A Concise Historical Grammar of The Albanian Language

A CONCISE HISTORICAL
GRAMMAR OF THE
ALBANIAN LANGUAGE:
Reconstruction of
Proto-Albanian
VLADIMIR OREL
BRILL
Orel 1.vw 14-03-2000 11:05 Pagina 1
A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR

OF THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE
This page intentionally left blank
Orel 1.vw 14-03-2000 11:05 Pagina 3
A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR

OF THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE
Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian
BY
VLADIMIR OREL
BRILL
LEIDEN BOSTON KLN
2000
Orel 1.vw 14-03-2000 11:05 Pagina 4
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Orel, Vladimir E.
A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language : reconstruction of
Proto-Albanian / by Vladimir Orel.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 9004116478 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Albanian languageGrammar, Historical. I. Title.
PG9519 .O74 2000
491'.9915dc21 99-053799
CIP
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme

Orel, Vladimir E.:
A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language :
reconstruction of Proto-Albanian / by Vladimir Orel. - Leiden ;
Boston ; Kln : Brill, 2000
ISBN 90-04-11647-8
ISBN 90 04 11647 8
Copyright 2000 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written
permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal

use is granted by Brill provided that
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Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910
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Fees are subject to change.
printed in the netherlands

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The present book was started in 1982, in Mikhalevo (Russia), and its first
(Russian) variant was finished in 1989 when it was submitted as a
second doctoral dissertation to the linguistic department of the Institute
for Slavic and Balkan studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
(OREL Alb.). At the same time, the typescript was smuggled across the
border to the United States (as some other works of the present writer)
but, unfortunately, got lost on way to its destination. I continued my
work on the historical grammar of Albanian while simultaneously
writing an etymological dictionary as well: one project fostered the other.
Until 1996, I had to concentrate on the etymological dictionary which
eventually saw the light in 1998 (OREL AED). Meanwhile, the English
text was quickly finished in 19971998. The present grammar was used
as the basis of several courses in the historical grammar of Albanian
(Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies, Moscow, 1987 and V.A. Dybos
Nostratic Seminar, 1988) and of a graduate seminar at UCLA in 1999.
The main objective of the book is to analyze the lexical material of the
new etymological dictionary (the latter should be used as a data base
immediately connected with the grammar), and to give a new detailed
description of the linguistic development from ProtoIndoEuropean to
ProtoAlbanian to modern Albanian. Different stages of this develop-
ment were not of equal interest to the writer. The history of the Albanian
language understood as a description of its evolution from the earliest
attested monuments (Old Albanian) to its present form remained beyond
the reach of this study. For thatperfectly legitimatekind of linguistic
history of Albanian we will need another book. In my work, I deal with
the transition from IndoEuropean to ProtoAlbanian and the corre-
spondences between ProtoAlbanian and modern Albanian. Therefore,
many important features of modern Albanian are not discussed here: they
are relatively recent and therefore irrelevant for my main task, the
reconstruction of ProtoAlbanian.
Not all important features of the ProtoAlbanian structure can be
revealed and properly described today. Our knowledge is still very insuf-
ficient, especially in the field of ProtoAlbanian morphology. The study
of Proto-Albanian syntax remains in its infancy. Hence, there are natural
limitations to the present work: I give a relatively full description of
historical phonetics but the third chapter of the book (Morphology) is
only a very brief and incomplete sketch, in particular, as far as the
xii preface
ProtoAlbanian verb is concerned. Two central notions of my work are

ProtoIndoEuropean and ProtoAlbanian. As far as Proto-IndoEuropean
is concerned, its definitions or descriptions are beyond the scope of this
work. The phonetic and morphological reconstruction of Proto-
IndoEuropean used here delineates a late stage in the development of
the language, a stage in which certain areal changes have already
occurred, such as the loss of Indo-Europen laryngeals. ProtoAlbanian is
viewed as a language already possessing several features typical of the
Albanian linguistic type. We reconstruct it in two forms: Early
ProtoAlbanianimmediately before the beginning of linguistic contacts
with speakers of Latin/ProtoRomance (1st century CE), and Late
ProtoAlbanianfollowing the contacts with ProtoRomance and
ancient Slavic dialects still close to ProtoSlavic (6th-7th centuries CE).
Major changes shattered the structure of ProtoAlbanian during this short
but eventful period.
The work is based on the results of my own research (including the
data of the Albanian Etymological Dictionary and numerous papers on
the reconstruction of ProtoAlbanian) as well as existing literature, in-
cluding studies by such outstanding students of Albanian from its
IndoEuropean perspective as MEYER, PEDERSEN, JOKL, ABEJ, and
HAMP. In many cases, the book suggests new solutions for complicated
problems of Albanian historical phonetics, and sometimes proposes revi-
sions of my earlier studies. An attentive reader will easily notice them,
especially if the literature I have adduced has been properly studied.
However, references are very far from being complete; the reader should
consult my etymological dictionary for more infromation.
The book contains four chaptersPhonetics, Morphonology and
wordformation, Morphology and Vocabulary. My knowledge of
the Proto-Albanian syntax is so insufficient that a separate chapter on the
subject would be totally irrelevant. Inside each chapter, the text is
divided into sections and paragraphs. The beginning paragraph of every
section (its number always ending in zero) includes a brief list of
relevant literature, some of itwith very short summaries. The book
concludes with an index of Albanian forms.
Whenever Tosk and Geg forms coincide, one Albanian form is
quoted. If there are phonetic differences between Tosk and Geg, two
forms are adduced separated by a tilda, with the Tosk form coming first,
e.g. OOU ~ OODQIf the word only exists in Tosk or in Geg, it is marked
correspondingly. Forms from the various IndoEuropean daughter
languages are given according to their traditional transliterations. The
preface xiii
same applies to Proto-IndoEuropean reconstruction. As the reader will

notice, I tend to use what could be labelled as late or Brugmannian
IndoEuropean. Such a reconstruction does not take into account the
comparative evidence provided by Hittite and Tocharian. Albanian is a
product of this late IndoEuropean and it seemed counterproductive to
make our reconstruction deeper than really necessary. I use three types of
arrows in the text in order to distinguish between historical development,
borrowing and morphological derivation. I do not have any illusions as
to the future of this little innovationit wont be taken up. However, I
want to give it a try. Usual arrows > < are reserved for historical change
as they are normally used today. Thus, !Rmeans the development of
in time. Arrows are used to describe the act of borrowing. The
formula WHUUDH PAWXP WUPHW deals with loanwords. Finally, arrows
appear in my description of wordformation. They indicate derived
from, e.g. bir birth.
While working on the book, I was able to use the excellent facilities of
the Greek-Slavonic Annexe of the Taylor Institute (Oxford), McMaster
University Library (Hamilton, Ontario) and the Hebrew University
Libraries (Jerusalem). I am indebted to all the above institutions as well
as to my former university (Bar-Ilan University in Ramat-Gan) for their
support of my research. I am also grateful to the Egged Bus Co-operative
(Israel) in whose buses and coaches I wrote substantial parts of this
work.
I want to express my gratitude to several people whose combination of
advice, help and fierce criticism were important at various stages of my
research in the field of the historical grammar of Albanian during the last
seventeen years: lirim Bidollari (Tirana), Vladimir Dybo (Moscow), D.
Ellis Evans (Oxford), John Greppin (Cleveland), Viacheslav Ivanov (Los
Angeles), Irina Kaluskaia (Moscow), Evgenii Khelimski (Moscow),
Alexander Rusakov (St. Petersburg), Vitaly Shevoroshkin (Ann Arbor),
Vladimir Toporov (Moscow), Brent Vine (Los Angeles), Charles Xu
(Calgary) and Andrei Zalizniak (Moscow). I am also grateful to Susan
Rothstein and Adam Wyner of Bar-Ilan University (Ramat-Gan). Some
of my advisors and friends have passed away. My gratitude to Leonid
Gindin (Moscow) is mixed with the bitter taste of remembrance.
I am particularly indebted to my friend Jay Friedman (Los Angeles)
who has edited the whole text (but not this sentence) and encouraged me
to make numerous important changes in it.
Calgary, Alberta
November 30, 1999
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phonology 27
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28 chapter one
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phonology 29
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30 chapter one
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phonology 31
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32 chapter one
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phonology 33
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34 chapter one
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phonology 35
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phonology 37
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38 chapter one
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GHP \RXQJ EXOO (3$ GDPD 2,U GDP R[ DQG *N FCOCNQX
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phonology 49
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LQZLQWHU*NZGKÒCZLQWHU
PL PRXVH (3$ P V ,( P V LG 6NW Pg *N OW`X /DW
P V
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JMDUSU ~ JMDUSQ VQDNH (3$ VHUSHQD ,( VHUS WR FUDZO
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50 chapter one
OOU ~ OODQ IRUHDUP HOO (3$ DOHQ *N YNGPJ HOERZ /DW
XOQD2+*HOLQD
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KX~KSLFNHWVWDNHSROHSHQLV(3$ VNXQDUHSODFLQJHDUOLHU
VNXMD6ODY [XMSHQLV
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WDXUXQD \RXQJ FI DOVR *N VGTJP WHQGHU VGTW CUSGPGX
NGRVQP+HV
,( O\LHOGHG(3$ O7KHODWWHULVQRUPDOO\SUHVHUYHGDV$OEO

LQDQODXW
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HPSW\ORRVH
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ORGKWRWLUHWRZHDU\(3$ ODGD*RWKOHWDQWROHW*NNJFGK`P
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OJDVSRRQEODGH OLFDLG
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OO
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WR LQMXUH /LWK OSWL WR SHHO /DWY OXSW WR SHHO WR HDW 6ODY
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phonology 51
XOQD2+*HOLQD
%HWZHHQWZRYRZHOV(3$ ORULJLQDOO\\LHOGHG$OEOO
EDOOIRUHKHDG(3$ EDO6NWEKODLG23UXVEDOORLG
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XQFOHDQ/DWYP?QVEODFN
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EDO GRJ ZLWK D ZKLWH VSRW RQ LWV IRUHKHDG ZKLWHKDLUHG

(3$ EDOD FORVH WR /LWK EODV ZKLWH /DWY EOV SDOH *N
HCNQXNGWMQX+HV
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IURQW YRZHO RQO\ L" 7KLV SKRQHWLF FRQWH[W W\SLFDOO\ LV UHSHDWHG LQ
SOXUDOVRIPDVFXOLQHQRXQVHQGLQJLQ(3$ DL!/3$ LZLWKDVWHP
HQGLQJLQOOFIIRUH[DPSOH
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,QDIHZQRXQVOOZDV UHVWRUHG LQ WKH SOXUDO DV D UHVXOW RI DQDORJ\ DQG
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52 chapter one
,QIHPLQLQHQRXQVZKHUHWKHSOXUDOZDVIRUPHGE\WKH(3$HQGLQJ V
!/3$ DILQDOOOZDVSUHVHUYHG
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NRUEXOOSONRUEXOODNHJFDVNZRRGHQSDLO
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QGULNXOOSOQGULNXOODJRGPRWKHUPLGZLIH
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(3$ ODOVRJLYHV$OEOLQFRQVRQDQWDOFOXVWHUVXQOHVVWKH\GHYHORSDV

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EOHUW JUHHQ (3$ EOAUD ,( EKOAURV /DW IOAUXV VKLQLQJ

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HOEEDUOH\(3$ DOEL*NCNHKNLQGRIJUDLQ
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GNRQXGNCKQPUVGCTGWSJPKC+HV2+*VDOEDRLQWPHQW
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,( HQiUVRQLQODZ/DWJHQHU
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phonology 53
NUUGRQNH\DVVIRDOJUD\(3$ NDUD6NWNKUDGRQNH\$Y
[DUALG6F\WK [DUD2VVHW[UJLG
UUHN WR VWUDLQ WR ERWKHU (3$ UDLND /LWK UHLN QHHG
QHFHVVLW\UHNWLWREHQHFHVVDU\IXUWKHUH[SODLQHGLQ
UUMHGKWRIORZ(3$ UHG]D/DWULJUHWRZHWWRPRLVWHQ21
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PLUIXUWKHUWR,( PL PPLOGZHDNQLFH
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,Q WKH ILQDO SRVLWLRQ DIWHU H (3$ U ZDV UHJXODUO\ ORVW DV
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VSUHDG WR VFDWWHU *N UVQTPWOK WR VWUHWFK WR VSUHDG /DW
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54 chapter one
$V\OODELFVRQRUDQWVLQORDQZRUGV
Greek borrowings contain only marginal information on the

development of asyllabic sonorants. At the same time, Latin and early
Slavic loanwords are rich with phonetically representative material
which adds to our understanding of the Proto-Albanian development. )RU
SRVLWLRQDOFKDQJHVRIDV\OODELFVRQRUDQWVLQ/DWLQORDQZRUGVVHH
,QWKHEHJLQQLQJRIDZRUG/DWMLVUHQGHUHGDV$OEJM&IWKH
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7KH ORVV RI LQWHUYRFDOLF M PD\ EH FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI WKH FKURQRORJLFDO
VWDJHZKHUHWKHFKDQJHFW!IWWRRNSODFH
In the beginning of a word, Lat v is always preserved in Alb v:
YDIRUG/DWYDGXPLG
YMHUVKSRHP/DWYHUVXVYHUVH
YMHWUROG/DWYHWHUHPLG
YUHU~YQHUJDOOELOH/DWYHQQXPSRWLRQSRLVRQ
YULJXOOIODSOREH/DWYHUULFXOXPVHLQH
7KHUHVXOWLVWKHVDPHIRUZRUGVUHVXOWLQJIURPODWHUXQLYHUEDWLRQLIY
ZDVLQWKHEHJLQQLQJRIDOH[HPHLQ/DWLQ
SUQGYHU ~ SUDQGYHU VSULQJ 5RP SUPD YUD ! ,WDO

SULPDYHUD5XPSULP:YDU:
phonology 55
,I/DWYLVIROORZHGE\DJURXSYRZHOQDVDOVRQRUDQWLW\LHOGV$OEP
PQMLOOYLJLOIDVW5RP YLQJLOLDFI/DWYLJLOLDYLJLO
PVKLN EXEEOH EOLVWHU EODGGHU 5RP YQVFD IRU /DW YVFD
EODGGHU
In inlaut, Lat v was only preserved after u:

,WZDVORVWDIWHURWKHUYRZHOV
ODW\UULQVHZDWHU 5RP ODYW UDIURP/DWODYUHWRZDVK

QRVKWUVSURXW\RXQJSODQWVDSOLQJ5RP QYDVWHU!,WDOGLDO
QRYDVWURLG
VKLMWDVWH5RP VXYLOLDEDVHGRQ/DWVXYLVVZHHW
VKTD%XOJDULDQ*HJ/DWVFODYXV6ODY
XOOL~XOOROLYHWUHH/DWROYXVROLYHWUHH
YXDM~YXHMWRVXIIHU/DWYYHUHWROLYHWRVXUYLYH
/DWPKDVEHHQSUHVHUYHGLQDOOSKRQHWLFFRQWH[WV
IDPXOOJRGFKLOG/DWIDPXOXVVHUYDQWDWWHQGDQW
NXOPULGJHSHDNZDYH/DWQRPFXOPHQLG
PDVKNXOOPDQPDOH/DWPDVFXOXVPDOHPDVFXOLQH
PHVKPDVV/DWPLVVDLG
PQGPRPHQW/DWPAPHQWXPLG
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FRORVWUXm,EHHVWLQJV
,QLWLDO/DWQZDVSUHVHUYHGLQ$OEDQLDQ
QRWRMWRVZLP5RP QRWUHIRU/DWQDWUHLG
Q SWLDYDULDQWRI/DWQ SWDPDUULHGZRPDQZLIHEULGH
Q\MHNQRW/DWQAGXVLG
,QWHUYRFDOLF /DW Q ZDV SUHVHUYHG DV *HJ Q EXW UKRWDFL]HG LQ

7RVNDIWHUXQVWUHVVHGYRZHOV
DUEU~DUEQ$OEDQLDQSDUWLFXODUO\RI,WDO\DQG*UHHFH5RP

DOEDQXVUHQGHULQJ,OO\U
#NDCPQK3WRO
56 chapter one
DUPLN~DQPLNHQHP\/DWLQLPFXVLG
NUS~NDQSKHPS5RP FDQQDSLVIRU/DWFDQQDELVLG
PVKWHNU ~ PVKWHNQ ELUFK /DW PDVWLFLQXV UHODWHG WR WKH
PDVWLFWUHH
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YRZHOVDWWKHHQGRIWKHZRUG
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,IWKHZRUGFRQWDLQHGDQRWKHUQRUULQWHUYRFDOLFQ\LHOGHG7RVNUHYHQ
LILWDSSHDUHGDIWHUDVWUHVVHGYRZHO
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SHQGIHDWKHUSDLURIR[HQ/DWSLQQDSHQQDIHDWKHU

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VKHPEOOHMWRUHVHPEOH/DWVLPLOUHLG
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ODIVKFUHVWRIELUGFRPE/DWOD[DFXWLVORRVHVNLQ
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OLJMODZ/DWOJHPLG
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,QFRQVRQDQWDOFOXVWHUV/DWOWHQGVWREHSUHVHUYHGDVO
phonology 57

