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Agma Iso: Cylindrical Gear Conversions
Agma Iso: Cylindrical Gear Conversions
AGMA
TO ISO
By G. Gonzlez Rey,
P. Frechilla Fernndez,
and R. Jos Garca Martn
The
cient is one of the topics better known by spe- the profile angle to a line normal to the datum line. This angle is
cialists of gears working in the metric system the same as the pressure angle at the reference cylinder of a
(ISO). This non-dimensional parameter, also spur gear or the normal pressure angle n at the reference cylin-
well-known as rack shift coefficient x, allows gear der of a helical gear. The relation between pith of the basic rack
designs with ver y good adaptability of the teeth profile in practi- tooth profile p and module m (in mm) is: p = m
cal applications. The dimensions of the standard basic rack tooth profile are
Unfortunately, the gear specialists with designs based on the given in relation to module and identified by *, such as ha* (factor
AGMA system traditionally dont appreciate the advantages of the of addendum), hf* (factor of dedendum), c* (factor of radial clear-
addendum modification coefficient as an adjustment factor ance), and f* (factor of root fillet radius). The module m of the
between ISO and AGMA systems. The publications of specialists standard basic rack tooth profile is the module in the normal sec-
[McVittie (1993), Rockwell (2001)] directed toward disclosing the tion mn of the gear teeth. For a helical gear with helix angle on
generalities of the geometry calculation of gears with the applica- the reference cylinder, the transverse module in a transverse sec-
tion of this coefficient are welcome for experts. tion is mt = mn/cos. For a spur gear = 0 the module is m = mn
The Working Group WG5, under the direction of Henry Deby, approved = mt. As a reference parameter, the module m in ISO standards is
in 1981 a Technical Report ISO (ISO/TR 4467) with orientations about similar to the normal diametral pitch Pnd in AGMA standards and
the value limits and distribution of the addendum modification of the can be converted by the following equation:
teeth of external parallel-axis cylindrical involute gears for speed-reducing
and speed-increasing external gear pairs. Although the recommendations m = 25,4
were not of a restrictive nature, a general guide was finally published on Pnd
the application of the addendum modification coefficient. These recom-
mendations were important in order to avoid an incorrect use of this Most special standards for basic rack tooth profileincluding
coefficient and to prevent designs of gears with very small tooth crest ISO Standard 57-74recommend for industrial gears with general
width, insufficient value of transverse contact ratio, or cutter interfer- application the following values:
ence. Unquestionably, ISO/TR 4467 showed the advantages of using
the addendum modification coefficient in the design of gears and gives pressure angle: = 20
guided reasonable values of this coefficient for the geometric calculation factor of addendum: ha* = ha / m =1
of gears with more load capacity and better performance. factor of radial clearance: c* = c / m = 0,25
This article presents some basic definitions and recommenda-
tions associated with the correct application of the addendum The principal methods for generating the tooth flanks on external
modification coefficient. Additionally, formulae relating to external parallel-axis cylindrical involute gears make use of a rack-shaped
parallel-axis cylindrical involute gears to consider the effect of the tool (such as hobs or rack-type cutters) with dimensions similar to
addendum modification coefficient in gear geometry are dis- the basic rack tooth profile shown in figure 1. When gears are pro-
cussed. The procedure for the solution of two casesbased on duced by a generating process, in the case of tooth profile without
the authors experiences in the analysis, recovery, and conversion addendum modification the datum line (MM) of the basic rack tooth
of helical and spur gears in the AGMA system to ISO standards profile is tangent to the reference diameter of gear (see figure 3).
show the advantage of the application of the addendum modifica-
tion coefficient in the solution of practical problems.
