/ 2007

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:
/ : a.chartsa@gmail.gr

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University of Michigan ( 2005)

/ 2007

(26 )
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7
 ABSTRACT

Asynoula Chartsa

The environmental effects of pig enterprises in the region of Evia.

November / 2007
The environmental effects of the function of pig enterprises (26 in total) have been
activated in the region of Evia, have been valuated through visiting and collecting data.
We visited 8 of these (31 percent) where we filled in a questionnaire, took pictures of
the facilities and marked down the site of each on a map.

We gathered this information from a questionnaire based on the extent, the oldness,
the sources of energy used and also gathered information related to their Collection,
Treatment and Disposal Systems of liquid waste. Local features like settlements, rivers,
torrents, archeological sites, coasts, etc were listed as well. Finally, we calculated the
volume of the daily waste within each enterprise.

In the research, we also included a swine enterprise which is based in Inofita, a region
in the province of Viotia. In the particular pig farm, apart from what was mentioned
above, a research on the diminution of waste polluting load (expressed in BOD5)
through various stages of waste treatment was added.

Moreover, financial factors and the total consumption from all means of energy were
considered. The total consumption was converted into released carbon dioxide (CO2).

The current regulation on pig farm functioning was presented and the necessary
actions must be carried out by the farmers so as to attain a new Operational License. A
prerequisite, in order for the operational license to be issued is the Approval of the
fulfillment of the Environmental Standards. These concern the distances between the

6
enterprise and the previously described local features and their Waste Management
Systems.

In general the bad conditions of the facilities and the importance of an updating was
established as was the shortage of funds in this field. Six out of nine pig farms keep less
than 2 Km distance from rivers and torrents. One out of nine hasnt got a Waste
Management System, while six of them command Biological Treatment (the activated-
sludge system), one use cesspools and the last has a system of earthen Lagoons.

Actions over the new operational license issue were taken by two of the nine pig
farms. One of which was closed down because it hasnt respected the required distance
from a basic settlement.

Ending, a statement was made related to the public opinion on the consumption of
polluted water with nitrates and Cr+6 in the region of Inofyta, resulting into the
degradation of Asopos river. These environmental impacts are the reason for measures
to be taken by the ministry YPEXODE and the local Authorities.

1. .....1

2. 2

3. 4

4. Abstract...6

5. ...15

6. 16

7. 18
7.1 ..18
7.2 - 18
7.3 ..19
7.4 19
7.5 ...20
7.6 (GIS)20
7.7 21

8. ...22
8.1 ...22
8.2 ...24
8.3 .25
8.4 ....27
8.5 29
8.6 .38
8.7 39
8.8 ...45

9.
.....52
9.1 2007.54

8
9.2 1 ..55
9.3 2 ..59
9.4 3 ..63
9.5 4 ..65
9.6 5 ..71
9.7 6 ..74
9.8 7 ..76
9.9 8 ..77
9.10
........................................82
10.
89
10.1. ..89
10.2 89
10.3 .94
10.4 ....100
10.5 ...103
10.6 CO2105
11. ....111
11.1 . ..111
11.2 - / 01-08-2002119
11.3 .121
11.4 ...129
12. ...134
13. ....140
14. 1.....143
15. 2.....145

9


1 :
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2 : , ..49
3 : 8
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4. 1 .
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5. 2 .
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6 3 .
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7. 4 .
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8. 5 .
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9. 6 .
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10. 7 .
.87
11. 8 .
.87
12.
, (m3 ), BOD5 , COD ..88
13.
....100
14. .100
15. ..101
16. ..101
17. - .102
18. ()......102
19. - ...103
20.
.....104

10
 21.
....107
22. ,
(g kWh) ...108
23. ...109
24: CO2 ...110
25 :
113
26 :
...122
27 : ,
....131
28 : ,
...131

11


1 : 1 ..57
2: 2 ...60
3: 3 ...64
4: 4 ...68
5: 5 ...72
6: 6 ...75
7: 8 ...78
8: ....95

12


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2 : 56
3: ,
. ....58
4: .58
5: .59
6 : - .61
7 : .61
8 :
....62
9 : 2 ...63
10 : ...66
11 : ..67
12 : ..67
13 : ..69
14 : ....70
15 : ..........................................................70
16 : 73
17 : ...73
18 : 78
19 : ..79
20 : ...80
21 : ..80
22 : 300
81
23 :
....81
24 : ...91
25 : 13
.....................................................................................................................................91
26 : ..92

