2 RJESENJA ZADATAKA

Rjesenje. Uputa: x2 y2 = (x y)(x + y) = 1 3 5 7 . Imamo redom cetiri sustava:

x 1 = 1, x + y = 105 ; x 1 = 3, x + y = 21 ; x y = 5, x + y = 21 i
x y = 7, x + y = 15 . Parovi rjesenja koji zadovoljavaju jednadzbu x2 y2 =
105 redom su: (53, 52) , (53, 52) , (53, 52) , (53, 52) ; (19, 16) ,
(19, 16) , (19, 16) , (19, 16) ; (13, 8) , (13, 8) , (13, 8) , (13, 8) ;
(11, 4) , (11, 4) , (11, 4) , (11, 4) .

Zadatak 32. Kub prirodnog broja pri dijeljenju s 9 daje ostatak 0, 1 ili 8. Dokazi!
Rjesenje. Razmotrimo sve mogucnosti za n : n = 3k , n = 3k + 1 , n = 3k + 2 .
n = 3k = n3 = 27k3 , sto je djeljivo s 9, a ostatak pri dijeljenju je 0.
n = 3k+1 = n3 = (3k+1)3 = 27k3 +27k2 +9k+1 = 9(3k3 +3k2 +k)+1 ,
sto pri dijeljenju s 9 daje ostatak 1.

Zadatak 33. Razlika kuba neparnog prirodnog broja i samog broja djeljiva je s 24. Dokazi!
Rjesenje. (2k1)3 (2k1) = (2k1)((2k1)2 1) = (2k1)(2k1+1)(2k11) =
2k (2k 1)(2k 2) . Od triju uzastopnih prirodnih brojeva jedan je sigurno
djeljiv s 3, dva su parna od kojih je jedan djeljiv sa 4.

Zadatak 34. Dokazi: zbroj kubova triju uzastopnih cijelih brojeva djeljiv je s 3.
Rjesenje. (n 1)3 + n3 + (n + 1)3 = n3 3n2 + 3n 1 + n3 + n3 + 3n2 + 3n + 1 =
3n3 + 6n = 3n(n2 + 2) .

Rjesenja zadataka 2.6

Zadatak 1. 1) 2a2 b + 4ab2 ; 2) 3a4 b + 15a2 b2 ;

3) 6a3 b + 8a2 b3 ; 4) 9a4 b2 15a2 b3 ;
5) 10a2 b3 c + 5ab2 c4 ; 6) 5a3 b2 + 20a2b4 .
Rjesenje. 1) 2a2 b + 4ab2 + 2ab a + 2ab 2b = 2ab(a + 2b) ;
2) 3a4 b + 15a2 b2 = 3a2 b a2 + 3a2 b 5b = 3a2 b(a2 + 5b) ;
3) 6a3 b + 8a2 b3 = 2a2 b 3a + 2a2 b 4b2 = 2a2 b(3a + 4b2 ) ;
4) 9a4 b2 15a2 b3 = 3a2 b2 3a2 3a2 b2 5b = 3a2 b2 (3a2 5b) ;
5) 10a2b3 c + 5ab2 c4 = 5abc 2ab2 + 5abc bc3 = 5abc(2ab2 + bc3 ) ;
6) 5a3 b2 + 20a2 b4 = 5a2 b2 a + 5a2 b2 4b2 = 5a2 b2 (a + 4b2 ) .

Zadatak 2. 1) 6a2 b2 12a2 b + 18ab2 ; 2) 7a3 b + 14a2 b2 21a2 b ;

3 2 2 3 3 3
3) 10a b c 15a b c + 25ab c ; 4) 33a4 b3 c2 44a4 bc4 + 55a3b2 c4 ;
5) 30a3 b3 c2 + 18a2 b4 c3 + 6a2 b2 c2 ; 6) 27a2 b4 c 36a3 b4 63a2 b3 c2 .
Rjesenje. 1) 6a2 b2 12a2b + 18ab2 = 6ab ab 6ab 2a+6ab3b = 6ab(ab 2a + 3b) ;
2) 7a3 b + 14a2 b2 21a2 b = 7a2 b a + 7a2 b 2b 7a2 b 3 = 7a2 b(a + 2b 3) ;
3) 10a3b2 c 15a2 b3 c + 25ab3 c3 = 5ab2 c 2a2 5ab2c 3ab + 5ab2 c 5bc2
= 5ab2 c(2a2 3ab + 5bc2 ) ;
4) 33a4b3 c2 44a4bc4 + 55a3 b2 c4 = 11a3bc2 3ab2 11a3 bc2 4ac2
+ 11a3 bc2 5bc2 = 11a3 bc2 (3ab2 4ac2 + 5bc2 ) ;
5) 30a3 b3 c2 +18a2b4 c3 +6a2b2 c2 = 6a2 b2 c2 5ab+6a2b2 c2 3b2 c+6a2b2 c2 1
= 6a2 b2 c2 (5ab + 3b2 c + 1) ;

66
 2
6) 27a2b4 c 36a3 b4 63a2 b3 c2 = 9a2 b3 3bc 9a2 b3 4ab 9a2 b3 7c2
= 9a2 b3 (3bc 4ab 7c2 ) .

