197

Appendix A
Table A1 Load data and line connectivity of 19-bus unbalanced radial
distribution system

Sending Receiving Conductor Length, Receiving end load in kVA

Branch
End End type km Phase A Phase B Phase C
1 1 2 1 3.0 10.38 + j5.01 5.19 + j2.52 10.38 + j5.01
2 2 3 1 5.0 11.01 + j5.34 5.19 + j2.52 9.72 + j4.71
3 2 4 1 1.5 4.05 + j 1.95 5.67 + j2.76 6.48 + j3.15
4 4 5 1 1.5 6.48 + j3.15 5.19 + j2.52 4.53 + j2.19
5 4 6 1 1.0 4.20 + j2.04 3.09 + j1.50 2.91 + j1.41
6 6 7 1 2.0 9.72 + j4.71 8.10 + j3.93 8.10 + j3.93
7 6 8 1 2.5 7.44 + j3.60 5.34 + j2.58 3.39 + j1.65
8 8 9 1 3.0 12.3 + j5.97 14.91 + j7.23 13.29 + j6.42
9 9 10 1 5.0 3.39 + j1.65 4.20 + j2.04 2.58 + j1.26
10 10 11 1 1.5 7.44 + j3.60 7.44 + j3.60 11.01 + j5.34
11 10 12 1 1.5 9.72 + j4.71 8.10 + j3.93 8.10 + j3.93
12 11 13 1 5.0 4.38 + j2.13 5.34 + j2.58 6.48 + j3.15
13 11 14 1 1.0 3.09 + j1.50 3.09 + j1.50 4.05 + j1.95
14 12 15 1 5.0 4.38 + j2.13 4.86 + j2.34 6.96 + j3.36
15 12 16 1 6.0 7.77 + j3.78 10.38 + j5.01 7.77 + j3.78
16 14 17 1 3.5 6.48 + j3.15 4.86 + j2.34 4.86 + j2.34
17 14 18 1 4.0 5.34 + j2.58 5.34 + j2.58 5.52 + j2.67
18 15 19 1 4.0 8.76 + j4.23 10.05 + j4.86 7.14 + j3.45

Table A2 Impedance details of 19-bus unbalanced radial distribution

system
Impedance in ohms/km
Type
a b c
a 1.5609 + j0.67155 0.5203 + j0.22385 0.5203 + j0.22385
1 b 0.5203 + j0.22385 1.5609 + j0.67155 0.5203 + j0.22385
c 0.5203 + j0.22385 0.5203 + j0.22385 1.5609 + j0.67155

Base kV : 11.00

Base kVA : 1000

 198

Table A3 Load data and line connectivity of 25-bus unbalanced radial

distribution system

Sending Receiving Conductor Length, Receiving end load in kVA

Branch
End End type ft A phase B phase C phase
1 1 2 1 1000 0 0 0
2 2 3 1 500 0 0 0
3 3 4 1 500 0 0 0
4 4 5 2 500 50 50 50
5 2 6 2 500 0 0 0
6 6 7 2 500 0 0 0
7 6 8 2 1000 50 50 50
8 7 9 2 500 75 0 0
9 9 10 2 500 0 50 0
10 10 11 7 300 50 0 -
11 11 12 3 200 75 - -
12 11 13 4 200 - 50 -
13 7 14 2 500 0 0 75
14 14 15 2 300 166.66 166.66 166.66
15 17 16 2 500 0 0 0
16 14 17 5 300 - - 50
17 3 18 2 500 50 50 50
18 18 19 7 500 50 0 -
19 19 20 4 400 - 75 -
20 18 21 5 400 - - 50
21 21 22 5 400 - - 75
22 4 23 2 400 75 0 0
23 23 24 8 400 - 0 50
24 24 25 4 400 - 100 -
 199

