1

1.1
1859 Titusville
Pennsylvania, 69,5
(~21 ) .
,
. ,
, ,
.
. ,
, :
.

, ,
. 1900 Antony Lucas
Spindeltop Texas.
.

.

,
(Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts-PDC).
.
,
( )
. ()
( ),
.

,
( -)
.
( ).
.
.

1.2
( 1.1)
:

1. (Derrick) 17.
2. (Engines) (Mud tanks)
3. (Drawworks) 18. 3
4. (Mud
pump) (Stand of 3joints of
5. pipe)
(Crown block) 19.
6. kelly (Rathole
(Traveling where kelly is kept
block) during tripping)
7. (Hook) 20.
8. .
(Swivel) (Close-up of rotary
9. 4/ 6/ table)
(Kelly)
10.
(Rotary table)
11.
(Blowout preventers)
12.
(Drillpipe)
13. (Drill collar)
14. (Bit)
15.
(Cemented casing)
16.
(Shale shaker)

1.1.

2

1.2.

(Crown block)

(Drilling line)

(Traveling block)

(Hook)

(Swivel)

(Rotary table)

(Drawworks)

(Mud pumps)

1.2.

(onshore)
(offshore).
() .
, (conventional) (mobile).
.
. ,

3

.
.
(jackknife) (self
portable). ( 1.3)
.
( 1.4),
, ,
.
.

1.4.
1.3.

.
[ (bottom support)]
(floating).
.
, .
jackets,
.
(semi-
submersible) (drill-ship).
,
. ,

4
CONDEEP Brent . 145
, 16 20
50 , .
.
200000 t 820000 t .
jacket ( 1.5 1.6)

,
. () 45
, 50 .
COGNAT BULLWINKLE
315 415 .
,
,
, ,
/ .

1.5. jacket () 1.6. jacket

()

jackup ( 1.7)
.
() () , ,
. (
)
. To jackup ,
, . ,
. ,
.

5
 1.7. jackup 1.8.

1.9.

(semi-submersibles) ( 1.8)
. :
(multi-hull) (multi-legs).
, .

, .
,
(7-10 ).

6

.
(drill-ships) ( 1.9)
,
,
.
.

1.3 ,

,
.
,
. 1.10.

(Crown
block)

(Fast line) (Dead line)

(Traveling block)

(Drawworks)
(Anchor)


(Storage reel)

() ()


(Load indicator)
(traveling block) (crown block)
()

1.10.

, , , :
. , ,
.
1.11.

1.12 .
. , ,
, ,
(conductor),
.
, ,

7
.
. ,
.
, .
( ), .

&


swivel

(mousehole)

kelly





&

1.11.

(Conductor
pipe)

24

171/2 133/8

121/4 95/8

81/2

1.12.

8
 .
(.. , ,
..)
. 1.13.
.

1.13.

,
,
,
( , ) ( 1.14).

1.14. (a), (b), (c)

,
(weight on bit),
.
, .

9

[ 1.15 ()].

[ 1.15 ()].



,



.
= WOB

, -



.


27 ft 30 ft.

, -
,




(off bottom) ,



(on bottom)
()
(Weight on bit WOB)
() . ,


1.15. ,

.
, 1.13,
, ,
.
(
) .
( ).

.

( 1.1 1.2).
.
.

(storage reel) (anchor),
( 1.10).

10

.

1.4
(swivel),
(kelly), (rotary table),
() (master bushing), kelly (kelly drive bushing),
(drill string) ( 1.16).

(hose)

(swivel)
4/ 6/
(kelly)
(rotary drive) kelly

(rotary table)

(drill pipe)

(drill collars)
(bit)

1.16. 1.17.

( 1.17) 4/ 6/
.
: 1.
.
. 2.
kelly
. 3. ( )
kelly .
T kelly, 4/
6/ . kelly
. kelly
(
1.18).

11
 ( 1.18)
Kelly.

.
.

1.18. : (a), (b),

kelly (c)

12
1.5
.
.

,
. (duplex)
(triplex) ( 1.19).

() ()
(Duplex design) (Triplex design)

1.19.

, , ,
(-suction)
[ 1.20 ()]. ,
[ 1.20 ()].

1.20.

( ) :

2
V= dL Ls (1.1)
4

dL:
Ls:

13
 , 3/
1.1 ( ). , , :

2
Vp = 3 d L L s E p (1.2)
4

Ep:

,
( ) :

2
V1 = dL Ls ( ) (1.3)
4

4
(
2 2
)
V2 = d L d r L s ( ) (1.4)

dr:

, (
) :

4
2
( 2
)
Vp = 2 2d L d r L s E p (1.5)

Ep: .

1.6 1

.
,
(, , )
, .
, ()
(kicks) / (blowouts). ,
.
, ,
.

(),
(, ,
- manifold, ..) ( 1.21).

1
Blow Out Preventer (BOP) -

14
 (
) .

1.21.

( 1.12 1.16). .
. , ,
( 1.22)
.

,
. ,
kelly,
, , / (

kelly /
).


.
, ,

, . ,

15
 (),
, .
[ 1.23 (a)]
, , .

1.22.

1.23.

, ,
,
(under balanced drilling),

16
 .
, .

1.7
,

.
,
20, ( )
.
.
,
, .
.
10 ,

. ,

.
5%
, . , 1%
.
.
, ,
.
.


. ,
, 1000 . ,
.

(riser)
( 1.24). (flex joint),
riser, .
(slip joint), riser,
.
, riser.

riser. , riser

.

17
 1.24.

18