Zadatak 3. 1) 22a3 b2 c3 33a2 b2 c4 + 44a3 bc4 ; 2) 21a3 b3 + 35a3 b3 c 28a2b2 c2 ;

3) 2a3 b 4a2 b2 + 2ab3 ; 4) x6 y2 + 2x4 y4 + x2 y6 ;
4 3 2 2 3
5) 4a b 16a b + 16a b ; 6) 50x2 y3 125x3 y4 5xy2 .
Rjesenje. 1) 22a3b2 c3 33a2b2 c4 + 44a3bc4 = 11a2bc3 2ab 11a2 bc3 3bc
+ 11a2 bc3 4ac = 11a2bc3 (2ab 3bc + 4ac) ;
2) 21a3b3 + 35a3b3 c 28a2 b2 c2 = 7a2 b2 3ab + 7a2 b2 5abc 7a2 b2 4c2
= 7a2 b2 (3ab + 5abc 4c2 ) ;
3) 2a3 b 4a2 b2 + 2ab3 = 2ab a2 2ab 2ab + 2ab b2 = 2ab(a2 2ab + b2)
= 2ab(a b)2 ;
4) x6 y2 +2x4 y4 +x2 y6 = x2 y2 x4 +x2 y2 2x2 y2 +x2 y2 y4 = x2 y2 (x4 +2x2 y2 +y4 )
= x2 y2 (x2 + y2 )2 ;
5) 4a4 b 16a3 b2 + 16a2 b3 = 4a2 b a2 4a2 b 4ab + 4a2 b 4b2
= 4a2 b(a2 4ab + 4b2 ) = 4a2 b(a 2b)2 ;
6) 50x2 y3 125x3y4 5xy2 = 5xy2 10xy 5xy2 25x2 y2 5xy2 1
= 5xy2 (10xy25x2 y2 1) = 5xy2 (25x2 y2 10xy+1) = 5xy2 (5xy1)2 .

Zadatak 4. Zapisi u obliku kvadrata binoma:

1) (a 2b)2 + 8ab ; 2) (2a + 3b)2 24ab ;
3) (a2 4b2 )2 + 16a2 b2 ; 4) 20b2 c + (b2 5c)2 .
Rjesenje. 1) (a 2b)2 + 8ab = a2 4ab + 4b2 + 8ab = a2 + 4ab + 4b2 = (a + 2b)2 ;
2) (2a + 3b)2 24ab = 4a2 + 12ab + 9b2 24ab = 4a2 12ab + 9b2
= (2a 3b)2 ;
3) (a2 4b2 )2 + 16a2 b2 = a4 8a2 b2 + 16b4 + 16a2b2 = a4 + 8a2 b2 + 16b4
= (a2 + 4b2 )2 ;
4) 20b2c + (b2 5c)2 = 20b2 c + b4 10b2 c + 25c2 = b4 + 10b2 c + 25c2
= (b2 + 5c)2 .

Zadatak 5. 1) 2a3 12a2 + 18a ; 2) x4 y2 4x3 y3 + 4x2 y4 ;

3) 16a3 b + 48a2 b2 + 36ab3 ; 4) 12a2 b 12a3b 3ab ;
5) 2a3 4a4 2a5 ; 6) 8a(a 1)2 + 24a(a 1) + 18a ;
7) 3a(a2 +1)2 24a(a2+1)+48a ; 8) (x + y 1)2 2(1 x y) + 1 ;
Rjesenje. 1) 2a3 12a2 + 18a = 2a(a2 6a + 9) = 2a(a 3)2 ;
2) x4 y2 4x3 y3 + 4x2 y4 = x2 y2 (x2 4xy + 4y2 ) = x2 y2 (x 2y)2 ;
3) 16a3b + 48a2 b2 + 36ab3 = 4ab(4a2 + 12ab + 9b2 ) = 4ab(2a + 3b)2 ;
4) 12a2b 12a3 b 3ab = 3ab(4a2 4a + 1) = 3ab(2a 1)2 ;
5) 2a3 4a4 2a5 = 2a3(a2 + 2a + 1) = 2a3 (a + 1)2 ;
6) 8a(a 1)2 + 24a(a 1) + 18a = 2a(4(a 1)2 + 12(a 1) + 9)
= 2a(2(a 1) + 3)2 = 2a(2a + 1)2 ;
7) 3a(a2 + 1)2 24a(a2 + 1) + 48a = 3a[(a2 + 1)2 8(a2 + 1) + 9]
= 3a(a2 + 1 4)2 = 3a(a2 3)2 ;

67
2 RJESENJA ZADATAKA

8) (x + y 1)2 2(1 x y) + 1 = (x + y 1)2 + 2(x + y 1) + 1

= ((x + y 1) + 1)2 = (x + y)2 .