Table A4 Impedance details of 25-bus unbalanced radial distribution

system
Impedance in ohms/mile
Type
a b c
a 0.36867 + j0.68522 0.016979 + j0.15145 0.01545 + j0.10979
1 b 0.01698 + j0.15145 0.37568 + j0.67146 0.018826 + j0.20723
c 0.01545 + j0.10979 0.018826 + j0.20723 0.37226 + j0.67817
a 0.97748 + j0.87166 0.01674 + j0.16968 0.98102 + j0.86477
b 0.01674 + j0.16968 0.98439 + j0.86543 0.01856 + j0.22754
2
c 0.98102 + j0.86477 0.01856 + j0.22754 0.01523 + j0.12638
3 a 1.9280 + j1.41939 - -
4 b - 1.9280 + j1.41939 -
5 c - - 1.9280 + j1.41939
a 0.97748 + j1.87166 - 0.01523 + j0.12638
6
c 0.01523 + j0.12638 - 0.98102 + j0.86847
a 0.97748 + j1.87166 0.01523 + j0.12638 -
7
b 0.01523 + j0.12638 0.98102 + j0.86847 -
b - 0.97748 + j1.87166 0.01523 + j0.12638
8
c - 0.01523 + j0.12638 0.98102 + j0.86847

Base kV : 4.16

Base kVA : 1000

Power factor: 0.8

 200

Appendix B
Table B1 Load Data and Line Connectivity of IEEE 37 bus unbalanced
radial distribution system
Sending Receiving Length Conductor Load Receiving end load in kVA
Branch
End End ft type type Phase A Phase B Phase C
1 799 701 1850 1 D-PQ 140+j70 140+j70 350+j175
2 701 702 960 2 - 0 0 0
3 702 703 1320 2 - 0 0 0
4 704 730 600 3 D-Z 0 0 85+j40
5 730 709 200 3 - 0 0 0
6 709 708 320 3 - 0 0 0
7 702 705 400 4 - 0 0 0
8 702 713 360 3 D-PQ 0 0 85+j40
9 703 727 240 4 D-PQ 0 0 42+j21
10 709 731 600 3 D-Z 0 85+j40 0
11 709 775 0 1 - 0 0 0
12 708 733 320 3 D-I 85+j40 0 0
13 708 732 320 4 D-PQ 0 0 42+j21
14 733 734 560 3 D-PQ 0 0 42+j21
15 734 737 640 3 D-I 140+j70 0 0
16 734 710 520 4 - 0 0 0
17 737 738 400 3 D-PQ 12+j62 0 0
18 738 711 400 3 - 0 0 0
19 711 741 400 3 D-I 0 0 42+j21
20 711 740 200 4 D-PQ 0 0 85+j40
21 713 704 520 3 D-PQ 42+j21 42+j21 42+j21
22 704 714 80 4 D-I 17+j8 21+j10 0
23 704 720 800 3 D-PQ 0 0 85+j40
24 720 707 920 4 - 0 0 0
25 720 706 600 3 - 0 0 0
26 708 725 280 4 D-PQ 0 42+j21 0
27 705 742 320 4 D-Z 8+j4 85+j40 0
28 705 712 240 4 D-PQ 85+j40 85+j40 85+j40
29 727 744 280 3 D-PQ 42+j21 0 0
30 744 728 200 4 D-PQ 42+j21 42+j21 42+j21
31 744 729 280 4 D-I 42+j21 0 0
32 710 735 200 4 D-PQ 0 0 85+j40
33 710 736 1280 4 D-Z 0 42+j21 0
34 714 718 520 4 D-Z 85+j40 0 0
35 707 724 760 4 D-Z 0 42+j21 0
 201