NDOWU EOXH VN\ EOXH 7RVN 5RP FDOWKLQXV \HOORZ \HOORZ
LVKEDVHGRQ/DWFDOWKD&DOHQGXODRIILFLQDOLV
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PUHNXOOPLUDFOH/DWPLUFXOXPLG
SOODMXSODQGJHQWOHVORSH5RP SODJLXVLGFI5XPSODL,WDO
SLDJJLD
SULOO$SULO/DWDSUOLVLG
VKSDWXOOVKRXOGHUVKRXOGHUEODGH5RP VSDWXODLG
,QODWHUORDQZRUGV/DWOFDQEHDOVRUHSUHVHQWHGE\$OEORUHYHQMO
KLQJOJLUWK5RP KLQQLFXODGHULYDWLYHRI/DWKLQQXVPXOH
NXODUFXUYHGSLHFHRIZRRGR[FROODU/DWFROOUHFROODU
PDQGLOHNHUFKLHI/DWPDQWOHWRZOQDSNLQ
PEXORMWRFRYHUWREXU\5RP PDQLSXOUHWRGLJLQKDQGIXOV
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VKWLMVSHDUUD\/DWKDVWOHVSHDU
,QROGDQGQHZO\IRUPHGFOXVWHUVLQFOXGLQJJ"/DWOLVUHQGHUHGDVU
GUJRMWRVHQG/DWGOJUHLG
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58 chapter one
UUVKDM3HQWHFRVW/DW5AVOLD5RVDOLHV
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UULSSUHFLSLFHVWRQHZDOO/DWUSDEDQNFRDVW
UUXPEXOOUROOHGLQWRDEDOO5RP URPEXOXVEDVHGRQ/DWUKRP
EXVPDJLFZKLUOLJLJRUZKHHO
7KHUHDUHWKUHHH[FHSWLRQVLQZKLFKZHILQG$OEULQDQODXW
UHJMNLQJ/DWUJHPLG
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UXQJRMWRZHHG/DWUXQFUHLG
,QLQODXW/DWUQRUPDOO\JLYHV$OEU
DUPZHDSRQ/DWDUPDLG
EU\PIURVW/DWEU PDFROGIURVW
IUXHU)HEUXDU\*HJ/DWIHEUXULXVLG
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7KHUHH[LVWVHYHUDOH[FHSWLRQVZLWK/DWU$OEUU
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%DOWLF6ODYLF:HVWHUQ,WDOR&HOWLF6RXWKHDVWHUQ,QGR,UDQLDQ$UPH
QLDQ *UHHN 7RFKDULDQ DUH EULHIO\ VXUYH\HG 7KH OLVW RI LVRJORVVHV LV
WHQWDWLYHDQGLQFOXGHVH[FOXVLYHSDUDOOHOVDVZHOODVFDVHVRIUHPDUNDEOH
VHPDQWLFDQGRUGHULYDWLRQDOVLPLODULW\)RUPRUHGHWDLOHGQRWHVRQWKH
HW\PRORJLHVDGGXFHGEHORZVHH25(/$('
/LWHUDWXUH 325=,* *OLHGHUXQJ SDVVLP $%(- 6W ,9

$OEDQR6ODYLF DQG $OEDQR&HOWLF LVRJORVVHV 25(/ .ROO ,GJ *HV
$('SDVVLP
,VRJORVVHVZLWK1RUWK(DVWHUQ,QGR(XURSHDQODQJXDJHV
7KLV JURXS RI LVRJORVVHV LV RI H[WUHPH LPSRUWDQFH IRU WKH SRVLWLRQ RI
$OEDQLDQ 7KH\ DUH QXPHURXV PXFK PRUH QXPHURXV WKDQ DQ\ RWKHU
JURXSZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRI*UHHNVHHEHORZDQGWKH\VHHPWRUHIOHFW
WZR EDVLF IHDWXUHV RI WKH $OEDQLDQ OH[LFRQ LWV RXWVWDQGLQJ GHJUHH RI
SUR[LPLW\ WR %DOWLF DQG D ORQJ SHULRG RI FRPPRQ H[LVWHQFH WRJHWKHU
ZLWK%DOWR6ODYLFVRPHZKHUHLQ&HQWUDORU6RXWKHDVWHUQ"(XURSH
Common Germanic-Balto-Slavic (including Germanic-Baltic

and Germanic-Slavic) isoglosses with Albanian are fairly numerous.
Quite a few of them are connected with wood or objects made of wood.
EHUUVKHHSJRDW~21ERUJUKRJ2+*EDUXJEDUXKLG~ 6ODY
ERUYERDU
EOHKXUSDOH~2(EOWLG~ 6ODY EOpGLG
EUXVKWXOO KHDWKHU ~ 26 EUXVWLDQ WR VKRRW WR VSURXW ~ 6ODY
EUVWVSURXWEXG
vocabulary 251
GDVK UDP ~ *PF GWHX]DQ ZLOG DQLPDO ~ /LWK SO GD-VRV SDUD
GLVH~6ODY GX[EUHDWKVSLULW
GHUJMWROLHGRZQWROD\VLFNWREHLOO~ *PF WDUJMDQWRWHDU~
/LWKGUJLQWLWRPRYHGUJWLWRORVHHQHUJ\WREHFRPHZHDN
~6ODY GUJDWLWRSOXFNWRSXOO
GUD ~ GUD RLOFDNH PHOWHG EXWWHU ~ 21 SO GUHJJLDU \HDVW ~
23UXV GUDJLRV \HDVW 2/LWK GUDJ^V LG /HWW GLDO GUDG]L
VHGLPHQWLQPHOWHGEXWWHU~6ODY GURGL\HDVW
GUDQJEDUJHSROHSXQWLQJSROH\RXQJFUHDWXUHFXE~ 21GUDQJU
VWRQH SLOODU ~ /LWK GUQJD SHUFK SROH ~ 6ODY GU_J ~
GU_JD
HW WKLUVW ~ 2+* LOJL KXQJHU ~ /LWK ONWL WR EH KXQJU\ ~ 6ODY
RONDWLLG
IOHWZLQJOHDI~ 2+*OHFNHQWRMXPSWRNLFN~/LWKOHNLO|NWL
/DWYONW
JUGKLMWRVFUDWFK~2(JULQGDQWRJULQG~/LWKJUQGLXJUVWL
WRVFUDSHWRVFUDWFK
JMHWK IROLDJH JUHHQ OHDYHV ~ 2+* TXHVWD WXIW 21 NYLVWU
EUDQFK~ 6ODY JYR]GZRRGIRUHVW
JMXK WRQJXH ODQJXDJH ~ 21 NDOO VKRXW ~ /LWK JDVDV HFKR ~
6ODY JROVYRLFH
KLUJUDFHIDYRUPHUF\~ *RWKVNHLUVFOHDU~ 6ODY hLUFOHDQ
KXPE WR OHDYH WR ORVH WR VSRLO WR PLVV WR GURZQ ~ *RWK DI
VNLXEDQ WR SXVK DZD\ WR UHMHFW ~ /LWK VNXPE VNEWL WR
KXUU\WRKDVWHQ
NVHQWRDFKHRIWKHVWRPDFKWRKDYHJULSLQJSDLQV~ 21KWR
WRUPHQW~/LWKNHQNLNHNWLWRGDPDJHWRKDUP
NULS ~ NU\S VDOW ~ /LWK NUDXSV URXJK NUDXSLV VFDE /DWY
NUD-SLVIUDLOEULWWOH~ 6ODY NUXSDJURDWV
NURGKEHHKLYH~*RWKKURWURRI~ 6ODY NUDGDKHDSSLOH
OQG ~ ODQG ZRRG WLPEHU PDWHULDO ~ *PF OHQGWA OLQGHQ ~
/LWKOHQWERDUG~6ODY O_WEDVW
OP~ODPWKUHVKLQJIORRUZLQHSUHVV~ 2+*ODPODPH~ 6ODY
ORPEUHDNLQJFURZEDUEURNHQEUDQFKHV
OXVWRSUD\WRLQYRNHWREHJ~ 2+*ORFNAQWROXUHWRHQWLFH~
/LWKO JWLWRDVNWRSUD\/DWYOG]XOJWWRDVNWRLQYLWH
PLHOOIORXU~2+*PORLG21PM_OLG~ 6ODY PHOYRJUDLQIRU
JULQGLQJ
VKSLK ~ VKSLI WR VODQGHU WR FDOXPQLDWH ~ 2+* IHKDQ WR KDWH ~
/LWKSHLNLSH&NWLWREODPH
252 chapter four
VKT\PEWRH[WLQJXLVKWRGHVWUR\~ *RWKDIVNLXEDQWRSXVKEDFN
WR UHMHFW ~ /LWK VNXPE VNEWL WR KXUU\ XS ~ 6ODY VNXE_
VNXEDWLWRSXOOWRWHDU
VKWDOEU ZRRGHQ VQDUH ~ 21 VWROSL EHDP JLUGHU /LWK VWXEDV
SRVWSROH6ODY VWOELG
VKWDQJKDUG~21VWLQJDWRSXWWRVWLFN~/LWKVWQJLXVWQJWLWR
EHDEOHVWLJWLWREHFRPHKDUG/DWYVWLJWLG
VKWUDS VWDJQDQW JUHHQ RQ SRQGV ~ 0+* VWUDI WLJKW ~ /LWK SDU
VWUDSQWLWRGUDJRQHVHOIEDFN
]LEODFN~0+*TXWGLUW2(FZDGEDG~ /LWKJ{GDVKDPH
~ 6ODY JDGNGLVJXVWLQJ JDGUHSWLOHZRUP
The most important and significant group of isoglosses

represents the connection of Albanian to Baltic and Slavic. The
following are isoglosses attested both in Baltic and Slavic.
EDOWVZDPSPDUVKGLUWHDUWK~ /LWKEOWDVZKLWH~ 6ODY EROWR

VZDPSPDUVK
EUHGK WR MXPS WR VSULQJ ~ /LWK EUHQG EUVWL WR ZDGH WR IRUG
6ODY EUHG_ EUHVWLLG
GDQJEHOO\~ /LWKGDQJWDEOHFORWKFRYHU/DWYGDJDSXGGOH
PDUVKODQG~ 6ODY G_JDDUF
GLNGHVLUHOXVW~/LWKGmNDVLGOHHPSW\~ 6ODY GLNZLOG
HQGWRZHDYH~/LWKLGDVYHVVHO/DWYHQGDVSDUWRIVOHGJH~
6ODY _GDILVKLQJURG
IODVKNWVOXJJLVKODPH~/LWKSONhLDVIODW~ 6ODY SORVNLG
6ODY SOR[IODWEDGHYLOSRRU
JDPXOHKHDS~ /LWKJPXODVEDOHOXPS~ 6ODY JRPRODLG
JUHOO GHHS SODFH ~ /LWK JXUNOmV FURS 23UXV JXUFOH WKURDW ~
6ODY JUGORLGFIDOVR HUGORULYHUEHGRSHQLQJ
NHWU VTXLUUHO GRUPRXVH ~ /LWK NXRNDV GDQFH UHFRQVWUXFWHG
IURP NXRNQ^ GDQFLQJ SDUW\ ~ 6ODY VNDNDWL WR MXPS WR
VSULQJ
NROOFRXJK~/LWKNRVXOmVLG~ 6ODY NDhOLG
NUHK~NUHIWRFRPE~/LWKJU{EWLWRUDNH~6ODY JUHE_ JUHEWL
WRURZWRUDNH
ODWVPDOOD[H~ /LWKOSHWDLG23UXVORSWR~ 6ODY ORSDWDLG
OHVK ~ OHVKQD ZRRO IOHHFH KDLU ~ /LWK ODhNDV OHDI /DWY ODhND
OHDIRQDOLQHQVWDONVWDON~6ODY OLVWOHDI
OJDWPDUVK~ /LWKOLJDVLG~ 6ODY OXDSRRO
vocabulary 253
OPVK~ODPVKEDOORIZRROWKUHDGJOREHRIHDUWKSRROVSHOOHW

~ /DWY OHPHVLV VKDUS HGJH RI WKH SORXJK 6ODY OHPHh
SORXJKVKDUH
OOQM]PXGVLOW~ /LWKVOLQDVVDOLYDPXFXVVOLPH~6ODY VOLQD
VDOLYD
PDN JOXH VFXP VNLQ RQ WKH PLON RU RWKHU OLTXLGV ~ /LWK
PDNQWL WR ZDON WKURXJK D VZDPS ~ 6ODY PRNU ZHW
PRNQ_WLWREHFRPHZHW
QGXONHPWRULSHQ~/LWKWHONLWHNWLWRJDWKHUWREULQJWRJHWKHU
~ 6ODY WHONWLWREHDWWRSRXQG
SLGK IHPDOH SXGHQGD ~ 23UXV SHLVGD ERWWRP ~ 6ODY SL]GD
IHPDOHSXGHQGD
SMHUUWREHQGWRLQFOLQH~/LWKSHULSHWLWRVWULNH~ 6ODY SU_
SHUWLWRSUHVV
UDQJKRPHZRUN~/LWKUDQNKDQGSDUDQNJDWKHULQJUHQN
ULNWLWRJDWKHU~ 6ODY U_NDKDQG
VKTDUUPDUWHQ~/DWYVNDUDFXUO\IXU~ 6ODY VNRUDKLGH
VKWURK~VKWURINHQQHO~ /DWYVWUDMDVWDOOFRYHUHGZLWKVWUDZ
6ODY VWURMFRQVWUXFWLRQ
]YMHUGK WR ZHDQ ~ /LWK YHUL YHWL WR ODFH WR WLH /DWY YU]W
WRWXUQ~ 6ODY YHU]WLWRELQG
Separate Albanian-Germanic isoglosses are rather rare:
EDUUIHWXV~*PF EDUQDQFKLOG
ELUVRQ~*RWKEDXUVRQ
GHW VHD ~ *PF GWHXSLA GHSWK 0'X GLHSGH 0/* GSHGH (
GHSWK
* IDM WR ILOO WR FUDP WR VXUIHLW ~ *PF VSDQQMDQ WR WLJKWHQ
21VSHQQD
KDOO WURXEOH PLVHU\ SOLJKW VRUURZ ~ *PF VNDOOD] WKLQ GU\
VKDOORZ ( VKDOORZ DQG [DOOD] ZHDN WLUHG 0+* KHO
KHOOHF
KHGKWRWKURZWRVKRRW~ 21VNMWD2+*VFLRfDQLG
NQDTWRSOHDVHWRVDWLVI\~*RWKJDQDKWREHHQRXJK2+*JL
QDKLG
ODVKW ODVK ROG HDUO\ SUHPDWXUH RI IUXLW ~ *RWK ODXV HPSW\
ORRVH
THQJMEHHKLYH~*PF [XQDJDQKRQH\21KXQDQJ2(KXQLJ
2+*KRQDJ
254 chapter four
T\HVXPPLWSHDN~ *RWKJHQSOKODLQHKLOO
UHQGWRUXQWRKXUU\~*RWKULQQDQWRUXQ21ULQQDLG
VKSHUU WR ZLQ PRQH\ WR JDLQ ~ *PF VSDUAMDQ WR OHDYH
XQKDUPHGWRNHHS21VSDUD2+*VSDUAQ2(VSDULDQ
W\PVPRNH~ *PF XPD]EUHDWK
Lexically, Albanian proves to be particularly close to Baltic.