Zadatak 6. 1) a(a + b) + 3(a + b) ; 2) a(b 2) + 2(b 2) ;

3) ab(a 1) a(a 1) ; 4) a2 b(b + 1) b(b + 1) ;
5) 2ab(ab 3) 4a2 b2 (ab 3) ; 6) a2 b(ab + b2 ) ab2 (a2 ab) .
Rjesenje. 1) a(a + b) + 3(a + b) = (a + 3)(a + b) ;
2) a(b 2) + 2(b 2) = (a + 2)(b 2) ;
3) ab(a 1) a(a 1) = (ab a)(a 1) = a(b 1)(a 1) ;
4) a2 b(b + 1) b(b + 1) = (a2 b b)(b + 1) = b(a2 1)(b + 1)
= b(b + 1)(a + 1)(a 1) ;
5) 2ab(ab 3) 4a2 b2 (ab 3) = (2ab 4a2 b2 )(ab 3)
= 2ab(1 2ab)(ab 3) ;
6) a2 b(ab + b2 ) ab2 (a2 ab) = ab(a(ab + b2 ) b(a2 ab))
= ab(a2 b + ab2 a2 b + ab2 ) = ab(2ab2) = 2a2 b3 .

Zadatak 7. 1) (2a 1)(3a + 2) + (2a 1)(2a + 3) ;

2) (2a 4b)(a b) (6b 3a)(a + b) ;
3) (a + 2b)(b + c 1) + (2a + b)(b + c 1) ;
4) (a 3b)(a b + c) + (a 3b)(a + b + c) ;
5) (a b + 1)(2b + c) + (a b + 1)(b + 2c) ;
6) (3a + 6)(2a 1) (2a + 1)(a + 2) .
Rjesenje. 1) (2a 1)(3a + 2) + (2a 1)(2a + 3) = (2a 1)(3a + 2 + 2a + 3)
= (2a 1)(5a + 5) = 5(2a 1)(a + 1) ;
2) (2a 4b)(a b) (6b 3a)(a + b) = 2(a 2b)(a b) + 3(a 2b)(a + b)
= (a 2b)(2(a b) + 3(a + b)) = (a 2b)(2a 2b + 3a + 3b)
= (a 2b)(5a + b) ;
3) (a + 2b)(b + c 1) + (2a + b)(b + c 1) = (a + 2b + 2a + b)(b + c 1)
= (3a + 3b)(b + c 1) = 3(a + b)(b + c 1) ;
4) (a 3b)(a b + c) + (a 3b)(a + b + c) = (a 3b)(a b + c + a + b + c)
= (a 3b)(2a + 2c) = 2(a + c)(a 3b) ;
5) (a b + 1)(2b + c) + (a b + 1)(b + 2c) = (a b + 1)(2b + c + b + 2c)
= (a b + 1)(3b + 3c) = 3(b + c)(a b + 1) ;
6) (3a + 6)(2a 1) (2a + 1)(a + 2) = 3(a + 2)(2a 1) (2a + 1)(a + 2)
= (a+2)(3(2a1)(2a+1)) = (a+2)(6a32a1) = (a+2)(4a4)
= 4(a 1)(a + 2) .

Zadatak 8. 1) (ab 1)(a + 2b) (1 ab)(2a + b) ;

2) (2a 3)(b2 2) + (2a + 3)(2 b2 ) ;
3) (a2 ab)(4a 2b) (ab a2 )(2a 4b) ;
4) (a b + 1)(2b + c) (a b + 1)(b + 2c) ;
5) (1 + abc)(a + b + c) (1 + abc)(a b c) ;
6) (3a+b2c)(4a6b)+(6a+2b4c)(3b2a) ;
7) a(a b + 1) + b(a b + 1) a + b 1 ;
8) a(a + b 1) + b(a + b 1) a b + 1 .

68
 2
Rjesenje. 1) (ab 1)(a + 2b) (1 ab)(2a + b) = (ab 1)(a + 2b) + (ab 1)(2a + b)
= (ab 1)(a + 2b + 2a + b) = (ab 1)(3a + 3b) = 3(ab 1)(a + b) ;
2) (2a 3)(b2 2) + (2a + 3)(2 b2) = (2a 3)(b2 2) (2a + 3)(b2 2)
= (b2 2)(2a 3 2a 3) = (b2 2)(6) = 6(b2 2) ;
3) (a2 ab)(4a 2b) (ab a2 )(2a 4b)
= (a2 ab)(4a 2b) + (a2 ab)(2a 4b) = (a2 ab)(4a 2b + 2a 4b)
= a(a b)(6a 6b) = 6a(a b)2 ;
4) (a b + 1)(2b + c) (a b + 1)(b + 2c) = (a b + 1)(2b + c b 2c)
= (a b + 1)(b c) = (b c)(a b + 1) ;
5) (1 + abc)(a + b + c) (1 +abc)(a bc) = (1 + abc)(a + b + c a+ b+c)
= (1 + abc)(2b + 2c) = 2(1 + abc)(b + c) ;
6) (3a + b 2c)(4a 6b) + (6a + 2b 4c)(3b 2a)
= (3a + b 2c) 2(2a 3b) + 2(3a + b 2c)(3b 2a)
= 2(3a + b 2c)(2a 3b + 3b 2a) = 0 ;
7) a(ab+1)+b(ab+1)a+b1 = a(ab+1)+b(ab+1)(ab+1)
= (a b + 1)(a + b 1) ;
8) a(a+b1)+b(a+b1)ab+1 = a(a+b1)+b(a+b1)(a+b1)
= (a + b 1)(a + b 1) = (a + b 1)2 .