13
 27 : ,
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28 :
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29 : -
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30 : -
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31 : - ..98
32 : - ..99
33:
103
34: ....120

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150 2004 Jose Carlos Faria Feijoeiro,
2500 , Milagres
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Milagres Lis Seica,
1997.
1999, 11
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. Environment Statistics Pocketbook. Data 1980-1999
.
- , 1996 33.129.000
. 377.000.000
1995 1999 369.000.000 1996.
220.000 7
( 1993 1999).
,
,
. (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu , 15/02/07)

. ,
,
. ,
.


(1 000 )
1997 7.781
1995 377.000
1998 64.578
1997 242
1997 24.000
1999 84.000
1999 12.443
1998 62.000
1999 1.240
1998 4.375
1995 118
1 :
.

2002 ,
2012
2020. Europe in Figures- Eurostat yearbook
2006-2007

46
 ,
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. (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu , 15/02/07)
. 2005

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47
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2001
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(http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu , 15/02/07)
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51


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1 1120 1968
2 225 1997
3 170 1992

4 1000 1971
5 150 1973
6 250 1981

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8 800 1973
3 : 8
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30 .

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, 13 13 .
20
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.

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67
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( 14, 15) ,
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. BOD5
700.

5 .
, 20 ,
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69
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15 : .

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1974 . 5
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72
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73
 18 : .

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1981 .
1
.
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, 60 cm, 10%.
.

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6 1
100
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.

1989 ,
. 2 1500 m2,
21 .
150
.

. 7-10
. .
40 cm 1,20 m 2
1 cm. 50
, 8 10%.
.
,
20
1 .
. 4 .
, ,
.

76

.
- .
1998,
.
.
,
.

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.
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1973 .
7.200 m2
55 .
.
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77
 7: 8 ..

78
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23 :
.

81

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.
,
.

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.
, . (. , 1998)

, ,
.

, :
0,977 Kg/ Lt.
0,058 Lt/ Kg ..
10% .
80% .
,
,
.
.

.
,
. :

82
 BOD5 3,1 % .
COD 9,6 % .
(. , 1998)
1
4 :

/ .. .. (kg)
(kg) Lt/kgZB
(lt/d)
1 1120 165 184800 0,058 10718,4
2 3055 13 39715 0,058 2303,47
3 3584 25 89600 0,058 5196,8
4 3696 70 258720 0,058 15005,76
5 60 200 12000 0,058 696
11515 51,44 584835 0,058 33920,43
4. 1 . .

= 33.92 m3 / . 10%

= 33.92 * 10/ 3,5 = 96,91 m3 / . 3,5%

, 2 (BOD5 )=

33920,43 * 3,1 /100= 1051,52 Kg/ 40.443 mg/Lt .

2 (COD) = 33920,43 * 9,6 /100= 3256,36 Kg/

125.244 mg/Lt.

2
5 :
/ .. .. (kg)
(kg) Lt/kgZB
(lt/d)
1 225 165 3.7125 0,058 2.153,25
2 610 13 7.930 0,058 459,94
3 495 25 12.375 0,058 717,75
4 790 70 55.300 0,058 3.207,4
5 11 200 2.200 0,058 127,6
2.131 51,44 114.930 0,058 6.665,94
5. 2 . .

83
 = 6,65 m3 / . 10%

= 6,65 * 10/ 3,5 = 19 m3 / . 3,5%

, 2 (BOD5 )=

6665,94 * 3,1/100=206,64 Kg/ 7.947 mg/Lt .

2 (COD) =6665,94 * 9,6 /100= 639,93 Kg/

24.612 mg/Lt.

3
6:

/ .. .. (kg)
(kg) Lt/kgZB
(lt/d)
1 170 165 28.050 0,058 1.626,9
2 510 13 6.630 0,058 384,54
3 374 25 9.350 0,058 542,3
4 595 70 41.650 0,058 2.415,7
5 9 200 1.800 0,058 104,4
1.658 51,44 87.480 0,058 5.073,84
6 3 . .

= 5 m3 / . 10%

= 5 * 10/ 3,5 = 14,28 m3 / . 3,5%

, 2 (BOD5 )=

5073,84 * 3,1/100=157,28 Kg/ 6.049 mg/Lt .

