SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

III Year I Semester

Lecture : 3 +1* Internal Marks : 40
Credits :3 External Marks : 60
Course Objectives:
To introduce the concepts of approximation of signals using orthogonal
functions and their transformation techniques.
To develop an understanding of Signal transmission through the systems.
Learning Outcomes:
Students will be able to
perform the signal approximation using orthogonal functions.
analyze the signal transmission through linear systems.
apply correlation and convolution techniques for different signals.
perform transformations on signals.
UNIT I: Signal Analysis
Introduction to Signals and Systems, Classification of Signals, Basic Operations on
Signals, Elementary Signals, and Systems viewed as Interconnection of Operations,
Properties of Systems. Analogy between Vectors and Signals, Orthogonal Signal
Space, Approximation of a function by a set of mutually orthogonal functions, Evaluation
of mean square error, Representation of a function by a closed or complete set of
mutually Orthogonal functions, Orthogonality in complex functions.
UNIT II: Fourier Series Representation of Continuous Time Signals
Trigonometric and Exponential Fourier series, Relationship between Trigonometric
and Exponential Fourier series, Representation of a periodic function by the Fourier
series over the entire interval, Convergence of Fourier series, Alternate form of
Trigonometric series, Symmetry conditions, Properties of Fourier Series, Complex
Fourier spectrum.
UNIT III: Fourier Transform
Representation of an arbitrary function over the entire interval: Fourier transform,
existence of Fourier transform, Fourier transform of some useful functions, Fourier
transform of periodic function, Properties of Fourier transform, Energy Density
spectrum, Parsevals Theorem.
Sampling: Sampling theorem for band limited signals: Explanation and reconstruction
of signal from samples, aliasing, Sampling Techniques: impulse sampling, natural
and flat top sampling.

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UNIT IV: LTI Systems
Linear Time Invariant (LTI) System, Response of LTI system: Convolution Integral,
Graphical interpretation, Properties of LTI system, Transfer function and Frequency
Response of LTI system.
Signal Transmission Through LTI Systems: Filter characteristics of LTI systems,
Distortion less transmission through LTI system, Signal bandwidth, System bandwidth,
Ideal LP, HPF and BPF characteristics, Causality and Physical realizably-Paley-
Wiener Criterion, Relationship between bandwidth and rise-time.
UNIT V: Correlation of Continuous Time Signals
Cross correlation and auto correlation of Continuous time signals, Relation between
Convolution and Correlation, Properties of Cross correlation and autocorrelation, Power
density Spectrum, Relation between auto correlation function and energy/power
spectral density function
UNIT VI: Laplace Transform
Laplace transform of signals, Convergence of Laplace transform, Properties of ROC,
Unilateral Laplace transform, Properties of Unilateral Laplace transform, Inversion of
unilateral and Bilateral Laplace transform, Relationship between Laplace transform
and Fourier transform.
Z-Transform: Z Transform of sequence, Properties of ROC, Properties of Z
transform, Inverse Z transform: Long Division, residue, partial fraction and
convolution methods, Relationship between S-plane and Z-plane.
Text Books:
1. Signals and Systems- A.V. Oppenheim, A.S. Willsky and S.H.Nawab, PHI,
2nd Edn.
2. Signals and Systems- Narayan Iyer and K Satya Prasad, Cenage Pub
Reference Books:
1. Signals, Systems &Communications- B.P.Lathi, BS Publications, 2003.
2. Signals &Systems- Simon Haykin and Van Veen, Wiley, 2nd edition.
3. Signals and Systems- K.R.Rajeswari, B.V.Rao, PHI 2009.
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