Zadatak 9. 1) a2 (a + 1) 2a(a + 1) + a + 1 ;
2) (a 1)a2 + 2a(a 1) + a 1 ;
3) (a2 b2 )(a + b) 2(a2 b2 ) + a b ;
4) a2 (a2 1) + 2a(a2 1) + a2 1 ;
5) (xy)(xy+1)2 2(xy)(xy+1)+xy .
Rjesenje. 1) a2 (a + 1) 2a(a + 1) + a + 1 = (a + 1)(a2 2a + 1) = (a + 1)(a 1)2 ;
2) (a 1)a2 + 2a(a 1) + a 1 = (a 1)(a2 + 2a + 1) = (a 1)(a + 1)2 ;
3) (a2 b2 )(a + b) 2(a2 b2 ) + a b = (a + b)(a b)(a + b)
2(a + b)(a b) + (a b) = (a b)((a + b)2 2(a + b) + 1)
= (a b)(a + b + 1)2 ;
4) a2 (a2 1) + 2a(a2 1) + a2 1 = (a2 1)(a2 + 2a + 1)
= (a 1)(a + 1)(a + 1)2 = (a + 1)3 (a 1) ;
5) (x y)(x y + 1)2 2(x y)(x y + 1) + x y = (x y)((x y + 1)2
2(x y + 1) + 1) = (x y)(x y + 1 + 1)2 = (x y)(x y + 2) .

Zadatak 10. 1) 3a2 + 2a + 4b + 6ab ; 2) 2a3 + 5a2 b2 + 6ab + 15b3 ;

3) a3 b + a2 + b2 + ab3 ; 4) 6a2 bc + 9ab2 + 8ac2 + 12bc ;
5) a3 b + 3a2 3ab2 9b ; 6) 21a2 bc 7ab3 3ac2 + b2 c .
Rjesenje. 1) 3a2 + 2a + 4b + 6ab = 3a(a + 2b) + 2(a + 2b) = (3a + 2)(a + 2b) ;
2) 2a3 +5a2b2 +6ab+15b3 = 2a(a2 +3b)+5b2(a2 +3b) = (2a+5b2)(a2 +3b) ;
3) a3 b + a2 + b2 + ab3 = a2 (1 + ab) + b2 (1 + ab) = (a2 + b2 )(1 + ab) ;
4) 6a2 bc + 9ab2 + 8ac2 + 12bc = 2ac(3ab + 4c) + 3b(3ab + 4c)
= (2ac + 3b)(3ab + 4c) ;
5) a3 b + 3a2 3ab2 9b = a2 (ab + 3) 3b(ab + 3) = (a2 3b)(ab + 3) ;

69
2 RJESENJA ZADATAKA

6) 21a2bc 7ab3 3ac2 + b2 c = 7ab(3ac b2 ) c(3ac b2 )

= (7ab c)(3ac b2 ) .

Zadatak 11. 1) 2ab + 4a + b2 + 2b ; 2) 6ab + 9a + 4b + 6 ;

3) 4ab + 20a + 3b + 15 ; 4) 3a2 b + 6ab2 + 2a + 4b ;
5) x3 3x2 3x + 9 ; 6) a3 a2 b 2ab2 + 2b3 ;
7) 4a2 + 2ab 2ac bc ; 8) 6a3 b 9a2 b2 4a + 6b ;
9) 6a3 + 8a2 b2 3ab 4b3 ; 10) x3 2x2 + x 2 .
Rjesenje. 1) 2ab + 4a + b2 + 2b = b(2a + b) + 2(2a + b)(2a + b)(b + 2) ;
2) 6ab + 9a + 4b + 6 = 3a(2b + 3) + 2(2b + 3) = (3a + 2)(2b + 3) ;
3) 4ab + 20a + 3b + 15 = 4a(b + 5) + 3(b + 5) = (4a + 3)(b + 5) ;
4) 3a2 b + 6ab2 + 2a + 4b = 3ab(a + 2b) + 2(a + 2b) = (3ab + 2)(a + 2b) ;
5) x3 3x2 3x + 9 = x2 (x 3) 3(x 3) = (x 3)(x2 3) ;
6) a3 a2 b 2ab2 + 2b3 = a2 (a b) 2b2 (a b) = (a b)(a2 2b2 ) ;
7) 4a2 + 2ab 2ac bc = 2a(2a + b) c(2a + b) = (2a + b)(2a c) ;
8) 6a3 b9a2b2 4a+6b = 3a2 b(2a3b)2(2a3b) = (2a3b)(3a2b2) ;
9) 6a3 +8a2b2 3ab4b3 = 2a2 (3a+4b2)b(3a+4b2) = (2a2 b)(3a+4b2) ;
10) x3 2x2 + x 2 = x2 (x 2) + (x 2) = (x 2)(x2 + 1) .