Addendum Modification on Cylindrical Gears
Tooth Profile Reference with No Addendum Its possible to understand the use of the tooth profile without
addendum modification to establish the first standards for the
Modification on Cylindrical Gears geometric calculation of cylindrical gears. When gears are generat-
It is well known that when external parallel-axis cylindrical gears ed with a rack-shaped tool and the reference cylinder of gear rolls
with an involute profile are in correct meshing the toothed wheels without slipping on the imaginary datum line, the standard rela-
should conjugate with a corresponding rack. The profile of this tionship to set up the tooth shape and geometric calculation are
rack-tool is denominated basic rack tooth profile. The shape and relatively simple.
geometrical parameters of the basic rack tooth profile for involute For specialists involved with gear design based on ISO standards,
gears are set by special standards (see table 2) along with the its often true that the datum line of the basic rack profile need not
rack shaped tool, such as hobs or rack type cutters, used in the necessarily be tangent to the reference diameter on the gear. The
cutting of gears by means of generation methods (see figure 1). tooth profile and its shape can be modified by shifting the datum
One important definition in the basic rack tooth profile is the datum line from the tangential position. This displacement makes it possi-
line corresponding with a straight line drawn parallel to the tip and ble to use tooth flanks with other parts of the involute curve and
root lines where the tooth thickness s is equal to tooth space width different diameters for gears with the same number of teeth, mod-
e. Most of the dimensions of the basic rack tooth profile are given ule, helix angle, and cutting tools.
with reference to the datum line and divides the basic rack tooth pro- Explained simply it can be said that the generation of a cylindrical
file in two parts: addendum and dedendum. Figure 2 shows a typical gear with addendum modification, when concluding the genera-
shape of a basic rack tooth profile and the principal geometrical tion of tooth flanks, that the reference cylinder is not tangent to
parameters used to establish the basic dimensions (see table 2 for the datum line on basic rack tooth profiles, and there is a radial
some values standards of basic rack tooth profile parameters). displacement.
The main parameter to evaluate the addendum modification is for negative values, may be harmful to the satisfactory performance
the addendum modification coefficient x, also know by Americans of the gear pair. For this reason upper and lower limits are specified
as the profile shift factor, or the rack shift coefficient. The in the function of the number of teeth (or the virtual number of
addendum modification coefficient quantifies the relationship teeth for helical gears). In figure 5, recommendations for limits of
between distance from the datum line on the tool to the reference sum of addendum modification coefficients are given. For a sum of
diameter of gear abs (radial displacement of the tool) and module addendum modification coefficients x with a correct distribution of
m. This coefficient is defined for pinion x1 and gear x2 as: values between a pinion and gear, it is possible in a gear pair to
realize favorable effects in the ability to balance the bending fatigue
x1 = abs1 x2 = abs2 life, pitting resistance, or minimizes the risk of scuffing.
m and m For a given center distance and gear ratio, the assembly of the
gears can be adjusted with a convenient calculating of the adden-
The addendum modification coefficient is positive if the datum dum modifications. There are different criteria for distributing and
line of the tool is displaced from the reference diameter toward the applying the addendum modification coefficient depending on the
crest of the teeth (the tool goes away from the center of the gear), effect required in the gear transmission.
and it is negative if the datum line is displaced toward the root of
the teeth (the tool goes toward the center of gear). To consider the Addendum modification coefficient for gears with a small num-
effect of addendum modifications for a gear pair it is a good prac- ber of teeth to avoid undercutting on the pinion.
tice to define the sum of addendum modification coefficients as:
z sen2
x ha* -
2 cos3
x = x1 + x2
Total addendum modification coefficient.
The manufacturing of the gear with addendum modification is If 0 x 0,5 then x1 = x y x2 = 0
not more complex or expensive than gears without profile shift, If - 0,5 x 0 then x1 = 0 y x2 = x
because the gears are manufactured in the same cutting machines
and depend solely on the relative position of the gear to be cut Value of addendum modification coefficient inversely propor-
and the cutter. The difference can be evident in the blanks with dif- tional to the number of teeth.
ferent diameters and tooth profiles on gears. x z2
A positive addendum modification (x > 0) results in a greater If 0 x 0,8 then x1 =
z1 + z2
tooth root width and, thus, in an increase in the tooth root carrying
capacity; more effective in the case of small numbers of teeth
than in the case of larger ones, including the possibility of avoiding
or reducing undercutting on the pinion. Additionally, an increase of
If - 0,8 x 0 then x1 = x 1 -
( z2
z1 + z2 )
the addendum modification coefficient results in a decrease in
the tip thickness of the teeth. A negative addendum modification Value of addendum modification coefficient according to MAAG:
(x < 0) has the reverse effect of positive addendum modification
on tip and root thickness.
