilizer, Mabala seems to lack information or knowledge because he put the fertilizer on
the maize instead of putting it around the maize plant.
4) HARD WORKING; This means, working with a lot effort and determination. In this
book, Mauja (Mama Martina) is a hard working woman because in town she sells matis
and chapatis to sustain life but in the village she worked on the farm alone in the beginning
and got 60 bags of maize. When her husband resigned the work in town and lived in the

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 village, Mama Martina worked hard even without eating and that’s why at chapter seven
(Mabala wins respect), the harvest was more good.
5) ROLES OF WOMEN; These are responsibilities of women especially to the family or
society they live. In the book ‘Mabala The Farmer` Mama Martina had the following
roles:
a) She prepares some food and water for her family. Example of food prepared is maize
and beans, and porridge.
b) She gives advice to her husband on how to cope with life in the village and it was
through her later on Mabala won respect.
c) She respected her husband and other neighbors in the village. Example, she
received bad news from Sekulu that her husband carried sugar instead of fertilizers.

6) FORMAL EDUCATION; It is a process of teaching and learning usually at school. In

this book Mabala started primary school in Dar es Salaam and in 1961 the year of
Independence of Tanzania he completed standard eight and was employed at URAFIKI
TEXTTILE INDUSTRY. Also Martina, the Mabala`s and Mauja`s daughter also was
studying primary school to the village they shifted.
7) EXPLOITATION; to exploit means to treaty someone unfairly by asking them to do
something for you, but giving them very little in return. In the book ‘Mabala the farmer’
Mabala is complaining on the salary he receives at his work place, he compared it like
buying twenty bottles of beer. This means that he was exploited a lot by the company he
does the work.
8) THE ISSUE OF MTAMA (DRUNKARDNESS); Both in town and the village people
drink Mtama. Mabala says that when he was at town he used to drink mtama and the
mtama at the town was not sweet like that of the village. In this book Mabala and those
men at mtama bar are discussed as drunkard people because they spent their time drinking
without working. This hinders development in the society.
9) LAZINESS; Refers to not liking work and physical activity. In the book ‘Mabala the
farmer, Mabala has been used by the author as lazy person because he could drink mtama
the whole day and could no longer work again in the shamba and what he could do was
to eat all food and sleep at nearly mango tree.
10) HUMILIATION; Is the situation where somebody feels that he/ she is weak or shipped.
In this book, humiliation is shown by Mabala to his wife mama Martina because Mabala
insults her by saying that women are always weak while men are strong and thus why
they can work while drunkard. Another humiliation is given by the villagers to Mabala’s
family where all villagers were laughing at Mabala, Mama Martina and Martina. This
was due to Mabala’s laziness to farming activities.
11) EXTRAVAGANCE; This is a spending a lot of money for luxuries. In the book, Mabala
used his salary in bad way. He could spend and spend without saving. This led him to run
away from town to village.
12) SELFISHNESS; Selfish means caring about yourself and not about other people. In the
book, Mabala is drawn as a selfish man because he was eating too much food to the farm
without considering his wife mama Martina who was working the whole day without
eating and Mabala finished all the food which where maize and beans.

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 MESSAGE (S) FROM THE BOOK
1) Life whether in town or village is not easy.
2) We should work hard in order to succeed. This is shown on chapter seven (Mabala wins
respect) this is when Mabala shift his family to the village and get a lot of successes.
3) Lazy people like Mabala never succeed in life until they work hard.
4) Drinking mtama doesn’t go together with working at the farm.
5) Agriculture is the backbone of our national development.
6) Working hard with aims / intentions is a key point of success. E.g. mama Martina.

GUIDING QUESTIONS FROM THE BOOK

1) What is the physical and social setting of the book? The physical and social setting of
the book is Tanzania especially Dar es Salaam when it’s still a very small town in the year
of independence (1961). Socially, life in town is so tough because the price went up and
up and there was no saving for future by Mabala because he used his salary (money) in
bad ways (luxuries).
2) How is the language used in the book? In this book the language used is simple and direct.
That’s why the book is well understood.
3) Does the author deviate from the ordinary language use? Yes, the author has deviated
from the ordinary language use because of the following: -
a) The use of Kiswahili language. Here, Kiswahili words like Mzee, Bwana shamba,
Mama Martina, chapattis, Bwana Haambiliki and others related words which are used
in the book. This is shown that the author has deviated from using English words to
Kiswahili words for clarity.
b) The use of Swahili sayings that are translated into English language Example of
these sayings are: - “Once the water has been spilt you can’t pick it up again”. “If a
child cries for a razor blade give it to him. He will learn.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS;
1) What is the title of the book and who is the author?
2) Name the two most important characters in the story and compare their behaviors.
3) Who is the main character?
4) How does the title relate to the content of the story?
5) What lessons did you learn from the story?

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 INTERPRETING OF POEMS

EAT MORE BY JOE CORRIE

“Eat more fruit”, the slogan say-a
More fish, more beef, more bread-b
But I’m on unemployment pay-a
My third year now and wed-b

And so I wonder when I see-c

The slogan when I pass-d
The only one that would suit me-c
“Eat more bloody grass”-d

GUIDING QUESTIONS
1) What is the poem about? The poem is about unemployment that affect large number of
people all over the world hence leads to underdevelopment and poverty.
2) Comment on the tone of a poem/ what is the tone of a poem? The tone is sad due to the
presence of unemployment and classes which hinder development especially to the
developing countries hence can create poor living condition among the people.
3) Comment on the language use in the poem. The language used is not only simple and
easy to understand but also the choice of vocabulary is carefully done to make sure that
the audience gets the message across.
4) What are the possible themes found in the poem?
The possible themes which can be found in the poem;
a) Consciousness; the persona represents conscious people found in our society, he is
conscious that he cannot afford eating a balanced diet because he is poor and
unemployed that’s why he says “Eat more bloody grass”
b) Classes; from the poem, there are two classes e.g. rich people and poor people. This
is revealed in stanza 1 and stanza 2.
c) Unemployment; the last two verses of the first stanza shows that man is unemployed
for three years that’s why he says; “But I’m on unemployment pay
My third year now and wed”
d) Protest; the poet shows persona’s discontent of a commercial slogan which
encourages people to buy a balanced diet that’s why he says “Eat more bloody grass”
e) Hypocrisy; those people encouraging others to eat a balanced diet are hypocrite
because they really know that most of the people cannot afford to eat a balanced diet.
This is revealed in stanza 2.
5) What lessons does this poem offer to the society?
a) Unemployment is the source of underdevelopment
b) Consciousness is the key of success.
c) Existence of classes is the source of misunderstanding in the society.
d) We must fight against all forms of injustice.
6) How many stanzas are there?
There are two (2) stanzas.