2 (COD) = 5073,84 * 9,6 /100= 487,08 Kg/

18.734 mg/Lt.

84
 4
7:

/ .. .. (kg)
(kg) Lt/kgZB
(lt/d)
1 1.000 165 165.000 0,058 9.570
2 3.160 13 41.080 0,058 2.382,64
3 1.997 25 49.925 0,058 2.895,65
4 3.514 70 245.980 0,058 14.266,84
5 52 200 10.400 0,058 603,2
9.718 51,44 355.855 0,058 29.718,33
7. 4 . .

= 29,72 m3 / . 10%
= 29,72 * 10/ 3,5 = 84,91 m3 / . 3,5%

, 2 (BOD5 )=

29718,33 * 3,1 /100= 921,27 Kg/ 35.433 mg/Lt .

2 (COD) =29718,33 * 9,6 /100= 2852,96 Kg/

109.729 mg/Lt.

5
8 :

/ .. .. (kg)
(kg) Lt/kgZB
(lt/d)
1 150 165 24.750 0,058 1.435,5
2 428 13 5.564 0,058 322,71
3 330 25 8.250 0,058 478,5
4 540 70 37.800 0,058 2.192,4
5 0 200 0 0,058 0
1.448 51,44 76.364 0,058 4.429,10
8. 5 . .

= 4,43 m3 / . 10%

= 4,43 * 10/ 3,5 = 12,65 m3 / . 3,5%

85
 , 2 (BOD5 )=

4429,10 * 3,1/100=137,30 Kg/ 5.281 mg/Lt .

2 (COD) =4429,10 * 9,6 /100= 425,190Kg/

16.353 mg/Lt.

6
9:

/ .. .. (kg)
(kg) Lt/kgZB
(lt/d)
1 250 165 41.250 0,058 2.392,5
2 675 13 8.775 0,058 508,95
3 525 25 13.125 0,058 761,25
4 825 70 57.750 0,058 3.349,5
5 11 200 2.200 0,058 127,6
2.286 51,44 123.100 0,058 7.139,8
9. 6 . .

= 7,5 m3 / . 10%

= 7,5 * 10/ 3,5 = 21,43 m3 / . 3,5%

, 2 (BOD5 )=

7139,8* 3,1/100= 221,33 Kg/ 8.513 mg/Lt .

2 (COD) =7139,8 * 9,6 /100= 685,42 Kg/ 26.362

mg/Lt.

7
10:

86
/ .. .. (kg)
(kg) Lt/kgZB
(lt/d)
1 150 165 24.750 0,058 1.435,5
2 405 13 5.265 0,058 305,37
3 285 25 7.125 0,058 413,25
4 495 70 34.650 0,058 2.009,7
5 3 200 600 0,058 34,8
1.338 51,44 72.390 0,058 4.198,62
10. 7 . .

= 4,2 m3 / . 10%

= 4,2 * 10/ 3,5 = 12 m3 / . 3,5%

, 2 (BOD5 )=

4198,62 * 3,1/100=130,16 Kg/ 5.006 mg/Lt .

2 (COD) =4198,62 * 9,6 /100= 403.07 Kg/ 15.502

mg/Lt.

8
11 :

/ .. .. (kg)
(kg) Lt/kgZB
(lt/d)
1 800 165 132.000 0,058 7.656
2 2.320 13 30.160 0,058 1.749,28
3 1.680 25 42.000 0,058 2.436
4 2.640 70 184.800 0,058 10.718,4
5 0 200 0 0,058 0
7.440 51,44 388.960 0,058 22.559,68
11. 8 . .

= 22,5 m3 / . 10%

= 22,5 * 10/ 3,5 = 64,28 m3 / . 3,5%

, 2 (BOD5 )=

22559,68 * 3,1/100= 699,35 Kg/ 26.898 mg/Lt .

2 (COD) =22559,68 * 9,6 /100= 2166 Kg/ 83.297

mg/Lt.

87


BOD5 COD
(.x/)

(m3 / )

1 1120 1968 97 40.443 125.244

2 225 1997 19 7.947 24.612

3 170 1992 14 6.049 18.734

4 1000 1971 85 35.433 109.729

5 150 1973 13 5.281 16.353

6 250 1981 21 8.513 26.362

7 150 1989 12 5.006 15.502

8 800 1973 64 26.898 83.297

12. ,
(m3 ), BOD5 , COD .

