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Chapter01 PDF
Chapter01 PDF
Basic Considerations
1.1 Conservation of mass Mass density
Newtons second law Momentum velocity
The first law of thermodynamics internal energy temperature
M FT 2 / L
1.3 a) density = 3 3
= FT 2 / L4
L L
b) pressure = F/L 2
c) power = F velocity = F L/T = FL/T
d) energy = F L = FL
M FT 2 / L
e) mass flux = = = FT / L
T T
f) flow rate = AV = L2 L/T = L3 /T
1
N m kg m m
e) heat flux: J/s = = = kg m 2 / s 3
s s2 s
J N m kg m m
f) specific heat: = = 2 = m 2 / K s 2
kg K kg K s kg K
m m
1.9 kg 2
+ c + km = f. Since all terms must have the same dimensions (units) we
s s
require:
[c] = kg/s, [k] = kg/s2 = N s 2 / m s 2 = N / m, [f] = kg m / s 2 = N.
Note: we could express the units on c as [c] = kg / s = N s 2 / m s = N s / m
0.06854m m
1.13 = 0.225 = 0.738
0.00194 3.281 d2 2
d 2
where m is in slugs, in slug/ft3 and d in feet. We used the conversions in the
front cover.
20 20
1.14 a) 20 cm/hr = /3600 = 5.555 10 5 m/s /3600 = 5.555 10 5 m/s
100 100
b) 2000 rev/min = 2000 2 /60 = 209.4 rad/s
c) 50 Hp = 50 745.7 = 37 285 W
d) 100 ft 3 /min = 100 0.02832/60 = 0.0472 m3 /s
e) 2000 kN/cm2 = 2 106 N/cm2 1002 cm2 /m2 = 2 1010 N/m2
f) 4 slug/min = 4 14.59/60 = 0.9727 kg/s
g) 500 g/L = 500 103 kg/103 m3 = 500 kg/m3
h) 500 kWh = 500 1000 3600 = 1.8 109 J
1.15 a) F = ma = 10 40 = 400 N.
b) F W = ma. F = 10 40 + 10 9.81 = 498.1 N.
c) F W sin 30 = ma. F = 10 40 + 9.81 0.5 = 449 N.
du
1.16 (C) The mass is the same on earth and the moon: = = [4(8 r )] = 32r.
dr
1.17 The mass is the same on the earth and the moon:
2
60
m= = 1.863. Wmoon = 1.863 5.4 = 10.06 lb
32.2
m 4.8 10 26
b) =.225 2 =.225 = 7.7 10 5 m or 0.077 mm
d .00103 (3.7 10 )
10 2
m 4.8 1026
c) = .225 = .225 = .0039m or 3.9 mm
d 2 .00002 (3.7 1010 ) 2
31
1.21 a) 101 31 = 70 kPa abs. b) 760 760 = 527 mm of Hg abs.
101
31 31
c) 14.7 14.7 = 10.2 psia. d) 34 34 = 23.6 ft of H2 O abs.
101 101
31
e) 30 30 = 20.8 in. of Hg abs.
101
22,560 20,000
1.23 a) p = 973 + (785 - 973) = 877 psf
25,000 20,000
22,560 20,000
T = 12.3 + (30.1 + 12.3) = 21.4F
25,000 20,000
.512
b) p = 973 + .512 (785 973) + (.488) (628 2 785 + 973) = 873 psf
2
.512
T = 12.3 + .512 (30.1 + 12.3) + (.488) (48 + 2 30.1 12.3) = 21.4F
2
Note: The results in (b) are more accurate than the results in (a). When we use a
linear interpolation, we lose significant digits in the result.
3
33,000 30,000 5
1.24 T = 48 + (65.8 + 48) = 59F or (59 32) = 50.6C
35,000 30,000 9
1.25 (B)
Fn 26.5 cos 42o
1.26 p= =
= 1296 MN/m2 = 1296 MPa.
A 152 10 4
Fn = (120000) .2 104 = 2 . 4 N
1.27 F= Fn2 + Ft 2 = 2.400 N.
Ft = 20 .2 10 4 = .0004N
.0004
= tan1 =.0095
2.4
m 0.2
1.28 = = = 1.92 slug/ft3 . = g = 1.92 32.2 = 61.8 lb/ft 3 .