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A FREEDOM SONG BY Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye (Kenya)
Atieno washes dishes,
Atieno plucks the chicken,
Atieno gets up early,
Beds her sacks down in the kitchen,
Atieno is eight years’ old
Atieno yo.

Since she’s my sister’s child

Atieno needs no pay
While she works my wife can sit
Sewing every sunny day,
With her earning I support
Atieno yo.

Atieno’s sly and jealous

Bad example to the kids
Since she minds them, like a school girl
Wants their dresses, shoes and beads
Atieno ten years old,
Atieno yo.

Now my wife has gone to study

Atieno’s less free,
Don’t I keep her, school my own ones,
Pay the party union fee
All for progress: Aren’t you grateful,
Atieno yo?

Visitors need much attention,

All the more when I work at night.
That girl stays too long at the market
Who will teach her what is right?
Atieno rising fourteen,
Atieno yo.

GUIDING QUESTIONS
1) What is the poem about? The poem is about a young girl called Atieno who is mistreated
by her own uncle. She works without pay and ends in death due to post-partum bleeding.
2) Who is the persona? How do you know? The persona in the poem is Atieno’s uncle. This
is revealed in the second stanza where he comments; “since she’s my sister’s child/Atieno
needs no pay.
3) What is the tone of the poem? The tone is sympathetic to the child.
4) What are the possible themes found in the poem?
The possible themes which can be found in the poem;

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a) CHILD LABOUR; The issue of child labor has become a burning issue that attracts
the attention of most social activists. Many children are employed informally, in the
streets, homes and some workplaces. We see them selling plastic bags, candies,
washing cars, helping the military rebels etc. Atieno in the poem is just one case in
point. She represents this class. She is working as a house girl at the age of 8 and
strangely enough without pay. At this age she should have been in STD 2. Yet she
is employed in her uncle’s home.
b) EXPLOITATION AND OPPRESSION; Despite the growing awareness of the
violation of human rights, the world is still facing the problem of exploitation and
oppression. The young girl in the poem is not only exploited but also oppressed by
her own uncle. Although she works and does all the domestic chores she is not paid
nor given any good care. The poetess suggests that she even desires to have the
dresses, shoes and beads of her cousins since she is not given one. Here says the
poetess. Atieno’s sly and jealousy/Bad example to the kids/ Since she minds them
like a school girl/Wants their dresses, shoes and dresses. Again in the second stanza
she shows how Atieno’s efforts are wasted without gain. Since she is my sister’s
child/Atieno needs no pay
c) EARLY PREGNANCY; This is another common problem among the teenagers
today. Parents are now very busy than at any point in human history. As a result,
teens have been left without proper parental care. Many girls today have failed to
reach their educational goals because when they get pregnancy, they are kicked out
of schools altogether. At the age of fourteen Atieno becomes pregnant. This is partly
due to poor parental care. As the poetess says that her aunt has gone to study and
uncle is busy with the work while poor Atieno has no one to teach her what is right.
Since she is still young to handle the delivery complications she dies of excessive
post-partum bleeding.
d) HYPOCRISY; There is hypocrisy from family level to national level when you
come to think of it. Most step-parents mistreat their step-children at home but in the
outside they want everybody to believe that they are taking good care of them. If
you hear the tone of Atieno’s uncle, you will certainly discover some points of
sympathy. But the question is; who is mistreating the young Atieno? It’s her uncle.
This is hypocrisy. On the funeral, we are told that meat and sugar more than all that
Atieno had eaten in such a narrow life were lavished in her funeral. That translates
into something like, “I loved the child” what a hypocrite!
e) POOR PARENTAL CARE; While we are not told the reasons why Atieno is not
living with her own biological parents, it is evident that most parents have left the
responsibility of taking care of their children to the community like schools,
churches or relatives. Because the parents are busy, they have no time to make
regular follow-ups to check the kind of upbringing their children go through.
Parenting is the most important responsibility that parents are now avoiding. Atieno
goes to work in her uncle’s home at the age of eight, and her parents are not making
follow-ups. Atieno’s uncle is also portrayed as a bad parent since he mistreats his
own niece.

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 CHAPTER 10
VOCABULARY
USING OF A DICTIONARY
DICTIONARY;
It is a kind of book or reference that containing words of a language, arranged alphabetically,
showing class and uses.

Importance of a dictionary book;

1. It gives meaning of words.
2. It shows words of the same meaning (synonyms)
3. It shows words which mean the opposite (antonyms)
4. It shows the classes of word (verb, noun e.t.c)
5. It shows how words are used
6. It shows how words are made
7. It shows how words are pronounced

COMMON ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE DICTIONARY

o IDM- Idiom
o PHRV- Phrasal verb
o SYN- synonym
o OPP- opposite
o AmE- American English
o BrE- British English
o AW- Academic Word List
o Adj- adjective
o Det-determiner
o Abbr-abbreviation
o Adv-adverb
o Prep-preposition
o Conj.-conjuction
o N-noun
o Ref-reference
o Obj-objective
o Past part-past participle
o Superl-superlative
o Phr-phrase
o Pl-plural
o V-verb
o V.aux-auxiliary verb

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 o [U]- uncountable noun
o [PP]- pages
o Pt-past tense
o C-countable noun
o Un-uncountable noun
o Sign-singular
o Sth-something

TALKING ABOUT FAMILY;

FAMILY;
Is a smallest social unit which consists of father, mother, children and relatives.

