மாற்று சினிமா திரைக்கதை அமைப்புக்கள்

An Introductory To Next Gen Screenwriting
Andhazahi
David J Praveen, Arun Kumar, Franklin Eden, Aravinth Sankar,
Gajinikanth, Rameez Raja, Karthik Dilli, Mahendran Ameergam,
Vatheeswaran Chockalingam, Surendar Lohia, Varshini, Zahir Ibn
Jaffarulah
Copyright 2017 by Naveena Alexander
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods,
without the prior written permission of the publisher/Author, except in
the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other
noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests,
write to the publisher/Author, at the email below.
www.andhazahi.in
First Edition. June 2017.
Price Rs. 90/-
Andhazahi
12, Pillayar Koil Street, Durga Nagar,Tambaram-Santorium,
Chennai - 47
Printed in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

, 12
(Formalism), (Structuralism) 41
, , 51
60
I 67
II 78
87
Reference Books 93
IV

: ,
,
: Handbook For Independent Filmmakers
: , The Book of the Dead,

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:

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.

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. .

.
,
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()
, .

1
: An Introductory To Next Gen Screenwriting
. . .

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( )
.

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, (Isms)
.
(Formalism), (Structuralism),
(Post-Structuralism),
, (Narratology)

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.

naveenaalexander@gmail.com
8220855357

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: Handbook for Independent Filmmakers
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.
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5

. (Formalism)
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,

(,
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Theory of Prose
1925- .

. (
)
( )

6

, , ,

,
, ,
, ,

(Deformalization). (Enstranging)
.
.

( ) (Deformalization)

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.
/ Allegory
( )
Alliteration
Allusion
Analogy
Anecdote
Anthropomorphism
Antithesis
Aphorism
/ - Archetype
- Assonance
- Asyndeton
- Authorial Intrusion
- Cacophony
- Characterization
7
- Chiasmus
- Conflict
- Connotation
- Denotation

- Deus ex Machina
- Diction
Doppelganger
- Epilogue
- Epithet
- Euphemism
- Euphony
- Flashback
- Foreshadowing
- Hubris
- Hyperbaton
Hyperbole
- Imagery
- Rhyme
- Inversion
- Irony
Juxtaposition
- Metonymy
- Mood
- Motif
- Nemesis
- Onomatopoeia
- Oxymoron
- Paradox
- Pathetic Fallacy

- Periodic Structure
() - Plot
- Point of View
-
8

Polysyndeton
- Portmanteau
- Prologue
Pun
- Kennings
- Malapropism
Metaphor
- Satire
- Simile
- Spoonerism
- Stream of consciousness
- Symbol
- Suspense
- Synecdoche
- Theme
- Tone
- Verisimilitude
Verse

.

,

(literariness of literature).

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.
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9
,
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(
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1925-
.

(fabula) (syuzhet).
(story). (plot).

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11
,

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.

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/ Allegory:

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12

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/ Allegory :

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Alliteration:

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Alliteration :
,
.
13
Allusion:
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Allusion :
Analogy:

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,

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Analogy :
,
.
14

Anecdote:

.
Anecdote :
,
.
Anthropomorphism:
(, , ,
, , )
.
,

. ,

.
Anthropomorphism :
(,
) .
Antithesis:

.
,
.
.
Antithesis :
,
15
Aphorism:

.
,
,
.
Aphorism.
Aphorism :
(,
) .
/ - Archetype:

.
,

. Archetype
.
/ Archetype :
,
.
- Assonance:

.
16

, ,
.

.
Assonance :
, ,
.
- Asyndeton:

.
.
Asyndeton.
, , , .
, , Asyndeton.
Asyndeton :
,
.
- Authorial Intrusion:
, ,

(,
) Authorial Intrusion.
- Cacophony:
, ,

17
- Characterization:
,
.
- Chiasmus:
( )
.
, ,
!
Chiasmus :
, ,
.
- Conflict:

,
.
Conflict :
- Connotation:

.
,
.
18

Connotation :
,
.
- Denotation:

Denotation.
, .

. .

.

Denotation.
Denotation :
,
.
-
Deus ex Machina:

,

19
Deus ex Machina
.
.
.
- Diction:

Diction.

.

.

.
.
Doppelganger:
, , ,

Doppelganger .

.
- Epilogue:

Epilogue.

.
Epilogue :
, ,
20

- Epithet:
,

.
,
.
Epithet :
(, ) - ()
.
- Euphemism:
, , ,

.
,
.