V 180 / 1728
1.29 = 1000 (T 4)2 /180 = 1000 (70 4)2 /180 = 976 kg/m3
= 9800 (T 4)2 /18 = 9800 (70 4)2 /180 = 9560 N/m3
976 978
% error for = 100 = .20%
978
9560 978 9.81
% error for = 100 = .36%
978 9.81
m/ V 10/ V
1.32 S= = . 1.2 = . V = 4.30 ft3
water water 1.94
4
du 30(2 1/12)
1.34 = = 1.92 105 = 0.014 lb/ft
2
dr 2
(1/12)
2000 2
2 (.5 / 12) 4.006
3
2R L
3
60
1.36 Use Eq.1.5.8: T = = = 2.74 ft- lb.
h .01 / 12
T 2.74 209.4
Hp = = = 1.04 Hp
550 550
du 10
1.37 Fbelt = A = 1.31 10 3 (.6 4) = 15.7 N.
dy .002
F V 15.7 10
Hp = = = 0.210 Hp
746 746
du r
1.38 Assume a linear velocity so = . Due to the area
dy h dr
du r
element shown, dT = dF r = dA r = 2r dr r.
dy
400 2
2.36 10 5 (3 / 12 ) 4
2 3 2 R
R 4
30(2 1/12) du
1.39 = = [32 r / r02] = 32r / r02. r = 0 = 0,
2
(1/12) dr
.25/100 .5/100
r=0.25 = 32 1 103 2
= 3.2 Pa, r=0.5 = 32 1 103 = 6.4 Pa
(.5/100) (.5/100) 2
du
1.40 (A) = = [10 5000r ] = 10 3 10 5000 0.02 = 1 Pa.
dr
u
1.41 The velocity at a radius r is r. The shear stress is = .
y
The torque is dT = rdA on a differential element. We have
5
0.08 r 2000 2
T = rdA= 2rdx , = = 209.4 rad/s
0 0.0002 60
where x is measured along the rotating surface. From the geometry x = 2 r, so that
0.08 209.4 x/ 2 x 0.08 329000
T = 0.1 2 dx = 329000 x 2 dx = (0.083 ) = 56.1 N . m
0 0.0002 2 0 3
du
1.42 If = = const and = AeB/T = AeBy/K = AeCy, then
dy
du du
AeCy = const. = DeCy.
dy dy
u y D
Finally, du = DeCy dy or u(y) = e Cy 0 = E (eCy 1)
y
0 0 C
where A, B, C, D, E, and K are constants.
= Ae B / T .001 = Ae B / 293
1.43 A = 2.334 106 , B = 1776.
.000357 = Ae B / 353
V p V p 2 10
1.45 B= = 2200 MPa. V = = = 0.00909 m3 or 9090 cm3
V B 2200
1.46 Use c = 1450 m/s. L = ct = 1450 0.62 = 899 m
B V 1.3
1.47 p = = 2100 = 136.5 MPa
V 20
2 2 .0741
1.50 p= = = 2.96 104 Pa or 29.6 kPa. Bubbles: p = 4/R = 59.3 kPa
R 5 10 6
6
4 4 .00504
1.51 Use Table B.1: = 0.00504 lb/ft. p = = = 7.74 psf or 0.0538 psi
R 1/32 12
4cos 4 0.0736 1
1.53 (D) h= = =3m or 300 cm.
gD 1000 9.8110 106
4cos 4 0.032cos130o
1.54 See Example 1.4: h = =
gD 1.94 13.6 32.2 0.8/12
= 0.00145 ft or 0.0174 in
2 cos
1.55 force up = L 2 cos = force down = ghtL. h = .
gt
1.56 Draw a free-body diagram:
The force must balance:
L L
d 2
W = 2L or L g = 2L.
4 needle
W
8
d =
g
1.57 From the free-body diagram in No. 1.47, a force balance yields:
d 2 (.004) 2
Is g < 2? 7850 9.81 < 2.0741
4 4
0.968 < 0.1482 No
7
1.60 The absolute pressure is p = 80 + 92 = 12 kPa. At 50C water has a vapor
pressure of 12.2 kPa; so T = 50C is a maximum temperature. The water would
boil above this temperature.
1.61 The engineer knew that water boils near the vapor pressure. At 82C the vapor
pressure from Table B.1 is 50.8 (by interpolation). From Table B.3, the elevation
that has a pressure of 50.8 kPa is interpolated to be 5500 m.
1.62 At 40C the vapor pressure from Table B.1 is 7.4 kPa. This would be the
minimum pressure that could be obtained since the water would vaporize below
this pressure.
1.63 The absolute pressure is 14.5 11.5 = 3.0 psia. If bubbles were observed to form
at 3.0 psia (this is boiling), the temperature from Table B.1 is interpolated, using
vapor pressure, to be 141F.
1.64 The inlet pressure to a pump cannot be less than 0 kPa absolute. Assuming
atmospheric pressure to be 100 kPa, we have
10 000 + 100 = 600 x. x = 16.83 km.
1.65 (C)
p 1013 .
1.66 = = = 1.226 kg/m3 . = 1.226 9.81 = 12.03 N/m3
RT 0.287 ( 273 + 15)
p 101.3 85
1.67 in = = = 1.226 kg/m 3. out = = 1.19 kg/m3 .