The choice of the sum of addendum modifications could be arbi-
trary and depends on the center distance or the operational condi-
tions applied. Sums that are too high for positive values, or too low Where:
Statement of the problemIn the gearbox of the power Approximation is preferable by defect.
transmission system of a heavy truck it was necessary to
recover a spur gear transmission cut originally with tools d) Pressure angle at the pitch cylinder.
based on AGMA standards. For the new manufacture cutting
tools based on ISO standards should be used. The basic
solution is as follows:
Initial data
Center distance; aw = 203,2 mm (8 inch).
Gear ration (approximate), u = 4,13 e) Sum of addendum modification coefficients.
Normal diametral pitch (original), Pd = 4
Pressure angle for the rack shaped tool, = 20
x1 = 0,482
x2 = 0,463
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Initial data
Center distance, aw = 11 inch
(279,4 mm)
Number of teeth on pinion, z1 = 14
Number of teeth on gear, z2 = 41
Module in new design of gear, m = 10
Normal diametral pitch in original gear,
Pd = 2,5 So the first thing to consider when selecting a gear supplier is
Pressure angle for cutting tool (original), What product reputation does your company want in the marketplace?
= 25
The lowest-priced gear set also tends to be your best solution only when...
Pressure angle for cutting tool (new), Noisier products are acceptable to you and your customers
= 20 Shorter life cycles and possible early failures are bearable My experience with Nissei has
Higher product rebuild and return rates are financially justifiable been very satisfactory. When we
Factor of addendum, ha* = 1
In-house resources are available to promptly analyze and solve had a problem with a spiral
gear-related quality problems as they occur bevel gear set, they responded
Basic solution Distributors tolerate delays and shortages because your supply quickly. With their help, we
found that the problem compo-
chain is not dependable.
nent was our angle head and
a) Proposal of module (ISO). not the gears from Nissei. Their
Many market-leading manufacturers have discovered the real cost of
commitment to customer sup-
supplied gearing comes into effect AFTER the suppliers invoice has
port allowed us to resume pro-
been paid. The lowest-priced gear set usually comes with no frills! duction in a timely manner.
Standard module by ISO 54-77, m = 10 (mm) Youre on your own to figure out why there might be problems... Design Engineer, a 30+ year
and to prove it to the supplier to get restitution. Nissei customer
b) Transverse pressure angle: Many times a problem with a gear set has nothing to do with the gears themselves. A capable gear supplier
is adept at more than just making gears. He must also understand how the gears will react to a multitude
of variables in your gear application. Another key point to consider is how much control does the supplier
have over the entire process? Thats especially true if the heat treating is outsourced.
Summary
Based on experiences in the analysis, recover y, and conversion
of helical and spur gears in the AGMA system to ISO standards,
the main definitions and recommendations associated to the
addendum modification coefficient have been presented.
Examples with the application of the addendum modification
coefficient in the solution to practical problems in relation to
the geometr y and manufacture of gears shows the application
of the addendum modification coefficient as an adjustment fac-
tor between ISO and AGMA systems. Moreover, the calculation
utilized in the two practical cases and formulae relating to
basic gear geometr y given in table 3 can be taken as a base
for solution in similar cases of geometrical conversion from the
AGMA to the ISO system.
FIGURE 5 Conventional and recommended limits for the sum of the
addendum modifications and zones for special cases, according to ISO/TR
4467-1982. In the graphic, Zv is the sum of virtual number of teeth.
REFERENCES
McVittie, D.; The European Rack Shift Coefficient X for
f) Addendum modification coefficients for gear. Americans. Gear Technology, Jul-Aug 1993, Pages. 34-36.
x1 = 0,462 > 0,298 Rockwell, P. D.; Profile Shift in External Parallel-Axis Cylindrical
x2 = x - x1 = 0,462 - 0,462 = 0 Involute Gears. Gear Technology, Nov-Dec 2001, Pages. 18-25.
Technical Repor t ISO/TR 4467-1982; Addendum modification
g) Other geometrical parameters. of the teeth of cylindrical gears for speed-reducing and speed-
Tip diameters: da1 = 168,8 mm ; da2 = 429,56 mm increasing gear pairs. ISO 1982.
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