88


. :

520 ,
.
,

, ,
.

.
, ,
,
.
,
.

,

.

. :

1973
. 1986
2006 . 5 .
, 2 .
1,5 . . 500
. 60 20


.

89
 , ,
,

. 14 ,
,
.
.
2, 3 .
6-10 ,

.

2 . 14
,
.
,
.
2 .
4,5,6
.
.

.
,
.
.
15 ,
, .

.
,
40-50 .
13 ( 24).
.

90
 .
, .


( 25).

24 : .

25 : 13 .

91
 7,8 9,
10, 11, 12 .
2/3 ,
1/3 (
26).
.
,
, 1 1,5 .
,
.

26 : .

( 27)

( 28).
.

92
 27 : ,
.

28 :
.

93
. :

,
.
2006 .

:
1.
2.
.
40
,
. ,
:
1. --
-
2.

3. ( )
4.
5. -
().

94
 8: ..

T , ,

.

.
, , ,
( 29).

95
 29 : -
-.

1-1,5Nm3/ m3/hr
.
( )

.
( 30) .
20%.

96
 30 : -
.

(
)
( 30 ) .
( 60C) ,
.

- ( 31)
80%
85.

97
 31 : - .

-

.
100%
(MLSS) .
-
( 32).
BOD5

90%.
.

98
 32 : - .

. 6.
3m
1 .

:


:
1
2 ,

3
(facultative)
:

.

.

99
 . :

,
.
, .
.
3% .
13 ( ) :
Qw=15335/0,3=52m3/d

( 14) : 12000mg/lt.

/ .. .. (kg)
(kg) Lt/kgZB
(lt/d)
1 500 165 82.500 0,058 4.785
2 1.300 13 16.900 0,058 980,2
3 1.600 25 40.000 0,058 2.320
4 1.700 70 119.000 0,058 6.902
5 30 200 6.000 0,058 348
5.130 51,44 264.400 0,058 15.335,2
13. .

/ ..
(kg) Kg/d/1000kg.. kg/d mg/lt

1 BOD5 264.400 2,2 581,7 12.000

2 COD 264.400 6,6 1.745,0 33.560
3 TSS 264.400 6,0 1.586,0 30.000
4 TVS 264.400 4,5 1.190,0 22.885
5 264.400 0,39 103.116 1.983
6 P 264.400 0,17 44.948 864
7 K 264.400 0,1 26.440 508
14. .

.
, ,
.

100
 :
:6,5m
: 6,5m
: 5m
: 2,5m
106m3.
20%.
:

.
.
Qw m3/d 52 52

COD 20% mg/lt 33.560,0 26.846,0

kg/d 1.745,0 1.396,0 349,0
BOD 20% mg/lt 12.000,00 8.950,00
kg/d 581,7 465,4 116,3

15.

.
40% 25%.
:

.
.
Qw m3/d 52 52

COD 25% mg/lt 26.846,0 20.135,0

kg/d 1.396,0 1.047,0 349,0
BOD 25% mg/lt 8.950,00 6.714,00
kg/d 465,4 349,1 116,3
SS 40% mg/lt 30.000,00 18.300,00
kg/d 1.586,0 951,6 634,4
16.

101
 -
36x20x6,0H, 4320m3.
. -
:

.
.
Qw m3/d 52 52

COD 80% mg/lt 20.135,0 16.115,0

kg/d 1.047,0 838,0 209,0
BOD5 80% mg/lt 6.714,00 1343
kg/d 349,1 69,82 157,5
SS 90% mg/lt 18.300,00 1.830,0
kg/d 951,6 95,16 856,4
17. -
.

.
6,5x6,5x2,2m 93,0m3
5x5x1,8 ( ).
:

.
.
Qw m3/d 52 52

COD 50% mg/lt 16.115,0 8.058

kg/d 838,0 419 419
BOD5 50% mg/lt 1.343,00 671,5
kg/d 69,82 34,92 34,9
SS 60% mg/lt 1.830,0 732,0
kg/d 95,16 38,1 57,06
18. ().

