19.05.

17

Dinosaurium Batch 1 text changes

p.10 Sauropodomorpha

Originally translated text:

Line 4: late Triassic

Line 16: gizzard stones of modern birds and crocodiles
Line 17: evidence that their mouths may have

Key to plate:

Line 1: 120kg of cycads, conifer and gingko

Line 5: suggest it wasnt

Revised text:

Line 4: Late Triassic

Line 16: gizzard stones of modern birds
Line 17: evidence that the mouths of some species may have

Key to plate:

Line 1: 120kg of cycads (an ancient group of seed plants), conifer and
gingko
Line 5: suggest that the specimen wasnt

p.16 Sauropoda

Originally translated text:

Line 4: 100 tonnes ten times the weight of a modern elephant. They
went on to evolve extremely large body sizes multiple times in
different species.

Key to plate:

Line 5: A diplodocus could swing its tail

Line 12: which may have been

Revised text:

Line 4: 100,000kg sixteen times the weight of an African elephant. Often

various species went on to develop extremely large bodies.
Key to plate:

Line 5: A diplodocus could swing its tail

Line 12: which may have been for temperature regulation or defence.

p.18 Titanosauria

Originally translated text:

Line 2: such as the Diplodocididae and Brachiosauridae.

Line 4: the titanosaurs, beasts that literally shook the ground as they
walked.
Line 6: which was then part of the giant landmass Gondwana
Line 7: The latest titanosaur find, from Patagonia, is one of the largest
dinosaurs discovered so far.

Key to plate:

Line 3: Weight: 70 metric tons

Line 9: longer than four London buses end to end.
Line 11: been 10% larger than Argentinosaurs

Line 3, column 2: Theres also evidence that later on, the titanosaurs remains
were pulled apart by marauding theropod dinosaurs.
Line 8 onwards: Tyrannotitan chubutensis were also discovered at the site,
suggesting that some lucky scavengers had the heast of a lifetime 95-100
millionyears ago. The creatures neck would probably have been held roughly
horizontal for most of the time, but they could have fed from the ground or
reached up to 14m for food. Its heart would have been the weight of three people
and pushed up to 90 litres of blood round with one beat. To survive, this species
would have needed the equivalent of a skip-full of food a day, using its huge gut
to slowly digest its plant-based diet.

Revised text:

Line 2: such as the Diplodocididae and Brachiosauridae.

Line 4: the titanosaurs, which included some of the largest land-living
animals that ever existed.
Line 6: which was then part of the giant landmass, Gondwana
Line 7: One of the latest titanosaur discoveries, from Patagonia, is among
the largest dinosaurs discovered so far.

Key to plate:

Line 3: Weight: 70,000kg

Line 9: longer than three London buses end to end.
Line 11: been 10 per cent larger than Argentinosaurs
Line 3, 2nd column: It also seems as if the titanosaurs may have been scavenged
after death.
Line 8 onwards: Tyrannotitan chubutensis one of the largest known theropods,
were also discovered at the fossil site. These lucky theropods may have been able
to feast for weeks on the titanosaurs remains. When walking the creatures long
neck would have been held horizontal. But when feeding, its neck could have
reached upwards to browse at a height of up to 14m, or swooped down low to
feed on plants close to the ground. In order to survive, this animal would have
had to eat massive quantities of plants a day, which it would then digest in its
massive gut.

p22. Theropoda

Originally translated text:

Line 1: meaning beast foot

Line 4: The killers of the dinosaur world, they ranged
Line 16: palms always faced downwards

Key to plate:

Line 4, column 3: 2: Skeleton

Revised text:

Line 1: meaning beast-footed

Line 4: The dominant land predators of their time, they ranged
Line 16: palms always faced inwards

Key to plate:

Line 4, column 3: 2: Coelophysis bauri skeleton

p.24 Ceratosauria

Originally translated text:

Line 1: The Ceratosauria, meaning horned lizards, is a

Line 3: The Ceratosauria include the early Coelophysoidea, the dominant
theropods of the Late Triassic, represented by Coelophysis, and the
Neoceratosauria, which were medium to large-sized carnivores
with large, deep skulls. Coelophysoideans were succeeded by Early
Jurassic species, such as Syntarsus and twin-crested Dilophosaurus,
as well as Ceratosaurus of the Late Jurassic.

Line 8: By the Early Cretaceous period, the Ceratosauria has disappeared

from the northern continents and had spread to Gondwana, in
what is now South America, Africa, India and Madagascar. Here
they are represented by the abelisaurids, a clade of the
 Neoceratosauria which includes Abelisaurus, Carnotaurus and
Majungasaurus, and several other relatively large theropods.

Line 12: Like Ceratosaurus, Carnotaurus also had horns

Line 13: Majungasaurus was the apex predator of its time in Madagascar,
when it was already an island.