The following isoglosses demonstrate the specifically close Albanian-
Baltic relations.
DPXOOVWDJQDQWRIZDWHU~/LWKPXY^VLOWPDUVKPOWLWRJHW

GLUW\
EOL~EOOLQGHQ~ /LWKEOLQGVEOHQGV6DOL[FDSUHD
EUH]EHOW~/LWKEULDXQHGJH
EX] OLS HQG HGJH EDQN VWLWFK URFN ~ /LWK EXG| WUHHIXQJXV
WLQGHUZKHWVWRQH
GDNELJUDP~/LWKGY|NWLWREUHDWKHGYNDVEUHDWK
GUXDM ~ GUXHM WR EH DIUDLG ~ /DWY GUXYDV IHDU /LWK GUDXGL
GUDVWLWRIRUELGWRGHWHUWRVFDUHRII
GUXGKH FUXPE ~ /LWK GU]JDV VSOLQWHU IUDJPHQW GUWL WR
EHFRPHZHDN
ILNWRH[WLQJXLVKRIILUHWREULQJPLVIRUWXQHWRUXLQ~ /LWKSH&NWL
WR GHVSLVH WR VFROG SmNWL WR EH DQJU\ /DWY SHNW WR EH
VSRLOW
JDQG DFFLGHQW YLFH GHIHFW ~ /LWK JDGDV UXPRU JDGLQWL WR
IULJKWHQ/DWYJDGWWRVSRLO
JDUJXOOIXOO~ /LWKJDJDODVJDUJODVWKLFNHQLQJNQRWWHGWKUHDG
WKUHDG
JUDY FDYH GHQ ODLU ~ /LWK JULRY /DWY JUDYD JP UDYD UDYLQH
SUHFLSLWRXVYDOOH\23UXVJUDXZXVVLGH
JMLMHVWDEOHKRXVH~/LWKVHQDZDOO/DWYVLHl QDLG
KDOILVKERQHVSOLQWHUSLQH~/LWKVNDOVWLFNRIILUHZRRG/DWY
VNDODVSOLQWHUXVHGWRIXUQLVKOLJKW
LNMWRJRDZD\WRUXQDZD\~/LWKH&NH&NLLPSHUJR
MHUP GHOLULXP DEVHQWPLQGHGQHVV ~ /LWK HPDV PRQVWHU /DWY
?UPVZRQGHUIXODSSDULWLRQ?UPLZRQGHUVPLUDFOHV
NDSWKSDWKPRXQWDLQSDWK~/LWKNSDVJUDYHNRSGXQH/DWY
NSDGXQH
NSXUGKIXQJXVPXVKURRP~/LWKNSXU^FDS/DWYF?SXUHLG
NRWXVHOHVVYDLQ~/LWKNRNWVGLVJXVWLQJ
vocabulary 255
NUXSWRORDWKH~/LWKNUDXSVHDVLO\VFDUHGNUXSVLGNUgSWLWR
VFDUH
NXOSU~NXOSQLY\FOHPDWLV~/LWKNOSDORRS/DWYFLSDLG
NXQJXOOPDUURZSXPSNLQERWWOH~/LWKNXNXODVEXEEOH
OH SDUWLFOH RI MXVVLYH ~ /LWK OD& SDUWLFOH RI RSWDWLYH DQG
SHUPLVVLYH/DWYOLOH23UXVODL
OHUGLUWPXG~/LWKOD-U^GLUW\SHUVRQ
OLO VPDOO LURQ ULQJ ORRSULQJ OLQN ~ /LWK OH&ODV WKLQ VXSSOH
IOH[LEOH
ORTHSHQLVWHVWLFOHV~ /LWKOLDXNJODQG
PDOPRXQWDLQ~ /LWKPDOODQG/DWYPDODEDQNVKRUH
PLVOLPEPHPEHU~/LWKPNODVVXSSOHPLWUVLG
PRGKXOOYHWFKFKLFNOLQJFKLFNSHD~/LWKPDOLVVPDOO
PXJXOO VKRRW EXG VSURXW ~ /LWK PXJXODV RQ ZKLFK PXJXOLRWL
WRPRYH
PXUJ GDUN JUH\ ~ /LWK PUJDV PXOWLFRORUHG PLUJRWL WR
VSDUNOHWRVKLQH/DWYPLUJDJOHDPPUJVIDQWDVWLFLPDJH
QGHVWRKDYHWURXEOHV~ /LWKGN\WLWRPL[XSWRSXWLQGLVRUGHU
GNQ\WLLGGNDQRWLLG
QJU\GK~QJULGKWRZRUNXSWRIRPHQWWRIHUPHQWUHIOWREHLQ
KHDWRIKRUVHV~/LWKJUgLXJUgVWLWRVWDPSWRSXQFK/DWY
JUVWLG
QJXOWRWKUXVWLQWRVWLFNLQ~ /LWKNOWLWRWKUHVK/DWYNXWWR
VWULNH
SHOT WR VWLU XS ZDWHU ~ /LWK SHON{WL WR EHFRPH PDUVK\ SONH
PDUVKVZDPS/DWYSHFHSXGGOHSHOFWWRXULQDWH
SOLVKNLQGRIUHHG3KUDJPLWHVFRPPXQLV~/LWKSOL hVUHHG
TDVWRDSSURDFK~ /LWKNHLN|VWLWRVWUHWFK
TLNOSRLQWVSLNHSHDN~ /LWKNNXODVOXPSFOXVWHU/DWYF?NXOV
IRUHORFNFOXVWHU
TXUUDVQRWVQLYHO~ /LWKhOLUWLWREHFRPHGLUW\
UUDJDSURQ~ /LWKVURJDVNHLQKDQNWXIWKDLUORFNVUDXJDLG
UUHNWRVWUDLQWRERWKHU~ /LWKUHLNQHHGQHFHVVLW\UHNWLWREH
QHFHVVDU\
UURMWROLYHWRVWD\~ /LWKUMXUWLWRFRSHWREHUHDG\
VXUPGDUNJUH\~/LWKhLPDVJUH\
WHVKD EHORQJLQJV XWHQVLOV WKLQJV ~ /LWK WLHVL WLVWL WR PDNH
ULJKWWREXLOGWRVHWWHLVVULJKW
WU ~ WDQ ZKROH DOO ~ /LWK WYQWL WR ULVH WR VZHOO RI ZDWHU
WYQDVIORRG
256 chapter four
WUDVKWKLFNIDW~/LWKWUuhVIDWIHUWLOHRIVRLO
WKLUUVRRW~/LWKhLYDVJUD\
YHU]JLOOEUDQFKLD~/LWKYDUO|IURJ YDUG|/DWYYUGH
]RUUJXW~ /LWKDUQLG
Separate Albanian-Slavic isoglosses are not as frequent as

Baltic ones:
EDF HOGHU EURWKHU XQFOH ~ 6ODY EDWD EDWMD HOGHU EURWKHU

IDWKHU
EDKHVOLQJ~6ODY ERMILJKW
EUHGKILUWUHH~6ODY EUHGZLOORZ
EUX]EOXHLQGLJR~ 6ODY EUXGGLUW EUXGQGLUW\
GU\GKW HDV\ WR SODQH RI ZRRG ~ 6ODY GU\]JDWL GUX]JDWL WR
VTXHH]HWRFUXVK
IOH~IOWRVOHHS~ 6ODY OpM_ OpMDWLWRGR]HWRVOXPEHU
KX~KSLFNHWVWDNHSROHSHQLV~6ODY [XMSHQLV
NDOOLHDURIJUDLQ~ 6ODY NROVHDURIJUDLQ
NHGKNLG~ 6ODY NR]DVKHJRDW
NRKWLPH~6ODY DVLG
OR]WRPRYHWRVKDNHWRSOD\~6ODY ODGRUGHUSHDFH ODGLWL
WRPDNHRUGHUWRPDNHSHDFH
OXJ WURXJK ZDWHUWURXJK ORQJ JXWWHU SLSH OXJ VSRRQ ~ 6ODY
OJDVSRRQEODGH OLFDLG
PDUGKFKLOOIURVWLFH~ 6ODY PRU]IURVW
PDUUWPXUN\FORXG\GLPGXOO~6ODY PRU[GXVNIRJ
PLUJRRG~6ODY PLUSHDFH
QJHWLPHOHLVXUHFKDQFHRSSRUWXQLW\~6ODY JRGWLPH\HDU
QJURK~QJURIWRZDUP~ 6ODY JUpM_ JUpWLLG
VKNDUGK GRJ FKDLQ D ORQJ VWLFN DWWDFKHG WR D GRJV QHFN WR
SUHYHQWLWIURPELWLQJLWVPDVWHU~ 6ODY M]JRUGDIHQFH
VKWUHSPDJJRWODUYD~ 6ODY VWUXSZRXQGVFDESRLVRQ
WMHWURWKHU~6ODY HWHUVRPHVRPHERG\
WUDSIHUU\~ 6ODY WURSDSDWK
WUHVWRPHOWWRORRVHQWRGLVVROYH~ 6ODY WUDWM_ WUDWLWLWRVSHQG
WRZDVWH
,VRJORVVHV ZLWK :HVWHUQ ,QGR(XURSHDQ /DQJXDJHV

7KHVH DUH UDWKHU UDUH 6HSDUDWH *HUPDQLF$OEDQLDQ LVRJORVVHV DUH LQ
vocabulary 257
IDFWXQNQRZQ7KHUHLVRQO\RQH,WDOR&HOWLF$OEDQLDQLVRJORVV&HOWLF
$OEDQLDQLVRJORVVVHVDUHQHDUO\DVUDUH
The only isogloss where both Italic and Celtic are engaged is
the following:
EOHUW JUHHQ ~ /DW IOAUXV VKLQLQJ EULJKW 2,U EOU JUD\ :

EODZULG
The following are the known Celtic-Albanian parallels:
*EUVKMXQLSHU HEXUXVD~2,ULEDULG*DXOLVKHEXUR
GHP \RXQJ EXOO ~ 2,U GDP R[ SUREDEO\ DOVR Gk FCOCNQX
FDOI
UUDEHOO\ZRUP~ 2,UIULJHYHUPLQIOHVKZRUP
KQ ~ KDQ PRRQ ~ &HOW NDQGR : FDQQ ZKLWH 0%UHW FDQQ
IXOOPRRQ
VKRWELJGXFN~ :KZ\DGLG2&RUQKRHWLG%UHWKRXDWLG
YHUU DOGHU %UHW JZHUQ LG : JZHUQHQ LG 0,U IHUQ LG FI DOVR
$UPJHUDQEHDPWLPEHU
,VRJORVVHV ZLWK 6RXWKHDVWHUQ ,QGR(XURSHDQ ODQJXDJHV

7KHVH LVRJORVVHV LOOXVWUDWH WKH LQWHUPHGLDU\ SRVLWLRQ RI $OEDQLDQ
EHWZHHQ%DOWR6ODYLFDQGWKHODQJXDJHVRIWKH6RXWKHDVWHUQDUHD0DQ\
RI WKHP OHDYH DQ LPSUHVVLRQ RI EHLQJ VHFRQGDU\ EHWWHU H[SODLQHG E\
ODWHU OLQJXLVWLF FRQWDFWV EHWZHHQ 3URWR$OEDQLDQ DQG LQ SDUWLFXODU
3URWR*UHHNSUREDEO\VRPHZKHUHLQWKHQRUWKHUQSDUWRIWKH%DONDQV
Isoglosses connecting Albanian with the whole South-Eastern

group are very few:
QMHULPDQSHUVRQKXPDQEHLQJ~6NWQUPDQ~ GkCPJTLG~
$UPD\ULGEXWFI/DW1HUA
VKTHUUDVKWMHUUDSOODPEV~6NWVWDUEDUUHQFRZ~$UPVWHU
VWHULOHEDUUHQ~GkUVGK`TCLG
Indo-Greek parallels to Albanian are also not very numerous:
HQGSROOHQ~6NWQGKDVKHUE~ GkCPSQXIORZHU
258 chapter four
IHQGWRIDUW~6NWVSDQGDWHWRVKLYHU~GkUHCFC\YWRVKLYHU
WRWUHPEOH
JMHUWLOO~$YD\DUGD\~ GkJ?TK J?GTK HDUO\FIDOVR*PF
DLUL]EHIRUHHUH
JMHVKWR NQHDG JMHVKWR NQHDG ~6NW \V\DWLWR ERLO ~ Gk\GY
WRERLOWRFRRN
NROP SUHWW\ ZLQVRPH ~ 6NW NDO\ KHDOWK\ ~ Gk +RP MCNQX
EHDXWLIXO
QGDM~QGDMWRGLYLGHWRVHSDUDWH~6NWG\DWHLGGdWLWRFXWWR
GLYLGH~ GkFCKQOCKWRGLYLGH
YHUU KROH ~ 6NW XU ZLGH YUDV VSDFH ZLGWK ~ Gk GWTWX
ZLGH
]~]D WRVHL]HWRJUDVSWRWRXFK~6NWM\dIRUFHSRZHUM\DWL
WRZLQWRFRQTXHU~GkDKJSRZHU
Greco-Armenian isoglosses with Albanian are as follows:
GKLVKHJRDW~$UPD\FLG~ GkCKELG
GKXQODERUSDLQVVKDPHGLVJUDFH~$UPHUNQODERUSDLQV~Gk
QFWPJLG
QGUU ~ DQGUU GUHDP VOHHS ~ $UP DQRZU LG ~ Gk QPGKTQP
QPGKTQXLG
PH LQVXIILFLHQFH ODFN LQVXIILFLHQW VFDQW\ QRW IXOO ~ $UP PDQU
VPDOO WKLQ ~ Gk OCPW OKMTQP
#SCOC`PGX +HV OCPQX
WKLQ
P\NEDFNHGJHRINQLIH~ $UPP[HPWRSXWLQWRWRLQVHUW~
GkOWZQXLQQHUPRVWSDUW
The amount of Greek-Albanian separate isoglosses is

surprisingly high, especially if compared with similar Indo-Albanian and
Armeno-Albanian lists. This particular proximity can be probably
explained by intense secondary contacts of two proto-dialects.
DJWZLOLJKWGXVN~GkCWIJUD\RIOLJKW
DUU ZDOQXWWUHH ZDOQXW ~ *N CTWC VC> *
TCMNGYVKMC> MCTWC
+HV
EDMJGXQJ~GkDQNDKVQPFRZGXQJ
EDWKEURDGEHDQ~ GkHCMJ`GLVKRIOHQWLOVHCMQXOHQWLO
EM~EDMWRGRWRPDNH~GkHCKPYWRDSSHDU
vocabulary 259
ELPSODQW~ GkHWÒCSODQW
EOL~EOVWXUJHRQ~GkDNGPPQXLG
DQGUSURSVXSSRUW~GkMGPVTQPJRDGVSXU
GDOWRJRRXW~GkSCNNYWREORRP WRDSSHDUWRFRPHRXW
GDUNVXSSHU~GkFQTRQPLG
GHULWRXSWRWLOO~GkFGW`TQFGW`TGFGWTK KHUH
GHUUSLJ~ GkZQK`TQXLG
G\OOZD[~GkZWNQXMXLFH
GKDOO~GKDOOWEXWWHUPLON~GkICNCPLON
HOEEDUOH\~GkCNHKNLQGRIJUDLQ
HUGKDDRUFDPH~ GkGTZQOCKWRFRPH
QG ~ DQG DSSHWLWH GHVLUH ZLVK ~ Gk CPVCK CPGOQK CPVCX
RPQCX+HV
IDUVHHGVHPHQNLQ~GkURQTCVHHG
JUXD~JUXHZRPDQZLIHGkITCW`XROGZRPDQ
KHT ~ KHN WR GUDZ WR SXOO ~ Gk QNMGY FDXVDWLYH RI GNMY WR
GUDZ
KXGKUJDUOLF~GkUMQTQFQPLG
MHW OLIH ~ Gk GVGQX true, real, GVC CNJSJ` CICSC (Hes.),
GVC\Y to test.
NHPLQFHQVH~GkMCRPQXVPRNH
NHTEDGHYLO~GkMCMQXEDGDQG3KU\JNDNRVLG
NU\HKHDG~GkMTCPKQPVNXOOKHDG
OHUKHDSRIVWRQHVSHEEOHEDQN~GkNCWTC DOOH\SDVVEHWZHHQ
URFNV
OXPULYHU~GkNWÒCGLUW
PMDOFEHH~GkOGNKUUCLG
PRVQRW~GkOJVGDQGQRW
QGHVKWRPHHW~GkFJYWRILQG
QG\M~QG\HMWRPDNHGLUW\WRVRLOWRGLSWRLPPHUVH~ GkFWY
WRVLQNWRFDXVHWRVLQNWRSOXQJHLQ
SUSMHW ULVLQJ XSKLOO ULVH VORSH XS ~ Gk RTQRGVJX SURPL
QHQWRTQRGVQOCKWRIO\IRUZDUGV
SULVKWRGHVWUR\WRVSRLOWRZDVWH~GkRTKYWRVDZ
SXTWRILWWRJHWKHU~GkRWMCWKLFNO\VWURQJO\RWMPQX WKLFN
VWURQJ
UUHM~UUMWRGHFHLYH~GkCTPGQOCKWROLH
UUXPFODSSHUPDL]HFREVWULSSHGRIFRUQV~GkTCOPQXWKRUQ\
EXVK
UUXVKJUDSH~GkTCELG
260 chapter four
WKHN WR URDVW WR WRDVW EUHDG ~ Gk MGIMGK RGKPC`^ MCIMQOGPJX

EJTC`X VY`^ HQDY^ (Hes.), RQNWMCIMJX burning strongly
(Hom.).
WKHOOGHHSGDUNRIFRORU~GkMQK`NQXKROORZ
XMZDWHU XGUM~GkWFTKCZDWHUEXFNHW
The number of Armeno-Albanian separate parallels is

insignificant.
HUJM]\RXQJORXVH~ $UPRULOORXVH
JMLWKDOO~ $UPH]LGERWKIURP VHPKR
SDKVFDEGXVW~ $UPKRJLEUHDWKERWKIURP SRR
WULPKHUREUDYHFRXUDJHRXV~ $UPDUP\RXQJIUHVKJUHHQ
Indo-Iranian parallels to Albanian are more numerous.

