REPORTER 1

SHAMIYA S. PAREDES
AUGUST 5, 2017

MUSICAL SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

Basic Musical Notation

The Staff
The staff is the basis of written music. It is what the notes are presented on. It consists of 5 lines with
four spaces between them.

Ledger or leger lines

these extend the staff to pitches that fall above or below it. Such ledger lines are placed behind the note
heads, and extend a small distance to each side. Multiple ledger lines can be used when necessary to
notate pitches even farther above or below the staff.

Bold double bar line, Bold double barline

these indicate the conclusion of a movement or an entire composition.
Dotted bar line, Dotted barline
Subdivides long measures of complex meter into shorter segments for ease of reading, usually according
to natural rhythmic subdivisions.

Bar line
these separate measures. Bar lines are extended to connect multiple staves in certain types of
music, such as keyboard, harp, and conductor scores, but are omitted for other types of music,
such as vocal scores.

Double bar line, Double bar Line

These separate two sections of music or are placed before a change in key signature.

Kinds of notes
1. Whole note-A note having the time value of two half notes or four quarter notes, represented by a
ring with no stem.

2. Half note-: A note having the time value of two quarter notes or half of a whole note, represented
by a ring with a stem.

3. Quarter note- A musical note having the time value of a quarter of a whole note or half a half not
4. 8th note-An eighth note (American) or a quaver (other English-speaking countries) is a musical note
played for one eighth the duration of a whole note, hence the name.

Music Bar with notes- The music staff is five lines with four spaces between the lines. The lines and
space correspond with the note names. Both the lines and spaces are counted from the bottom up. A
good trick for memorizing the names of the spaces is, they spell FACE from the bottom up
and Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge going up the scale as well. FACE means Farting Always Caused
Enemy.

Rest and Values

A rest indicates the length of a pause between sounds.
The length of a note or rest is determined by the time signature indicated at the beginning of
the staff. If the timing is three-four,
For example, a whole note is held for four beats, which is indicated by the bottom number in the time
signature.

RESTS
Rests are simply places where the musician does not play. Rests have equivalent values to
corresponding notes of duration. Thus, there is a whole rest, half rest, quarter rest, etc., just like
normal notes. Rests are always located in the same vertical position.

Dotted Notes
A dot beside a note increases its duration by half its original value. For example, half notes, in
4/4 time, are worth 2 beats. When a dot is placed next to the half note, the duration is increased
by one (one being half of the original duration of two) and the resulting duration is three beats.
 The curve line is called a Tie. Ties connect notes that are the same pitch together to create a
sustained note.

Grouping of notes Clefs

Clefs define the pitch range, or tesiture, of the staff on which it is placed. A clef is usually
the leftmost symbol on a staff. Additional clefs may appear in the middle of a staff to indicate a change
in register for instruments with a wide range. In early music, clefs could be placed on any of several lines
on a staff.

G-clef (Treble clef)

This is the most commonly encountered clef in modern notation, and is used for most modern vocal
music.

F cleff (Bass clef)

This clef appears nearly as often as the treble clef, especially in choral music, where it represents the
bass and baritone voices.

Octave clef
Treble and bass clefs can also be modified by octave numbers. An eight or fifteen above a clef raises the
intended pitch range by one or two octaves respectively.
REPORTER 2
DARWISA HASHIM
AUGUST 5, 2017

CHROMATIC SIGNS and INTERVAL CROMATIC SIGNS

CROMATIC
The word chromatic comes from the Greek word chromos which means color.
In music, Chromatic means related to the scale that consist only of semitones.
CHROMATIC SIGNS
Signs
Flat
Sharp #
Natural
Flat sign
Placed in front of note lower that notes by a semitone

Sharp Sign #
Placed in front of a note raises that note by a semitone

Natural sign
Cancels a sharp or flat.
INTERVAL
Intervals are the distances between any two notes. Each interval will have a number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8.

INTERVAL QUALITY
Perfect Interval
Major Interval
Minor Interval

Perfect Interval
If an interval is a unison (1st), 4th, 5th or Octave (8th) it is called a perfect interval. Both notes in a
Perfect interval are in the major scale. The example below shows the interval of a Perfect 5th.
Major and Minor Interval 2nds, 3rds, 6ths and 7ths are either major or minor intervals.

