JUST

REPHRASING
14. Patrick didnt understand you because your
explanation wasnt clear enough.
Rewrite the sentences. Make the necessary If
changes, but the meaning has to be the same.
15. First we bought the necessary food. Then we
1. Susan works with Michael. Her brother is a cooked a fantastic dinner.
good friend of mine. Before
Susan,
16. If Sam doesnt stop talking in class, hell be
2. The doctors think that the patient will survive. punished.
The patient Unless
17. I havent emailed Terry for a long time.
3. Nobody appreciated Thomas in spite of his Its
wealth. 18. You must go home, Peter.
Although Its time
19. We dont have to take the school bus.
4. I cant wear these jeans. Theyre too old- We neednt
fashioned. 20. Whats the length of the river Thames?
These jeans How
21. Sally ate a lot of fast food when she was young,
5. You must obey your parents, our teacher but she doesnt now.
said. Sally
Our teacher insisted
22. Sorry, Meg, I didnt find your keys.
6. There were too many people at the disco. Alice apologised
Thats why we left so early. 23. Due to the bad weather, we decided to stay at
We left so early home and play cards.
Since
7. The students will never forget what Professor
Jones had done for them. 24. Will you have dinner with me tonight, Louise?
What John
25. The company made a huge loss. However, only a
8. I prefer swimming to sunbathing now. few workers have lost their jobs.
Id In spite of
9. You should cut down on fatty food.
Youd 26. You always complain about doing the
10. Why dont we have dinner at home just for a housework, which is a nuisance.
change? I wish
How about 27. Its believed that banks are responsible for the
11. My parents made me finish my homework global economic crisis.
before going out. Banks
I
28. It was unfair of Paul to accuse me of being
12. You mustnt drink alcohol unless youre 18. always late for work.
Drinking Paul accused me
13. The boss gave Paul a lot of responsibility.
Paul 29. I hate working long hours.
If only
30. Has everybody finished this exercise?
The teacher





1. Two of his teeth were broken in a fight. HAD

He .. broken in a fight.
2. He went to the bank to get some money. SO
He went to the bank ... money.
3. As soon as I reached the station the train arrived. SOONER
No .. the station than the train arrived.
4. I dont suppose you can help me with my homework? Jim said to me.WHETHER
Jim wanted to know .. with his homework.
5. She looked like she was going to cry. IF
She looked .. to cry.
6. You will be late for school unless you leave now. IF
You will be late for school . now.
7. I want to have a party, but my flat isnt big enough. WISH
I . big enough for me to have a party.
8. Its a pity I didnt go to that party. WISH
I .. that party.
9. Why dont you make an effort to improve your life? WISH
I .. an effort to improve your life.
10. She stayed up late because she wanted to finish some work. SO
She stayed up late some work.
11. Her feet hurt because her shoes were too tight. SO
Her shoes were .. her feet hurt.
12. The party was successful and we all stayed very late. SUCH
The party was .... we all stayed very late.
13. Daniel hasnt locked the doors yet. BEEN
The doors .. yet.
14. He started painting fifteen years ago. BEEN
He fifteen years.
15. The question was so difficult that I couldnt answer it. TOO
The question to answer.
16. Paul is the most careful driver of all. AS
No one else .. Paul does.
17. Ben is smarter than Steve. AS
Steve . Ben.
18. The last time she went her grandmothers house was three months ago. BEEN
She .... her grandmothers house for three months.
19. Axel is mending the broken table. BY
The broken table . Axel.
20. Mr. Burns is employing more staff. He wants to expand his business. THAT
Mr. Burns is employing more staff his business.
21. We took a camera. We wanted to take some photographs. THAT
We took a camera .. some photographs.
22. When he first saw her, she was sitting alone on a bench. BY
When he first saw her, she . on a bench.
23. I find people dropping litter disgusting. THAT
I find .. disgusting.
24. Hes got little patience with young children. MUCH
He .. patience with young children.
25. There are only a few people who can speak Hungarian. MANY
There .... can speak Hungarian.
 PASSIVE ACTIVE REPORTED DIRECT SPEECH