Euphemism- .
- Euphony:

Euphony.
- Flashback:
,

.
21

- Foreshadowing:

( )

.
- Hubris:

.
,
,

. Hubris

.
- Hyperbaton:

,
.
,

.
,
.
Hyperbaton.
Hyperbole:
,
.
,

22

.

.
- Imagery:

.
- Rhyme:

.
- Inversion:

.
- Irony:

.
, ,
.
.
.

.
Juxtaposition:
,

.
, The Paradise Lost ,

23
() (Juxtapose)
, ,
The Paradise Lost-
.
Juxtaposition
:
, ,
.
- Metonymy:
, , ,

.
,
.
- Mood:
, ,

( ) .
- Motif:
, ,
,
,
, .
- Nemesis:

.
24

- Onomatopoeia:

.
, ,
. , ,

.
- Oxymoron:

.
,
.

.
- Paradox:

.
,
.
, ,
.
- Pathetic Fallacy:
, ,

.
,

.

25

- Periodic Structure:
,
.
, ,
,
.
() - Plot:
, ,
,
.
- Point of View:

.
. (First Person Point of View),
(Second Person Point of View)
(Third Person Point of View).
(First Person Point of View)

.
,
.
.

.
-
. , , ,

.
26

(Second Person Point of View)

, ,
,
.
(Third Person Point of View)

, ,
.

.
,
. .

.

.
(Third Person Point of View)

. ,
.

.

.

.
-
Polysyndeton:

.
27
,

.
- Portmanteau:

.
,
.
- Prologue:
.

.
Pun:

.
- Kennings:

.
, ,
.
- Malapropism:

.
Metaphor:

28

, ,
.
- Satire:

.
- Simile:

. ,
.
,
.
- Spoonerism:

( )
.
,
.

.
- Stream of consciousness:

.

.
29
- Symbol:

.
, .
.

.
- Suspense:

.
- Synecdoche:
symbol .
- Theme:
. ,
,
.
- Tone:

.
- Verisimilitude:
,
.
Litote:

(negative)
.
30

, .

.
Spoonerism, Litote, Euphemism,

Alliteration, Assonance, Imagery, Onomatopoeia, Metaphor, Flashback,
Foreshadowing .
() ():
.
. .
.

.
.

.

.
.
.

.
.
(). , ,
.
.

.
(Narratology). (narrative)
.

. ,
31
(Order)
(Duration)
(Frequency)
(Mood)
(Voice)
(Order)
,

. (

) &
. () ().
.
.
.

,
, ,
.
()

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.

32

.
.
.
(Duration)
(
)

(Duration).

. , (scene),
(summary), (stretch), (ellipsis)
(pause).
(scene)
.

.
(summary),

.
.

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.
(stretch),
33
.

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(ellipsis),

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,
.

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(pause):

. ,

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.

34

.

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(Frequency)
( ) /

(Frequency).
.
(singulative),
(repetitive) (iterative).

(singulative).
.
.

.
,

. ,
,
..(narrating n
times, what happened n times).

(repetitive). ,

35
(narrating n times, what happened 1 time).

,
.

. Rashomon
,

.

. Rashomon
.
.

.
(iterative),
.
. ,

.
(Mood)
,

.
. (distance),
(perspective), (focalisation).
(distance), (
) .
.
36

,

. (showing) (telling)

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.

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37
.
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(perspective), -- (point-
of-view) .
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.

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(focalisation),

. .
(zero focalisation), (internal focalisation),
(external focalisation).

38

(zero focalisation).
, ,
, , ,

.
.
(internal focalisation),
,
.

.
(external focalisation),

.

.
.
(Voice)

(, , )
.

. (subsequent),
(prior), (simultaneous).
(subsequent),
( )
.
. ,

39
(prior),

. ,
, .

.
(simultaneous),

. ,
.

.
40
(Formalism)
(Structuralism)

.

( - defamiliariasation)

( )
.
(devices & elements)

.
The Morphology of the Folktale
.
.
41

(, ,
, ),
,

.
( - )
.

,
,

( ) . ,

()

.
(literary
devices)

(Generalise)

.

.

,

42

. ,
.

.
()

. .

.

,
.

.

(system)
.

.

(Structuralism)
.

.

(interdependent),
(interrelated) (function)
.
,
,
.
43

.

.

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(orientation).
, ,
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.

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,

,
(system or structure)
()

.
()
( Genre)
.
44

1920-

.

(foregrounding)
.
,

(foregrounding),
(dynamic)

.