Table B2 Impedance details of IEEE 37-bus unbalanced radial

distribution system
Impedance in ohms/mile
Type
a b c
a 0.2926+j0.1973 0.0673 - j0.0368 0.0337 -j0.0417
1 b 0.0673 - j0.0368 0.2646 +j0.1900 0.0673 - j0.0368
c 0.0337 - j0.0417 0.0673 - j0.0368 0.2926 + j0.1973
a 0.4751 +j0.2973 0.1629 -j0.0326 0.1234 -j0.0607
b 0.1629 -j0.0326 0.4488+j0.2678 0.1629 -j0.0326
2
c 0.1234 -j0.0607 0.1629 -j0.0326 0.4751+j0.2973
a 1.2936+j0.6713 0.4871+j0.2111 0.4585+j0.1521
3 b 0.4871+j0.2111 1.3022+j0.6326 0.4871+j0.2111
c 0.4585+j0.1521 0.4871+j0.2111 1.2936+j0.6713
a 0.2926+j0.1973 0.0673 - j0.0368 0.0337 -j0.0417
4 b 0.0673 - j0.0368 0.2646 +j0.1900 0.0673 - j0.0368
c 0.0337 - j0.0417 0.0673 - j0.0368 0.2926 + j0.1973

Table B3 Phase Admittance details of IEEE 37-bus unbalanced radial

distribution system
Phase Admittance in mhos/mile
Type
a b c
a 159.7919 0.0000 0.0000
1 b 0.0000 159.7919 0.0000
c 0.0000 0.0000 159.7919
a 127.8306 0.0000 0.0000
b 0.0000 127.8306 0.0000
2
c 0.0000 0.0000 127.8306
a 74.8405 0.0000 0.0000
3 b 0.0000 74.8405 0.0000
c 0.0000 0.0000 74.8405
a 60.2483 0.0000 0.0000
4 b 0.0000 60.2483 0.0000
c 0.0000 0.0000 60.2483
 202

Table B4 Substation and Transformer details of IEEE 37-bus

unbalanced radial distribution system
kVA kV-high kV-low R-% X-%
Substation 2,500 230 D 4.8 D 2 8
XFM-1 500 4.8 D 0.48 D 0.09 1.81

Table B5 Regulator details of IEEE 37-bus unbalanced radial

distribution system
Regulator ID: 1
Line Segment: 799 -701
Location: 799
Phases: A - B -C
Connection: AB - CB
Monitoring Phase: AB & CB
Bandwidth: 2.0 volts
PT Ratio: 40
Primary CT Rating: 350
Compensator Settings: Ph-AB Ph-CB
R - Setting: 1.5 1.5
X - Setting: 3 3
Voltage Level: 122 122

Base kV : 4.8

Base kVA : 1000

 203

Appendix C
Table C1 Load Data, Line Connectivity and Tie line data of 19 bus
unbalanced radial distribution system

Sending Receiving Conductor Length, Receiving end load in kVA

Branch
End End type km A phase B phase C phase
1 1 2 1 3.0 10.38 + j5.01 5.19 + j2.52 10.38 + j5.01
2 2 3 1 5.0 11.01 + j5.34 5.19 + j2.52 9.72 + j4.71
3 2 4 1 1.5 4.05 + j 1.95 5.67 + j2.76 6.48 + j3.15
4 4 5 1 1.5 6.48 + j3.15 5.19 + j2.52 4.53 + j2.19
5 4 6 1 1.0 4.20 + j2.04 3.09 + j1.50 2.91 + j1.41
6 6 7 1 2.0 9.72 + j4.71 8.10 + j3.93 8.10 + j3.93
7 6 8 1 2.5 7.44 + j3.60 5.34 + j2.58 3.39 + j1.65
8 8 9 1 3.0 12.3 + j5.97 14.91 + j7.23 13.29 + j6.42
9 9 10 1 5.0 3.39 + j1.65 4.20 + j2.04 2.58 + j1.26
10 10 11 1 1.5 7.44 + j3.60 7.44 + j3.60 11.01 + j5.34
11 10 12 1 1.5 9.72 + j4.71 8.10 + j3.93 8.10 + j3.93
12 11 13 1 5.0 4.38 + j2.13 5.34 + j2.58 6.48 + j3.15
13 11 14 1 1.0 3.09 + j1.50 3.09 + j1.50 4.05 + j1.95
14 12 15 1 5.0 4.38 + j2.13 4.86 + j2.34 6.96 + j3.36
15 12 16 1 6.0 7.77 + j3.78 10.38 + j5.01 7.77 + j3.78
16 14 17 1 3.5 6.48 + j3.15 4.86 + j2.34 4.86 + j2.34
17 14 18 1 4.0 5.34 + j2.58 5.34 + j2.58 5.52 + j2.67
18 15 19 1 4.0 8.76 + j4.23 10.05 + j4.86 7.14 + j3.45
Tie line data
19 3 17 1 6.0 - - -
20 5 19 1 5.0 - - -