- .
35x45x4,5H, 7087m3.
- :

102
 .
.
Qw m3/d 52 52

COD 90% mg/lt 8.058 806

kg/d 419 41,9 377,0
BOD5 90% mg/lt 3.365,00 337
kg/d 175,00 17,5 157,5
SS 90% mg/lt 10.980 1.098,0
kg/d 571,0 57,1 513,9
19. -
.

. :

( 33 ) .
6. 3m
1 .

, , .
.

33:
.

103

3
m /d 52

BOD5 Kg/d 14

SSin kg/d 46

, (1-2,3) m/yr 1,5

BOD5 Kg/ha/d 121

SS Kg/ha/d 100

ha 1,26
( F1=Qx365/k)
ha 0,115
(F2=BOD5max/ )
ha 0,46
(F3=SSin/SS)
20.
.

12 . ,
( 30
).

.
3,5m3/d (
18%).

.
,
.

.

104
 ,
(tc=18d)

.
.
( 80%)
( ).

( 1 ) [2], 0,5kg
/m2_. :

25kg/d/0,5kg/m2_d=50m2.

7x20m2=140m2, .

.
20cm 10-20cm,
30cm.

. (CO2 ) :

,
, .

, 40.000 Kwh ,
2000 Lt 5.500 Lt .
:
,
() ,
.

.

105

, ,
.

.
.


4 .

,
.

.
,
, CO2
.
.
CO2 :
CO2 .
, :

(
).
.
(
, ).
CO2
.
:

(
).

106
 ,
.
CO2
.

,
. ,
, , , ,
.

, ,
(, , ...).
CO2, :


CO2
.
2004 2007

.
21 .

40.000 Kwh
2000 Lt
5.500 Lt

21. .

( 6.5 ,
- ),
,
22, 1 kwh 850 gr CO2 .

107
 CO2 SO2 CO NOx HC -

850 15,5 0,18 1,2 0,05 0,8

2006
1062,5 19,4 0,18 1,5 0,05 1,0

2006
( 2)
346,6 1,55 0,06 0,567 0,02 0,2

22. ,
(g kWh) (: )

, , CO2
( 21, 22 ) :
40,000 (kwh / ) * 0,85 (kgr CO2 / kwh) = 34.000 kgr CO2 / 34 CO2 /
( 1).
1,8 kgr/lt
:
2000 (lt /) * 1,8 (kgr /lt)=3600 kgr / .
, 1 kgr 3.030 gr CO2
23.
, , CO2
( 21, 23 ) :
1350 (kgr / ) * 3.030 (gr CO2 / kgr ) = 4.090.500 gr CO2 /
1350 (kgr /) * 3,030 (kgr CO2 / kgr ) = 40.905 kgr CO2 /
40,9 CO2/ ( 2).
, 1 kgr diesel 3.142
gr CO2 23.
diesel 0,850kgr/lt
diesel :
5.500 (lt diesel/ ) * 0,850 (kgr diesel /lt)= 4.675 kgr diesel / .
, , CO2
diesel ( 21, 23 ) :

108
 4.675 (kgr diesel / ) * 3.142 (gr CO2 / kgr diesel) = 14.688.850 gr CO2 /
4.675 (kgr diesel /) * 3,142 (kgr CO2 / kgr diesel) = 14.688,85 (kgr CO2 / ) 14,69
CO2/ ( 3).

K [,] (g/kg )

CO2 SO2 CO NOx HC
,

(kWh/kg)

1 11,45 3175 14 0,565 5,363 0,188 1,832

(1500)

1 11,11 3109 64 0,553 5,251 0,184 1,832

(1500)

3 11,40 3175 14 0,565 5,363 0,188 1,832

(3500)

3 11,05 3091 64 0,550 5,221 0,183 1,832

(3500)

11,92 3142 0,7 0,572 2,384 0,191 0,286

12,73 3030 0,0 0,332 2,102 0,080 0,100

13,83 2715 0,0 0,332 2,102 0,080 0,100

23. (: A)

: CO2,
1, 2, 3 :
34 + 40,9 + 14,69 = 89,59 90 C02 / .

109
 , greenpeace,
- CO2, 24.
30 CO2, .

CO2
( ,
)
14.51
( )
5500
m3
(m3 kWh)
kWh
1350 4.09

40000 kWh 44.00

(kWh )

62.60

CO2

24: CO2
(http://www.greenpeace.org/greece/137368/137462)

110


. .