Remarkably, some of them are connected with horse-keeping, horse-
breeding and milk products:
EDGUQDUFLVVXVGDIIRGLO~6NWEKVWUEHOORZV
PEO~DPEOVZHHW~6NWDPOVRXU
JMHPEULGOH~ 6NW\PDLG
JM\VKJUDQGIDWKHU~6NWV dSURJHQLWRU
KLUUZKH\~6NWNUPLON2VVHW[hLULG
NUU GRQNH\ DVV IRDO JUD\ ~ 6NW NKUD GRQNH\ $Y [DUA LG
6F\WK [DUD2VVHW[UJLG
PXWH[FUHPHQW~6NWPXNWUHOHDVHG
WUX~WUEUDLQ~ 6NWWUXoD\RXQJWHQGHU$YWDXUXQD\RXQJ
FIDOVRGkVGTJPWHQGHUVGTWCUSGPGXNGRVQP+HV
WKDGUDNLQGRIGRXEOHVLGHGD[H~ 6NWyDVWUNQLIHVZRUG
]RWORUGPDVWHUJRG~6NWYLySDWLORUGRIWKHKRXVH
,VRJORVV ZLWK 7RFKDULDQ 7KHUH LV RQO\ RQH OH[LFDO LVRJORVV
OLQNLQJ$OEDQLDQWR7RFKDULDQEXWLWLVYHU\LPSRUWDQW
NXVKZKR~ 7RFK$NXVLG%NXVHLGERWKIURP XVR

vocabulary 261
6HOHFWHGVHPDQWLFILHOGVLQ$OEDQLDQ
6RPHRIWKHOH[LFDOILHOGVFDQEHRILPSRUWDQFHIRUWKHDQDO\VLVRI
WKH3URWR$OEDQLDQFXOWXUHLWVRULJLQDOKRPHODQGDQGHDUOLHVWFRQWDFWV
%HORZVHYHUDOVXFKOH[LFDOJURXSVDUHGHVFULEHG
/LWHUDWXUH3,6$1,6DJJLSDVVLP7$*/,$9,1,6WUDWLILFD]LRQHSDVVLP
.LQVKLS WHUPV 7KH HQWLUH V\VWHP RI ,QGR(XURSHDQ NLQVKLS

WHUPVZDVFRPSOHWHO\UHVKDSHGLQ3URWR$OEDQLDQDSSDUHQWO\UHIOHFWLQJ
D UDGLFDO VRFLDO FKDQJH 7KH RQO\ UHPDLQLQJ WHUPV NHHSLQJ WKHLU
RULJLQDOIXQFWLRQDUHWKRVHRIWKHSDUHQWVLQODZDQGVRQLQODZ

/DW VRFUXV LG 3UREDEO\ PRUSKRORJLFDOO\ LQIOXHQFHG E\ WKH
PDVFXOLQHIRUP
YMHKUU IDWKHULQODZ (3$ VZH[XUD ZLWK DVVLPLODWLRQ
,( VHXURVLG6NWyYyXUDIDWKHULQODZ*NGMWTQXLG
$ GDXJKWHULQODZ LV VLPSO\ GHVFULEHG DV QHZ H UHMD FI IURP WKLV
SRLQWRIYLHZ6ODY QHYpVWDLIUHODWHGWR QHQHZ
2OGWHUPVIRUSDUHQWVZHUHUHSODFHGZLWKQHZ/DOOZUWHURIZKLFKWKH
ZRUGIRUIDWKHUFDQEHKRZHYHUWUHDWHGDVDQ,QGR(XURSHDQGLDOHFWDO
WHUP
QQ~ QDQ PRWKHU D /DOOZRUWRI %DONDQLF RULJLQ FI 6&U QDQD

LG5XPQDQ:LG
P~ DPPRWKHU.
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7KHROGWHUPIRUPRWKHUZDVUHWDLQHGEXWFKDQJHGVHPDQWLFDOO\

OJVJT/DWPWHU
262 chapter four
7KLV FKDQJH ZDV REYLRXVO\ D SDUW RI D VWUXFWXUDO VKLIW LQ WKH NLQVKLS
V\VWHPDIIHFWLQJIHPDOHUHODWLYHVLQVRIDUDVWKHRULJLQDO,QGR(XURSHDQ
WHUPIRUVLVWHUEHFDPHDJHQHUDOWHUPIRUJLUOLQJHQHUDO
R\U/DWVRURU
7KHZRUGIRUEURWKHUZKLFKUHSODFHG,( EKUWHUPLJKWLQIDFWEHD
YHU\ROGDUFKDLVPXVLQJWZRDQFLHQWVRFLDOWHUPV VHDQG OHXGK
$GGLWLRQDO ZRUGV IRU HOGHU EURWKHUXQFOHIDWKHU VHHPV WR EH

LQQRYDWLYH/DOOZUWHU
DSHOGHUEURWKHUGDG(3$ DS
EDF HOGHU EURWKHU XQFOH (3$ EDWMD FORVH WR 6ODY EDWD ~
EDWMDHOGHUEURWKHUIDWKHU
7HUPVIRUVRQDQGGDXJKWHUUHSUHVHQWDQ,QGR(XURSHDQORFDOLVP
ELUVRQ(3$ ELUD*RWKEDXUVRQ,( EKHUR

ELOELMGDXJKWHU(3$ ELULOGHULYHGIURPELUVRQ
&IDOVRDFORVHO\UHODWHGDQFLHQWZRUGIRUFKLOGDVVXFNOLQJ
VRQ/DWIOLXVLG
6HFRQG GHJUHH EORRG NLQVKLS ZDV DSSDUHQWO\ LUUHOHYDQW LQ WKH 3URWR
$OEDQLDQVRFLDOVWUXFWXUH$OOFRUUHVSRQGLQJWHUPVKDYHEHHQERUURZHG
IURP/DWLQ
XQJMXQFOH/DWDYXQFXOXVPDWHUQDOXQFOH
PEHVQLHFHJUDQGGDXJKWHU/DWQHSAWLDLG
vocabulary 263
6RFLDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ ,Q 3URWR$OEDQLDQ VRPH EDVLF WHUPV

ZHUHSUHVHUYHGWKRXJKZLWKUDGLFDOFKDQJHVLQIXQFWLRQZKLFKUHIOHFW
D VRFLDO VWUXFWXUH LQ ZKLFK WKH QRWLRQ RI KRXVH DV NLQXQLILHU LV RI
SDUWLFXODULPSRUWDQFH
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$OEDQLDQV $OO $OEDQLDQ SROLWLFDO WHUPLQRORJ\ LV ERUURZHG PDLQO\
IURP /DWLQ +RZHYHU LPSRUWDQW HOHPHQWV RI $OEDQLDQ YHQGHWWD DQG
UHODWHG FRPPRQ ODZ PD\ ZHOO UHIOHFW FHUWDLQ DUFKDLF ,QGR(XURSHDQ
SDWWHUQV
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VHFRQGDU\%DVLFZRUGVVXFKDVWREX\DQGWRVHOODUHORDQZRUGVRU
QHZO\EXLOWPHWDSKRUV

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EHHQERUURZHGIURP/DWSDUHQWUHWREULQJDVDFULILFHWRWKHGHDGWR
VDWLVI\RUUDWKHUIURPLWVSDVVLYHFRUUHODWHSDUHQWUL7KXV$OEDQLDQ
PD\KDYHKDGDVRODUFXOWZKLFKKRZHYHUZDVIXOO\IRUPHGDIWHUWKHLU
DUULYDODORQJWKH$GULDWLFFRDVW
*HRJUDSKLF WHUPLQRORJ\ 5LYHUV DQG ZDWHU EDVLQV 7KLV

VHPDQWLFJURXSLVRIREYLRXVUHOHYDQFHIRUDOOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVUHODWHGWR
WKHRULJLQDO3URWR$OEDQLDQKRPHODQG7KHPRVWVWULNLQJIHDWXUHRIWKH
JHRJUDSKLF YRFDEXODU\ LV WKH OLPLWHG QXPEHU RI ZRUGV RI ,QGR
(XURSHDQRULJLQLQ$OEDQLDQUHODWHGWRVHDDQGVHDIDULQJ7KLVVHFWRU
RIWKHOH[LVDERXQGVLQ5RPDQFHDQG*UHHNORDQV7KHQDPHRIWKHVHD
264 chapter four
LWVHOIVHHPVWREH,QGR(XURSHDQEXWUDWKHULWDSSHDUVWREHDFRPPRQ
$OEDQR*HUPDQLFLQQRYDWLRQIRUDQ\GHSWK

GWHXSLAGHSWK!0'XGLHSGH0/*GSHGH(GHSWK
6R IDU ZHUH WKH 3URWR$OEDQLDQV IURP PDULWLPH LQWHUHVWV WKDW HYHQ DQ
ROG *UHHN ORDQZRUG IRU VHD KDV FRPSOHWHO\ FKDQJHG LWV PHDQLQJ LQ
$OEDQLDQ
SHOOJSRQGSRROGHSWK*NRGNCIQXKLJKVHD
2WKHUK\GURQ\PVUHIOHFWDPRUHFRPSOLFDWHGSLFWXUH%HVLGHVWZREDVLF
ZRUGVIRUULYHUDQGVWUHDP
OXPULYHU(3$ OXPD*NNWÒCGLUW,( OHXiGLUW

UU\P IORZ RI ZDWHU (3$ VU P *N TGWÒC VWUHDP 21
VWUDXPULG/LWKVUDXPXRIDVWVWUHDP
$OEDQLDQ VHHPV WR XVH UHODWLYHO\ UHFHQW ORDQZRUGV WR GHVFULEH

PRXQWDLQRXV EURRNV UXVKLQJ WKURXJK UDYLQHV RU ODUJHU ULYHUV IDOOLQJ
LQWRDVHD+HQFHWKHIROORZLQJERUURZLQJV
ODNGHILOYDOOH\*PF ODND]EURRNULYHUVZDPSFI2+*
ODKKD2(ODFX
SUUXD~SUUXHEURRNULYHUEHG6ODY SRURY~ SDURYFI
3ROSDUZUDYLQHQDPHRIDVRXUFHLQ*UHHFH2QTQ DQX
]DOOULYHUVDQGULYHUEDQN(3$ DLJMDOD*NCKIKCNQXULYHU
EDQN
UUNHVWUHDPRIUDLQPRXQWDLQEURRN6ODY UpNDULYHU
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGZRUGVIRUTXLHWHUFXUUHQWVDQGVRPHWLPHVVWDJQDQW
SRROVDUHRI,QGR(XURSHDQRULJLQ
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WRFRRN/LWKYUGXYUWLLG
PDNUUVWDJQDQWJUHHQRQSRQGVPDNJOXHVFXPVNLQ
vocabulary 265

PDUVKPOWLWRJHWGLUW\
VKWUDSVWDJQDQWJUHHQRQSRQGV(3$ VWUDSD0+*VWUDIWLJKW
/LWKSDUVWUDSQWLWRGUDJRQHVHOIEDFN
0DUVKHVZHUHDXVXDOSDUWRIWKHODQGVFDSHWRR
EDOW VZDPS PDUVK GLUW HDUWK (3$ EDOW ,( EKOiWRP LG

OJDW PDUVK (3$ OHXJDW ,OO\U GNQP .QW IGQX MCNQO GPQP
/LWKOLJDVLG6ODY OXDSRRO
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QTIC XPDUVKPHDGRZ
5LYHUVDVGHVFULEHGDERYHZHUHHDV\WRFURVVE\IRRWDWOHDVWDWIRUGV
EUHGKWRMXPS WR VSULQJ (3$ EUHGD 6ODY EUHG_ EUHVWLWR

VKW\U~VKWLUWRSXVKWRFURVVDULYHUVKW\MWRSXVK
EXWFIWKHZRUGIRUIRUGRI5RPDQFHRULJLQ
YDIRUG/DWYDGXPLG
5LYHUV RI WKH 3URWR$OEDQLDQ KRPHODQG DERXQGHG LQ GDQJHURXV GHHS

SODFHVDQGZKLUOSRROV
XUHO ZDWHUSLW (3$ XUHO 21 U GUL]]OH 23UXV ZXUV

SRRO
QJMLUHZKLUOSRROJMHUEURDGZLGH
RSHQLQJ
7KHEDQNVRIULYHUVZHUHFRYHUHGZLWKIRUHVWV
JMD] ULYHUVLGH IRUHVW (3$ VHGMD ,( VHG WR VLW WR EH

VHWWOHGFILQSDUWLFXODU6ODY VDGJDUGHQJURYH
*HRJUDSKLFWHUPLQRORJ\)RUHVWVDQGEXVK,WLVFOHDUWKDW
WKH 3URWR$OEDQLDQV ZHUH QRW DFTXDLQWHG ZLWK IRUHVWV 7KH ZRUG IRU
266 chapter four
IRUHVWZDVERUURZHGIURPD5RPDQFHWHUPIRUVZDPSSUHVXPDEO\
ZKHQWKH3URWR$OEDQLDQVUHDFKHGWKHORZODQGVRIWKH$GULDWLFVKRUH
S\OOIRUHVW%DON5RP SDG OHP/DWSDO GHPVZDPS
2QWKHFRQWUDU\WKHRULJLQDOZRUGIRUEXVKZDVQRWERUURZHG
VKNRUUHW VKNXUUH EXVK (3$ VNU GHULYHG IURP VKTHUU WR

WHDU(3$ VNHUD
6RPH ROG ,QGR(XURSHDQ QDPHV RI WUHHV LQFOXGLQJ EDVLF FRQLIHUV

VXUYLYHGLQ$OEDQLDQ
DKEHHFKWUHH(3$ DNVD,( RVN*NQEWCEHHFK$UPKDL

DVKWUHH21DVNULG0DFHGCEQXWNJ
EOL~EOOLQGHQ(3$ EOLQD/LWKEOLQGVEOHQGV6DOL[FDSUHD
EUHGKILUWUHH(3$ EUDGD6ODY EUHGZLOORZ
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GUHX WUHH RDN &I DOVR OHQG DFRUQ (3$ OHQWD
,( OHQWOLQVH/DWOQVOQWLV2+*OLQVL6ODY O?WMD
SLVKSLQH(3$ SVD*NRKVWX/DWSQXVEXWFIDOVRYJMH~
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DELHWHPILU
YHUU DOGHU (3$ ZHUQD %UHW JZHUQ LG : JZHUQHQ LG 0,U
IHUQLG
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QDVDOL]DWLRQ/LWKYQNhQDLG6ODY Y?]LG
7KHDERYHOLVWLVRSSRVHGWRWKHIROORZLQJ/DWLQORDQVZKLFKLQFOXGHD
QHZZRUGIRUELUFK
PVKWHNU ~ PVKWHNQ ELUFK /DW PDVWLFLQXV UHODWHG WR WKH
PDVWLFWUHH
SDOQMPDSOH5RP SOWDQLDGHULYHGIURP/DWSODWDQXVSODQH
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SOHSSRSODU5RP SOASXVPHWDWKHVLVRI/DWSASXOXVLG
UUREXOO PRXQWDLQ SLQH /DW UAEXU RDN ZLWK D GLVVLPLODWLRQ RI
VRQRUDQWV
vocabulary 267
VKHOJZLOORZ/DWVDOL[LG
7KH JHQHUDO LPSUHVVLRQ RI WKLV VHPDQWLF JURXS LV WKDW QHZO\ DFTXLUHG
WUHHQDPHVPRVWO\UHIHUWRSODQWVKLVWRULFDOO\ORFDWHGLQPRUHVRXWKHUQ
DQGVRXWKHDVWHUQJHRJUDSKLF]RQHV
*HRJUDSKLF WHUPLQRORJ\ 0RXQWDLQV ,Q WKLV JURXS EDVLF

QRWLRQVDUHRIGLVWLQFWO\3URWR$OEDQLDQRULJLQ
JXUVWRQHURFN(3$ JXUD,( HUiPRXQWDLQ6NWJLU$Y

JDLUL/LWKJLULZRRG/DWYG]LULDLG6ODY JRUDPRXQWDLQ
ZRRG
PDO PRXQWDLQ (3$ PDOD /LWK PDO ODQG /DWY PDOD EDQN
VKRUH
+RZHYHUDOOVSHFLILFWHUPVUHODWHGWRWKHPRXQWDLQRXVUHOLHIRUWROLIH
LQWKHPRXQWDLQVDUHERUURZHG&IWKHIROORZLQJH[DPSOHV

SDVWXUH
NVK\UHPRXQWDLQSDWKSDWKLQWKHUDYLQH/DWFODXV UDFO V UD
ORFNEDUEROWFDVWOHIRUW
NROLEHKXWLQWKHPRXQWDLQV6ODY NRO\EDLG
6XPPLQJXSWKHGDWDRIZHPD\VD\WKDWWKH3URWR$OEDQLDQV
OLYHG LQ D VZDPS\ DUHD RI VSDUVHO\ JURZLQJ WUHHV DQG UHODWLYHO\ VPDOO
ULYHUVEXWGHILQLWHO\QRWLQWKHKLJKPRXQWDLQVRIWKH%DONDQVZLWKWKHLU
UDYLQHVDQGYDOOH\V
'RPHVWLFDQLPDOV3URWR$OEDQLDQVZHUHFDWWOHEUHHGHUV7KH
FRUUHVSRQGLQJWHUPVDUHZHOOSUHVHUYHG
FDOI
GKLVKHJRDW(3$ DLG]LM*NCKELG
HGKKHJRDW(3$ DLG]D*NCKE JRDW$UPD\FLG
NHGKNLG(3$ NDG]D6ODY NR]DVKHJRDW
ORSFRZ(3$ OS/DWYOXSVFDWWOH
268 chapter four
POLXPOWLLG
WHUEXOO(3$ WDXUD*NVCW`TQXLG/DWWDXUXVLG/LWKWD-UDV
LG6ODY WXULG
YL FDOI (3$ ZHWXhD IXUWKHU UHODWHG WR ZHWD ! YLW \HDU FI
6NWYDWVFDOI
7KH ERUURZHG QDWXUH RI WKH ZRUGV IRU GRJ THQ IURP /DWLQ VKDN
IURP,UDQLDQPD\LQGLFDWHWKDW3URWR$OEDQLDQVZHUHEHWWHUDFTXDLQWHG
ZLWKODUJHFDWWOHEUHHGLQJWKDQZLWKWKHFXOWLYDWLQJRIJRDWVDQGVKHHS
$W WKH VDPH WLPH $OEDQLDQ VHHPV WR SUHVHUYH D IHZ YHU\ LPSRUWDQW
WHUPVFRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHGRPHVWLFDWLRQRIWKHKRUVHHYHQWKRXJKVXFK
EDVLFZRUGVDVKRUVHZHUHERUURZHGNDO/DWFDEDOOXVLG
JMHPEULGOH(3$ MDPD6NW\PDLG
UUHWK KRRS ULP RI ZKHHO FLUFOH GHPLQXWLYH LQ WK RI UDW
ZKHHO FI 6NW UWKD ZDJRQ /DW URWD ZKHHO 2,U URWK
2+*UDG
3+21(7,&7$%/(6
9RZHOV
)URP,QGR(XURSHDQWR3URWR$OEDQLDQ
,QGR(XURSHDQ (DUO\3URWR$OEDQLDQ
D D
R D
r D
i w HUDUH
q DIWHUDVWUHVVHGYRZHO
H H
L L
X X