Table C2 Impedance details of 19-bus unbalanced radial distribution

system
Impedance in ohms/km
Type
a b c
a 1.5609 + j0.67155 0.5203 + j0.22385 0.5203 + j0.22385
1 b 0.5203 + j0.22385 1.5609 + j0.67155 0.5203 + j0.22385
c 0.5203 + j0.22385 0.5203 + j0.22385 1.5609 + j0.67155

Base kV : 11.00
Base kVA : 1000
 204

Table C3 Load Data, Line Connectivity and Tie line data of 25 bus
unbalanced radial distribution system

Sending Receiving Conductor Length, Receiving end load in kVA

Branch
End End type ft A phase B phase C phase
1 1 2 1 1000 0 0 0
2 2 3 1 500 35 + j25 40 + j30 45 + j32
3 2 6 2 500 40 + j30 45 + j32 35 + j25
4 3 4 1 500 50 + j40 60 + j45 50 + j35
5 3 18 2 500 40 + j30 40 + j30 40 + j30
6 4 5 2 500 40 + j30 40 + j30 40 + j30
7 4 23 2 400 60 + j45 50 + j40 50 + j35
8 6 7 2 500 0 0 0
9 6 8 2 1000 40 + j30 40 + j30 40 + j30
10 7 9 2 500 60 + j45 50 + j40 50 + j35
11 7 14 2 500 50 + j35 50 + j40 60 + j45
12 7 16 2 500 40 + j30 40 + j30 40 + j30
13 9 10 2 500 35 + j25 40 + j30 45 + j32
14 10 11 2 300 45 + j32 35 + j25 40 + j30
15 11 12 3 200 50 + j35 60 + j45 50 + j40
16 11 13 3 200 35 + j25 45 + j32 40 + j30
17 14 15 2 300 133.3 + j100 133.3 + j100 133.3 + j100
18 14 17 3 300 40 + j30 35 + j25 45 + j32
19 18 20 2 500 35 + j25 40 + j30 45 + j32
20 18 21 3` 400 40 + j30 35 + j25 45 + j32
21 20 19 3 400 60 + j45 50 + j35 50 + j40
22 21 22 3 400 50 + j35 60 + j45 50 + j40
23 23 24 2 400 35 + j25 45 + j32 40 + j30
24 24 25 3 400 60 + j45 50 + j30 50 + j35
Tie line data
25 5a 22 2 400
26 15a 8 2 300
27 12a 25 3 500
 205

Table C4 Impedance details of 25-bus unbalanced radial distribution

system
Impedance in ohms/mile
Type
a b c
a 0.3686 + j0.6852 0.0169 + j0.1515 0.0155 + j0.1098
1 b 0.0169 + j0.1515 0.3757 + j0.6715 0.0188 + j0.2072
c 0.0155 + j0.1098 0.0188 + j0.2072 0.3723 + j0.6782
a 0.9775 + j0.8717 0.0167 + j0.1697 0.0152 + j0.1264
b 0.0167 + j0.1697 0.9844 + j0.8654 0.0186 + j0.2275
2
c 0.0152 + j0.1264 0.0186 + j0.2275 0.9810 + j0.8648
a 1.9280 + j1.4194 0.0161 + j0.1183 0.0161 + j0.1183
3 b 0.0161 + j0.1183 1.9308 + j1.4215 0.0161 + j0.1183
c 0.0161 + j0.1183 0.0161 + j0.1183 1.9337 + j1.4236