M Rewrite the sentences into direct speech.
Rewrite the sentences into the active voice: 1. Pam suggested cooking pasta that night.
I
X 1. When was Shakiras latest CD released? 2. Sue asked Peter if he was going to study at
When university the next year.
E 2. The fire is said to be caused by a ray.
D The police 3. My brother refused to lend me 10 and he
added that he didnt trust me.
3. Sams getting his car repaired tomorrow.
R The mechanic
E 4. Carl said he had lost his library card the week
P 4. The competition has been cancelled by the before.
members of the Olympic committee.
H The members 5. The security card told us to open our bags.
R
A 5. These letters must be typed by 2 p.m. 6. Mum wanted to know who I was going to the
The secretary next Saturdays party with.
S 6. This wine is exported to the USA.
I Wineries
N 7. Lots of vegetables were grown in this area 7. Andrew told me that he would propose to
before the casino was built. Mary the following month.
G Farmers
before 8. Daniel asked Meg how much her new laptop
2 8. Can we have our breakfast served at 7 had cost.
tomorrow?
Can the waiter 9. The policeman ordered Peter to turn his
A 9. The contract with the new Managing mobile off.
C Director will be signed next week.
The company 10. I advised Pam not to eat so much ice cream.
T
I 10. I have had my black jacket ironed. 11. Jill commented that the new teacher had
V My wife given them a lot of homework.
11. The film start is being interviewed on the
E red carpet. 12. The nurse told the patient to take his
The reporters medicine.
& 12. Nothing has been heard about Mikes
promotion. 13. My brother offered to give me a hand with
We my translation.
D 13. A powerful sports car is advertised on the
I media nowadays. 14. Pam didnt agree to come around that night.
Ford
R 14. When is the meeting by the Democrat 15. The receptionist remarked that Dr Jones
E candidate held? would be away for a week, so I couldnt make an
C When appointment with him.
15. A popular actor is said to have crashed
T into a tree.
Magazines 16. I asked Tim to get some fish & chips that
S night.
16. A passport is needed to travel abroad.
P People
E
E
C
H

 too or enough / so or such

1. The coke was so cold I couldnt drink it.
The coke was too...
2. That house isnt cheap enough for me to buy it.
That house ....
3. The story was too good to be true.
The story was so ....
4. He's such an exciting dancer that everybody wants to see him.
The dancer..........
5. My sister is not old enough to go to pubs.
My sister is too....
6. The thief ran so fast that the police couldn't catch him
The police....
7. It was such a boring lesson that I couldn't help yawning.
The lesson...
8. We couldn't go swimming because it was too cold.
It was........
9. The TV volume was so high I couldn't hear what you said
The TV volume was too...
10. It was such an interesting book that I read it three times
The book...
11. The book was so interesting that I couldn't put it down.
It was.......
12. Jane was not fair, in fact she knew she was wrong, but she didnt accept it.
Jane was so...........
13. He was such a boring speaker that nobody paid attention to what he said.
The speaker ....
14. She is too unpleasant to be the leader.
She is not....
15. The button was so tiny that nobody could see it.
It was........
16. James is so rich that he could buy anything.
James............
17. The trousers were too short for him.
The trousers weren't......
18. The train was so slow that everyone complained.
It was........
19. He was driving too carelessly to avoid the accident.
He
20. The students are not interested enough to concentrate.
The students
21. Shes too shy to make a speech in public.
Shes
22. He didnt work fast enough to finish on time.
He worked
23. Some people are too impatient to be good teachers.
Some people
24. We didnt get up early enough to catch the train.
We got
nouns, verbs and adjectives +
preposition

Many nouns,
verbs and adjectives are used with particular prepositions:
we say dozens of, die of, afraid of, and also ability at, apologize for,

pleased with. There are not many rules to help you choose correctly in
these cases, so you have to learn each expression separately.

Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition. Choose from the list
below.
at in of with from to for into about between on
after