.
26 2007
8 ( 30.8 %), 1/3 .

. 2 , 2
, , 3
19
. 1
.

,


.

,
. ,
, ,
BOD5 COD
. ( 25)

111
112


BOD5 COD
(.x/)

(m3 / )

1 1120 1968 97 40.443 125.244

2 225 1997 19 7.947 24.612

3 170 1992 14 6.049 18.734

4 1000 1971 85 35.433 109.729

5 150 1973 13 5.281 16.353

6 250 1981 21 8.513 26.362

7 150 1989 12 5.006 15.502

8 800 1973 64 26,898 83,297

9 520 1972 52 12,000 33,560

25 : .

, 2
.

,
.
,
.

113
114

.
1000 170 .
, 1000 170,
, 170,
.
3
, .

19 .
,
.
1120, 800 150. 1120
, 150
800
. ,
.
3 8
.
,

.
1 . 800
800 , 2000 ,
, 1,5 .
,
500 .

115
116
 4
. 250 225
, .
225 225 2
600 250 1
.
750
500 ( ) 350
.
6 ,
,
. 1997 ,
,
,
. ,
.
.


.
,
.

.

117
118
. - / 01-08-2002

2007
2002 -
(. ). 80
(,
..) ,
( )

:
1. , , ,
..
2.
27/7/2002, .
3. ,
, .
4. .


.
( ), .

.
34
) .

119
 34: .

.
.

120
.

1990 (
678 / / 25-10-90)
, ,
.

25/10/94.
,
,
...

.
20
( 678 / / 25-10-90),

. ( 1 2000 343/ / 4-5-95)


( 17/ / 25-2-86).
.
:
1 ,
5,5 , 25- 100 .
2,75 25 ,
.

20 , 20 .

121

20-40 41-80 81-160 161-320 321-650 > 650
(m)
o
50 100 150 150 200 200
o
100 150 200 200 250 250
o
500 250 400 550 750 1100 1500
o

400 550 750 1100 1500 1500
501 2000
o 2001-
5000 . 550 750 1000 1500 2000 2000
o ,
o >5000

o ,
750 1100 1500 2000 2500 2500
..
o ,
.
o
200 250 300 350 400 500

26 :
.

( , ),
.

/ .
:
,
1998
1/22399/70,
1/6001/67 1/6001/67

122

, ,
1997.
4 1995
1 2000
1997

1997.
1995 ,

.
7
,
(2 ) ( . , 1998)

A. :
629 630 1990
( m2 /, ,
, ...)
.


. ,
.

1994- 1999.
B. .
.
( ) 50 mgr/ lt ,
,
.
( . , 1998)

123
 2007
.
3010 2002 ( 1650/1986 97/11
. 96/61 .)
, ,

(...)
.
()
() ( 332/ /
20/03/03 ). :

,
,





.

( 332/ /
20/03/03 ) ()
.

.
:
.
7

, , .
.
( ) , .
( )

124
 ( ).
(, , ...)

.
.
.
.
.


( 332/ / 20/03/03 )
:
, .
, , ,


()
,
.


. ( 332/ / 20/03/03 )



, ,
.


.
.

.
3010/2002

125
 . ,

:

,


, , ,
,
,
,
, .

( ),
, ,
,
.

,

.

:


( )

BOD, COD.
( 332/ / 20/03/03 )
, 1/ 2000 , ,

:

126
 :

, ..
,
.


..



(P), (),
,
-
, , ,
, ... , BOD5
1200 mg/l COD 4500
mg/l 0,45 % .

8
,
...
,

(, ...)
:

( )
(.. )

.

..

127
 ,

(, ...)
(
)


, ,
, ..
.
,
, .

.
,
,
,
,


(
, ,
..)
( ,
, , , ,
, , ..)
1/2000



.

128
.

.
, 90-100 Kgr.
() ().
:
A. .
B. .

,
, 2005,

.
.

, 6 .
.
12.000 14.000 .
,
.
, (air condition) .
,
, , , .
,

, .
7.000 .
, 60.000 .

15.000
. , , 1
3 .
200.000 220.000 .

129
 ,
:

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

. , ,
, , .

. ,,
.
6
.

. , 250
. 27 6 ,
,
.
, ,
. ,

2007.

.