Vocabulary;
1. Uncle; the brother of your father or mother.
2. Cousin; the child of your uncle or aunt.
3. Nephew; the son of your brother or sister.
4. Niece; the daughter of your brother or sister.
5. Father-in-law; the father of your wife or husband.
6. Mother-in-law; the mother of your wife or husband.
7. Brother-in-law; the brother of your wife or husband.
8. Sister-in-law; the sister of your wife or husband.
9. Aunt; the sister of your father or mother.
10. Grandfather; the father of your father or mother.
11. Grandmother; the mother of your father or mother.
12. Father; somebody’s male parent.
13. Mother; somebody’s female parent.
14. Parent; somebody’s father or mother.
15. Son; somebody’s male child.
16. Daughter; somebody’s female child.
17. Husband; the man who a man is married to.
18. Wife; the woman who a man is married to.
19. Spouse; somebody married to another person; husband or wife.
20. Brother; a boy or man who has the same parents as another person.
21. Sister; a girl or woman who has the same parents as another person.
22. Sibling; a brother or sister.
23. Elder brother/sister; a brother/sister who is older than you.
24. Younger brother/sister; brother/sister who is younger than you.
25. Grandparent; somebody’s parent’s parent.
26. Great grandfather; a father of your grandparent.

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27. Great grandmother; a mother of your grandparent.
28. Spinster; a woman who has never been married.

VOCABULARY (1)
1. Vendor; is a person who sells commodities such as food stuffs and clothes by walking with
them around the streets looking for customers.
2. Tour guide; is a person who directs and instructs tourists when they are going for a tour.
3. Cyclist; is a person who rides a bicycle or a motorcycle.
4. Foreman; is a person who supervises others in performing a certain task or activity.
5. Lawyer; is a person who advises clients on legal matters.
6. Chef; is a person who cooks in a hotel or restaurant.
7. Keeper; is a person who administers the property, house and finances of another.
8. Grocer; is a person who sells household items.
9. Deacon; is a person whose rank is immediately below a priest.
10. Dean; is a person who is a chief administrator of a college or university.
11. Guardian; is a person who looks after someone.
12. Trader; is a person who is engaged in commercial purchase and sale.
13. Thief; is a person who takes other people properties without permission.
14. Artist; is a person who paints pictures, signs and composes poems.
15. Tenant; is a person who pays rent for the use of a room, building or land to the person
who owns it.
16. Accountant; is a person whose job is to keep or check financial accounts.
17. Sibling; is a brother or sister.
18. Shirt; is a garment worn on the upper part of the body, usually having sleeves and buttons.
19. Skirt; is a garment hanging from the waist.
20. Legible; that is clear enough to be read easily.
21. Audible; that can be heard.
22. Edible; good or safe to eat.
23. Illegible; difficult or impossible to read.
24. Portable; that can be moved or carried easily.
25. Blouse; is a cloth like a shirt.
26. Bridesmaid; is a woman or girl who helps a woman on her wedding day.
27. Tailor; is a person whose job is to make clothes like suits for an individual customer.
28. Airhost; is a male flight attendant.
29. Customer; is a person that buys something from a shop or business.
30. Inspector; is a person whose job is to visit schools, factories to check that rules are being
observed, obeyed and that standards are accepted.
31. Librarian; is a person who is in charge of or works in a library.
32. Authoress; is a woman who writes books.

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33. Electrician; is a person whose job is to connect, repair electrical equipment like cables,
wires in a house, car or machine.
34. Swarm; is a large group of insects especially bees.
35. Flock; is a number of sheep.
36. Audience; a number of people listening to a concert or lecture.
37. Spectators; a number of people looking on at a football match.
38. Clump; is a number of trees.
39. Set; is a collection of tools.
40. Bunting; is a collection of flags

VOCABULARY (2);
1. A crowd of people
2. A chest of drawers
3. A flock of sheep/ birds
4. A gang of thieves/ bandits
5. A constellation of stars
6. A board of directors
7. A choir of singers
8. A plague of insects/ locusts
9. A school of whales/ dolphins
10. A bunch of keys/ roses
11. A swarm of bees
12. A troop of lions/ monkeys
13. A hand of bananas
14. A herd of cattle/ buffaloes
15. A crew of sailors
16. A pack of cards
17. A band of musicians
18. A brood of chickens
19. A kindle of kitten
20. A bevy of beautiful girls
21. An anthology of poems
22. A bouquet of flowers
23. A fleet of ships
24. A stack of wood
25. A pencil of rays
26. A clutch of eggs
27. A set of tools
28. A host of angels

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29. A nest of mice/ rabbits
30. A staff of teachers
31. A team of horses/ players
32. A troupe of dancers
33. A cluster of stars
34. A horde of children
35. Spectators; In football field
36. Audience; in a concert
37. Mob; in a riot
38. Crowd/ throng; in a street
39. Assembly; in a meeting
40. Congregation; in a church
41. Patients; in hospital
42. A bale of cotton
43. A lump of sugar
44. A gallon of oil
45. A meter of cloth
46. A piece of bread
47. A sheet of paper
48. A tone of coal
49. A bar of chocolate
50. An acre of land
51. A loaf of bread
52. A block of ice
53. A slice of bread
54. A speck of dust
55. A cloud of mosquitoes
56. A fleet of cars
57. A bundle/ heap of clothes
58. A panel of judges
59. A crop of apples
60. A contingent of soldiers
61. A team of researchers
62. A company of players
63. A bundle of sticks
64. A bunch of bananas
65. A deck of cards
66. A pile of papers
67. A pack of flies

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68. An array of facts
69. A fleet of buses

SOUNDS OF ANIMALS;
1. Sheep- bleat
2. Snake- hiss
3. Tigers- roar/ growl
4. Tortoise- grunt
5. Hares- squeak
6. Hippos- bray
7. Horses- neigh/ whinny
8. Hyena- laugh
9. Kittens- mew
10. Lions- roar
11. Mice- squeak
12. Monkeys- chatter/ gibber
13. Parrots- talk
14. Pigs- grunt/ squeal/ squeak
15. Rhinos- snort
16. Blackbirds- whistle
17. Bulls- bellow
18. Calves- bleat
19. Cats- meow/ mew/ purr
20. Chickens- peep/ cackle
21. Cocks- crow
22. Cows- low
23. Dogs- bark
24. Dolphins- click
25. Doves- moan
26. Ducks- quack
27. Eagles- scream
28. Elephant- trumpet
29. Flies- buzz
30. Foxes- bark/ yelp
31. Frogs- croak
32. Giraffe- bleats/ grunts
33. Grasshoppers- chirp/ pitter
34. Donkey- bray
35. Rabbit- grunt
36. Bees- buzz/ murmur

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37. Beetles- drone
38. Birds- sing/ chirp
39. Apes- gibber
40. Rat- squeak
41. Man- speak
42. Hen- clucks