1. Are you interested _________ poetry?
2. I wont go out! Im afraid ________ spiders!
3. My handwriting is different _________ my
mothers.
4. Mrs. Clark is very fond _____ classical music.
5. The 7.30 train was crowded ______ people!
6. She is very good _______ foreign languages.
7. Sometimes Julia is a bit jealous __ her Mum.
8. I need a change in my life! Im totally bored
______ my life!
9. Sara is excited _____ going to Paris.
10. Michael is brilliant _____ playing chess.
11. Mum was angry ______ me.
12. Parents are responsible ____ their children.
13. My dress is similar ____ yours.
14. My personality is different ______ yours.
15. Anne was angry ____ not going on holiday.
16. Mary is fed up _____ her job.
17. Thomas is keen _____ playing chess with
his father.
18. I am fully aware _____ my duties.
19. Men are hopeless _____ ironing!
20. Sam is a little short _____ money.
21. Your quick response has prevented me ____
falling.
22. That man over there reminds me ____
somebody I know.
23. Alice got married _____ Henry.
24. Sara is used ____ waking up early.
25. There has been a worldwide increase ____
the unemployment rate.
26. The babys reaction _____ the vaccine was
extremely alarming.
27. There are many advantages _____ living in
the countryside.
28. My opinion differs ______ yours.
29. There are some differences _____ British
English and American English.
30. Were you invited ____ the party?
31. Theres a slight connection ____ her illness
and the food she has been eating.
32. Its so typical ____ him to offer roses!
33. You dont need to help me! Im totally
capable _____ doing the job myself!
34. Dont shout _____ me! It was not my fault!
35. You dont need to shout ___ me! I can hear
quite well.
36. Sally complained ____ her mother _____
Peters behaviour.
37. Im looking _____ my purse. I dont know
where I left it.
38. Im looking _____ my two-year-old cousin.
39. Susie is applying ___ her new job this week.
40. Ive just read a book __ teenage depression.
41. Take good care ____ yourself!
42. Would you please translate this ____
Portuguese?
43. Kevin has succeeded ____ his job.
 ADJECTIVE Suffix ITY Meaning
VERB Suffix-ENCE Meaning
Minor
Differ Possible
Insist Difficult
Interfere Moral
Curious

VERB Suffix-TION Meaning

Connect ADJECTIVE Suffix NESS Meaning
Distort Happy
Organise Light
Correct Polite
Attract Sad
Contribute Good
Because we want you to know more... And morebecause we care about you
Pollute Empty
Reduce Weak
Donate Ready
Satisfy Ugly
Dictate Bitter
Imagine
Appreciate
ADJECTIVE Suffix TH Meaning
VERB Suffix-MENT Meaning Strong
Amaze Long
Excite Warm
Require Wide
Move
And some more
Govern
Employ
Measure
Embarrass
Disappoint

VERB Suffix-SION Meaning

Divide NOUN Suffix- SHIP Meaning
Decide Partner
Member
VERB Suffix-ER Meaning Dictator
Employ Relation
Consume Friend
Observe
Teach
Learn NOUN Suffix-IST Meaning
Violin
Journal
Science
Physics
Terror
 Use a lot of adjectives and adverbs in order to make your description lively!
Describing People Describing Places Describing Objects Describing Events /
experiences /
thoughts
a) The introduction a) The introduction a) The introduction a) The introduction in
where you state where you give the where you give the which you give name,
general facts about the name and location of name of the object time, place, and
person, saying when, the place or building and/or the reason for reasons for celebrating
where and how you and/or the reason for choosing it
first met him/her. State choosing it
the reason for choosing
this person.
b) The body (2 b) The body (2 b) The body (2 b) The body (2
paragraphs) in which paragraphs) describes paragraphs) where paragraphs) in which
you describe their the main aspects of the you give an accurate you describe the
physical appearance, place or building in picture of it. Your preparations and the
personal qualities detail for example, description should actual event in
and/or when you describe a include information separate paragraphs.
hobbies/interests. place you should about size, weight, Use past tenses to
Start a new describe what you can shape, pattern or illustrate those you
paragraph for each see and do there. Start decoration, color, attended some time
topic a new paragraph for origin and material as ago.
each topic well as many special
features. Start a new
paragraph for each
topic

c) The conclusion in c) The conclusion c) The conclusion c) The conclusion

which you express
your personal attitude
towards the person
includes your includes your
comments/feelings and comments/feelings and
/or a recommendation /or a recommendation
concerning this object
which includes
peoples feelings
comments or final
thoughts about the
event.