Zadatak 12. 1) a3 2ab a3 b + 2ab2 + a2 b 2b2 ;

2) 2a3 2a3 b2 + 2ab2 + 3a2 b 3a2 b3 + 3b3 ;
3) 2a3 2a2 b 2ab2 3a2 + 3ab + 3b2 ;
4) 3a3 + 2a3 b + 3a2 b 3ab2 2ab3 3b3 .
Rjesenje. 1) a3 2ab a3b + 2ab2 + a2 b 2b2 = a(a2 2b) ab(a2 2b) + b(a2 2b)
= (a2 2b)(a ab + b) ;
2) 2a3 2a3 b2 + 2ab2 + 3a2 b 3a2 b3 + 3b3 = 2a(a2 a2 b2 + b2 )
+ 3b(a2 a2 b2 + b2 ) = (2a + 3b)(a2 a2 b2 + b2 ) .
3) 2a3 2a2 b 2ab2 3a2 + 3ab + 3b2 = a2 (2a 3) ab(2a 3) b2(2a 3)
= (2a 3)(a2 ab b2 ) ;
4) 3a3 + 2a3 b + 3a2 b 3ab2 2ab3 3b3 = 3a(a2 b2 ) + 2ab(a2 b2 )
+ 3b(a2 b2 ) = (a2 b2 )(3a + 2ab + 3b) = (a b)(a + b)(3a + 2ab + 3b) .

Zadatak 13. 1) (2a1)(a+2)2 8a(2a1) ; 2) (a 2)(a 1)2 + 4a(a 2) ;

3) (a+3)(3a+1)2 12a(a+3) ; 4) (3a2)(2a3)2 +24a(3a2) ;
5) a(a + 1) (a + 4)(a + 1)2 .
Rjesenje. 1) (2a 1)(a + 2)2 8a(2a 1) = (2a 1)[(a + 2)2 8a]
= (2a 1)[a2 + 4a + 4 8a] = (2a 1)(a2 4a + 4) = (2a 1)(a 2)2 ;
2) (a 2)(a 1)2 + 4a(a 2) = (a 2)[(a 1)2 + 4a]
= (a 2)[a2 2a + 1 + 4a] = (a 2)(a2 + 2a + 1) = (a 2)(a + 1)2 ;
3) (a + 3)(3a + 1)2 12a(a + 3) = (a + 3)[(3a + 1)2 12a]
= (a + 3)[9a2 + 6a + 1 12a] = (a + 3)(9a2 6a + 1) = (a + 3)(3a 1)2 ;

70
 2
4) (3a 2)(2a 3)2 + 24a(3a 2) = (3a 2)[(2a 3) + 24a]
= (3a 2)[4a2 12a + 9 + 24a] = (3a 2)(4a2 + 12a + 9)
= (3a 2)(2a + 3)2 ;
5) a(a + 1) (a + 4)(a + 1)2 = (a + 1)[a (a + 4)(a + 1)]
= (a + 1)[a a2 a 4a 4] = (a + 1)(a2 4a 4)
= (a + 1)(a2 + 4a + 4) = (a + 1)(a + 2)2 .

Zadatak 14. Zapisi u obliku umnoska sljedece razlike kvadrata:

1) (a2 + b2 )2 4a2 b2 ; 2) (a2 + 1)2 4a2 ;
3) (a2 + 6ab)2 81b4 ; 4) (a2 + 4b2 )2 16a2b2 ;
5) 16a2 b2 (a2 + 4b2 )2 ; 6) 144a2b2 (4a2 + 9b2 )2 ;
7) 9(x3y)2 25(2x+y)2 ; 8) 4(2x y)2 9(x + 3y)2 ;
9) 9(4x y)2 16(3x + y)2 ; 10) 4a2 (a5b)2 25b2 (5ab)2 .
Rjesenje. 1) (a2 + b2 )2 4a2 b2 = (a2 + b2 2ab)(a2 + b2 + 2ab) = (a b)2 (a + b)2 ;
2) (a2 + 1)2 4a2 = (a2 + 1 2a)(a2 + 1 + 2a) = (a 1)2 (a + 1)2 ;
3) (a2 +6ab)2 81b4 = (a2 +6ab9b2)(a2 +6ab+9b2) = (a3b)2 (a+3b)2 ;
4) (a2 +4b2 )2 16a2b2 = (a2 +4b2 4ab)(a2 +4b2 +4ab) = (a2b)2 (a+2b)2 ;
5) 16a2b2 (a2 + 4b2 )2 = (4ab a2 + 4b2 )(4ab + a2 + 4b2 )
= (a 2b)2 (a + 2b)2 ;
6) 144a2b2 (4a2 + 9b2 )2 = (12ab 4a2 9b2 )(12ab + 4a2 + 9b2 )
= (2a 3b)2 (2a + 3b)2 ;
7) 9(x 3y)2 25(2x + y)2 = (3(x 3y) 5(2x + y))(3(x 3y) + 5(2x + y))
= (3x 9y 10x 5y)(3x 9y + 10x + 5y) = (7x 14y)(13x 4y)
= 7(x + 2y)(13x 4y) ;
8) 4(2x y)2 9(x + 3y)2 = (2(2x y) 3(x + 3y))(2(2x y) + 3(x + 3y))
= (4x 2y 3x 9y)(4x 2y + 3x + 9y) = (x 11y)(7x + 7y)
= 7(x + y)(x 11y) ;
9) 9(4x y)2 16(3x + y)2 = [3(4x y) 4(3x + y)][3(4x y) + 4(3x + y)]
= (12x 3y 12x 4y)(12x 3y + 12x + 4y) = 7y(24x + y) ;
10) 4a2 (a 5b)2 25b2(5a b)2
= [(2a(a 5b) 5b(5a b)][2a(a 5b) + 5b(5a b)]
= [2a2 10ab 25ab + 5b2 ][2a2 10ab + 25ab 5b2 ]
= (2a2 35ab + 5b2 )(2a2 + 15ab 5b2 ) .

Zadatak 15. 1) a2 (b 1) b2 (b 1) ; 2) x2 (x + y 1) x y + 1 ;
3) 4a2 (x 1) 4x + 4 ; 4) 9a2 (b2 1) 4b2 + 4 ;
5) a2 4b2 9b2 (a2 4b2 ) ; 6) a2 1 ab + b ;
7) x2 xy y 1 ; 8) a2 b2 a2 ab2 + a ;
9) a2 b a2 b2 + 1 ; 10) 4a2 b2 4a + 1 .
Rjesenje. 1) a2 (b 1) b2 (b 1) = (b 1)(a2 b2 ) = (a b)(a + b)(b 1) ;
2) x2 (x + y 1) x y + 1 = x2 (x + y 1) (x + y 1) = (x2 1)(x + y 1)
= (x 1)(x + 1)(x + y 1) ;
3) 4a2 (x 1) 4x + 4 = 4a2 (x 1) 4(x 1) = (4a2 4)(x 1)
= 4(a 1)(a + 1)(x 1) ;

71
2 RJESENJA ZADATAKA

4) 9a2 (b2 1) 4b2 + 4 = 9a2 (b2 1) 4(b2 1) = (9a2 4)(b2 1)

= (b 1)(b + 1)(3a 2)(3a + 2) ;
5) a2 4b2 9b2 (a2 4b2 ) = (a2 4b2 )(1 9b2 )
= (a 2b)(a + 2b)(1 3b)(1 + 3b) ;
6) a2 1 ab + b = (a 1)(a + 1) b(a 1) = (a 1)(a b + 1) ;
7) x2 xy y 1 = (x2 1) y(x + 1) = (x 1)(x + 1) y(x + 1)
= (x + 1)(x y 1) ;
8) a2 b2 a2 ab2 + a = a2 (b2 1) a(b2 1) = (a2 a)(b2 1)
= a(a 1)(b 1)(b + 1) ;
9) a2 b a2 b2 + 1 = a2 (b 1) (b2 1) = a2 (b 1) (b 1)(b + 1)
= (b 1)(a2 b 1) ;
10) 4a2 b2 4a + 1 = 4a2 + 2ab 2ab 2a 2a b2 + b b + 1
= 4a2 + 2ab 2a 2ab b2 + b 2a b + 1
= 2a(2a + b 1) b(2a + b 1) (2a + b 1) = (2a b 1)(2a + b 1) .

Zadatak 16. 1) a2 2ab + b2 c2 ; 2) a2 10a + 25 b2 ;

3) b2 + 6b + 9 9c2 ; 4) 1 8xy x2 16y2 ;
5) 16x2 25y2 24ax + 9a2 ; 6) 25 a2 4b2 + 4ab ;
7) a2 b2 +c2 d 2 +2ac+2bd ; 8) a2 b2 +c2 d2 2ac2bd ;
9) a2 b2 c2 4a + 2bc + 4 ; 10) a2 b2 a2 b2 4ab + 1 .
Rjesenje. 1) a2 2ab + b2 c2 = (a b)2 c2 = (a b c)(a b + c) ;
2) a2 10a + 25 b2 = (a 5)2 b2 = (a b 5)(a + b 5) ;
3) b2 + 6b + 9 9c2 = (b + 3)2 9c2 = (b 3c + 3)(b + 3c + 3) ;
4) 1 8xy x2 16y2 = (x2 + 8xy + 16y2 ) + 1 = 1 (x + 4y)2
= (1 x 4y)(1 + x + 4y) ;
5) 16x2 25y2 24ax+9a2 = (3a4x)2 25y2 = (3a4x5y)(3a4x+5y) ;
6) 25 a2 4b2 + 4ab = 25 (a2 4ab + 4b2 ) = 25 (a 2b)2
= (5 a + 2b)(5 + a 2b) ;
7) a2 b2 + c2 d 2 + 2ac + 2bd = (a + c)2 (b d)2
= (a + c b + d)(a + c + b d) ;
8) a2 b2 + c2 d 2 2ac 2bd = (a c)2 (b + d)2
= (a c b d)(a c + b + d) ;
9) a2 b2 c2 4a+2bc+4 = (a2)2 (bc)2 = (ab+c2)(a+bc2) ;
10) a2 b2 a2 b2 4ab + 1 = (ab 1)2 (a + b)2
= (ab a b 1)(ab + a + b 1) .