VOCABULARY (3)
1. Mortuary; is a place where dead bodies are kept until buried.
2. Labour ward; is a room in a hospital where babies are born.
3. Pharmacy; is a place where medicines are prepared and sold.
4. Ward; is a room in which sick people get bed rest.
5. Hospital; is a place where sick people are treated.
6. Laboratory; is a room which is used for health check-up.
7. Driver; is a person who drives a car.
8. Cyclist; is a person who rides a bicycle.
9. Teacher; is a person who teaches pupils.
10. Cook; is a person who cooks.
11. Doctor; is a person who treats the sick people in the hospital.
12. Shop keeper; is a person who sells items in a shop.
13. Grandson; is the son of your son.
14. Niece; is the daughter of your sister.
15. Uncle; is the brother of your father.
16. Sister-in-law; is the sister of your wife.
17. Nephew; is the son of your brother.
18. Pilot; is a person who carries passengers in the aeroplanes.
19. Watchman; is a person who takes care of people’s house at night.
20. Police officer; is a person who takes care of people and their property.
21. Forester; is a person who takes care of forests.
22. A butcher; is a person who sells meat in his or her butchery.
23. Plumber; is a person who fixes water pipes, taps and water tanks or is a person who repairs
broken pipes and taps.
24. A grocer; is a person who sells drinks and food staff such as rice, flour, oil and other items.
25. A painter; is a person who paints houses and office buildings.
26. A conductor; is a person who collects money from the passengers in the bus.
27. A secretary; is a person who types letters and other documents, answers the telephone,
buys stationery, organizes meetings and arranges things in the office.
28. A fishmonger; is a fisherman who buys fish from others and sells them to his/her
customers.
29. A fisherman; is a person who catches fish from the river and sells them other customers.
30. A baker; is a person who makes, sells bread and cakes from his bakery.
31. A greengrocer; is a person who sells fruits and vegetables in the grocery.
32. A mechanic; is a person who works in the garage and repairs cars that have problems.
33. A cobbler; is a person who repairs shoes.

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34. A lawyer; is a person who helps people with cases in court.
35. A judge; is a person who sits in the court and listens to cases and makes decisions.
36. A game warden; is a person who takes care of animals in the game reserves and in the
game parks.

VOCABULARY (4)

Professions& Occupations
1. Accountant; is a person who works with the money and accounts of a company.
2. Actor/actress; is a person who acts in a play or a movie.
3. Architect; is a person who designs building and houses.
4. Astronomer; is a person who studies the stars and the universe.
5. Author; is a person who writes books or novels.
6. Baker; is a person who makes bread, cakes and normally work in a bakery.
7. Bricklayer; is a person who helps to build houses by using bricks.
8. Bus driver; is a person who drives buses.
9. Butcher; is a person who works with meat.
10. Carpenter; is a person who makes things from wood including houses and furniture.
11. Chef; is a person who prepares food for others, often in a restaurant or café.
12. Cleaner; is a person who cleans/tidies an area or place such as in an office.
13. Dentist; is a person who can fix problems you have with your teeth.
14. Designer; is a person who has the job of designing things.
15. Doctor; is a person you go to see when you are ill or have some type of health problem.
16. Dustman/refuse collector; is a person who collects trash/rubbish from bins in the street.
17. Electrician; is a person who works with electric circuits.
18. Engineer; is a person who develops solutions to technical problems. They sometimes
design, build or maintain engines, machines, structures or public works.
19. Factory worker; is a person who works in a factory.
20. Farmer; is a person who works on a farm.
21. Fireman;/fire fighter; is a person who puts out fire.
22. Fisherman; is a person who catches fishes.
23. Florist; is a person who works with flowers.
24. Gardener; is a person who keeps gardens clean and tidy. They take care of the plants in
the garden.
25. Hairdresser; they cut your hair or give it a new style.
26. Journalist; is a person who makes new reports in writing or through television.
27. Judge; is a qualified person who decides cases in a law court.
28. Lawyer; is a person who defends people in a court and gives legal advice.
29. Lecturer; is a person who gives lectures usually in a university.
30. Librarian; is a person who works in a library.
31. Lifeguard; is a person who saves lives where people swim (at the beach or swimming
pool).
32. Mechanic; is a person who repairs machines especially motors.
33. Model; is a person who works in fashion, modeling clothes and accessories.
34. Newsreader; is a person who reads the news normally on television.

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35. Nurse; is a person trained to help a doctor look after the sick or injured.
36. Optician; is a person who checks your eyes and try to correct any problems with your
sight.
37. Painter; is a person who paints pictures or the interior and exterior of buildings.
38. Pharmacist; is a qualified person who works with and dispenses medicine.
39. Photographer; is a person who takes photos.
40. Pilot; is a person who flies a plane.
41. Plumber; is a person who repairs your water systems or pipes.
42. Politician; is a person who works in politics.
43. Policeman/ policewoman; is a member of the police force.
44. Postman; is a person who delivers mail to your house.
45. Real estate agent; is a person who makes money from selling land for development.
46. Receptionist; is a person who is at the reception (entrance) of a company.
47. Scientist; is a person who works in the science industry.
48. Secretary; is a person employed in an office who types letters, keeps records etc.
49. Shop assistant; is a person who works in a shop or store selling products.
50. Soldier; is a person who works for the army.
51. Tailor; is a person who makes clothes for others, many times producing exclusive items
of clothing.
52. Taxi driver; is a person who drives a taxi.
53. Teacher; is a person who passes knowledge to students usually at school.
54. Translator; is a person who translates from one language to another.
55. Traffic warden; is a person who patrols areas to check that people do not park in the
wrong place.
56. Travel agent; is a person who organizes and sells holidays and flights for others.
57. Veterinary doctor (vet); is a qualified person who looks after sick animals.
58. Waiter/ waitress; is a person who works in a food outlet, looking after customers and
serving.

Collective nouns
1. Herd– A group of herbivore animals.
2. Pack– A group of canine animals such as wolves or dogs; also used to describe playing
cards and packages containing multiple objects.
3. Flock– A group of birds; also used to discuss small hooved animals such as sheep or goats.
4. Swarm– A group of insects.
5. Shoal– A group of fish.
6. Group – A very general term used to describe people, places, things, and animals.
7. Crowd – Usually used to describe a group of people.
8. Gang – Usually used to describe a group of criminals; also used to describe a group of
workers, particularly sailors or dock workers.
9. Mob – Normally used to describe an angry or unruly group of people; also used to describe
a group of kangaroos.
10. Staff – A group of people who work in the same place.
11. Crew – Usually used to denote a group of workers; also used to describe aircraft and ships
personnel.