Base kV : 4.16

Base kVA : 1000

 206

Appendix D
Table D1 Load Data and Line Connectivity of 31 bus unbalanced radial
distribution system

Sending Receiving Impedance Length Apparent power in kVAr

Branch
Bus Bus ohms/km in km Phase a Phase b Phase c
1 31 1 0.13+j0.62 2.0 100+j50 100+j60 -
2 1 2 0.17+0.63 3.0 300+j200 100+j60 400+j1500
3 2 3 0.19+j0.55 5.0 350+j250 20+j10 0+j150
4 3 4 0.13+j0.66 1.5 220+j100 20+j10 -
5 4 5 0.13+j0.62 1.5 1100+j800 20+j10 2000+j950
6 5 6 0.12+j0.78 1.0 400+j320 20+j10 200+j180
7 6 7 0.28+j0.98 2.0 300+j200 200+j160 0+j360
8 7 8 0.13+j0.76 2.5 300+j230 50+j30 1200+j1300
9 8 9 0.15+j0.76 3.0 300+j260 30+j20 300+j140
10 9 10 0.16+j0.67 5.0 1200+j800 800+j700 400+j360
11 10 11 0.11+j0.54 1.5 800+j600 200+j150 2000+j30
12 11 12 0.18+j0.78 1.5 700+j500 - 200+j360
13 12 13 0.13+0.77 5.0 300+j150 - 500+j360
14 13 14 0.13+j0.76 1.0 500+j350 200+j160 100+j30
15 8 15 0.13+j0.55 5.0 700+j400 800+j600 400+j0
16 15 16 0.14+j0.56 6.0 1200+j1000 500+j300 200+j0
17 16 17 0.19+j0.67 3.5 300+j300 500+j350 200+j0
18 6 18 0.12+j0.65 4.0 400+j350 500+j300 500+j0
19 18 19 0.12+j0.65 4.0 50+j20 200+j80 270+j0
20 19 20 0.14+j0.76 2.5 50+j20 30+j20 80+j0
21 3 22 0.12+j0.66 3.0 50+j60 - 100+j0
22 22 23 0.13+j0.65 5.0 100+j70 20+j10 30+j0
23 23 24 0.11+j0.97 1.5 100+j1300 20+j10 -
24 24 25 0.11+j0.97 1.5 1800+j120 200+j130 1000+j0
25 25 26 0.18+j0.95 5.0 200+j1600 300+j240 100+j0
26 26 27 0.13+j0.54 1.0 1800+j150 300+j200 1500+j0
27 1 28 0.13+j0.65 5.0 200+j100 50+j30 80+j0
28 28 29 0.13+j0.67 6.0 200+j600 - 100+j0
29 29 30 0.13+j0.56 3.5 800+j0 0+j360 200+j0
30 6 21 0.13+j0.65 4.0 50+j10 600+j420 200+j0
 207

Base kV : 4.16

Base kVA : 1000

Table D2 PV Cell compensator data for 31 bus unbalanced radial

distribution system
Parameter Values
DC capacitors (C1, C2) in F 2000
Interface Inductors inductance in mH 20
Interface Inductors resistance in ohm 0.2

Table D3 Wind turbine data for wind energy of 31 bus unbalanced radial
distribution system
Parameter Values
Rated Power in kW 180
Hub height in meters 30
Rotor diameter in meters 23.2
Number of blades 3
Rotor speed in rotation per min 42
Blade Profile NACA-63200
Gearbox ratio 23.75

Table D4 Drive train data for wind energy of 31 bus unbalanced radial
distribution system
Parameter Values
Turbine inertia (JT) in kg-m2 102.8
Generator inertia (JG) in kg-m2 4.5
Stiffness of the shaft (k) in Nm-rad 2700
Absorption of the shaft (B) 1
Rotor speed in rotation per min 42
Blade Profile NACA-63200
Gearbox ratio 23.75
*All data referred to the high speed shaft
 208