!
A A

DL DL
RL DL
HL HL
DX DX
RX DX
HX HX
Not all combinatorial changes are included. For the development of clusters see the
main text. Modern Albanian is represented by the Tosk dialect.
270 phonetic tables
)URP3URWR$OEDQLDQWRPRGHUQ$OEDQLDQ7RVN
(DUO\3URWR$OEDQLDQ $OEDQLDQ7RVN
D
r HE\XPODXW
D w XQVWUHVVHG
q EHIRUHQDVDOV
MHLH
r HEHIRUH G] WV QG QW PE
u HDIWHUFJMTOU
u MDEHIRUH LRIWKHQH[WV\OODEOH
H w DMDDIWHUJM
u LEHIRUHPVLELODQWRUDIIULFDWH
u LGXHWRPRUSKRQRORJLFDOIDFWRUV
q LUUHJXODUO\EHIRUHQDVDOV
L
L 8 \EHIRUHDODELDO
X X
r R
w XDEHIRUHUDQGQDVDOV
q \HEHIRUHQODQGDIURQWYRZHO
r H
A w YHLQDQODXW
q XDEHIRUHUDQGQDVDOV
L
\
r LLQDXVODXW
w LEHIRUHDQGDIWHUODELDOV
q LEHIRUH MDQG LRIWKHQH[WV\OODEOH
DL H
HL L
r D
DX w HE\XPODXW
q XQVWUHVVHG
HX H
phonology 271
6RQRUDQWV
D
D
8 LOEHIRUHFRQVRQDQWDOFOXVWHUV L M

XO
8 LUEHIRUHFRQVRQDQWDOFOXVWHUV L M

XU
M M
Z
P P
Q Q
O O
U U
LO LOOL
XO XOOX
LU LUUL
XU XUUX
JMDQODXWEHIRUH D H A
r MDQODXWEHIRUH X
*j w LQODXWDIWHUIURQWYRZHOV
q [LQODXWDIWHUQRQIURQWYRZHOV
*w 8 YDQODXW
(inlaut, absorbed by long vowels)
P
*m 8 PEDXVODXWLUUHJXODUO\
r QDQODXW
Q w ULQODXWDIWHUXQVWUHVVHGYRZHOV
q LQODXWDIWHUVWUHVVHGYRZHOV
272 phonetic tables
*l
8 ODQODXWDQGFOXVWHUV
OOLQODXW
r UUU
U w ULQFOXVWHUV
q (DXVODXWDIWHU H
phonology 273
&RQVRQDQWV
r VDQODXWDQGFOXVWHUV
V w [EHWZHHQYRZHOV
q hDIWHU L X
S S
E E
EK E
W W
G G
GK G
N N
J J
JK J
WV
8 WhEHIRUH X
G]
8 GEHIRUH X
K 8 G]
GEHIRUH X
8 N
WhEHIRUHIURQWYRZHOVDQG M
8 J
GEHIRUHIURQWYRZHOVDQG M
K 8 J
GEHIRUHIURQWYRZHOVDQG M
V JM
[ K
h VK
S S
274 phonetic tables
E E
W W
G
G 8 GKEHWZHHQYRZHOVDQGDIWHUU
N N
J J
WV WK
G] 8 GK
GDQODXWLIIROORZHGE\VLELODQWV
Wh V
G ]
,1'(;2)$/%$1,$1)2506
DFDU DUULM
DFLVK DUV\H
DFR DUV\HVKP
DFRVK DVDM
DGKXURM DVR
DIU DVLVK
DIW DVRVK
DJ DVKN
DJMH DVKW
DJMQRM DVKW
DJMURM DW
DK DWD
DL DW
M DW
DMN DWQ
DN DWL
DPEO DWLM
DP DWR
DP] DW\QH
DPXOO DW\UH
DQG DWKW
DQGUU DYXM
DQGUUD DYXOO
DQ D\
DQPLN
DQ] EDF
DQJ EDGU
DQJUU EDGKU
DS EDJP
DS EDJWL
DU EDKH
DUD EDM
DUEQ EDMJ
DUEU EDNWL
DU EDOP
DUJVK EDOJ
DUL EDOVKP
DUN EDOW
DUP EDOO
DUPLN EDOOXQJ
DUQRM EDQ
DUTLW EDU
DUU EDUGK
DUU] EDUQD
276 index of albanian forms
EDUUD EMHU

EDUL EMHUU
EDUN EMHVKN
EDUN EODW
EDUP EOHKXU
EDUTH EOHM
EDUXN EOHU
EDUU EOHUW
EDVKN EOHW
EDWK EOL
EH EO
EHNRM EOLQM
EHOE EOLVKW
EHUN EORU
EHURQM EORYD
EHUU EOR]
EHUUD EOXDM
EHVD EOXHM
EHV ERKHW
EM ERM
EUUDN EROOH
EU EROO
EUVK ERQ
EUWDV ERU
EUWHW ERUUD
EUU\O ERULJ
ELH ERUQD
ERUUD
ELJ ERVKW
ELM ERVKWLQM
ELM ERWD
ELM] ERW
ELO ERYD
ELORQM EUDP
ELP EUHGK
ELQG
ELQGD EUHJ
ELU EUHJMH
ELUD EUHM
ELU EUM
ELUT EUHMWD
ELUWK EUHN
ELUWKD EUHQ
ELVK EUHQGD
ELVKW EUHQJ
ELVKWDM EUHVKQ
ELVN EUHVKU
index of albanian forms 277
EUHVKN FHPW
EUHVKW FULM
EUHWN FULO
EUH] FULWD
EUL FHUN
EU FHUND
EULJMH FHUP
EULP FLW
EULQ FXE
EULQM FXS
EULU FXUU
EULUWK FXUUD
EULUWK
EULVN DM
EURGKD DO
EUXP DQGU
EUXVKWXOO FDUH
EUXVKWXOOD DUV
EUX] DUWD
EU\GK
EU\P HO
EXDM HOD
EXDOO HP
EXDV HUGKH
EXHM LPN
EXHOO MHUU
EXM PRM
EM RM
EXMN
EXMWD GDF
EMWD GDFD
EXN GDGDQ
EXNO GDM
EXNXU GDN
EXOEU GDO
EXO
EXON GDOW
EXOORJ GDP
EXQJ GDQJ
EXQJD GDUND
EXUGK GDUN
EXUU GDUVP
EXVK GDVP
EXVKWU GDVK
EXW
EXW GDYD
EX] GIWRM
GHJ GLVKN
GHK GLVKW
GHM GLW
GHO GLWD
GHOO GLW
GHP GLW]L
GHPD GMDO
GHPHVK
GHPL GMDOO
GHQG GMDWK
GHQM GMDWKUD
GHUGK GMDWKQD
GHU GMDWKW
GHUJM GMH
GHUL GMHJ
GHUN
GHUU GMHJ
GHUUD GMHO
GHVK GMHOP
GHVKD GMHOP]
GHVKW GMHP
GHW GMHUU
GHW\U GMHUV
GNRM GRJMD
GOLU GROD
GOLURM GROL
GOOQM GRUD
GOOLQM GRU
GP GRU]DQ
GUSQM GRUJMD
GUUDV GRV
GVKLURM GUD
GVKPRM GU
GL GUDJRQM
GLHM GUDJXD
GLHOO GUDQJ
GLJMD GUDQJMH
GLJMQL GUDQJRM
GLKDV GUDQJXH
GLN GUDSQ
GLOMD GUDSU
GLOQL GUDSLQM
GLPQ GUH
GLPU GU
GLPQD GUHGK
GLPUD GUHGKDOHVK
GLUT GUHJ
GUHMW GKDOO
GUHN GKDOOW
GUHT GKDPE
GUHTQ GKDPEH
GUHTU GKDPEHVK
GUQM GKDPE
GULQM GKDP
GULWD GKDQGU
GULW GKDQGXU
GULWK GKDQ
GULWKUD GKDVK
GULWKQD GKDW
GUL] GKH
GURGKD GKHPE
GURH GKHPED
GURMWD GKHQD
GURPF GKHUD
GURYD GKH]
GUX GKPE
GU GKPEH
GUXDM GKPEHVK
GUXDMWD GKPE
GUXGKH GKQGU
GUXHM GKQGXU
GUXVKN GKQH
GU\GKW GKQ
GU\VKN GKL
GXD GKLU
GXDM GKMDP
GXDO GKMDPUD
GXDU GKMDPQD
GXH GKMHV
GXHM GKMHW
GXHU GKMHYD
GXURM GKXQ
GXVKN GKXURM
GXVKTH
G\ HF
G\HU HFM
G\OO HFL
G\PEGKMHW HGK
G\QG HJMOO
G\QGD HJMU
G\W HK
G\]HW HKXM
HKXOO
GKD HMD
M IDMNXH
HOE IDP
HOEQD IDPXOO
HOEUD IDTH
HP IDU
HPH IDUN
HPQ IDW
HPU IDWR
HPQD IH
HPUD IMHM
HPW IHO
HQG IHPQ
HQJMOO IHPU
HQM IPLM
HUGKD IHQG
HU IHQGD
HUQD IQG\HO
HUUD IUJRM
HUJM] IUNRM
HUU IHUU
HVOO IHUU
HVK IQG\HOO
HVK ILDOH
HVKNH ILN
HVKWD ILND
HVKW ILVKNHP
HVKWQD IMDO
HVKWQD IMHWD
HVKWUD IODN
HW IODN
HWQ IODNQD
HWU IODNUD
HWKH IODV
IODVKNW
M IOH
PEO IO
P IOHJ
QG IOHW
QGUU IOHW
QGUUD IOL
VKW IO
IORN
IDM IOXJ
IM IOXWXURM
IDMH IRUW
IDMNRQM ITLQM
IDMNXD IUDT
IUDTQD JDUGKH
IUDTUD JDUGKHVK
IUDVKQ JDUGK
IUDVKU JDU
IUH JDUJXOO
IU JDUULV
IUXHU JDVKW
IU\HM JDW
IU\M JDWRYD
IU\W JDWXDM
IVKM JDWXHM
IVKDQD JD]
IVKDW JGKH
IVKDWQD JGK
IVKDWUD JGKHQG
IVKHK JGKLM
IVKHKD JGKM
IVKLN JGKLQD
IWRI JGKLYD
IWRK JHU
IWXD JHUD
IWXH JOED]
IXQG JORM
IXTL JORYD
IXTLVKP JUDN
IXUN JUGKLM
IXUU JUKDV
IXUU JUMHS
IXUULN JUPDGK
IXUULT JUUHV
IXV JUU\HM
IXVK JUVKDQ
I\HOO JUVKDV
I\OO JUVKU
I\VKNHP JVKWDOO
I\W JVKWHQM
I\W\U JWKHS
JLVKW
JDERQM JLVKWUD
JDMJ JLVKWQD
JDN JODW
JDODPVK JOHGK
JDPXOH JOHS
JDQG JOPE
JDUEH JORT
JDUE JOXK
JDUGK JREHOO
JRGDV JU\N
JRM JXDM
JRMOLGKQL JXDOO
JRP JXORM
JRUULF JXOWRM
JRV JXQ
JUD JXQGKLU
JUDED JXU
JUDE JXU
JUDELV JXUWK
JUDI JXUWKD
JUDK JXV
JUDP JXVKW
JUDPQD JXW
JUDPUD
JUDWK JM
JUDWK JMDK
JUDY JMDM
JUHK JMDMWD
JUHKXOO JMDN
JUHN JMDNQD
JUHOOD JMDNUD
JUHOO JMDNX
JUHQ] JMDOO
JUHS JMDOP
JUHUD JMDOS
JUHUD] JMDQD
JUHU JMDQGU
JUHU] JMDQ
JUPUDW JMDTH
JULIVK JMDUSQ
JULJM JMDUSU
JULK JMDVKW
JULM JMDW
JUM JMDYD
JULOO JMD]
JULPD JMHGK
JULP JMHM
JULVK JMM
JULVKD JMHO
JURVK JMHOEQ
JUXD JMHOEU
JUXH JMHOO
JUXQ JMHOO]
JUXU JMHP
JUXVKW JMHPE
JU\ND JMHQ
JMHU KDO