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12. Choir – A large, organized group of singers.
13. Orchestra – A large, organized group of instrumentalists, led by a conductor.
14. Panel – A group of experts.
15. Board – A group of people, usually professionals, who take on an advisory role.
16. Troupe – A group of actors or acrobats; also used to describe a group of Monkeys.
17. Bunch – Usually a group of smallish objects such as grapes, flowers, keys, or Bananas.
18. Pile – An untidy collection of items such as rubbish.
19. Heap – A mounded collection of items; used interchangeably with “pile”
20. Set – A tidy group of matched objects such as dishes; also used to describe rules or a social
group of people.
21. Stack – A group of items neatly laid one on top of another; i.e., a stack of books.
22. Series – Used to discuss movies, books, or events that follow one after another, i.e. Star
Trek or Harry Potter.
23. Shower – Usually used to describe rain, although it can be used to describe gifts or
compliments.

Collective Nouns List

Group Name “Herd”
Collective noun examples:
 A herd of antelope
 A herd of boar
 A herd of buffaloes
 A herd of caribou
 A herd of cattle
 A herd of chamois
 A herd of chinchillas
 A herd of cows
 A herd of cranes
 A herd of deer
 A herd of donkeys
 A herd of elephants
 A herd of elk
 A herd of fairies
 A herd of giraffes
 A herd of gnus
 A herd of goats
 A herd of horses
 A herd of llamas
 A herd of moose
 A herd of oxen
 A herd of pigs
 A herd of ponies
 A herd of sea horses

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 A herd of seals
 A herd of swans
 A herd of swine
 A herd of walruses
 A herd of whales
 A herd of wolves
 A herd of wrens
 A herd of yaks
 A herd of zebras

Group Name “Pack”

 A pack of bears (polar bears)
 A pack of coyotes
 A pack of dogs
 A pack of grouse
 A pack of gulls
 A pack of hounds
 A pack of mongooses
 A pack of mules
 A pack of rats
 A pack of sharks
 A pack of stoats
 A pack of weasels
 A pack of wolves

Group Name “Flock”

 A flock of birds
 A flock of bustards
 A flock of camels
 A flock of chickens
 A flock of ducks
 A flock of geese
 A flock of goats
 A flock of parrots
 A flock of pigeons
 A flock of seagulls
 A flock of sheep
 A flock of swifts
 A flock of tourists
 A flock of turkeys

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Group Name “Swarm”
 A swarm of ants
 A swarm of bees
 A swarm of butterflies
 A swarm of eels
 A swarm of flies
 A swarm of gnats
 A swarm of insects
 A swarm of rats

Group Name “Shoal”

 A shoal of bass
 A shoal of fish
 A shoal of herrings
 A shoal of pilchards
 A shoal of salmon

Group Name “Group”

 A group of guinea pigs
 A group of islands
 A group of people
 A group of dancers
 A group of engineers

Group Name “Crowd”

 A crowd of onlookers
 A crowd of people

Group Name “Gang”

 A gang of hoodlums
 A gang of laborers
 A gang of slaves
 A gang of thieves
 A gang of criminals
 A gang of crooks
 A gang of hoodlums
 A gang of prisoners

Group Name “Mob”

 A mob of emus
 A mob of kangaroos
 A mob of meerkats
 A mob of thieves

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 A mob of sheep
 A mob of kangaroos
 A mob of rioters

Group Name “Staff”

 A staff of employees
 A staff of servants

Group Name “Crew”

 A crew of sailors

Group Name “Choir”

 A choir of angels

Group Name “Orchestra”

 An orchestra of musicians

Group Name “Panel”

 A panel of experts

Group Name “Board”

 A board of directors
 A board of trustees
 A board of chess players

Group Name “Troupe”

 A troupe of monkeys
 A troupe of shrimp
 A troupe of dancers
 A troupe of minstrels
 A troupe of performers

Group Name “Bunch”

 A bunch of seals
 A bunch of pigeons

Group Name “Pile”

 A pile of books

Group Name “Heap”

 A heap of trash

Group Name “Set”

 A set of bowls

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 A set of utensils

Group Name “Stack”

 A stack of books

Group Name “Series”

 A series of events
 A series of photos

Group Name “Shower”

 A shower of bastards

Group Name “Fall”

 A fall of lambs
 A fall of woodcock

Collective Nouns List for People

 A circle of friends
 A class of pupils
 A horde of savages
 A host of angels
 A house of senators
 A joint of osteopaths
 A lie/An equivocation of politicians
 A line of kings/rulers
 A melody of harpists
 A mess/An execution of officers
 A meter of percussionists
 A mob of rioters
 A morbidity of majors
 A mug/A reflection of narcissists
 A multiply/An unhappiness of husbands
 A mutter of mothers‐in‐law
 A wisdom of grandparents
 A number/A set of mathematicians
 A pack of Brownies
 A pack of thieves
 A pan of reviewers
 A panel of experts
 A party of friends
 A patrol of policemen
 A peck of Frenchmen
 A picket of strikers
 A pint of Irishmen

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 A pity/A gang of prisoners
 A plush/A rascal of boys
 A pomposity of professors
 A posse of police
 A posse of sheriffs
 A pound of Englishmen
 A promise of barmen
 A prudence of vicars
 A quiz of teachers
 A rage of maidens
 A rash of dermatologists
 A regiment of soldiers
 A rookery/A school of clerks
 A rout of schoolboys
 A sample of salesmen
 A school of clerks
 A scolding of seamstresses
 A scoop/A slant of journalists
 A sentence of judges
 A series of radiologists
 A set/A subtlety of designers
 A set/A swish of hairdressers
 A shower of bastards
 A shower of meteorologists
 A shrivel of critics
 A shuffle of bureaucrats
 A side of dancers
 A simplicity of subalterns
 A poverty of pipers
 A slate of candidates
 A slither of gossip columnists
 A slouch of models
 A sneer of butlers
 A sprig of vegetarians
 A squad of beaters
 A squad of soldiers
 A squat of daubers
 A squeal of nieces
 A staff of employees.
 A staff of servants
 A staff of teachers
 A stalk of foresters
 A subtlety of sergeants at law