Table D5 Generator data for wind energy of 31 bus unbalanced radial

distribution system
Parameter Values
Nominal voltage (Vn) in volts 400
Number of pole-pair (pp) 3
Stator resistance (Rs) in ohms 0.0092
Rotor resistance (Rr) in ohms 0.0061
Referred to the stator
Stator leakage inductance (Ls) per mH 186
Rotor leakage inductance (Lr) per mH 427
Referred to the stator
Magnetizing inductance (Lm) in mH 6.7
 209

Appendix E

Table E1 Load data and line connectivity of 25-bus unbalanced radial

distribution system
Sending Receiving Conductor Length, Receiving end load in kVA
Branch
End End type ft A phase B phase C phase
1 1 2 1 1000 0 0 0
2 2 3 1 500 35 + j25 40 + j30 45 + j32
3 2 6 2 500 40 + j30 45 + j32 35 + j25
4 3 4 1 500 50 + j40 60 + j45 50 + j35
5 3 18 2 500 40 + j30 40 + j30 40 + j30
6 4 5 2 500 40 + j30 40 + j30 40 + j30
7 4 23 2 400 60 + j45 50 + j40 50 + j35
8 6 7 2 500 0 0 0
9 6 8 2 1000 40 + j30 40 + j30 40 + j30
10 7 9 2 500 60 + j45 50 + j40 50 + j35
11 7 14 2 500 50 + j35 50 + j40 60 + j45
12 7 16 2 500 40 + j30 40 + j30 40 + j30
13 9 10 2 500 35 + j25 40 + j30 45 + j32
14 10 11 2 300 45 + j32 35 + j25 40 + j30
15 11 12 3 200 50 + j35 60 + j45 50 + j40
16 11 13 3 200 35 + j25 45 + j32 40 + j30
17 14 15 2 300 133.3 + j100 133.3 + j100 133.3 + j100
18 14 17 3 300 40 + j30 35 + j25 45 + j32
19 18 20 2 500 35 + j25 40 + j30 45 + j32
20 18 21 3` 400 40 + j30 35 + j25 45 + j32
21 20 19 3 400 60 + j45 50 + j35 50 + j40
22 21 22 3 400 50 + j35 60 + j45 50 + j40
23 23 24 2 400 35 + j25 45 + j32 40 + j30
24 24 25 3 400 60 + j45 50 + j30 50 + j35
 210

Table E2 Impedance details of 25-bus unbalanced radial distribution

system
Impedance in ohms/mile
Type
a b c
a 0.3686 + j0.6852 0.0169 + j0.1515 0.0155 + j0.1098

1 b 0.0169 + j0.1515 0.3757 + j0.6715 0.0188 + j0.2072

c 0.0155 + j0.1098 0.0188 + j0.2072 0.3723 + j0.6782

a 0.9775 + j0.8717 0.0167 + j0.1697 0.0152 + j0.1264

b 0.0167 + j0.1697 0.9844 + j0.8654 0.0186 + j0.2275

2 0.0152 + j0.1264 0.0186 + j0.2275 0.9810 + j0.8648
c
a 1.9280 + j1.4194 0.0161 + j0.1183 0.0161 + j0.1183