JMHUE
JMHUED KDOQ
JMHUGKH KDOO
JMHU KDOWK
JMHVK KDOWKD
JMHVKD KDPXOO
JMHVKWU KDQ
JMHWD KDQ]
JMHWK KDQJUD
JMH]GLV KDS
JM KDUDEHO
JMPRM KDUN
JMQGU KDUPL
JMU KDUPVKRU
JMUD KDUPRM
JML KDUU
JM KDUURM
JMLGK KDUURN
JMLQGH KH
JMLQRQM K
JMLWK KHGK
JMROO KHMH
JMRYD KHN
JMX KHOP
JM KHOT
JMXDM KHOO
JMXHM KHOOH
JMXK KHOOHVK
JMXP KHT
JMXUP KHUGKH
JMXYHQJ KHU
JM\NRM KHUPRM
JM\PV KHVKW
JM\PW\U KHWRM
JM\VDPL K
JM\V KQ
JM\VP KL
JM\VK K
JM\VK KLGKHP
JM\VKQ KLGKW
JM\VKU KLMH
KLNUU
KD KLPH
KDN KLQJO
KDOD KLSM
KDODYHW KLU
KLUU LVKLQ
KLVOO LVKLW
KVOO LVKQ
KLVOOD LVKWH
KVOOD LVKXOO
KLWDV LWK
KRGKD
KRMH MDN
KRND MDP
KRTD MDQ
KRUU MDS
KX MDUJ
KXl MDVKW
KXDM MDY
KXDOO MH
KXGKU MHP
KXGKUD MHPL
KXHM MHQ
KXHOO MHQL
KXPE MHUP
KXPED MHV
KXQM MHVK
KXUED MHVK
KXUE MHVKP
KXUGK MHVKW
KXW MHWD
K\HM MHW
K\M MHWU
K\l M MRQ
K\OO MRVK
K\SL MRWH
K\UD MX
MXDM
LM MXHM
LM] MXMD
LN MXML
LNM MXVK
LNQD MXYH
LP
LPH ND
LPW N
LU NDELVKW
LULT NDFDGUH
LVK NDFDGU
LVKD NDFDJMHO
LVK NDFDPLW
LVKLP NDFDUURM
NDFDUUXP NDUNDV
ND NDUPD
NDHO NDUP
NDLOH NDUSD
NDXE NDUS
NDXOH NDUUDELVKW
NDIVK NDUUDYHVK
NDIVKRM NDUU
NDODPDQ NDUULJ
NDODPHQG NDUUXS
NDODTDI NDUUXW
NDODYHVK NDVKLOH
NDOE NDVKQMHW
NDOHVK NDVKW
NDO NDWU
NDOLKXP NDWRQM
NDOLKXPE NDWXD
NDOLYDUH NDWXH
NDOWU NHQ
NDOO NHU
NDOOD NHGK
NDOOL NHGKD
NDOORM NHGK
NDP NHP
NDPE NHS
NDQG NHT
NDQGHOO NHWU
NDQG NH]
NDQGUU N
NDQJ NOERTH
NDQJMHO NOTHUH
NDQS NOWKDV
NDQXVK NO\VK
NDS NOODV
NDSD NPE
NDSH NPERQ
NDS NPERU
NDSL NQDT
NDSRQM NQG
NDSURM NQG
NDSUXDOO NQGHOO
NDSUXHOO NQGRIVKD
NDSWK NQGRM
NDSWKD NQJ
NDSXD NSXUGK
NDSXH NSXV
NDUDYHO NSXWD
NT\U NROPH
NUED NROP
NUELVKW NROO
NUF NRSVKW
NUFDV NRUE
NUFHM NRUEXOO
NUFHYD NRUEXOOD
NUNRM NRUGK
NUNRMD NRUGK
NUNRMP NRU
NUNRMQ NRUU
NUNRQ NRV
NUNRQL NRW
NUOHVK NUDK
NUP NUDKLQ
NUPLOO NUDKLV
NUPLQM NUDQG
NUS NUDQGH
NUU NUDQWK
NUUD NUDQWKD
NUUDE NUHGK
NUUO NUHI
NUUXW NUHID
NUVKQGHOOD NUHK
NUW\O NUHKD
NUYHVKHP NUHM
NVHQ NUHN
NVKLOO NUHO
NVKLOOD NUHQ
NVKWDOO NUHS
NVKWQ NUHSD
NVKWU NUHSXOO
NVKWMHOO NUHU
NVK\UH NUHVKN
NLM NUHVKP
NLVK NUHVKS
NLYD NUHYD
NMR NUQG
NOLWKD NUL
NOXPVKW NU
NOODS NULPE
NRF NULPED
NRFLQM NULS
NRIVK NULSUD
NRK NURGKD
NROHVKN NURGK
NROLEH NURMH
NURQM NXUWKH
NURYD NXUU
NUXD NXUUL]
NUXDM NXVK
NUXH NXVKUL
NUXHM NXVKU
NUXS NXVKXOO
NUXSD NXYHQG
NUXVKN N\M
NU\H
NU\P O
NU\PD ODE
NU\S ODIVKD
NU\SQD ODIVK
NU\T ODJ
NUURNXOO ODJVKW
NXM ODM
NXMW OM
NXMWRM ODMWKL
NXNXW ODN
NXODU ODN
NXOE ODNQ
NXO ODNU
NXOP ODNVKWH
NXOS ODNWK
NXOSQ ODNWKD
NXOSU ODNWKH
NXOWH ODNXT
NXOWU ODNXU
NXOORM ODPHQM
NXOORVKWU ODP
NXPHUT ODPQM
NXPWU ODPVK
NXQDW ODPVKH
NXQGU ODQ
NXQGRM ODQG
NXQHWQ
NXQHWU ODQ
NXQJRM ODS
NXQJXOO ODSD
NXQRU ODS
NXQM ODSV
NXQMRM ODSVD
NXT ODU
NXURU ODUGK
NXUW ODU
NXUWK ODURM
ODUXVKN OQJDW
ODVK OQJRM
ODVKW OSHF
ODW OSLM
ODWUHGK OSLWN
ODW\U OSMHW
ODYD OSXVK
OEDUGK OUXVKN
OH OVKRM
OHEQ OWL
OHEU OW
OHEHWLV OYRU]
OHGK OYRU]RM
OHI OL
OHK O
OHKW OLGK
OHM OLGKHP
OHP] OLGKHQ
OHQG OLGKHVK
OHSU OLGKHW
OHSW\U OLGK
OHSXM OLGKVK
OHSXU OLGKL
OHT OLGKQL
OHTH OLGKQLX
OHUD OLGKXQ
OHU OLGKXQL
OHVK OLITDU
OHVKQD OLITHU
OHVKUD OLJ
OH] OLJDW
OH] OLJM
O OLM
OEDUNH OLN
OIWRM OLNW\U
OI\W OLO
OJDW OLO
ONXU OLQG
OPDTH OLQGD
OPD] OLQJD
OP OLQJ
OPHQM OLQM
OPVK OLT
OQG OLVP
ORGU
OQGLQ ORGURM
OQ ORGK
ORMWD PDMD
ORS PDM
ORTH PDMWD
ORW PDMW
ORWL PMW
OR] PDN
OWHU PDNUU
OX PDNXW
OXDM PDO
OXF PDOFRM
OXHM PDOHW
OXHMWD PDOHYH
OXIW PDOL
OXJ PDOLQ
OXJM PDOLW
OXKDV PDOO
OXKHW PDOOQJMHM
OXKLWL PDOONRM
OXP PDQ
OXPDN PDQDIHUU
OXPHQM PDQGLOH
OXP PDQJ
OXSHVK PDQJML
OXTHU PDUDM
OXV PDUGK
OXW PDUV
OXWD PDUWHV
O\HM PDUU
O\S PDUUW
O\WK PDV
O\WK PDVKNXOO
PDW
OODQD PDWD
OODQ PDWXN
OODS P]
OOQM] PD]
OOUD PEDM
OOU PEDU
OORK PEDURM
OOXN PEDUW
OOXS PEDV
OOXUE PEDWK
PEHV
PDGK PEHV
PDM PEHWD
PEVKWHW
PM PEL
PELM PQGDIVKQD
PEM PQGDIVKUD
PELYD PQJ
PEMHOO PQJRM
PEOHGK PQJML
PEORGKD PQMLOO
PEORM PUGKLM
PEROOD PUJRM
PEUHW PUNRVK
PEUHWQ PUPULV
PEUHWU PUVK
PEURGK PU]HM
PEXIDV PVRM
PEXIHW PVKHUH
PEXILWL PVKLN
PEXORM PVKLU
PE\OO PVKRM
PE\V PVKTHUU
PHI PVKWHNQ
PH PVKWHNU
PHI P]
PHK PL
PHKHP P
PHMH PLD
PHN PLHOO
PHNW PLHOOD]
PHNVK PLHOOQD
PHO PLHOOUD
PHQP PLI
PHQG PLID
PHQGVKP PLK
PHV PLKD
PHVK PLM
PHWDOH PLN
P PLO
PGKHQM PLOO
PJDVKWU PLQM
PNDPE PLUD
PNDW PLUH
PNPE PLU
PNUHV PLV
POO PLVK
POOHQMD PLVKNRQM
POOHQM PLVKQD
POOH] PLVKUD
PQG PLWD
PQGDIVK PLW
PLW] PXJ
PL] PXJXOO
PL]RM PXOO
PMDOFD PXOOL
PMDOF PXOO
PMDOW PXQG
PMHGKU PXQGD
PMHJXOO PXQJ
PMHJXOOD PXQJRM
PMHN PXUJ
PMHNU PXUWDM
PMHNUD PXUUW
PMHO PXUUL]
PMHU PXVKN
PMHVKWU PXVKNOO\HU
PNHTHP PXVKNRQM
PO\ PXVKOOLQ]
PO\VK PXVKW
PRGK PXW
PRGKXOO PXWQD
PRGKXOOD PXWUD
PRNQ PX]J
PRNU P\M
PROD P\N
PROLV P\OO
PROO P\VKN
PRUD P]LWK
PRUL
PRUU QD
PRUUD QDH
PRV QDP
PRVK QDQG
PRW QDQ
PRWH QDS
PRWU QDW
PRWLW QDW\U
PRWUD QGDM
PSLM QGM
PSM QGDMWD
PUHNXOO QGDQ
PVKHI QGDYD
PVKHID QGHM
PXD QGM
PXDM QGHV
PXDUU QGHVD
PXH QGHVK
PXHM QGH]
QGH]D QJUDQ
QGOHM QJUH
QGU]HM QJUQ
QGUURM QJULGK
QGLI QJULWD
QGLID QJULWL
QGLK QJURI
QGLKD QJURK
QGLNRM QJU\GK
QGLTMD QJU\V
QGMHM QJXMRM
QGMHN QJXO
QGRTD QJXUURM
QGULNXOO QJXV
QGULNXOOD QJXW
QGUL] QJXWD
QGU\VKNXOO QJMURM
QGU\VKNXOOD QJMHVK
QGXD QJMLUH
QGXN QJMLV
QGXND QL
QGXONHP QLS
QG\HM QLSQ
QG\M QLSU
QH QLV
QHPHF QRIXOO
QHQR QRIXOOD
QHVU QRVKWU
QHVK QRWRM
QHW QR]LN
QHW QXKDV
QHYH QXN
QHYHULV QXOO
QHYRM QXV
QP QXVH
QPURM Q[LW
QQ Q\HM
QQW Q\HOO
QJD Q\MH
QJDM Q\WURM
QJDMWD
QJDV QMHI
QJH QMHID
QJHW QMHK
QJLM QMHKD
QJM QMHU
QJRUGK QMHU]
QMHUL SHQGDU
QMPEGKMHW SHQG
QMRI SHQGRM
QMRID SHQGXOO
QMRK SHQJ
QMRKD SHUQGL
QMRYD SHUQGRM
SHV
RERUU SV
RSLQJ SHVK
RUHQGL SHVKN
RUUO SHVKNRS
RUWHN SHVKT
RUWLTH SHW
SHWN
SD SJM
SDJ]RM SOFDV
SDK SOTHM
SDMWRM SOODV
SDN SU
SDO SUJMRM
SDOQM SUNDV
SDOO SUNXO
SDOOD SUPEL
SDOO SUPE\V
SDT SUPE\VD
SDU SUPMHUU
SDUUL] SUSMHW
SDV SUSRVK
SDVXQ SUSXVK
SDVXU SUTHOO
SDVK SUYMHO
SDVK SUUDOO
SDVKWUDN SUUDOO
SDWD SUUHQM
SDWNXD SUURQM
SDWNXH SUUXD
SH SUUXH
S SVRM
SHM] SL
SHOHQ SLGK
SHO SLGKH
SHOLQ SLGKUD
SHOT SLGKQD
SHOO SLM
SHOOJ SLN
SHP SLND
SLOLNXUL SOHT
SLOLSL]J SOIQM
SLOLYHV SOLT
SLOLYRHV SOLV
SLOOMD SOLVK
SLOOQL SORJ
SLP SORMH
SLPXQ SORW
SLQ SOODM
SLT SROOD
SLTMD SRQLV
SLTQL SRSXM
SLU SRSXOO
SLVK SRTD
SLVKT SRUD
SLVNDV SRUGKD
SLWH SRUGK
SLWU SRUHQG
SLYD SRURVLW
SL]J SRUUD
SL]JXOO SRUULT
SMDOP SRVWDKH
SMDYLF SRVXOO
SMHN SRVKW
SMHOO SUDQGYHU
SMHSQ SUH
SMHSU SUHI
SMHUGK SUHID
SMHUJXOO SUHK
SMHUU SUHKD
SMHV SUHKQ
SMHVKN SUHKU
SODI SUHND
SODID SUHPWRM
SODJ SUHV
SODK SUHVK
SODKD SUHYD
SODN SUHY
SODNX SUQGYHU
SODV SUQMN
SODVD SULIW
SOHK SULIWLQM
SOK SULM
SOKQD SUM
SOHKUD SULOO
SOHQJ SULQD
SOHS SULQG
SULQGQ THOEUD
SULQGU THOT
SULVK THOO
SULWD THP
SURGK THQ
SURGKRM THQ
SURN THQJM
SURVKPRM THQJMD
SUR]KPRM THQJM
SUXVK THS
SUXVKH THUU
SUXVKHVK THUV
SUXVKL THVK
SUUDOO THVK
SXIW THWD
SXJM THW
SXO THWK
SXOT\HU TQ
SXQXDU TLHOO
SXQXHP TLIW
SXS TLM
SXT TLNO
SXUWK TLPN
SXUU TLSL
SXV TLV
SXVK TLVK
SXVKWHW TLWD
SXWK TRM
SXWKD TRV
S\HV TRVD
S\ON TXDM
S\OO TXDMWD
TXHM
TDI TXHMWD
TDM TXN
TDQM TXOO
TDUN TXPVKW
TDUU TXUUD
TDUW T\H
TDV T\O
TDVD T\U
THIXM T\WHW
THIXOO
THN UDGLV
THO UDJDO
THOE UDQG
THOEQD UDQ
UDQJ UUDJ
UDTLW UUDK
UDVK UUDQM
UDW UUDV
UDY UUDVD
UDYJ UUDVKW
UH UUDVROO
UHJM UUDWK
UHN UUHJM
UHQG UUHJXOO
UHQGHYH UUHM
UHS UUM
UHYD UUHMWD
UPHQ UUHN
UPU UUHP
UQG UUHPE
UQ UUHWK
UQ[RM UUH]H
USMHW UUIHVKN
USRVK UUNH
UU UUPD
UL UUPEHM
U UUQJMHM
ULM UUQM
ULV UUSLU
ULVQ UUVKDM
ULVU UUVKLQ
UMHS UUVKLU
UULE
URSD UULOO
URVD UULPH
URV UULPHYH
URYD UULS
UX UULS
UXDM UULTQ
UXD] UULTU
UXHM UULV
UXQJRM UULW
U\HM UULWD
U\M UUMHGK
U\MWD UUMHW
U\V UUREXM
U\W UUREXOO
U\WD UURGKD
UURM
UUD UURW
UUDEH UUXGK
UUXIH VXS
UUXJ VXUP
UUXP VXW
UUXPEXOO V\
UUXVK V\WK
UUXVKNXOO V\WK
UU\O
UU\PD VKDJ
UU\P VKDO
UU\S VKDS
VKDUDQGXN
V VKDU
VDP VKDUN
VDQ VKDUU
VDUN VKDUWRM
VHPEU VKDW
VHU VKHNXOO
VLOOMD VKHOJ
VLOOQL VKHPEOOHM
VLW VKHP
VLYMHW VKHPU
VMHOO VKHPUN
VNXQGLM VKHQM
VNXQGLOO VKHQMW
VRGLW VKHV
VROOD VKHVK
VRQ VKHWH
VRQWH VKIUHM
VRUUD VKOERM
VRUU VKOO
VRW VKOOLM
VSUNHW VKQGRVK
VSUNLWL VKQGULW
VTDS VKQJMHW
VTDT VKUEHM
VTHS VKWLW
VTHSH VKL
VTXIXU VK
VWDS VKLM
VWDSLQM VKLM
VWHSHP VKLQD
VWUYLV VKLUD
VXN VKLWD
VXNXM VKLX
VXNXOO VKNDE
VXPEXOO VKNDJRM
VXQGRM VKNDN
VKNDO VKSH]
VKNDOO VKSQ
VKNDPE VKSQHWN
VKNDUGK VKSUHM
VKNDUNRM VKSLH
VKNDV VKSLI
VKNHO VKSLK
VKNHS VKSLUW
VKNOER] VKSLUWUD
VKNPE VKSLUWQD
VKNPEHM VKSRUU
VKNQGLM VKSUHK
VKNUGKHF VKSUHWN
VKNOHS VKSX]
VKNOHV VKTD
VKNPHV VKTDUU
VKNRM VKTHSRM
VKNRS VKTHUU
VKNRUUHW VKTHUUD
VKNRUV VKTH]
VKNR] VKTLSRM
VKNUDE VKTRS
VKNUHK VKTRUUD
VKNUHS VKTXDM
VKNURYD VKTXHM
VKNUXDM VKTXIXU
VKNUXHM VKT\HM
VKNUXPE VKT\PE
VKNU\HM VKT\W
VKNXO VKWDJD
VKNXQG VKWDJ
VKNXUUH VKWDOEU
VKRI VKWDON
VKRK VKWDOO
VKRN VKWDOS
VKRT VKWDQJ
VKRUHWN VKWDW
VKRUU VKWDW
VKRVK VKWDWQD
VKRW VKWDWUD
VKSDOO VKWD]
VKSDUGK VKW]
VKSDUU VKWHJ
VKSDW
VKSDWXOO VKWHJMH
VKSHQG VKWHNRM
VKSHUU VKWHNWK
VKWHNWKD WDURN
VKWOOXQJ WH
VKWUUDV WHMH
VKWUURM WHQ
VKW] WHQM
VKWLH WHU
VKWLJMH
VKWLM WHUD
VKWLU WHU
VKWMHOO WHUP
VKWRM WHUSORW
VKWROOD WHVKD
VKWUDS WHVK
VKWUDW WHW
VKWUHJ W
VKWUHN WEDQ
VKWUQJRM WPEO
VKWUHQMW WQG
VKWUHS WQGH
VKWUHWQ WU
VKWUHWU WUIRM
VKWULM WUIXUN
VKWURID WUKHT
VKWURI WUPHW
VKWURKD WUSRVKW
VKWURK WUVLU
VKWUXQJ WL
VKW\U WLPQ
VKXIUHM WLPU
VKXOO WLQ
VKXOO WLWXM
VKXP WLWXOO
VKXU WMHJXOO
VKXUGKU WMHUU
VKXUXNRM WMHWU
VKXVKXQM WODQGU
WPHUU
WDIW WRJ