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 A superfluity of nuns
 A tabernacle of bakers
 A talent of gamblers
 A tantrum of decorators
 A team of athletes
 A team of players
 A thought of barons
 A tribe of Indians
 A tribe of natives
 A trip of hippies
 A troop of boy scouts
 A troupe of acrobats
 A troupe of artistes
 A troupe of dancers
 A troupe of performers
 A wandering of tinkers
 A wheeze of joggers
 A worship of writers
 An absence/An order of waiters
 An alley/A pratfall of clowns
 A brace/A wince of dentists
 An amalgamation of metallurgists
 An amble of walkers
 An ambush of widows
 An army of soldiers
 A roll of drummers
 An attitude/A grunt of teenagers
 An audience of listeners
 An eloquence of lawyers
 An embarrassment /A persistence of parents
 An entrance of actresses
 An expectation of heirs
 An expectation of midwives
 An obscurity/A rhyme of poets
 An illusion of magicians
 An impatience of wives
 An imposition of in‐laws
 An obeisance of servants
 An observance of hermits
 An obstruction of dons
 A board of directors
 A board of trustees
 A board of chess players

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 A boast of barristers
 A body of men
 A body of pathologists
 A caravan of gypsies
 A caravan of travelers
 A cast of actors/players
 A catalogue of librarians
 A cavalcade of horsemen
 A chapter of canons
 A choir of singers
 A circle of friends
 A class of pupils
 A class of students
 A clutch of wrestlers
 A college of cardinals
 A colony of microbiologists
 A confusion of philosophers
 A doctrine of doctors
 A draught of butlers
 A drift of lecturers
 A dynasty of kings
 A faculty of academics
 A faith of merchants
 A feast of brewers
 A fighting of beggars
 A flock of tourists
 A flood of plumbers
 A fortitude of graduate students
 A gaggle of women
 A galaxy of governesses
 A gang of criminals
 A gang of hoodlums
 A gang of labourers
 A gang of prisoners
 A gang of robbers
 A gang of thieves

List of Collective Nouns for Birds

 A cloud of seafowls
 A colony/A flock/A raft of auks
 A colony of avocets
 A colony of gulls
 A colony of ibises
 A colony/A parcel/A rookery of penguins
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 A covey/A brace/A brood/A flight/A pack of grouse
 A covey/A bevy/A clutch/A warren of partridges
 A covey of ptarmigans
 A crowd of redwings
 A descent of woodpeckers
 A desert/A deceit of lapwings
 A fall/A covey/A flight/A plump of woodcocks
 A flight of birds
 A flight/A gulp of cormorants
 A flight of goshawks
 A flight/A flock/A kit/A passel of pigeons
 A flight/A gulp of swallows
 A fling of dunlins
 A fling of sandpipers
 A flock of birds
 A flock of bustards
 A flock of swifts
 A flock of turkeys
 A flush of ducks
 A head/A herd of curlews
 A herd/A flock of wrens
 A hill of ruffs
 A host/A quarrel/A tribe/A ubiquity of sparrows
 A murder/A hover/A muster/A parcel of crows
 A chattering/A cloud/A congregation/A clutter of starlings
 A muse of capons
 A muster/An ostentation/A pride of peacocks
 A mustering/A flight/A phalanx of storks
 A mutation of thrushes
 A bouquet/A head/A warren of pheasants
 A parcel of linnets
 A parliament/A stare of owls
 A pitying of turtledoves
 A plump of moorhens
 A plump/A bunch/A knob/A raft of waterfowls
 A pod/A scoop of pelicans
 A prattle of parrots
 A pride/A flock of ostriches
 A rafter of turkeys
 A run of poultry
 A sedge/A siege of bitterns
 A sedge/A herd/A sedge/A siege of cranes
 A sedge/A flight/A hedge/A rookery/A siege of herons

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 A flush/A puddling of mallards
 A spring/A bunch/A coil/A knob/A raft of teals
 A squabble of seagulls
 A stand of flamingos
 A trip of dotterels
 A trip/A bunch/A knob/A lute/A skein of wildfowls
 A wake of buzzards
 A walk/A wisp of snipes

List of Collective Nouns for Mammals

 A glaring/A cluster/A clutter of cats
 A cluster/A herd/A tribe of antelopes
 A coalition of cheetahs
 A cohort/A herd/A zeal of zebras
 A colony/A family/A lodge of beavers
 A colony of chinchillas
 A colony/A horde/A mischief/A swarm of rats
 A colony of voles
 A congress/A flange/A troop of baboons
 A coterie/A town of prairie dogs
 A couple of impalas
 A cowardice of curs
 A crash/A herd/A stubbornness of rhinoceroses
 A destruction of ﴾wild﴿ cats
 A destruction of wildcats
 A drift/A trip of ﴾tame﴿ swine
 A dray/A colony of squirrels
 A drift/A drove/A parcel of hogs
 A drove of bullocks
 A drove/A drift/A flock/A herd of pigs
 A drove/A herd of swine
 A fall of lambs
 A family/A bevy/A raft/A romp of otters
 A farrow/A litter of piglets
 A field/A string of racehorses
 A gang/A herb/An obstinacy of buffalos
 A gang/A herd of elks
 A grind of bottle‐nosed whales
 A group of guinea pigs
 A herd/A gang of bisons
 A herd/A leash of bucks
 A herd of caribous
 A herd/A drift/A drove/A mob of cattle

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 A herd of chamois
 A herd/A drove of donkeys
 A herd of elands
 A herd/A parade of elephants
 A herd/An implausibility of gnus
 A herd of hartebeests
 A herd of harts
 A herd of ibexes
 A herd of llamas
 A herd of moose
 A herd of wildebeests
 A herd of yaks
 A horde of gerbils
 A horde of hamsters
 A huddle/A herd/An ugly of walruses
 A husk of jackrabbits
 A journey/A group/A herd/A tower of giraffes
 A kindle/A litter of kittens
 A kindle of leverets
 A labor/A company/A movement of moles
 A leap of leopards
 A leash of greyhounds
 A litter of cubs
 A litter of pups
 A mischief/A horde/A nest/A trip of mice
 A mob/A troop of kangaroos
 A mob of wombats
 A nursery/A gaze of raccoons
 A pace/A drove/A coffle/A herd of asses
 A pack/A band/A rout of coyotes
 A pack/A kennel of dogs
 A pack/A trip of stoats
 A pack/A herd/A rout of wolves
 A parcel of hinds
 A pod/A flock/A school/A team of dolphins
 A prickle of porcupines
 A pride/A flock/A sault/A troop of lions
 A rake/A rack/A rag of colts
 A richness of martens
 A school/A herd/A pod of porpoises
 A shrewdness/A troop of apes
 A skulk/An earth/A lead/A leash/A troop of foxes
 A sloth of bears