3 b 0.0161 + j0.1183 1.9308 + j1.4215 0.0161 + j0.1183

c 0.0161 + j0.1183 0.0161 + j0.1183 1.9337 + j1.4236

Base kV : 4.16

Base kVA : 1000

 211

Table E3 Load Data and Line Connectivity of IEEE 37 bus unbalanced

radial distribution system
Sending Receiving Length Conductor Load Receiving end load in kVA
Branch
End End ft type type Phase A Phase B Phase C
1 799 701 1850 1 D-PQ 140+j70 140+j70 350+j175
2 701 702 960 2 - 0 0 0
3 702 703 1320 2 - 0 0 0
4 704 730 600 3 D-Z 0 0 85+j40
5 730 709 200 3 - 0 0 0
6 709 708 320 3 - 0 0 0
7 702 705 400 4 - 0 0 0
8 702 713 360 3 D-PQ 0 0 85+j40
9 703 727 240 4 D-PQ 0 0 42+j21
10 709 731 600 3 D-Z 0 85+j40 0
11 709 775 0 1 - 0 0 0
12 708 733 320 3 D-I 85+j40 0 0
13 708 732 320 4 D-PQ 0 0 42+j21
14 733 734 560 3 D-PQ 0 0 42+j21
15 734 737 640 3 D-I 140+j70 0 0
16 734 710 520 4 - 0 0 0
17 737 738 400 3 D-PQ 12+j62 0 0
18 738 711 400 3 - 0 0 0
19 711 741 400 3 D-I 0 0 42+j21
20 711 740 200 4 D-PQ 0 0 85+j40
21 713 704 520 3 D-PQ 42+j21 42+j21 42+j21
22 704 714 80 4 D-I 17+j8 21+j10 0
23 704 720 800 3 D-PQ 0 0 85+j40
24 720 707 920 4 - 0 0 0
25 720 706 600 3 - 0 0 0
26 708 725 280 4 D-PQ 0 42+j21 0
27 705 742 320 4 D-Z 8+j4 85+j40 0
28 705 712 240 4 D-PQ 85+j40 85+j40 85+j40
29 727 744 280 3 D-PQ 42+j21 0 0
30 744 728 200 4 D-PQ 42+j21 42+j21 42+j21
31 744 729 280 4 D-I 42+j21 0 0
32 710 735 200 4 D-PQ 0 0 85+j40
33 710 736 1280 4 D-Z 0 42+j21 0
34 714 718 520 4 D-Z 85+j40 0 0
35 707 724 760 4 D-Z 0 42+j21 0
 212

Table E4 Impedance details of IEEE 37-bus unbalanced radial

distribution system
Impedance in ohms/mile
Type
a b c
a 0.2926+j0.1973 0.0673 - j0.0368 0.0337 -j0.0417
1 b 0.0673 - j0.0368 0.2646 +j0.1900 0.0673 - j0.0368
c 0.0337 - j0.0417 0.0673 - j0.0368 0.2926 + j0.1973
a 0.4751 +j0.2973 0.1629 -j0.0326 0.1234 -j0.0607
b 0.1629 -j0.0326 0.4488+j0.2678 0.1629 -j0.0326
2
c 0.1234 -j0.0607 0.1629 -j0.0326 0.4751+j0.2973
a 1.2936+j0.6713 0.4871+j0.2111 0.4585+j0.1521
3 b 0.4871+j0.2111 1.3022+j0.6326 0.4871+j0.2111
c 0.4585+j0.1521 0.4871+j0.2111 1.2936+j0.6713
a 0.2926+j0.1973 0.0673 - j0.0368 0.0337 -j0.0417
4 b 0.0673 - j0.0368 0.2646 +j0.1900 0.0673 - j0.0368
c 0.0337 - j0.0417 0.0673 - j0.0368 0.2926 + j0.1973

Table E5 Phase Admittance details of IEEE 37-bus unbalanced radial

distribution system
Phase Admittance in mhos/mile
Type
a b c
a 159.7919 0.0000 0.0000
1 b 0.0000 159.7919 0.0000
c 0.0000 0.0000 159.7919
a 127.8306 0.0000 0.0000
b 0.0000 127.8306 0.0000
2
c 0.0000 0.0000 127.8306
a 74.8405 0.0000 0.0000
3 b 0.0000 74.8405 0.0000
c 0.0000 0.0000 74.8405
a 60.2483 0.0000 0.0000
4 b 0.0000 60.2483 0.0000
c 0.0000 0.0000 60.2483
 213