Line 14: Majungasaurus would have prey mainly on sauropods, such as

rapetosaurus

Revised text:

Line 1: The Ceratosauria, meaning horned lizards, are a

Line 3: The Ceratosauria first appeared in the Late Triassic period, around
225 million years ago. One of the best known is Coelophysis, a swift,
agile hunter of the Late Triassic, with strong hind legs, a long tail
and an S-shaped neck. Many fossil specimens have been found
together, suggesting they lived, and possibly hunted, in packs.
Early Jurassic cerataurians included the twin-crested
Dilophosaurus (made famous by the film Jurassic Park) as well as
Ceratosaurus (illustrated above), from the Late Triassic.

Line 8: By the Early Cretaceous period, the Ceratosauria has disappeared

from the northern continents and had spread to Gondwana, in the
south. Like Ceratosaurus, Carnotaurus had horns above its eyes,
while the slightly smaller Majungasaurus

Line 13: Majungasaurus was the apex predator of its time in Madagascar,
which was already an island.

Line 14: Majungasaurus would have prey mainly on sauropods, such as

Rapetosaurus

p26. Allosauria

Originally translated text:

Chapter title: Allosauria

Line 5: have included stegosaurids,
Line 10: Gondwana during the Early and Middle Cretaceous,
Line 13: Isle of Wight, UK
Line 17: would have hunted the mammoth Cretaceous

p.27

Line 4: was found in the Morocco Sahara

Key to plate:
 1. Allosaurus fragilis
Allosaurus was known to be an active predator. There is evidence of
allosaur attacks on Stegosaurus, including an Allosaurus tail vertebra with
puncture marks that fit a Stegasaurus tail spike, and a Stegasaurus neck
plate with a wound that matches the shape of an Allosaurus bite. Unlike
Tyrannosaurus, its bite wasnt capable of crushing bone.

2. Carcharodontosaurus fragilis skull

Revised text:

Chapter title: Allosauroidea

Line 5: have included stegosaurs,
Line 10: Gondwana during the Early and Late Cretaceous,
Line 13: Isle of Wight, England
Line 17: would have hunted the huge Cretaceous

p.27

Line 4: was found in the Sahara Desert, in southeast Morocco,

Key to plate:

1. Carcharodontosaurus fragilis skull *new text positioning

2. Allosaurus fragilis
Allosaurus is known to be an active predator. Evidence for this comes
from an Allosaur tail bone that was punctured by a Stegosaurus tail spike,
suggesting the two were engaged in a fight, as well as Allosaurus bite
marks that were found on a Stegasaurus neck. Unlike Tyrannosaurus,
Allosaurus bites werent strong enough to crush bone.

p.28 Spinosauridae

Original text:

Line 6: One species, Baryonyx

Revised text:

Line 6: One species, Baryonyx walker

p.32 Tyrannosauridae

Original text:
Line 3: Tarbosaurus from Asia, must have ruled the land, the apex
predators during the final 20 million years of the Cretaceous.
Line 8: shape massive head on the end of a s-shaped
Line 10: hadrosaurs of the day

Key to plate:

Line 10, column 3: 2% of fossil

Revised text:

Line 3: Tarbosaurus from Asia, ruled the land during the final 20 million
years of the Cretaceous.
Line 8: shape a massive head on the end of an S-shaped
Line 10: hadrosaurs

Key to plate:

Line 10, column 3: 2 per cent of fossil

p.34 Ornithomimosauria

Original text:

Key to plate:

Line 4, column 2: Ornithomimus may have used the long feathers on its arms for
mating

Line 5, column 3: belonged to a huge, hump-backed

Revised text:

Key to plate:

Line 4, column 2: Ornithomimus may have used the long feathers for mating
Line 5, column 3: belonged to a strange, hump-backed

p.40 Troodontidae

Original text:

Line 1: The family of troodontids

Key to plate:

Line 3, column 1: Weight: ???

Line 4, column 1 onwards: At first, this dinosaur, which gives its name to the
group, troodontids, was only known from a single, recurved, serrated tooth,
found in Montana, USA, in 1856, making it one of the first dinosaur finds in North
America. The name means wounded tooth. At first the tooth was thought to
have come from a lizard but it was later established as belonging to a dinosaur.

Revised text:

Line 1: These dinosaurs were

Key to plate:

Line 3, column 1: Weight: 50kg

Line 4, column 1 onwards: At first, Troodon, was known only from a single,
recurved (bending backwards), serrated tooth, found in Montana, USA, in 1856.
This was reflected in its name, which means wounded tooth. Although it is one f
the first dinosaur finds in North America, at first the tooth was through to have
come from a lizard. However, it was later established as belonging to a
maniraptoran dinosaur.

p.44 Dino Birds

Original text:

Key to plate

Line 15, column 2: A duck-sized troodontid preserved in the act of sleeping, with
its beak tucked under its wing representing another behavioural link between
birds and dinosaurs.