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 A sneak/A gang/A pack of weasels
 A sounder of ﴾wild﴿ boars
 A sounder of ﴾wild﴿ pigs

List of Collective Nouns for Sea Animals

 A glide of flying fish
 A glint/A troubling of goldfish
 A grind of blackfish
 A herd of seahorses
 A pack of perch
 A party of rainbow fish
 A quantity of smelts
 A school of butterfly fish
 A school of cod
 A shiver/A school/A shoal of sharks
 A shoal/A catch/A draught/A fray/A haul/A run/A school of fish
 A shoal of mackerel
 A shoal/A steam/A stream/A swarm of minnows
 A shoal/A school of pilchards
 A shoal of roach
 A shoal of shads
 A shoal/A spread of sticklebacks
 A squad of squid
 A swarm of dragonet fish
 A swarm of eels
 A troop of dogfish
 A troupe of shrimp

List of Collective Nouns for Insects

 A colony/An army/A bike/A swarm of ants
 A swarm/A bike/A cast/A cluster/A drift/A game/A hive/A stand/A rabble/A grist of
bees
 A bike of ﴾wild﴿ bees
 A flight/A rabble/A swarm of butterflies
 An army of caterpillars
 An intrusion of cockroaches
 A swarm/A cloud/A business/A grist/A hatch of flies
 A cloud/A cluster/A swarm of grasshoppers
 A bike/A nest/A swarm of hornets
 A flight/A horde/A plague/A rabble/A swarm of insects
 A flock/A colony/An infestation of lice
 A plague/A cloud/A swarm of locusts
 A scourge/A swarm of mosquitoes

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 A clutter/A cluster of spiders

Collective Nouns List for Things

 A piece of jewellery
 A pile of money
 A drop of rain
 A ray of sunshine
 A pinch of salt
 A bar of soap
 A tube of toothpaste
 A ball of wool
 A bar of soap
 A battery of tests
 A bolt of lightning
 A bunch of books
 A bunch of keys
 A bunch of keys
 A chest of drawers
 A clump of reeds
 A deck of cards
 A fleet of ships
 A fleet of vehicles
 A flight of stairs
 A gallon of gasoline
 A group of friends
 A group of islands
 A grove of trees
 A hedge of bushes
 A library of books
 A pack of cards
 A pair of shoes
 A piece of furniture
 A piece of paper
 A quiver of arrows
 A ream of paper
 A roll of film/cloth
 A series of events
 A set of books
 A set of tools
 A shelf of books
 A stack of chairs
 A suite of furniture
 A suite of rooms

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Collective Nouns List for Food and Drinks
 A bar/A square of chocolate
 A batch of cakes
 A bottle of milk
 A bowl of rice
 A box of cereal
 A can of soda
 A carton of milk
 A cup of tea
 A glass of water
 A jar of honey
 A jug of water
 A kilo of meat
 A kilo of sugar
 A loaf of bread
 A packet of tea
 A piece of cheese
 A piece of chocolate
 A pile of cookies
 A slice of bread
 A slice of pizza
 A tub of margarine

Masculine Feminine
 Heir Heiress
 Husband Wife
 Author Authoress
 Boy Girl
 Lion Lioness
 Manservant Maidservant
 Count Countess
 Gentleman Lady
 Son Daughter
 Peer Peeress
 Bull Cow
 Nephew Niece
 Priest Priestess
 Hart Roe
 Sultan Sultana
 Traitor Traitress
 Duke Duchess
 Daddy Mummy

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 Masculine Feminine
 Father Mother
 Bull Calf
 Giant Giantess
 Stag Hind
 Songster Songstress
 Wizard Witch
 God Goddess
 Host Hostess
 Bachelor Spinster
 Czar Czarina
 King Queen
 Abbot Abbess
 Hero Heroine
 Monk Nun
 Czar Czarina
 Patron Patroness
 Signor Signora
 Conductor Conductress
 Baron Baroness
 Uncle Aunt
 Steward Stewardess
 Peacock Peahen
 Benefactor Benefactress
 Master Mistress
 Landlord Landlady
 Man Woman
 Cock Hen
 Brother Sister
 Prophet Prophetess
 Viscount Viscountess
 Grandfather Grandmother
 Emperor Empress
 Master Mistress
 Dad Mum
 Drone Bee
 Tiger Tigress
 Prince Princess
 Policeman Policewoman
 Host Hostess
 Lord Lady
 Bridegroom Bride
 Actor Actress

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Masculine Feminine
 Hunter Huntress
 Milkman Milkmaid
 Drake Duck
 Tempter Temptress
 Murderer Murderess
 Cock Sparrow
 Poet Poetess
 Shepherd Shepherdess
 Gander Goose
 Sir Madam
 Waiter Waitress
 Enchanter Enchantress
 Count Countess

Baby animals/insects/birds/fish and their parents

Adult Young
1. Bear 1. Cub
2. Cat 2. Kitten
3. Chicken 3. Chick
4. Cow 4. Calf
5. Deer 5. Fawn
6. Dog 6. Puppy
7. Duck 7. Duckling
8. Goose 8. Gosling
9. Horse 9. Foal
10. Kangaroo 10. Joey
11. Pig 11. Piglet
12. Platypus 12. Platy pup
13. Sheep 13. Lamb
14. Swan 14. Cygnet
15. Bee 15. Larva
16. Beluga 16. Calf
17. Bird 17. Hatchling
18. Butterfly 18. Caterpillar
19. Camel 19. Calf
20. Cheetah 20. Cub
21. Crocodile 21. Hatchling
22. Crow 22. Chick
23. Dolphin 23. Calf
24. Donkey 24. Foal