Zadatak 17. 1) 4a2 b2 4b2 a2 + 1 ; 2) a2 b2 4a2 4b2 + 16 ;

3) x4 2x3 + 2x 1 ; 4) 16x4 16x3 + 4x 1 ;
5) x4 2x3 2x2 + 2x + 1 ; 6) x4 3x3 8x2 + 12x + 16 ;
7) (a + 1)4 a4 + 2a2 1 ; 8) (x2 2x)2 + 2x2 4x + 1 .
Rjesenje. 1) 4b2 (a2 1)(a2 1) = (a2 1)(4b2 1) = (a1)(a+1)(2b1)(2b+1) ;
2) a2 (b2 4) 4(b2 4) = (a2 4)(b2 4) = (a 2)(a + 2)(b 2)(b + 2) ;
3) (x2 1)(x2 + 1) 2x(x2 1) = (x2 1)(x2 2x + 1) = (x 1)3 (x + 1) ;

72
 2
4) (4x2 1)(4x2 + 1) 4x(4x2 1) = (2x 1)3 (2x + 1) ;
5) (x2 1)2 2x(x2 1) = (x 1)(x + 1)(x2 2x 1) ;
6) (x2 4)2 3x(x2 4) = (x 2)(x + 2)(x + 1)(x 4) ;
7) (a + 1)4 (a2 1)2 = 4a(a + 1)2 ;
8) (x2 2x)2 + 2(x2 2x) + 1 = (x2 2x + 1)2 = (x 1)4 .

Zadatak 18. 1) (ab 1)2 (a b)2 ; 2) 4(ab + 1)2 (4a + b)2 ;

3) (x2 y2 )2 (x + y)2 ; 4) (x2 y2 )2 (x y)2 .
Rjesenje. 1) (ab 1)2 (a b)2 = (ab a + b 1)(ab + a b 1)
= (a 1)(a + 1)(b 1)(b + 1) ;
2) 4(ab + 1)2 (4a + b)2 = (2ab + 2 4a b)(2ab + 2 + 4a + b)
= (2a(b 2) (b 2))(2a(b + 2) + (b + 2))
= ((b 2)(2a 1))((2a + 1)(b + 2)) = (2a 1)(2a + 1)(b 2)(b + 2) ;
3) (x2 y2 )2 (x + y)2 = (x2 y2 x y)(x2 y2 + x + y)
= ((x y)(x + y) (x + y))((x y)(x + y) + (x + y))
= ((x + y)(x y 1))((x + y)(x y + 1)) = (x + y)2 (x y 1)(x y + 1) ;
4) (x2 y2 )2 (x y)2 = (x2 y2 x + y)(x2 y2 + x y)
= ((x y)(x + y) (x y))((x y)(x + y) + (x y))
= ((x y)(x + y 1))((x y)(x + y + 1)) = (x y)2 (x + y 1)(x + y + 1) .

Zadatak 19. 1) a5 b5 a3 b3 ; 2) 2a3 b 8ab3 ;

3) a4 b2 + 8ab5 ; 4) a6 b3 a3 b9 ;
5) 3a4 b8 + 81ab2 ; 6) 64a8 b2 a2 b2 .
Rjesenje. 1) a5 b5 a3 b3 = a3 b3 (a2 b2 1) = a3 b3 (ab 1)(ab + 1) ;
2) 2a3 b 8ab3 = 2ab(a2 4b2 ) = 2ab(a 2b)(a + 2b) ;
3) a4 b2 + 8ab5 = ab2 (a3 + 8b3 ) = ab2 (a + 2b)(a2 2ab + b2 )
= ab2 (a + 2b)(a b)2 ;
4) a6 b3 a3 b9 = a3 b3 (a3 b6 ) = a3 b3 (a b2 )(a2 + ab2 + b4 ) ;
5) 3a4 b8 + 81ab2 = 3ab2 (a3 + 27) = 3ab2 (a + 3)(a2 3a + 9) ;
6) 64a8b2 a2 b2 = a2 b2 (64a6 1) = a2 b2 (4a2 1)(16a4 + 4a2 + 1)
= a2 b2 (2a 1)(2a + 1)(16a4 + 4a2 + 1) .