WDIWDU WRJMH
WDOO WROO
WDOO WRQD
WDPEO WRQ
WDP WRUUD
WDQG WRUXD
WDQGH WRUXH
WDQ WUD
WDQJ WUDMWRM
WUDS WXW
WUDSD WXWD
WUDSHVK W\P
WUDSL
WUDU WKDGU
WUDV WKDM
WUDVK WKDQ
WUDVKJRM WKDUEW
WUDWK WKDUN
WUDWK WKDUT
WUH WKDUTH
WUHGK WKDVK
WUHJ WKDYD
WUHPE WKHN
WUHQM WKHN
WUHSH WKHOE
WUHSHYH WKHOO
WUHU WKHPEU
WUHV WKHS
WULGKMHW WKHSD
WULP WKHSH
WULVKH WKHU
WURGKD WKHURN
WURIW WKHYD
WURNDV WKOO]
WURNHW WKQ
WURNLWL WKQJMLOO
WUX WKQL
WU WKQLD
WUXQJ WKQXNO
WU\HO WKUL
WU\V WKULD
WXD WKL
WXDM WKLN
WXDMD WKLPWK
WXHM WKLPWKD
WXHMD WKLQG
WXO WKLQGD
WXOD WKLQM
WXOH WKLUTH
WXQG WKLUU
WXQGD WKMHUP
WXULV WKMHUU
WXUP WKMHVKW
WXUS WKQHJO
WXUVKHM WKRM
WXV WKRP
WKRQM XVKWRM
WKRQM] XVKM
WKRW XVKXQM
WKXD XW
WKXH XWK
WKXPE XWKW
WKXPEXOO XWKXOO
WKXSU
WKXU YD
WK\HM YDGLV
YDGK
X YDM
XGK YDM
XJDU YDMUD
XM YDM]
XMUD YDO
XMN YDOONXD
XMQD YDOONXH
XMT YDQJ
XMTQ YDQJMH
XMTU YDU
XO YDUIU
XOD YDUJ
XOLVKW YDUU
XO] YDUUD]
XOOL YDUUH
XOO YDVKD
XPDV YDVKD]
XPDWD YDVK
XPE YDVK]
XQD] YDWU
XQG\U YDYU
XQ YGHV
XQJM YGLT
XQJMLOO YGLTL
XSHVKN YGLVMD
XU YGLVQL
XUGKQ YGMHUU
XUGKU YGRUUD
XUHO YH
XU
XUL Y
XULQM YHGU
XULWK YH]
XULWK YHKWH
XURM YHM
XUUHM YHMD
YHQG YLGKD
YHQ YLJMH
YHQLWHP YLM
YHSU YLODV
YHUE YLQM
YHUEU YLUJMU
YHUGK YLUJMLQ
YHUH YLUUD
YHU YLUXD
YHULJ YLUXH
YHUU YLVH
YHUU YLW
YHU] YLWH
YHV YLWRUH
YHVK YMHGK
YMHKUU
YHVKD
YHVK YMHM
YHVK] YMHO
YVKW YMHOO
YHWH YMHUU
YHWHP YMHUVK
YHWK YMHVKW
YHWK YMHW
YH] YMHWU
YOOD YQHVKWD
YOOD]Q YREHNW
YOOH]U YRGKD
YQHU YRGK
YQJ YRH
YQJMH YRJO
YUF YRM
YUUDV YRMQD
YUUL YROD
YUU YROOD
YUV YRQ
YUWLW YRUE
YUYLW YRUIQ
YVKW YRUUD
YVKWMHOO YRVKWU
YVKWLU YRWU
YWK YUDQW
YWK YUDS
YJMH YUDU
YJM YUDV
YL YUDYD
YLGK YUHU
YUHVKWD ]JMXD
YUQG ]JMXH
YUUW ]JM\U
YULJXOO ]L
YUXJ ]LH
YXDM ]LHM
YXHM ]MDUP
YXOOQHW ]MDUPH
YXUJ ]MDUU
YXUNROODN ]MDUUH
]MHM
\OEHU ]MHUP
\OO ]MHUP
\Q ]PRMOH
\W ]RJ
]RJM
] ]RNWK
]DEHO ]RNWKD
]DEXD ]RQMD
]DEXH ]RQMH
]M ]RQM
]DMHYH ]RUU
]DOO ]RW
]DQD ]RWD
]DQ ]RWU
]EHM ]RWULQM
]GUDM ]XO
]HW ]YHUN
] ]YMHUGK
]M
]UD ]YRUGKD
]U
]JDUE ]KHJ
]JDYU ]KXPELQ
]JULG ]KXU
]JMHGK ]K\V
,1'(;$7(5*2
JUDED THQJMD
GKHPED GRJMD
NULPED GRUJMD
KXPED KD
JMHUED SODKD
NUED QMHKD
KXUED NUHKD
GDFD SUHKD
PMDOFD IVKHKD
IHQGD QGLKD
EUHQGD PLKD
ELQGD QMRKD
OLQGD VKWURKD
WKLQGD PLD
PXQGD WKQLD
WXQGD WKULD
G\QGD PDMD
GKD WXDMD
NHGKD HMD
YLGKD WXHMD
KRGKD YHMD
PEORGKD GLOMD
EURGKD SLOOMD
GURGKD VLOOMD
NURGKD NUNRMD
WURGKD QGLTMD
UURGKD SLTMD
YRGKD YGLVMD
HUGKD MXMD
SRUGKD ND
]YRUGKD SUHND
SODID ILND
QMHID SLND
NUHID KRND
SUHID GDUND
PVKHID FHUND
QGLID QGXND
PLID JU\ND
QMRID KDOD
VKWURID HOD
VKWDJD NDOOD
QJD SDOOD
OLQJD NUVKQGHOOD
EXQJD JUHOOD
GLJMD KLVOOD
index a tergo 305
KVOOD GKMDPQD
YOOD JUDPQD
NVKLOOD HPQD
PEROOD GLPQD
SROOD WRQD
VROOD NU\SQD
VKWROOD IUDTQD
YROOD ERUQD
NRUEXOOD OHVKQD
PRGKXOOD PQGDIVKQD
QRIXOOD PLVKQD
PMHJXOOD IVKDWQD
QGULNXOOD VKWDWQD
QGU\VKNXOOD VKSLUWQD
EUXVKWXOOD HVKWQD
GROD JLVKWQD
PROD PXWQD
YROD GMDWKQD
XOD GULWKQD
WXOD K\QD
GHPD POOHQMD
JULPD ]RQMD
NDUPD SD
NU\PD NDSD
UU\PD ODSD
QD WUDSD
JMDQD NUHSD
OODQD WKHSD
IVKDQD URSD
]DQD NDUSD
THOEQD NUXSD
SLGKQD QGRTD
GKHQD KRTD
HOEQD SRTD
IODNQD VKTD
LNQD DUD
EDUQD THOEUD
HUQD GUD
HVKWQD KXGKUD
SOKQD GKHUD
JGKLQD JHUD
SULQD OHUD
VKLQD JUHUD
YRMQD WHUD
XMQD HOEUD
JMDNQD SLGKUD
PLHOOQD JMUD
306 index a tergo
XMUD YLUUD
IODNUD ERUUD
OOUD YGRUUD
GKMDPUD PRUUD
NULSUD SRUUD
EDUUD VKTRUUD
HUUD VRUUD
ERUUD WRUUD
VKSLUWUD YRUUD
JLVKWUD FXUUD
GMDWKUD TXUUD
GULWKUD SODVD
]UD TDVD
JUD UUDVD
KDQJUD EHVD
SOHKUD QGHVD
ELUD TRVD
PLUD URVD
VKLUD ODSVD
YDMUD SUPE\VD
JMDNUD YDVKD
PMHNUD GHVKD
PLHOOUD JMHVKD
JUDPUD WHVKD
HPUD YHVKD
GLPUD ODIVKD
GRUD NQGRIVKD
PRUD LVKD
SRUD JULVKD
IUDTUD DWD
OHVKUD PDWD
PQGDIVKUD XPDWD
PLVKUD SDWD
WUD PEHWD
IVKDWUD JMHWD
VKWDWUD MHWD
PRWUD IMHWD
HVKWUD THWD
PXWUD GLWD
K\UD PLWD
UUD TLWD
DQGUUD GULWD
QGUUD FULWD
EHUUD QJULWD
GHUUD SULWD
VKTHUUD UULWD
NUUD VKLWD
index a tergo 307
QGDMWD JUXD
QJDMWD YLUXD
JMDMWD NUXD
PDMWD WRUXD
TXDMWD SUUXD
GUXDMWD WXD
EUHMWD NDWXD
UUHMWD IWXD
OXHMWD WKXD
TXHMWD YD
ORMWD GDYD
GURMWD QGDYD
EXMWD JMDYD
EMWD ODYD
U\MWD YUDYD
ERWD WKDYD
]RWD NUFHYD
DUWD GKMHYD
HVKWD UHYD
YQHVKWD NUHYD
YUHVKWD SUHYD
QJXWD WKHYD
OXWD PELYD
NSXWD JGKLYD
WXWD NLYD
U\WD SLYD
NOLWKD ERYD
ODNWKD JMRYD
VKWHNWKD EORYD
]RNWKD JORYD
KDOWKD QMRYD
WKLPWKD URYD
NUDQWKD GURYD
NDSWKD NURYD
ELUWKD VKNURYD
JXUWKD JDWRYD
SXWKD QGH]D
]DEXD
GXD JM
QGXD N
GUDJXD O
]JMXD VKXOO
IDMNXD GU
YDOONXD ]
SDWNXD
PXD ODE
NDSXD NDOE
308 index a tergo
HOE GHQG
THOE JGKHQG
WKHOE IHQG
GKDPE OHQG
PNDPE PHQG
VKNDPE NDODPHQG
GKHPE VKSHQG
JMHPE UHQG
WUHPE SRUHQG
UUHPE YHQG
GKPE NXYHQG
PNPE NQG
VKNPE PQG
JOPE NUQG
NULPE WQG
XPE ELQG
KXPE OLQG
NDOLKXPE SULQG
VKNUXPE WKLQG
WKXPE IXQG
VKT\PE VKNXQG
JMHUE PXQG
YHUE WXQG
NRUE G\QG
FXE
PDGK
EDF HGK
GDF JMHGK
HF KHGK
VKNUGKHF UUMHGK
QHPHF YMHGK
OSHF NHGK
NRF OHGK
NUF PEOHGK
EUHGK
ND GUHGK
UUPD NUHGK
YL WUHGK
PO\ ODWUHGK
OLGK
]JULG SLGK
JDQG QJULGK
NDQG YLGK
QDQG ORGK
NUDQG PRGK
WDQG PEURGK
HQG SURGK
index a tergo 309
OEDUGK SRVWDKH
JDUGK ELH
ODUGK VKSLH
VKSDUGK VKWLH
GHUGK ]LH
SMHUGK MH
]YMHUGK IDMH
QJRUGK GMH
NRUGK KHMH
EU\GK PHMH
QJU\GK WHMH
KLMH
QDH KRMH
EH SORMH
UUDEH NURMH
NROLEH Q\MH
GKDPEH UUNH
GKPEH OEDUNH
JDUEH HVKNH
NUDQGH OH
WDQGH ILDOH
WQGH PHWDOH
JMLQGH IOH
GKH NDLOH
JGKH PDQGLOH
SLGKH NDVKLOH
JDUGKH ]PRMOH
HUGKH KHOOH
JMHUGKH EROOH
KHUGKH NDXOH
GUXGKH JDPXOH
IH WXOH
UUXIH PH
QJH HPH
DJMH LPH
EUHJMH KLPH
VKWHJMH UULPH
EULJMH NROPH
VKWLJMH ]MDUPH
YLJMH QH
GUDQJMH GKQH
YDQJMH DW\QH
YQJMH ]RQMH
WRJMH GURH
YJMH YRH
KH SH
EDKH NDSH
310 index a tergo
VTHSH MRWH
WUHSH PRWH
WKHSH LVKWH
IDTH ODNVKWH
JMDTH HWKH
OPDTH ODNWKH
OHTH NXUWKH
RUWLTH ]DEXH
NOERTH GXH
ORTH GUDQJXH
EDUTH ]JMXH
WKDUTH IDMNXH
WKLUTH YDOONXH
GXVKTH SDWNXH
UH PXH
FDUH NDSXH
NDOLYDUH JUXH
GUH YLUXH
NDFDGUH NUXH
NOTHUH WRUXH
PVKHUH SUUXH
YHUH NDWXH
IUH IWXH
QJUH WKXH
QJMLUH YH
PLUH UHQGHYH
YLWRUH ]DMHYH
SUH PDOHYH
WUH UULPHYH
NVK\UH QHYH
DW\UH WUHSHYH
]MDUUH MXYH
YDUUH T\H
VKNXUUH NU\H
YLVH DUV\H
QXVH UUH]H
WULVKH
ODPVKH JGK
SUXVKH YJM
WH K
VKHWH IO
YHWH S
YHKWH GU
SLWH NDFDGU
YLWH IU
NXOWH EUVK
VRQWH DW
index a tergo 311
Y VKNDUGK
PDUGK
VKNDE YHUGK
JUDE NRUGK
VKNUDE SRUGK
NUUDE EXUGK
UULE KXUGK
EHOE NSXUGK
NXOE XGK
GKDPE UUXGK
NDPE TDI
GKPE NDODTDI
NPE VKWURI
JDUE SODJ
]JDUE VKWDJ
YRUE GHJ
KXUE GMHJ
OOXUE IOHJ
NDXE GUHJ
JRUULF VKWUHJ
SMDYLF ELJ
PMDOF YHULJ
GURPF ERULJ
YUF NDUULJ
OXF EDMJ
JDMJ
DQG EDOJ
NDQG GDQJ
ODQG NDQJ
UDQG PDQJ
SHQG UDQJ
QG WDQJ
NQG EUHQJ
OQG JMXYHQJ
UQG NQJ
YUQG PQJ
JUPDGK OLQJ
YDGK RSLQJ
]JMHGK EDOOXQJ
NHGK VKWOOXQJ
JOHGK VKWUXQJ
JMLGK MDUJ
OLGK IOXJ
NURGK UUXJ
YRGK UDYJ
EDUGK SL]J
JDUGK SLOLSL]J
312 index a tergo
JM S\ON
THQJM LPN
K TLPN
NRK SUQMN
OORK WKHURN
VKWURK SURN
JMXK EDUN
JOXK GDUN
SOODM IDUN
PDM VDUN
UUVKDM IXUN
PXUWDM DVKN
ELVKWDM EDVKN
YDM EMHVKN
M SMHVKN
LM NROHVKN
ELM EUHVKN
VKNQGLM NUHVKN
OLM GLVKN
PLM ODUXVKN
IPLM OUXVKN
VKLM VKSQHWN
VKWLM VKRUHWN
WUIRM VKSUHWN
JRM OSLWN
QHYRM EXN
XM OOXN
P\M EDUXN
N VXN
DN PDWXN
KDN P\N
ODN JU\N
IODN O
PDN DO
EUUDN KDO
UHN GMDO
EUHN IMDO
GUHN NDO
NUHN SDO
WKHN VKDO
GLN YDO
PVKLN IHO
IVKLN SHO
WKLN XUHO
QR]LN NDUDYHO
DMN WU\HO
VKWDON ELO
index a tergo 313
OLO WDP
PLO SHP
EDOO VKHP
GKDOO P
JMDOO OP
VKNDOO QP
SDOO ELP
SUUDOO SLP
SUUDOO EULP
WDOO JULP
VKWDOO NUNRMP
JVKWDOO NROP
NVKWDOO JRP
JREHOO DUP
NDQGHOO EDUP
NQGHOO NDUP
JMHOO FHUP
NVKWMHOO WKMHUP
SHOO ]MHUP
JUHOO NUP
WKHOO JMXUP
POO VXUP
UULOO WXUP
EROO GDVP
JMROO OLVP
NROO GDUVP
PROO JM\VP
WROO NUHVKP
PXOO JMXP
QXOO OXP
SRVXOO EUXP
VKXOO VKXP
G\OO EU\P
NUUO UU\P
EXO DQ
NXO EDQ
SXO WEDQ
]XO GKDQ
UU\O JMDQ
P KDQ
DP MDQ
GKDP ODQ
IDP OODQ
GKMDP QDQ
ODP UDQ
QDP QJUDQ
VDP VDQ
314 index a tergo
JUVKDQ GUQM
WDQ UUQM
WKDQ OLQM
]DQ GOOLQM
GRU]DQ ITLQM
MHQ GULQM
SHOHQ WKLQM
THQ SDOQM
NUHQ JDERQM
WHQ PLVKNRQM
YHQ PXVKNRQM
GKQ ELORQM
KQ EHURQM
OQ ]RQM
QQ XVKXQM
VKSQ VKXVKXQM
TQ DS
UQ NDS
QJUQ ODS
WKQ NOODS
]KXPELQ QDS
OQGLQ JUMHS
NUDKLQ JOHS
SLQ VKNOHS
EULQ UHS
UUVKLQ NULS
WLQ UULS
NUNRMQ JMDOS
NPERQ ORS
MRQ VKTRS
VRQ NDUS
WRQ NUHVKS
YRQ SXS
LVKQ NU\S
XQ DU
GKXQ IDU
JXQ JDU
JUXQ ODU
\Q SDU
UUDQM WUDU
HQM YUDU
GHQM VKDU
POOHQM HU
VKHQM GHU
WHQM JMHU
JVKWHQM KHU
GOOQM EMHU
index a tergo 315
PMHU QDW\U
OHU GHW\U
EOHU OLNW\U
OXTHU JM\PW\U
JUHU OHSW\U
NUHU I\W\U
WUHU DUU
VHU EDUU
WHU NDUU
YHU VKDUU
SUDQGYHU IHUU
SUQGYHU PDQDIHUU
EU WKMHUU
OOU PVKTHUU
UU YHUU
JUVKU KLUU
WU VRUU
]U ]RUU
LU EXUU
ELU IXUU
GKLU NXUU
JXQGKLU SXUU
PLU GUUDV
SLU EHV
UUSLU PEHV
EULU SMHV
WUVLU VKNOHV
PVKLU PHV
UUVKLU SLOLYRHV
YVKWLU SHV
ERU PNUHV
NPERU JUUHV
GRU PDUWHV
NRU SLOLYHV
EORU SV
NXQRU JM\PV
NXURU GRV
XU JRV
GKDQGXU URV
GKQGXU GMHUV
JXU THUV
EOHKXU YUV
ONXU VKNRUV
JUXU JM\V
XQG\U GKDVK
]JM\U ODVK
ODW\U SDVK
316 index a tergo
UDVK G\PEGKMHW
WUDVK WULGKMHW
WKDVK OSMHW
YDVK USMHW
HVK SUSMHW
MHVK UUMHW
PHVK EOHW
SHVK IOHW
THVK QHW
WHVK SHW
YHVK THW
NDIVK WHW
ODIVK MHVKW
JULIVK DIW
NRIVK WURIW
LVK OXIW
ELVK SXIW
NLVK OHKW
SLVK FLW
TLVK GLW
PRVK PLW
JURVK UDTLW
YMHUVK DUTLW
PUVK GULW
IXVK VLW
NDQXVK PDMW
OSXVK PMW
JM\VK GUHMW
W YREHNW
DW EDOW
GKDW GDOW
JDW PMDOW
OJDW GKDOOW
OLJDW HPW
OQJDW FHPW
JMDW LPW
ODW QQW
EODW VKWUHQMW
JODW VKHQMW
QDW ERW
UDW SORW
JUPUDW WHUSORW
VKWDW UURW
VKQJMHW VKRW
MHW WKRW