RT 0.287 (15 + 273) 0.287 248
Yes. The heavier air outside enters at the bottom and the lighter air inside exits at
the top. A circulation is set up and the air moves from the outside in and the inside
out: infiltration. This is the chimney effect.
p 750 44
1.68 = = = 0.1339 slug/ft 3 . m = V = 0.1339 15 = 2.01 slug.
RT 1716 470
pV 800 4
1.69 (C) m= = = 59.95 kg
RT 0.1886 (10 + 273)
p 100
1.70 W= Vg= (10 20 4) 9.81 = 9333 N.
RT 0.287 293
8
1.71 Assume that the steel belts and tire rigidity result in a constant volume so that m1
= m2:
m1RT1 m2 RT2
V 1 = V 2 or = .
p1 p2
T 150 + 460
p2 = p1 2 = (35 + 14.7) = 67.4 psia or 52.7 psi gage.
T1 10 + 460
1.72 The pressure holding up the mass is 100 kPa. Hence, using pA = W, we have
1
1.73 0 = KE + PE = mV 2 + mg ( 10). V 2 = 20 32.2. V = 25.4 fps.
2
1
0= mV 2 + mg ( 20). V 2 = 40 32.2. V = 35.9 fps.
2
1
1.74 W1-2 = KE. a) 200 0 = 5(V f2 102 ). V f = 19.15 m/s.
2
10 1
b) 20 sds = 15(V f2 102 ).
0 2
10 2 1
20 = 15(V f2 10 2 ). V f = 15.27 m/s.
2 2
10 s 1
c) 200cos ds = 15(V f2 102 ).
0 20 2
20 1
200sin = 15(V f2 10 2 ). V f = 16.42 m/s.
2 2
1
1.75 E1 = E2 . 10 402 + 0.2u%1 = 0 + u% 2 . u%2 u%1 = 40000.
2
40000
u% = cv T . T = = 55.8o C where cv comes from Table B.4.
717
The following shows that the units check:
mcar V 2 kg m2 / s2 m 2 kg o C m 2 kg o C
= = = =o C
o
mairc kg J/(kg C) N m s (kg m/s ) m s
2 2 2
9
1
1.76 E2 = E1. mV 2 = mH2 OcT .
2
2
1 100 1000
1500 = 1000 2000 106 4180 T . T = 69.2o C.
2 3600
We used c = 4180 J/kg. o C from Table B.5. (See Problem 1.75 for a units check.)
mRT dV V p
1.79. W = pdV = d V = mRT = mRT ln 2 = mRT ln 2
V V V1 p1
since, for the T = const process, p1 V 1 = p2 V 2. Finally,
4 1
W1-2 = 1716 530ln = 78,310 ft-lb.
32.2 2
The 1st law states that
Q W = u% = mcv T = 0. Q = W = 78,310 ft-lb or 101 Btu.
1.80 If the volume is fixed the reversible work is zero since the boundary does not
mRT T1 T2
move. Also, since V = , = so the temperature doubles if the
p p1 p2
pressure doubles. Hence, using Table B.4 and Eq. 1.7.17,
200 2
a) Q = mc v T = (1.004 0.287)(2 293 293) = 999 kJ
0.287 293
200 2
b) Q = mcv T = (1.004 0.287)(2 373 373) = 999 kJ
0.287 373
200 2
c) Q = mcv T = (1.004 0.287)(2 473 473) = 999 kJ
0.287 473
T1 T
1.81 W = p d V = p(V 2 V 1 ). If p = const,
= 2 so if T2 = 2T1,
V1 V 2
then V 2 = 2V 1 and W = p(2 V 1 V 1) = p V 1 = mRT1.
a) W = 2 0.287 333 = 191 kJ
b) W = 2 0.287 423 = 243 kJ
10
c) W = 2 0.287 473 = 272 kJ
1.82 c = kRT = 1.4 287 318 = 357 m/s. L = c t = 357 8.32 = 2970 m.
k 1/ k 0.4/1.4
p 500
T2 = T1 2 = (20 + 273) = 151.8 K or 121.2o C
p1 5000
k / k 1 1.4/0.4
T2 473
1.84 p2 = p1 = 100 = 534 kPa abs.
T1 293
w = u = cv (T2 T1 ) = (1.004 0.287)(473 293) = 129 kJ/kg.
We used Eq. 1.7.17 for cv.
1.86 (D) For this high- frequency wave, c = RT = 287 323 = 304 m/s.
1.87 At 10 000 m the speed of sound c = kRT = 1.4 287 223 = 299 m/s.
At sea level, c = kRT = 1.4 287 288 = 340 m/s.
340 299
% decrease = 100 = 12.06 %.
340
1.88 a) c = kRT = 1.4 287 253 = 319 m/s. L = c t = 319 8.32 = 2654 m.
b) c = kRT = 1.4 287 293 = 343 m/s. L = c t = 343 8.32 = 2854 m.
c) c = kRT = 1.4 287 318 = 357 m/s. L = c t = 357 8.32 = 2970 m.
11