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Gregorian Chant
Pipe Gregorian I590-604
Composer: Hildegard of Bingen
Notation: Neume
Mass
Office
Syllabic
Nemunatic
Melismatic
Organum 11~13th
Free Organum:
Aquitanian Polyphonic ()
France
Clausulae
a self-contained section of an organum
Clause or phrase
Discant style= both melodies move in model rhythm.
Conductus
Early Motet: Adding new written Latin text to the upper voice above the discant clausulae.
-> French words, secular topics, more than three voices, rhythmic pattern
increasing free.
Motet is flexible => sacred or secular, tenor lost its function and could be replaced by
instrument.
1. Minims
2. Duple allowed (only allowed triple before) imperfect
3. Syncopation
4. Mesuration signs.
Percise notation
Cuillaume de Machaut
- French Ars Nova- Messe de Nostre Dame (Mass of our lady)
- Earliest polyphony setting of Mass Ordinary.
Trecento 14th
Italy
Madrigal
2-3 voices, pastoral, idyllic, love poem. Composed by stanza and ritornello (refrain )
Caccia
strict canon- hunting song.
Ballata
to dance
Renaissance 16th
revive the ideas of ancient Greek and Rome.
Humanism
1. imitative counterpoint
3th, 6th, 5th, 8th, no dissonance and parallel 5th
2. Homophony ()
3. Printing- making notated music available for public => vernacular language,
instrumental music
English school
Countenance angloise
John Dunstable =>
Ockeghen french
- wider range
- cantus firmus
Antoine Busnoys
Baroque 17th
ornate, dramatic, expressive
Affection
Polyphony -> homophonic
Basso continuo : polarity of treble and bass, basso continuo provide harmonic support
dissonance, chromaticism
Harmonically driven counterpoint -> not equal polyphony, melody subdominant to harmony
Ornamentation (trills, scales, arpeggios) -> moving affection
Tonal
Opera
1. means to work ,16th.
2. Affection. Likewise its predecessor, Madrigal,
3. Florence, revive the ethics. Greek tragedy.
4. Orfeo,1600, Peru , first opera.
5. Peru,recitative. Caccini: melody
6. Monody: vocal + accompaniment. ( Arias, recitative )
7. The most successful opera composer in 16th is Monteverdi.
8. Rome opera focused on epic rather than myth, stage effects. Aaria and recitative became
distinctive. Many Rome opera also comprised sinfonia. Female rules: castrati.
9. Venice, international port, wealth, commercial. Middle class families. myth and epic( Homer
and Aristo). More arias, female singers, Diva, to show off their voices and skills.
Cantata
Italy
to be sung
secular solo voice with continuo
Oratorio
17th rome
1. religious
2. Action was subscribed, not performed.
3. Narrator
4. Latin