Zadatak 20. 1) a2 + 4ab + 4b2 4a2 b2 ;

2) x2 +y2 2xy1 ; 3) 2xyx2 y2 +1 ;
4) (ab)3 a+b ; 5) (ba)3 +ab ;
6) (a b)4 a4 + 2a2 b2 b4 ; 7) 3(a2 4b2 ) (a 2b)2 ;
8) 2(a2 4b2 ) (a + 2b)2 ; 9) (3a 1)2 3(9a2 1) ;
10) (a2 b2 )2 (a b)4 .
Rjesenje. 1) a2 + 4ab + 4b2 4a2 b2 = (a + b)2 4a2 b2 = (a + b 2ab)(a + b + 2ab) ;
2) x2 + y2 2xy 1 = (x y)2 1 = (x y 1)(x y + 1) ;
3) 2xy x2 y2 + 1 = 1 (x y)2 = (1 x + y)(1 + x y) ;
4) (a b)3 a + b = (a b)3 (a b) = (a b)[(a b)2 1]
= (a b)(a b 1)(a b + 1) ;

73
2 RJESENJA ZADATAKA

5) (b a)3 + a b = (b a)3 (b a) = (b a)[(b a)2 1]

= (b a)(b a 1)(b a + 1) ;
6) (ab)4 a4 +2a2 b2 b4 = (ab)4 (a2 b2 )2 = (ab)4 (ab)2 (a+b)2
= (a b)2 [(a b)2 (a + b)2 ] = (a b)2 [(a b a b)(a b + a + b)]
= (a b)2 (2b)(2a) = 4ab(a b)2 ;
7) 3(a2 4b2 ) (a 2b)2 = 3(a 2b)(a + 2b) (a 2b)2
= (a 2b)(3(a + 2b) (a 2b)) = (a 2b)(3a + 6b a + 2b)
= (a 2b)(2a + 8b) = 2(a 2b)(a + 4b) ;
8) 2(a2 4b2 ) (a + 2b)2 = 2(a 2b)(a + 2b) (a + 2b)2
= (a + 2b)(2a 4b a 2b) = (a + 2b)(a 6b) = 4b(a + 2b) ;
9) (3a 1)2 3(9a2 1) = (3a 1)2 3(3a 1)(3a + 1)
= (3a 1)(3a 1 3(3a + 1)) = (3a 1)(3a 1 9a 3)
= (3a 1)(6a 4) = 2(3a 1)(3a + 1) ;
10) (a2 b2 )2 (a b)4 = (a b)2 (a + b)2 (a b)4
= (a b)2 (a2 + 2ab + b2 a2 + 2ab b2 ) = (a b)2 (4ab) = 4ab(a b)2 .

Zadatak 21. 1) x3 1 ; 2) x3 + 1 ; 3) x6 1 ; 4) x6 + 1 ;
5) x9 1 ; 6) x9 + 1 ; 7) x12 1 ; 8) x12 + 1 .
Rjesenje. 1) x3 1 = (x 1)(x2 + x + 1) ;
2) x3 + 1 = (x + 1)(x2 x + 1) ;
3) x6 1 = (x3 1)(x3 + 1) = (x 1)(x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)(x2 x + 1) ;
4) x6 + 1 = (x2 )3 + 1 = (x2 + 1)(x4 x2 + 1) ;
5) x9 1 = (x3 )3 1 = (x3 1)(x6 +x3 +1) = (x1)(x2 +x+1)(x6 +x3 +1) ;
6) x9 + 1 = (x3 + 1)(x6 x3 + 1) = (x + 1)(x2 x + 1)(x6 x3 + 1) ;
7) x12 1 = (x6 1)(x6 + 1) = (x3 + 1)(x3 1)(x2 + 1)(x4 x2 + 1)
= (x + 1)(x2 x + 1)(x 1)(x2 + x + 1)(x2 + 1)(x4 x2 + 1)
= (x 1)(x + 1)(x2 + 1)(x2 + x + 1)(x2 x + 1)(x4 x2 + 1) ;
8) x12 + 1 = (x4 )3 + 1 = (x4 + 1)(x8 x4 + 1) .

Rjesenja zadataka 2.7

a2 4 a2 4 a2 4
Zadatak 1. 1) ; 2) ; 3) ;
2a 4 a2 2a 2a2 4a
4a2 9 4a2 6a 4a2 9
4) ; 5) ; 6) .
4a2 + 6a 4a2 9 6a 4a2
a2 4 (a 2)(a + 2) a+2
Rjesenje. 1) = = ;
2a 4 2(a 2) 2
a2 4 (a 2)(a + 2) a+2
2) 2 = = ;
a 2a a(a 2) a
a2 4 (a 2)(a + 2) a+2
3) = = ;
2a 4a
2 2a(a 2) 2a
4a2 9 (2a 3)(2a + 3) 2a 3
4) = = ;
4a + 6a
2 2a(2a + 3) 2a

74