Describing Places:
Types of places: the country, the country-side, outdoors, the seaside, a beauty spot, a tourist spot,
a tourists paradise/attraction, the beach, a historic monument , a ruined place, a world famous sight,
the site of battle (sight = view; site = place)
Adjectives for places: remote, imposing, superb, easily accessible, inaccessible, peaceful, interesting,
memorable, awe-inspiring, world-famous, off the beaten track, little/much visited, tourist-ridden,
beautiful, picturesque, isolated, breath-taking, pretty, bustling sleepy, lively, sparsely populated

Describing People:
interesting, shy, diffident, pushing, overbearing , talented, lonely, sociable, likeable, a pest, intelligent,
introvert, extrovert, approachable, unapproachable, businesslike, humble, timid, practical, impractical,
a good mixer, a good conversationalist, anti-social, retiring, a sport, a snob, a bore, a know-all,
difficult, arrogant, shrewd energetic, conceited, modest, brash, self-confident, lazy, ambitious,
easy-going, strict, cunning.
Introduction What are you describing?

Body 2 paragraphs
Characteristics of the person, object, place or event.
Each paragraph must deal with a different aspect!
Use a lot of adjectives and adverbs in order to make your description lively!
Conclusion What makes this special? (personal impression or opinion)

When describing people you may want to include

Physical appearance
Personality, character
Attitudes, behavior
Interests, hobbies, profession
Your personal impression / opinion

When describing places you may want to include

Location
Physical characteristics, atmosphere
Special attractions
The culture and people in the place
Historical details
Your personal impression / opinion

When describing things you may want to include

Physical appearance
Origin (where it was made)
Use
Your personal impression / opinion

When describing events you may want to include

The setting where and when it happened PAST TENSES
What happened in chronological order
Your impression or opinion about it Now its your turn!
Choose your topic.

Composition topics
1. Describe a person who influenced your life
2. Describe your city to your cousin in Australia
3. Describe your vacation with your family in Israel or abroad
4. Describe your last class trip
5. Describe your birthday party
6. Describe a special gift you got for your birthday.
 7. Describe your first day in high school
8. Describe a sport event, a performance, a rock concert you have been to

Pay attention to the sample essays.

The Person Who Influenced My life
A person who influenced my childhood most was my father. He brought me up to sensitive, cheerful,
sensible as well as trustworthy person.

My father, Jack, is of medium height in his early fifties. Moreover, he is slim and has got short grey hair, but
he is becoming bald. My fathers face is round and friendly-looking. Jack has small blue eyes, which are
very nice, as well as long nose and small ears. He tends to wear casual clothes like jeans and T-shirt.

My father is an incredibly sensitive person, who helps everyone who needs it. Yet this help is disinterested.
Moreover, my father is so generous that he wants to share what he possesses with others. Furthermore, I
could talk with him about my problems because he is trustworthy and he keeps my secrets. What he does not
tolerate is lie. He has always told me that the worst thing is when we dont tell the truth.

To sum up, Jack is the most important person in my life. Thanks to him my childhood was so good and
pleasant.

Welcome to Bohol, Philippines!

Have you ever been to Bohol? Let me tell you about this place which attracts many tourists. It is an island
located in the south near the province of Cebu. If you come from Manila, you can either take a plane or a
cruise liner to get there.

Aside from its pristine white-sand beaches and the Chocolate Hills, Bohol's tourism assets also include
centuries-old churches and towers. You can find there magnificent scuba diving havens, majestic falls and
caves and historical landmarks. Yet the primitive and exotic fauna and flora is something you dont want to
miss.

There are many things you can do there to make your holiday enjoyable. For example, you can take a boat to
bring you to one to these islands where you could buy fresh seafood or eat in a floating restaurant. You can
also take a dive or have a swim in the clear blue sea with the amazing shorelines. In addition, the local
people are very warm and friendly so they will be happy to take you to various interesting places.

In short, if you are looking for the perfect vacation to relax and enjoy yourself, this is the place for you.

The Bungee Blast

One summer vacation I went to a surfing spot in South Africa, called Seal Beach. There I found the perfect
thing to do, Bungee Jumping! I had never done it but I had always wanted to.

The Bungee area was up on a bridge surrounded by trees, big rocks, and hills all over. On the way up to the
bridge I got a little nervous. When I got there, I was so scared my knees were about to give up on me. Then
the owner came out and asked me my age. He weighed me and measured my height too. Afterwards , he
strapped on a huge weight to my ankles. It was so tight I could hardly feel my toes. Then he attached a
gigantic bungee cord to the end. Last but not least, I had to wear a bright yellow helmet to protect my head.