.

.
(Post Structuralism)
.
(linguistic)
.

.

.

( paroles )

.

. langue
45
.
(system of signs)
.
(
)

( )
. , (signifier)

(signified) .
.
,
.
(linguistic sign) .
.
( - sign)

. ,
()
.

.
(Anthropological Structuralism)
(Cultural Structuralism).
.

-.

.
46

.

.
,
.
.

( ,
, , ,
, ,
) .

.

The logic of possible narratives
.

. (Virutality),
(Actualization) (Realization).
(action) (possibility
of action),
(transition to action),
(achievement).

( action)
.

.
. ( Three Act
47
Structure -
).

. Structural
Semantics- The Morphology of the
Folktale .
(Actantial Model)
.
(action) (subject),
(object), (helper),
(opponent), (sender), (receiver)

.

.
- desire (subject&object), - power (helper&opponent)
- transmission (sender&receiver).
,
. ( )
( )
.
.
.
, (action)
helper .
opponent ,
, .

. ,

( sender)
receiver
48

(acteurs actors) .
.
.
, ,

. ()

(helper), (opponent), (sender)
(receiver)- .
,

.

.

.

(imagination),
(structure)
.

. ( ,

).
1960 -
.
(Narratology). (
49
) ,
.
Narrative Discourse 1972-
.
.

.
( )

. (chronological
order) -
(narrative order),
(duration)

(fequency)
. (chronological,
narrative order), (duration)
(fequency)

.

.

.

?

?
-
?
50
, ,
(
1960- )

.
.
(Poststructuralism) (1980-
) -

.
-
. ,
( ).

. .

(), ,
-
.
()
( ,
, , )
51
( , ),

()
.

.
, (ideologies)
,

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. ,

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.

(, , , , ).

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.
,
52

(
)
.

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(
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.
53

.

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,
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,

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54

.

.

.
, ,

.

,

.

.
, ,

.

.
55

(, )
- ,
-
, -
(
)

.
(Poststructuralism)

.
, ,
,
.

.

. ,

(signifier & signified),

,
(presence )
,

.
56

(binary)

.
(
) (deconstruction)

.
(, ,
, )

.

.

(

) .

.

. .

57
.
.

(Narratology).
,
.

. (acts)

(narration)
.

.
( )

.
.
,

.
,
, (
) (, , ,
.)
.

,
58

,
,
,
.
,

, ,

() .
59

.

.

.

.

.

. .
. ,
,

.

()

.
(over-use)
,
60

()

: , ,
: Handbook For Independent Filmmakers-
.

.

.

.
(
), .

- .

-
.
-

.
.
1,2,3.. .
61
- .
1, 2, 3..
2, 1, 3. 3, 1, 2.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.-
6.

.

.

(characterisation),
(suspense),
(closure)
.

.

.

( &
62

.
).

. ,

.
-

(characterisation),
(suspense),
(closure)
.

.
(characterisation), (suspense),
(closure)

(first
act) , (second
act) , (third act)
.

.

.

63
. ,
(films without time jumps)
(films with time jumps), .
(Layered Structure)
.

1.
2.
3.
(films with time jumps)

1.-
2.
1.

.

.

.

, ,
,

.
64

,

.
,

.

.
(, , ,
)

.

. ,
, , , ,

.
65
( ),
( )
-
.
66
I

.
(Layered Structure) (Loop
Structure) .
(Layered
Structure) . (Loop Structure)
.
(Layered
Structure) .

()
.
(blocks)
.

.
.

.
67
.

, , , ,
.
, , , ,

. ,

.

.
,
.

.

,

.
,
,
.
, , , ,
.
,
.
.

68

.
,

.

.
,
,

.
.

.
.

.
(,
)
.
.

.

, ,
,

,
.
69

,
, ,
.

,
.

,
. .

.

.
.
Midaq Alley - Mexico Cinema
Midaq Alley
. .

.

.
.
.
Amores Perros

.
70

Amores Perros .

.
.
.
.
.

.
.

. ,
,
.
.

.
.

.

.
.

.
-

-
.
- .
71

.

. Midaq
Alley
(,
)
.

.
, ,

.

.
,

.

,
.

,

.
72

.

.

.

,

.
.

.

.

.

.

, ,
.
, ,

73

-
.
.
La Haine French Cinema

.

.

.
La Haine .
(
, ,
.
,
)

.

.

.

74

( )

.

.

.

.
.

.

.
. .

.

.