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25. Eagle 25. Eaglet
26. Elephant 26. Calf
27. Fish 27. Fry
28. Fox 28. Kit
29. Frog 29. Tadpole
30. Giraffe 30. Calf
31. Gorilla 31. Infant
32. Hedgehog 32. Piglet
33. Monkey 33. Infant
34. Mouse 34. Pinkie
35. Owl 35. Owlet
36. Panda 36. Cub
37. Penguin 37. Chick
38. Rabbit 38. Bunny
39. Rat 39. Pup
40. Snake 40. Snakelet
41. Spider 41. Spiderling
42. Turkey 42. Poult
43. Toad 43. Tadpole
44. Dove 44. Squad
45. Goat 45. Kid
46. Hippo 46. Calf
47. Lion 47. Cub
48. Mosquito 48. Tumbler
49. Parrot 49. Chick
50. Alligator 50. Hatchling
51. Antelope 51. Calf
52. Ape 52. Baby
53. Baboon 53. Infant
54. Bat 54. Pup
55. Buffalo 55. Calf
56. Falcon 56. Chick
57. Flamingo 57. Chick
58. Fly 58. Maggot
59. Grasshopper 59. Nymph
60. Leopard 60. Cub
61. Moose 61. Calf
62. Ostrich 62. Chick

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HOMES OF ANIMALS/BIRDS/INSECTS/FISH WITH NAMES
Animals Home
1. Alligator 1. Nest
2. Aardvark 2. burrow, den
3. Ant 3. formicary, hive, nest
4. Ape 4. logging, nest
5. Armadillo 5. burrow
6. Badger 6. hole, sett
7. Bat 7. roost, cave
8. Bear 8. den, cave
9. Beaver 9. beavery, lodge, burrow
10. Bee 10. aviary, beehive, hive
11. Beetle 11. land(tunnel)
12. Bird 12. aviary, nest
13. Bittern 13. nest
14. Buffalo 14. barn, byre, pasture, stable
15. Camel 15. Desert
16. Cat 16. Cattery, lair, den
17. Cattle 17. Barn, byre, pasture, stable
18. Cheetah 18. Safari, savanna
19. Chicken 19. Coop
20. Chimpanzee 20. Tree
21. Cockroach 21. Homes, sewers, privies
22. Cow 22. Shed
23. Coyote 23. Lair
24. Crane 24. Nest
25. Crocodile 25. Nest
26. Crow 26. Nest
27. Deer 27. Grass, trees and bushes
28. Dog 28. Kennel
29. Dolphin 29. Dolphinarium
30. Donkey 30. Barn, shed
31. Dove 31. Columbarium, dovecot
32. Duck 32. Nest, pond
33. Eagle 33. Eyrie
34. Elephant 34. Dip-wad, nest
35. Ferret 35. Cage
36. Fish 36. Aquarium, vivary, pond
37. Fly 37. Cracks, crevasse
38. Fox 38. Burrow, hole, lair
39. Frog 39. Froggery, ranarium
40. Gerbill 40. Gerbilarium
41. Giraffe 41. Safari
42. Goat 42. Locker, pen
43. Gorilla 43. Nest
44. Grasshopper 44. Grassland

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45. Grouse 45. Nest
46. Guinea pig 46. Hutch, cage
47. Hamster 47. Cage
48. Hare 48. Form
49. Hawk 49. Hawkey, mew
50. Hen 50. Coop
51. Hippopotamus 51. River banks
52. Hornet 52. Hive
53. Horse 53. Stable, mew, stall
54. Hyena 54. Den
55. Koala 55. Tree
56. Leopard 56. Safari, savanna
57. Lion 57. Den
58. Llama 58. Hut
59. Mole 59. Burrow, fortress, tunnel
60. Monkey 60. Tree
61. Moose 61. Moosey land
62. Mouse 62. Mouse-hole
63. Nightingale 63. Nest
64. Ostrich 64. Veldts
65. Otter 65. Couch, holt, lodge
66. Owl 66. Owlery
67. Panda 67. Bamboo tree
68. Parrot 68. Cage
69. Penguin 69. Penguinery
70. Pig 70. Cote, pen, sty
71. Pigeon 71. Cote, loft
72. Polar bear 72. Hole, burrow
73. Porcupine 73. Burrow, hollow trunk
74. Porpoise 74. Sea, aquarium
75. Possum 75. Tree, forest
76. Rabbit 76. Hutch, burrow, hole
77. Rat 77. Nest, hole
78. Raccoon 78. Den, burrow
79. Raven 79. Ravenry
80. Rhinoceros 80. Savannah, wallow
81. Rook 81. Nest
82. Sea lion 82. Rookery
83. Shark 83. Sea
84. Sheep 84. Cot or cote, fold, pen
85. Snail 85. Snailery
86. Snake 86. Ophidarium, snakery
87. Sparrow 87. Nest
88. Spider 88. Web
89. Squirrel 89. Dray or drey
90. Swan 90. Swannery

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91. Termite 91. Termitarium, mound
92. Tiger 92. Lair
93. Turtle 93. Sea
94. Viper 94. Hollow tree
95. Whale 95. Whalery
96. Wolf 96. Lair, den
97. Wombat 97. Burrow
98. Woodpecker 98. Nest
99. Zebra 99. Safari, veldts

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Ndambo, S (2008). “English Language for Advanced level”
Dar es Salaam: Afroplus Industries LTD
Kadeghe, M (2001). “English for Advanced level- Book 2”
Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam
Nyamsenda, S (2008). “Advanced English language Paper 1”
Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam
University of Nairobi (1988). “English structure”
Nairobi: University of Nairobi
Maghway, J.B (1996). “Linguistics and the study of Language”
Dar es Salaam: The Open University of Tanzania
Okombo, O (1988). “Linguistics- study of English IV”
Nairobi: Univerity of Nairobi
Obado, E.T (1988). “Linguistics study of English III”
Nairobi: University of Nairobi
Okolo, B.A (2008). “Introduction to Syntactic Models”
Lagos: National Open University of Nigeria
Murthy, J.D (1998). “Contemporary English Grammar”
New Delhi: Book Palace
T.I.E (1966). Selected Poems
Dar es Salaam; Tanzania Institute of Education
Mabala, R.S (1988). “Hawa the Bus Driver”
Dar es Salaam: Ben & Company
Mabala, R.S (1988). “Mabala the Farmer”
Dar es Salaam: Ben & Company

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