Line 10, column 3: very simple filament-like protofeathers which were reddish in
colour, with a light banded tail.

Revised text:

Key to plate

Line 15, column 2: The duck-sized troodontid is known for its sleeping posture
after a fossil was found with its beak tucked under its wing just like a roosting
bird. Its name means sleeping dragon.

Line 10, column 3: very simple reddish, down-like filaments, known as

protofeathers, thought to be a very primitive type of feather.

p48 Ornithopoda

Original text:

Line 8: hypsilophodonts, iguanodonts and hadrosairs.

Key to plate

Line 1, column 1: Tenotosaurus tilletti

Line 7, column 1: Most of its length was in its long, stiff and bony tail, which
made up over half of its body length.

Line 7, column 3: Some scientists take this as evidence that packs of Deinonychus
preyed on juvenile Tenotosaurus, although it could mean that Deinonychus
scavenged its bones.

Revised text:

Line 8: hypsilophodonts, iguanodonts and hadrosaurs.

Key to plate

Line 1, column 1: Tenotosaurus tilletti (being attacked by a pack of Deinonychus)

Line 7, column 1: It had a stiff and bony tail, which made up over half of its body
length.

Line 7, column 3: Although it is unknown whether Tenotosaurus was alive when

the bite marks were made, or if the Deinonychus was scavenging.

p.50 Basal ornithopoda

Original text:

Chapter title: Basal ornithopoda

Line 1 onwards: These fast, light herbivores ran around on two legs, their
speed aided by their long stiff tails. They are known from a
number of species including Hypsilophodon,
Atlascopcosaurus, Oryctodromeus and Orodromeus.
Line 4: Basal ornithopods are characterised by their small size,
sharp beaks, cheek uches and long tails, stiffened by bony
rods. They also had less teeth than later ornithopods. These
successful forms lasted from the Late Jurassic to the end of
the Cretaceous period.
Line 7: Some basal ornithopods are also

Key to plate:

Line 1, column 3: The species, foxii, was named after Reverand William Fox,
an enthusiastic Vitorian fossil collector, who found many of the specimens. His
wife said of him that it was always bones first and the parish next.

Column 3: 2. Rear teeth

Revised text:
Chapter title: Primitive ornithopoda
Line 1 onwards: These dinosaurs were fast, light herbivores that ran around on
two legs. Primitive ornithopods were also characterised by their small size,
sharp beaks, cheek pouches and long tails, stiffened by bony rods.
Line 7: Some primitive ornithopods are also

Key to plate:

Line 1, column 3: *new paragraph entry

2. Hypsilophodon skull

The skull had large eye sockets and a sclerotic ring a collection of small bones
around the eye, which is thought to have strengthened the eyeball and helped
with focusing, particularly in dim light.

Column 3: 3. Rear teeth

p.54 Iguanodon

Original text:

p55 Line 2: Recent discoveries, and re-examination of old bones once thought
to belong to Iguanodon,

Revised text:

p55 Line 2: Recent discoveries, and re-examination of old Iguanodon bones,

have shown

p.58 Egg Mountain

Original text:

Line 14: an as yet unnamed azhdarchid.

Key to plate:

Line 13: 89.9% mortality

Line 14: 12.7% for

Revised text:

Line 14: an as yet unnamed pterosaur.

Key to plate:

Line 13: 89.9 per cent mortality

Line 14: 12.7 per cent for
p.62 Thyreophora

Original text:

Key to plate:

Line 9, column 1: It is known from a small portion of its skull

Line 4, column 3: Its teeth were leaf-shaped with serrated edges, and would have
been used to snip off leaves. The lack of wear on the teeth, however, suggests
that Scutellosaurus didnt chew its food before swallowing it.

Revised text:

Key to plate:

Line 9, column 1: Scutellosaurus is known from a small portion of its skull

Line 4, column 3: Scutellosaurus had leaf-shaped teeth with serrated edges,

which it used to snip off leaves from the lower branches of trees and bushes. The
lack of wear on the teeth, suggests that Scutellosaurus swallowed its food
without chewing it.

p.64 Stegosauria

Original text:

Line 1: The stegosaurids

Key to plate:

Line 6, column 2: ..had a broader skull, and, unlike later stegosaurs, it had teeth
at the front of its mouth, and relatively long forelimbs.

Line 11: overtaken its front legs

Revised text:

Line 1: The stegosaurs

Key to plate:

Line 6, column 2: ..had a broader skull than later stegosaurs and teeth at the
front of its mouth, as well as relatively long forelimbs.

Line 11: tripped up its front legs