Now it was time to jump. The owner told me to jump when he said go. He also gave me some useful
advise on not to look down. As soon as he said that I looked down. What I saw was a big river and sharp
jagged boulders. I closed my eyes and when I opened them the owner started counting. One, two, three,
go! I jumped off and my heart felt like it was about to jump out of my chest. Then, I opened my eyes and
everything was upside-down. I bounced up once or twice and thats it.
Eventually, as soon as I got back to the bridge I knew I had done it. It was the greatest feeling ever. Who
ever thought I was afraid of heights?!

The Opening Paragraph

- As long as I live, I will never forget.... Popular adjectives
- This was the most incredible / amazing / exciting
wonderful/fascinating / unforgettable experience. interesting
- This was a once in a lifetime experience. fascinating
magnificent
incredible
boring
The Body of the Composition imaginative
Description of people creative
- He is / was an exceptional man. unique
- He / She has made a strong impact on me. exceptional
- I appreciate his / her special characteristics. extraordinary
-. Everybody appreciates the efforts made....
- He / She does his / her job efficiently.
- He / She enjoys an outstanding reputation.
- It's quite rare to come across such a unique To describe view
person. amazing scenery
scenic views
magnificent sights
. The Body of the Composition outstanding view
Description of Experiences breathtaking
- It was a unique adventure. spectacular
- It was an unusual experience.
- It was an exceptional experience. To describe weather
- It was an unforgettable experience Warm
Stifling
Humid
The Closing Paragraph Moist
- This memory will stay with me forever. Chilly
- The memory of that remains very much Freezing
alive.
- Although years have passed, I still To describe food
remember.... Tasty
- . .. have / has exceeded my expectations. Delicious
Extraordinary
Spicy
Useful Expressions Exotic
- feelings of elation Scrumptious
- feelings of relief
- sense of fulfillment
- a great
accomplishment
- overcome challenges /
obstacles
- exceed my
expectations
- allocate more time to
- break the routine
- achieve the goal
 WRITING COMPOSITIONS: For and Against composition
When we write a for and against composition, we want to show both advantages and
disadvantages and we conclude by giving our personal opinion.

OPENING - Some people love ____, whereas others prefer __. This depends on their age, jobs, hobbies and
Present the general topic how they grew up.
in an impersonal way. - ________ is a controversial topic. Some people say that ___, while others claim that_____.

DON'T GIVE YOUR

OPINION

LIST ADVANTAGES LIST DISADVANTAGES

- The most important advantage of ____ is - The main disadvantage of ______ is ______
- The biggest advantage of _____is _______ - The most important drawback of ___ is ____
- One of the main advantage is _______ - Another disadvantage of _____ is ______
- An additional advantage of _______ is - One major disadvantage of ______ is _____
_____
BODY
Present the advantages and
the disadvantages in two CONNECTORS TO CONNECTORS TO MAKE TO INTRODUCE
paragraphs. Give examples LIST AND ADD CONTRASTING POINTS EXAMPLES
POINTS On the other hand, / In For example / For
In the first place, / spite of / Nevertheless, / instance / Especially /
Secondly, /Thirdly / In Even though / However / Particularly / Such as
addition to this / Although / Despite / / In particular / Like
Moreover, /Furthermore, Despite the fact that /
/ Besides, / Finally,
 CONCLUSION
- In conclusion, ___ has / have both advantages and disadvantages. If, however, I had the
choice, I would choose ____.
- In conclusion, although there are two sides to a coin, I believe that ___
- To sum up, __ not only have / has advantages, but they also have / it also has
disadvantages. I strongly believe / as I see it, _______.

CLOSING
Add concluding comments
and GIVE YOUR CONNECTORS TO INTRODUCE
PERSONAL OPINION. CONCLUSION
In conclusion / In short / To sum up /
In brief / Lastly / Finally / All things
considered, / On the whole / Taking
everything into account, / As was
previously stated, /
 WRITING COMPOSITIONS 2 An opinion composition
When we write an opinion essay, we express our personal opinion on a particular topic. We
want to convince our reader that our view is the best.

OPENING
- In my opinion, __ is one of the most important issues today.