Major intervals are those which are part of the major scale. The major scale should always be your
starting point when working out an interval.
Minor intervals are one semitone smaller than major intervals. Minor intervals should always be worked
out from the major scale. Find the major interval and lower the top note by one semitone to give the
minor interval
REPORTER 4
FATIMA SHA-INA A. IDRIS
AUGUS 5, 2017

FLUTE
The Flute is a beautiful sounding brass wind instrument, which can be played as part of
an orchestra, band, or enjoyed on its own.
The Flute is also the oldest known musical instrument in fact, Flutes dating as far back as
43,000 years ago have been found in parts of Western Europe.

1. LEARN HOW TO BLOW INTO YOUR FLUTE At first, producing a sound from your flute can
be a little tricky, so you should practice the correct blowing method first before you attempt to
play any specific notes.
BREATHING- This is one of the most important aspects of playing the Flute. Keep your
shoulders relaxed and head up, breath from your stomach.

2. LEARN HOW TO HOLD THE FLUTE Hold the flute with your mouth on the embouchure (lip
hole) and the remainder of the instrument pointing to your right hand side, in a horizontal
fashion.
Lets start with the right hand. Shake your hand out and let it relax naturally by your
side.

3. CONSULT A FINGERING CHART TO HELF YOU LEARN THE NOTES

In order to learn how to play specific notes on the flute, you should consult a fingering chart,
which will guide you through the finger placement for each notes.
4. MAINTAIN THE CORRECT POSTURE WHILE PLAYING It is essential that you maintain the
correct posture while playing the flute, as this will allow you to improve your air capacity and
produce more consistent tones.
Stand or sit up as straight as possible, with your chin raised and your eyes looking
straight.

5. PRACTICE FOR 20 MINUTES EVERYDAY- Perfect practice makes perfect, as the music saying
goes.
Make your practice goal-oriented.

6. STRETCH AFTER PRACTICING - Should always stretch after your practice session as it will
relieve tension and prevent stiffness after playing, leaving you in better shape for your next
practice session.

7. DONT GIVE UP Learning to play the flute takes a while. Some go for months without
making a sound, so dont get discouraged if you cant make one when you first get it.
REPORTER

PHOTOGRAPY

For thousands of years people have tried to make pictures of what they have seen with their eyes.
Cave dwellers drew pictures on the walls of the caves to show the animals they hunted. In the mid
1880s the process for making permanent images was invented by French painter name Danguere.
Photography was made available to many people in the
1800s when an American named George Eastman first made roll film to fit standard camera sizes.

Definition of Photography
-Photography is a word derived from the Greek words photos (light) and graphein (to draw) together
meaning drawing with light.
-Photography is the process of recording visual images by capturing light rays on light sensitive recording
medium e.g (film or digital CCD)
-Photography it is also called as science or art of creating durable images.

Types of Photography
10 common types of Photography
1.) LANDSCAPE Type of photography that features large expanse of space of large lands, or of the
world.
2. FASHION- Type of photography featuring fashion and clothing, often with professional female
Models.

3. ART Photography that is rooted in the artistic or subjective vision of a photographer, as opposed
to representational photography.

4. POTRAITURE Photography that is about portraying the mood, personality, and expression of a
person or group of persons.

5. WILDLIFE Type of photography that documents animals in their natural habitat.

6. WEDDING Wedding photographers utilize a variety of photography styles to provide wedding

coverage.

7. MACRO Type of photography that depicts extreme close up shots of small objects. By doing so,
the subjects can appear to be much larger than life size.
8. PHOTOJURNALISM Photography that documents an event or story as it is unfolding. The
photographer is to uphold fidelity to reality, to be honest and impartial while telling the story.

9. ARCHITECTURAL Photography that portrays the feeling of being around a built of environment.

10. BLACK AND WHITE Photography that features images in black and white.

Importance of Photography

Photography has become an important part of our daily lives.

Photographs in books, newspaper, and other printed matter. Help people better understand the
printed world.
In some cases, photographs alone can tell a story.
Photographs in catalogs and advertisement show people what they are buying.
Photographs help physician cure patients.
Engineers use photography to design better roads, bridges and buildings.
Police use photography in investigating crimes and accidents.