130





(5)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (6)
5 20 81 100 32 12 250
618 / 549 / 264 / 248 / 257 / 291 /
3.090 10.980 21.384 24.800 8.224 3.492 71.970
27 : ,
.

70.000 72.000 .

10 . 7
, .
,
7
.

. 10.500
12.000

40.000 Kwh , 1350 Kgr 5500 Lt diesel.

. 50 Kgr
. 27 . 28
, ,
.


diesel
40.000 Kwh 27 5.500 Lt
0,09 / Kwh 20 / 0,60 / Lt
3600 540 3300
28 : ,
.

131
 8.000 8.500 .

, 12
.

650 700

, ,
5.000 6.000 .

2.000 , .

,
, ( )
88.000 93.000 .

, 90- 100 Kgr

.
. ,
40 .

.

.
, .
.
,
,
..
2007, 900
. 2007 0,80
0,85 / Kgr .
1,20 1,25 / Kgr .
.

132

1,40 1,45 / Kgr .
,
1,30 1,35 / Kgr .

:
900 / * 95 Kgr / = 85.500 Kgr . .

85.500 Kgr . .* 1,30 / Kgr = 111.150

85.500 Kgr . .* 1,35 / Kgr = 115.425

3000 .

( ) 115.000
120.000

133


2007 ,
. -
3-4
, ,
. -
-

.
,
,
.
,
.
10
. ..
. ,
, ,
. .
, , ,
, , ,
.

. 5-6
. .
, ,

,
.


.

134

, .
, ,
; :
- ;

(8 2007)
,

2/2600/2001- - 892 /
11-7-01 9, . 1 : .
,
,
, .
,
, ,
.



,
.


.
!

.
,
,
,
- .

.

135
. ,


.


500
. 1969
.
.

, .
,

.
.
,
.

,
.

.

, ,

... 2007.
.. ,
, ,
,
.
..

,
,

136
 .
.


.

. . .
,
, . ...
- , 2007 .
, ,
,
.

, ,
, .
17 gr/Lt .

.

. 70 gr/Lt
.



.
73 gr/Lt
70 gr/Lt .
55 gr/Lt .
11
,
,
- -

.

137

,
.

,
. .


.
. ,
,
. .
-
600 30.000, .

. .
. .
2007

,
:


,



.
.

,

,
.
.

138

.
,
10- 12 ...
.
.
20 , , , , , ,
, 30 13 .
,
,
1979
300 .
,
.

. , , ,

. .

,
, ,
, .

.
, .

139


1. ., 1998.

, (...)

2. ., 1998.

3. ,

(http://www.hachp.gr/htmls/Frameset.htm).

4. Ellen Taylor- Power, 1998, Questionnaire Design: Asking questions with a purpose,

Agricultural Extension Service, Texas

5.

(http://www.cres.gr/energy_saving/Ktiria/ktiria_intro.htm)

6. greenparty@cytanet.com.cy , 10- 12- 2006

7. Greenpeace,

(http://www.greenpeace.org/greece/137368/137462)

8. ., ., .,

(...) /

9. Halvadakis C., Lekakis J., 1988 Hog-Farm Waste Management: Investment

Opportunities in Greece

10. http:// europa.eu.int

11. http://www.kirki.gr/statistics.htm

12. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu

13. http://reports.eea.europa.eu/state_of_environment_report_2005_1/el

14. , .,

CO2

140
 (http://www.plantmanagement.gr/online/article.asp?returnPage=SECTION&group=3&secti

on=16&articleid=679)

15. , , ., 1999,

16. 93/76/ 13 1993

(SAVE),

(http://europa.eu.int/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=EL&nu

mdoc=31993L0076&model=guichett)

17. , .,

. (http://www.ecocity.gr/main.php?cat=54&art=95#)

18. , ., - ,

(http://www.spitia.gr/show_article_details.asp?pop=%FC%F7%E9&article_id=147&cat

id=484)

19. Thomas Pretz, Nikos Nikou, Christos Kontos, 2001 The effects of the European

Directives 94/62/EC and 99/31/EC to the waste management sector in Greece

20. , 6.5 ,

- , ,

1, 2005

21. E:

. ,

, , ., 2001

22. E:

. 21475/4707

. , 2000

23. 142//29.1.2004,

24. Wright R., 2005, Environmental Science

141
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Research Institute, UK

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