.
,
75
,

.

.

. .

.

.
.
The Secret in Their Eyes - Argentina Cinema

.
.
-
.
.

.

-
.

.

.
76

.

. 25

,
,
,
25

.

.
.

.

.

.

- .
,
-
-
.
77
II
(films with time jumps)

.
.

,

.

. (layered structure)

. -
. ,

& :
78

.

.
(layered)

.

.
.
:

.

.

.

.
.

.
:

79

.
.
( )
( )
.
:

.
.
-
.
The Sweet Hereafter Canadian Cinema

. The Sweet Hereafter

.
.
. ,
.
,
, .

.

.
.
.
80

.
.
.

.
.
.

,

.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.

.

.
.

81
.

.

.
,

.
.

.
.
,

.
.
,

.
,

.

. , ,

82

.

.

.
,
,

.
.
Amores Perros - Mexico Cinema
Amores Perros .
.

.
.
. Three Burials
of Melquiades Estrada
.

.
.

& Amores
83
Perros Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada

.

. ,
.
,
. Amores Perros
( -
)
.
.

.
.

.
. .
.

.
.
Amores Perros
.
fractured tandem
. Amores Perros
.

.
Portmanteau
.
.

(
84

) .

.

.
,
.
vantage- (vantage

).
,
.
.

&
. &
-

.
&

.

-

.

.
.
85
.
.

.

.

.
.

.
,
&

.
86

.

.

.

.
,
()
(realistic)
(
)
.
,

.
? .
(realistic)

,

87
.

.
.

. (realistic)

.
(realistic) ()
( )
.
.

.
,
.
(realistic)

.
.
.
,

(realistic).
,

.
.

.
88

,

(
)
.

.

( - )
, .

. ,

,

.

.

()
.

.

89

.

(
)
,
.

.

.
. (Realistic), (Classicism)
(Formalism).
(,
-) .
,
,
.
,
.

.

.
.

.

90

.
.
(Realistic Style),
(Formalistic Style)
,
.
, ,

.

.

,

.

.
.
.
-
,
.

()
-
.
,
,
,
.
91
-
.
(
)
, ,

.

(Auteur Style)
. -
.

,
. ,
-

.

.
,

(-) .
92
Reference Books
Formalism & Structuralism
Literary Theory An Introduction by Terry Eagleton

Theory Of Prose by Viktor Shklovsky
The Role of Folklore Study in the Rise of
Russian Formalist and Czech Structuralist Literary Theory by Jessica Evans
Merrill
Literary Theory The Basics by Hans Bertens
Literary Techniques
Style in Fiction Edited by Randolph Quirk
Narrative & Narratology
Time And Narrative Vol 1 by Paul Ricoeur

Narrative Discourse: An Essay In Method by Gearard Genette
A Companion To Narrative Theory Edited by James Phealan & Peter J.
Rabinowitz
Film Theory
Closely Watched Films: An Introduction to the Art of Narrative Film Technique

by Marilyn Fabe
Film: A Critical Introduction by Maria Pramaggiore & Tom Wallis
Film Art An Introduction by David Bordwell & Kristin Thompson
93
From Aristotle To Gabriel: A Summary of the Narratology Literature for Story

Technologies by Joanna Kwiat (Technical Report)
The 21st Century Screenplay: A Comprehensive Guide To Writing Tomorrows
Films by Linda Aronson
Understanding Movies by Louis Giannetti
94

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Copyright:

An Introductory To Next Gen Screenwriting

: Handbook For Independent Filmmakers

: , The Book of the Dead,

, The Paradise Lost ,

(First Person Point of View)

(Second Person Point of View)

(Third Person Point of View)

(Third Person Point of View)

Spoonerism, Litote, Euphemism,

(narrating n times, what happened 1 time).

(devices & elements)

(films without time jumps)

(films with time jumps)

(films without time jumps)

(films without time jumps)

Midaq Alley - Mexico Cinema

La Haine French Cinema

The Secret in Their Eyes - Argentina Cinema

(films with time jumps)

The Sweet Hereafter Canadian Cinema

Amores Perros - Mexico Cinema

Perros Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada

Formalism & Structuralism

Literary Theory An Introduction by Terry Eagleton

Style in Fiction Edited by Randolph Quirk

Narrative & Narratology

Time And Narrative Vol 1 by Paul Ricoeur

Closely Watched Films: An Introduction to the Art of Narrative Film Technique

From Aristotle To Gabriel: A Summary of the Narratology Literature for Story

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