GKMHW TDUW
QMPEGKMHW EOHUW
index a tergo 317
IRUW JOED]
PDUUW JMD]
DVKW PLHOOD]
JDVKW PD]
JMDVKW OPD]
MDVKW XQD]
NDVKW VKWD]
ODVKW UXD]
HVKW VKW]
GHVKW NH]
KHVKW OH]
WKMHVKW POOH]
YMHVKW VKSH]
EUHVKW VKTH]
VKW WKOO]
ODJVKW DQ]
GLVKW KDQ]
EOLVKW DUU]
XOLVKW VKW]
SRVKW PL]
WUSRVKW GUL]
GMDWKW QGUL]
EXW YDM]
JXW SHM]
NXNXW XO]
NDUUXW OHP]
NUUXW JUHQ]
VXW PXVKOOLQ]
G\W VKNOER]
EDWK VKNR]
GMDWK EOR]
JUDWK YHU]
WUDWK OYRU]
UUDWK EX]
YHWK VKSX]
YWK
JMLWK
GULWK SODI
XULWK JUDI
EULUWK PHI
O\WK OHI
V\WK PHI
MDY QMHI
UDY NUHI
JUDY SUHI
SUHY PVKHI
] QGLI
318 index a tergo
PLI ]RJM
VKSLI GHUJM
QMRI OXJM
QJURI
VKRI DK
IWRI JMDK
SODK
DJ SDK
ODJ JUDK
UUDJ NUDK
VKDJ UUDK
GMHJ HK
EUHJ GHK
WUHJ OHK
VKWHJ SOHK
]KHJ PHK
OLJ QMHK
VKHOJ JUHK
SHOOJ NUHK
DQJ VKNUHK
GUDQJ SUHK
VKWDQJ VKSUHK
YDQJ IVKHK
SOHQJ SOK
SHQJ QGLK
YQJ PLK
EXQJ VKSLK
PXQJ JULK
WUXQJ QMRK
EXOORJ QJURK
SORJ VKRK
WRJ IWRK
]RJ
YDUJ DL
PXUJ PEL
YXUJ SUPEL
OXJ HFL
PXJ GL
YUXJ RUHQGL
PX]J SHUQGL
GKL
UHJM OLGKL
UUHJM JML
OLJM PDQJML
JULJM PQJML
THQJM KL
XQJM MXML
index a tergo 319
OL SUXVKL
PDOL WL
EOL DWL
IOL EDJWL
NDOOL OWL
XOOL PEXILWL
PXOOL OXKLWL
GROL WURNLWL
PL VSUNLWL
JM\VDPL QJULWL
GHPL EDNWL
MHPL ORWL
KDUPL WKL
QL ODMWKL
OLGKQL ]L
JRMOLGKQL GLW]L
MHQL
WKQL JM
GLJMQL K
GLOQL O
SLOOQL EO
VLOOQL IO
NUNRQL VKOO
SLTQL XOO
YGLVQL PXOO
OLGKXQL P
SL U
NDSL EU
WUDSL NXVKU
TLSL NU
K\SL YUU
YGLTL VK
IXTL OW
UL
DUL PEDM
EDUL DM
EUL GDM
GHUL QGDM
QMHUL IDM
NXVKUL QJDM
WKUL JMDM
NUL ODM
PRUL PDM
XUL TDM
SLOLNXUL PDUDM
YUUL ]GUDM
VKL DVDM
320 index a tergo
WKDM QGOHM
EXDM VKHPEOOHM
GXDM SOTHM
JXDM EUHM
JMXDM VKSUHM
KXDM VKIUHM
MXDM VKXIUHM
OXDM NUHM
EOXDM UUHM
PXDM XUUHM
TXDM WXUVKHM
VKTXDM EXHM
UXDM GXHM
GUXDM JMXHM
NUXDM KXHM
VKNUXDM MXHM
WXDM OXHM
JDWXDM EOXHM
YXDM PXHM
YDM TXHM
M VKTXHM
EM UXHM
QGM GUXHM
IM NUXHM
SXJM VKNUXHM
OM WXHM
PM JDWXHM
IVKM YXHM
]M YHM
VKNPEHM QG\HM
UUPEHM K\HM
VKUEHM O\HM
]EHM Q\HM
NUFHM VKT\HM
GHM U\HM
QGHM IU\HM
JMHM VKNU\HM
PDOOQJMHM JUU\HM
UUQJMHM WK\HM
GLHM QGU]HM
]LHM PU]HM
QGMHM QGM
IMHM JMM
YMHM EUM
]MHM UUM
OHM M
EOHM EM
index a tergo 321
HFM OQJRM
SJM PQJRM
LNM VKWUQJRM
KLSM NXQJRM
]M PXQJRM
ELM UXQJRM
PELM IUJRM
VNXQGLM PUJRM
JGKLM SUJMRM
JUGKLM QJXMRM
PUGKLM EHNRM
QJLM VKWHNRM
NLM GNRM
VKOOLM QGLNRM
SLM PDOONRM
OSLM VKNDUNRM
PSLM IUNRM
TLM NUNRM
ULM VKNRM
FULM VKXUXNRM
JULM JM\NRM
SULM PEORM
VKWULM JORM
DUULM NDOORM
VKLM NXOORM
DWLM PEXORM
YLM PRM
PEM JMPRM
JGKM KDUPRM
QJM KHUPRM
PSM GVKPRM
JUM SURVKPRM
SUM SUR]KPRM
ERM DJMQRM
VKOERM DUQRM
PDOFRM NXQMRM
RM VKTHSRM
JXORM VKTLSRM
SHQGRM TRM
NQGRM PEDURM
SHUQGRM ODURM
NXQGRM ORGURM
VXQGRM DJMURM
SURGKRM QJMURM
VKNDJRM QPURM
WUDVKJRM Q\WURM
GUDQJRM GOLURM
322 index a tergo
GVKLURM XVKM
NDSURM QG\M
XURM K\M
GXURM N\M
GKXURM U\M
DGKXURM IU\M
IOXWXURM
UURM JUDN
NDFDUURM GDN
KDUURM JDN
QGUURM JMDN
VKWUURM MDN
QJXUURM VKNDN
PVRM ODN
SVRM IODN
OVKRM YXUNROODN
PVKRM SODN
NDIVKRM OXPDN
KHWRM SDN
GIWRM SDVKWUDN
OIWRM KHN
SDMWRM QGMHN
WUDMWRM PMHN
NXMWRM SMHN
JXOWRM PHN
SUHPWRM THN
QRWRM JUHN
VKDUWRM VKWUHN
VKWRM UUHN
XVKWRM RUWHN
WKRM WKHN
YRM LN
UQ[RM ILN
SDJ]RM OLN
PL]RM PLN
OYRU]RM DQPLN
EXM DUPLN
UUREXM SLN
THIXM IXUULN
HKXM XMN
NXM EXMN
VXNXM EXON
OHSXM IORN
SRSXM WDURN
WLWXM KDUURN
DYXM VKRN
EM DUN
index a tergo 323
EDUN PHO
KDUN THO
TDUN NUHO
VKDUN IQG\HO
WKDUN DPEO
EHUN WDPEO
FHUN PEO
GHUN WPEO
]YHUN WKQHJO
VKHPUN KLQJO
WUIXUN YRJO
ELVN TLNO
EULVN EXNO
UUIHVKN WKQXNO
SHVKN OLO
XSHVKN FULO
GXVKN
PXVKN KDOO
GUXVKN GMDOO
NUXVKN NDOO
P\VKN PDOO
GU\VKN SDOO
SHWN VKSDOO
EUHWN SUUDOO
QGXN WDOO
VKDUDQGXN EXDOO
QXN JXDOO
TXN KXDOO
NDSUXDOO
GDO ]DOO
UDJDO GHOO
VKNDO KHOO
PDO GLHOO
GXDO PLHOO
KDUDEHO TLHOO
]DEHO PEMHOO
HO SMHOO
NDHO VMHOO
GHO VKWMHOO
JMHO YVKWMHOO
NDFDJMHO YMHOO
NDQJMHO THOO
GMHO SUTHOO
PMHO EXHOO
YMHO KXHOO
SUYMHO NDSUXHOO
VKNHO IQG\HOO
324 index a tergo
I\HOO KDPXOO
Q\HOO NUHSXOO
HJMOO SRSXOO
HQJMOO TXOO
HVOO LVKXOO
KLVOO NXVKXOO
KVOO VKSDWXOO
VNXQGLOO WLWXOO
WKQJMLOO EUXVKWXOO
XQJMLOO XWKXOO
PLOO DYXOO
NUPLOO \OO
PQMLOO PE\OO
JULOO I\OO
SULOO K\OO
NVKLOO P\OO
UUDVROO S\OO
UUXPEXOO RUUO
VXPEXOO XO
WKXPEXOO QJXO
UUREXOO SUNXO
NRUEXOO VKNXO
SHQGXOO WXO
PRGKXOO T\O
THIXOO EUU\O
QRIXOO NUW\O
PMHJXOO
WMHJXOO GDP
UUHJXOO MDP
YULJXOO NDP
NXQJXOO EUDP
JDUJXOO JUDP
SMHUJXOO HP
PXJXOO HP
SL]JXOO GHP
HKXOO KLGKHP
JUHKXOO OLGKHP
PUHNXOO JMHP
VKHNXOO PHKHP
QGULNXOO MHP
NUURNXOO GMHP
PDVKNXOO NHP
UUXVKNXOO QGXONHP
QGU\VKNXOO ILVKNHP
VXNXOO I\VKNHP
DPXOO VWHSHP
IDPXOO THP
index a tergo 325
PNHTHP DUEQ
UUHP NHQ
NUYHVKHP SULQGQ
YHWHP XUGKQ
YHQLWHP YRUIQ
SXQXHP SUHKQ
EDOP ODNQ
PHQP PVKWHNQ
GP PRNQ
EDJP KDOQ
PHQGVKP HPQ
MHVKP IHPQ
DUV\HVKP GLPQ
IXTLVKP WLPQ
EDOVKP GUDSQ
LP SMHSQ
WULP QLSQ
LVKLP NXOSQ
JMDOP JMDUSQ
SMDOP GUHTQ
KHOP UULTQ
GMHOP XMTQ
NXOP ULVQ
WKRP IUDVKQ
]MDUP EUHVKQ
MHUP JM\VKQ
]MHUP DWQ
WHUP HWQ
NDOLKXP NXQHWQ
OXP PEUHWQ
UUXP VKWUHWQ
NDFDUUXP NVKWQ
NU\P YOOD]Q
W\P YLUJMLQ
PDOLQ
QGDQ SHOLQ
ODQ LVKLQ
PDQ ERQ
NDODPDQ NUNRQ
OLGKHQ OLGKXQ
JMHQ SLPXQ
UPHQ SDVXQ
THQ
EUHQ TDQM
NVHQ PGKHQM
OHEQ ODPHQM
JMHOEQ OPHQM
326 index a tergo
OXPHQM VWDS
WUHQM UMHS
SUUHQM NHS
SOIQM VKNHS
ODPQM SOHS
GUSQM THS
NRFLQM VTHS
EOLQM JUHS
PLQM NUHS
NUPLQM VKNUHS
GUDSLQM VKWUHS
VWDSLQM WKHS
EULQM JWKHS
]RWULQM QLS
XULQM UULS
SULIWLQM VKWDOS
ERVKWLQM NXOS
YLQM NDQS
GUDJRQM VKNRS
IDMNRQM SHVKNRS
JMLQRQM NUS
NDSRQM WXUS
NURQM FXS
SUURQM OOXS
NDWRQM NUXS
WKRQM NDUUXS
KXQM VXS
NXQM O\S
UU\S
DFR
NMR NQDT
QHQR SDT
DVR VTDT
DWR IUDT
IDWR KHT
WUKHT
DS NHT
KDS OHT
MDS SOHT
NDS GUHT
ODS YGLT
OODS OLT
VTDS SOLT
WUDS SLT
VKWUDS LULT
YUDS SRUULT
VKDS IXUULT
index a tergo 327
XMT JMHOEU
KHOT EXOEU
SHOT VHPEU
THOT WKHPEU
JORT DUEU
VKRT YHUEU
WKDUT NHU
NXPHUT EDGU
ELUT WKDGU
GLUT YHGU
SHVKT DQGU
SLVKT GKDQGU
NXT JMDQGU
ODNXT WODQGU
SXT GKQGU
NU\T JMQGU
SULQGU
DU NXQGU
EDU ORGU
PEDU EDGKU
DFDU PMHGKU
SHQGDU XUGKU
XJDU VKXUGKU
ODU KXGKU
NXODU DIU
OLITDU YDUIU
WDIWDU JMU
GXDU HJMU
SXQXDU YLUJMU
YDU SUHKU
\OEHU ODNU
JHU PMHNU
JMHU PVKWHNU
YQHU PRNU
QMHU HPU
OLITHU IHPU
YUHU VKHPU
WHU UPU
OWHU GLPU
WKHU WLPU
GXHU SU
IUXHU GUDSU
G\HU SMHSU
PXVKNOO\HU OHSU
SXOT\HU YHSU
OHEU QLSU
VKWDOEU NXOSU
328 index a tergo
JMDUSU ODNXU
WKXSU EXNXU
GUHTU OHSXU
UULTU SDVXU
XMTU VKXU
QHVU WKXU
ULVU ]KXU
IUDVKU T\U
EUHVKU NT\U
JM\VKU VKW\U
NDWU
YDWU KDUU
HWU ]MDUU
MHWU PDUU
WMHWU VKSDUU
YMHWU TDUU
NHWU VKTDUU
NXQHWU PXDUU
PEUHWU YDUU
VKWUHWU HUU
SLWU EHUU
NDOWU GHUU
NXOWU IHUU
NXPWU EMHUU
PRWU MHUU
YRWU GMHUU
]RWU YGMHUU
PJDVKWU SUPMHUU
JMHVKWU SMHUU
PMHVKWU WMHUU
NVKWU YMHUU
NXOORVKWU WPHUU
QRVKWU VKSHUU
YRVKWU THUU
EXVKWU VKTHUU
]JDYU YHUU
YDYU DQGUU
YOOH]U NDQGUU
ELU QGUU
KLU DQJUU
GOLU YMHKUU
VKWLU NUU
KDUPVKRU PDNUU
XU KLNUU
VTXIXU WKLUU
VKTXIXU RERUU
JXU KRUU
index a tergo 329
NRUU VKNPHV
PRUU SUHV
VKSRUU WUHV
VKRUU VKHV
FXUU YHV
IXUU S\HV
V
JUDELV
UDGLV
PEDV YDGLV
SOFDV JMH]GLV
NUFDV QJMLV
EXDV NUDKLV
JRGDV PROLV
PEXIDV SOLV
QJDV PLV
GLKDV QLV
JUKDV SRQLV
OXKDV TLV
QXKDV ULV
WURNDV QHYHULV
NDUNDV PUPULV
SUNDV WXULV
SLVNDV UULV
VKNDV JDUULV
IODV OHEHWLV
YLODV VWUYLV
NOODV NRV
SOODV PRV
SODV TRV
PDV ODSV
XPDV DUV
SDV PDUV
TDV IXV
WUDV JXV
YUDV QJXV
UUDV OXV
VKWUUDV QXV
YUUDV SXV
JUVKDV NSXV
KLWDV WXV
EUWDV PE\V
NOWKDV SUPE\V
PEHV U\V
QGHV QJU\V
YGHV WU\V
MHV ]K\V
GKMHV
330 index a tergo
GDVK SUSRVK
SDVK DVRVK
HVK VKRVK
GKDPEHVK EXVK
GKPEHVK MXVK
GHVK NXVK
QGHVK SXVK
OLGKHVK SUSXVK
JDUGKHVK SUXVK
JMHVK UUXVK
QJMHVK JM\VK
MHVK NO\VK
OHVK PO\VK
GUHGKDOHVK
NDOHVK DW
KHOOHVK IDW
NUOHVK PNDW
GHPHVK PDW
QHVK NXQDW
WUDSHVK VKSDW
OXSHVK VKWUDW
THVK VKDW
SUHVK IVKDW
VKHVK VKWDW
SUXVKHVK HW
YHVK GHW
NDODYHVK OLGKHW
NDUUDYHVK PEXIHW
OLGKVK QJHW
DUJVK ERKHW
PQGDIVK OXKHW
LVK YMHW
DFLVK VLYMHW
SOLVK WURNHW
PLVK VSUNHW
JULVK PDOHW
SULVK IOHW
DVLVK WUPHW
PHNVK QHW
ODPVK YXOOQHW
JDODPVK NDVKQMHW
OPVK PEUHW
DFRVK VKNRUUHW
VKQGRVK EUWHW
MRVK PEVKWHW
PUNRVK SXVKWHW
USRVK T\WHW
index a tergo 331
KDODYHW NDELVKW
]HW NDUUDELVKW
G\]HW NUELVKW
WKDUEW JLVKW
KLGKW ERVKW
GU\GKW NRSVKW
PHNW JXVKW
IODVKNW PXVKW
YUDQW JUXVKW
YUUW XW
PXUUW EXW
DWKW QJXW
XWKW KXW
WDIW PDNXW
TLIW OXW
SULIW PXW
GLW WXW
VRGLW \W
PDOLW I\W
NDFDPLW OI\W
VKQGULW VKT\W
UULW U\W
SRURVLW IU\W
LVKLW
VKWLW PEDWK
PRWLW JUDWK
YUWLW WUDWK
YLW JMHWK
YUYLW THWK
Q[LW UUHWK
NXMW YHWK
NRW YWK
ORW LWK
PRW XULWK
VRW P]LWK
]RW ODNWK
PEDUW VKWHNWK
VKSLUW ]RNWK
NXUW KDOWK
DVKW WKLPWK
UUDVKW NUDQWK
VKW NDSWK
YVKW ELUWK
NOXPVKW EULUWK
TXPVKW JXUWK
YVKW NXUWK
ELVKW SXUWK
332 index a tergo
XWK YDUUD]
SXWK YDVKD]
O\WK P]
V\WK QGH]
GKH]
X OH]
JMX EUH]
KX YH]
OLGKQLX YH]
VKLX HUJM]
MX LM]
JMDNX ELM]
SODNX JMHOO]
OX P]
UX DP]
GUX GMHOP]
WUX OOQM]
WKRQM]
JM QMHU]
K JUHU]
GU YDVK]
WU YHVK]
PLW]
D\ SDUUL]
G\ NXUUL]
PXUUL]
V\ OR]
JD] EUX]
JUHUD]

A Concise Historical Grammar of The Albanian Language

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A Concise Historical Grammar of The Albanian Language

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A CONCISE HISTORICAL

A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR

A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme

Copyright 2000 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal

printed in the netherlands

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