Table E6 Substation and Transformer details of IEEE 37-bus

unbalanced radial distribution system
kVA kV-high kV-low R-% X-%
Substation 2,500 230 D 4.8 D 2 8
XFM-1 500 4.8 D 0.48 D 0.09 1.81

Base kV : 4.8

Base kVA : 1000

 214

Appendix F

Start

Enter the line, load data and

identify the nodes beyond a
particular node of the system

Initialize the a, b and c phases bus voltages

are as 1.000, 1.0-1200 and 1.01200 pu
respectively and calculate each bus currents
B
Calculate each branch current
starting from the far end branch
and moving towards transformer

Calculate the sequence currents

(Isl) of transformer secondary
current (Is) using eqn. (3.2)

GY-D Check T/F D- GY

connection

Apply Isl = Isl *ej/6 and set Is0 = 0 Apply Isl = Isl *ej/6 and set Is0 = I0

Calculate the sequence voltages (Vpl) of

transformer primary bus using eq. (3.2), and
zero-sequence current (Ip0) using eqn. (3.6)

Calculate phase-current Ip using Is+ and

Is- instead of Ip+ and Ip- respectively, and
calculate branch current calculation
moving towards a certain swing bus.

Calculate each line receiving end

voltages starting from swing bus and
moving towards the transformer
primary bus using eqn. (3.4)

Calculate the sequence voltages (Vsl) of

transformer secondary bus and the
sequence voltages (Vpl) of transformer
primary bus using eqn. (3.2) with Vp0 = 0

A
 215

Calculate the new sequence voltages of

transformer secondary bus using eqn. (3.7)

Apply Vsl = Vsl *ej/6 and calculate

the phase voltages of transformer
secondary bus Vs using eqn. (3.2)

Continue the bus voltages calculation moving

towards the far end using eqn. (3.4)

Calculate voltage mismatches

V(k)=||V(k)|-|V(k-1)||

No Converged
B
?
Yes
Compute branch losses, total losses,
quantity of unbalance

End

Fig. F.1 Flow Chart for 3-Phase Power Flow with Transformer Symmetrical
Component Modelling
 216

Start

Read the data of

distribution system

Perform the load flow solution

and calculate the total real
power losses of base case

Reactive power injections (QC) are made (except at

source node) in all the phases, load flows are run
and real power losses are computed.

Calculate reduction in real power

losses and associated real power
loss indices (PLI) using eqn. (6.6)

Select the best candidate

nodes whose PLI > Tolerance

End

Fig. F.2 Flow Chart for Candidate Nodes Identification

 217

Start

Read the data of distribution system and

best candidate nodes (m) from Fig. F.2

Set candidate node k = 1

At bus k, keep the capacitor with available standard sizes

in practice (50 kVAr per phase) and change them step
wise. Perform the Unbalanced power flow and Select Qc at
bus k that has got the highest net cost saving using Eqn.
(6.1) without violating the constraints.

k=k+1
Yes If
km

No
Set candidate node k = 1

kth bus capacitor is adjusted in steps (50

kVAr per phase) with other capacitors (m-1)
sizes fixed. Without violating constraints
k=k+1

If Yes Increasing the

Net cost saving capacitor value
is maximized? at kth bus

No

Yes If
km

No
Display the capacitor sizes and
maximum cost saving and other
outputs
End

Fig. F.3 Flow Chart for Variational Technique Algorithm for the
Capacitor Sizing
 218

Start

Read the data of

distribution system

Run the load flow solution for base case

and calculate Total real power loss (TPLl)

By penetrating 20% DG value at each node,

voltage index is computed with eqn. (7.9).Then
voltage indices are ranked in order.

Identity the node (k) with least voltage

index for the best location of DG

Add small DG
at node (k)

Run the load flow solution with DG at node

TPLl = TPL and k and calculate Total real power loss (TPL)
Increase the size
of DG at node k
Yes If
TPL1 > TPL

No
Display the DG size and Total power loss,
reduction in power loss and other outputs

End

Fig. F.4 Flow Chart for DG Placement and DG Size