OPENING EXPRESSIONS FOR GI-

STATE THE TOPIC VING OPINIONS
EXPRESS YOUR In fact, in my opinion / It is clear to me that / As I see it / I personally believe that / With
OPINION CLEARLY this, I mean / There are other reasons why I disagree with this statement. I think / From my
point of view /

BODY
- I believe / think / feel that ________ - In my opinion / view ___
- It seems / appears to me that _______ - My opinion is that ____
BODY - As far as I am concerned, ______
Support your opinion
with facts, examples and
CONNECTORS TO LIST AND CONNECTORS TO CONNECTORS TO
reasons. Include a new
ADD POINTS INTRODUCE CAUSE INTRODUCE RESULT
idea in each paragraph.
In the first place, / Secondly, Because / Since / As / As a result, / Therefore
/Thirdly / In addition to this / Seeing that / Due to / / As a consequence /
Moreover, /Furthermore, / because of /Owing to / Consequently / For this
Besides, / Finally, On account of reason, /
 CONCLUSION
- Therefore, in conclusion, it it clear that this topic is food for thought but I have some
reasons to believe that _______
- In conclusion, the issue of _____ should be regarded as an important topic.
CONCLUSION
STATE YOUR OPINION
AGAIN
Offer a solution or a CONNECTORS TO INTRODUCE CONCLUSION
warning. In conclusion / In short / To sum up / In brief / Lastly / Finally / All things
considered, / On the whole / Taking everything into account, / As was previously
stated, /
Greetings Dear ., Physical Appearance
Hi , tall / short / average
Introduction Thanks for your letter. thin / slim / well-built,
It was great to hear from overweight /fat
you black / brown / ginger / fair
Im glad to hear that .. blonde / curly / straight /
Im just writing to balding
Sorry I havent written in his /her teens /
for so long in his / her fifties /
Thank you so much for .. in his /her early/mid /late
Thanks a lot for .. thirties
I was so sorry to hear that teenaged / middle-aged /
Closing It would be great to hear elderly .
from you Personality
Thats all for now. aggressive / nervous / shy
Must go now! patient / competitive /
Give my regards to generous /selfish / mean /
Keep in touch. polite / enthusiastic /
Cant wait to hear from tolerant /easy-going
you rude / careless / frank
Take care. talkative / quick-tempered
Looking forward to kind / sense of humour
hearing from you fascinating / pleasant / funny
Please write soon. sensitive / bossy / ambitious
Regards, considerate / mature /
Best wishes, responsible / honest /
All the best, sensible / possessive /
Bye for now. jealous / imaginative
Love, .

Geograhical Features Beach / coast Peopl e Friendly /

mountain / valley temperamental
sea / lake / river affectionate
Adjectives major / ancient sophisticated
historic / old / cold / polite
industrial / tourist class-based
cosmopolitan / coastal, arrogant
medieval
Culture church / cathedral / mosque / a fountain / a port
musems, theme park / a monument / a statue / harbour
markets / castles / temple / a square / an art gallery
TIME EXPRESSIONS WHICH has both advantages
SHOW WHEN THE EVENTS and disadvantages.
HAPPENED There are both advantages
and disadvantages to
Before / after / while / when /
As soon as / by the time / until / On the one hand
During / yesterday / last week / On the other hand
A week later / In contrast
It all began when Moreover, furthermore
Suddenly Firstly / secondly / ...
In the first place / second ..
SEQUENCE EXPRESSIONS In conclusion / to sum up
WHICH SHOW THE ORDER In short
OF THE EVENTS.

At first / first / in the beginning /

To begin with / next / then / later
Meanwhile / in the end / finally
Eventually.

In my opinion / As I see it / a little / a bit / slightly / fairly/ quite

It seems to me that / rather / really / very / extremely /
I think / feel / believe that
I (dont ) agree that
Personally
It is true that
I also think that
In addition, .. a delicious/ tasty food
Secondly, thirdly, an exciting /entertaining / movie
In conclusion, an absorbing / an informative /
To sum up fascinating book.
All in all, a pleasant /an enjoyable trip
a skilful / fine player
a useful / helpful advice
Others: great / wonderful / lovely
and excellent
an unpleasant / disgusting smell
a dreadful / severe weather
an unpleasant / a frightening experience
a terrible / serious accident
a wicked / an immoral person (Vocabulary from Oxford Advanced
Others: terrible / horrible / awful Learners Dictionary)
an awkward / an embarrassing situation