COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PUTRAJAYA CAMPUS
FINAL EXAMINATION

SEMESTER 1 2010 / 2011

PROGRAMME : Bachelor of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (Hons)

Bachelor of Electrical Power Engineering (Hons)

SUBJECT CODE : EECB353

SUBJECT : Communication Systems

DATE : 1 November 2010

TIME : 2.30 pm 5.30 pm (3 hours)

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:

1. This paper contains FIVE (5) questions in EIGHT (8) pages.

2. Answer ALL questions.
3. Write all answers in the answer booklet provided.
4. Write answer to each question on a new page.
5. Do not bring in unwarranted materials except those that are allowed.
DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE INSTRUCTED TO DO SO.

THIS QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF 9 PRINTED PAGES INCLUDING THIS

COVER PAGE.

Page 1 of 9
 EECB353, Semester I 2010/2011

QUESTION 1 [30 marks]

(a) The -Law compression equation is shown as below:-

Vmax ln(1 Vin Vmax )

Vout
ln(1 )

For a compressor with a = 255,

(i) Determine the compressed voltage gain for the following relative values of
Vin , which are Vmax , 0.8Vmax , 0.5Vmax , 0.3Vmax .

[4 marks]
(ii) Determine the compressed output voltages for a maximum input voltage
of 5V.
[2 marks]
(iii) Calculate the input and output dynamic ranges and compression.
[3 marks]
(iv) To restore the signals to the original proportions in the receiver, the
compressed voltages are expanded. Determine the expanded voltage gains.
[4 marks]

(b) Binary 1s and 0s, such as in pulse code modulation (PCM) signaling is
represented in various serialbit signaling formats called line codes. As the
network engineer, a line coding scheme is designed for the telephony network in
order to meet the requirement as below:
Avoiding the DC wander problem.
Timing recovery is rather easy.
Error detection capabilities.
Propose the line code scheme with detail waveform and justify your answer.
[6 marks]

Page 2 of 9
 EECB353, Semester I 2010/2011

(c) For a PCM system with the following parameters:

Maximum analog input frequency = 10 kHz.
Minimum dynamic range = 46 dB.
Maximum decoded voltage at the receiver = 3V.

(i) Determine the minimum sample rate required.

[1 mark]
(ii) Calculate the actual dynamic range and actual bits needed.
[3 marks]
(iii) What is the maximum quantization error of the system?
[2 marks]
(iv) Determine the minimum transmission bandwidth needed.
[1 mark]
(v) Calculate the transmission bit rate.
[1 mark]
(vi) What is the PCM code for the analog sample voltage of -3V?

[2 marks]

(vii) How efficiently the PCM code is utilized?

[1 mark]

Page 3 of 9
 EECB353, Semester I 2010/2011

QUESTION 2 [15 marks]

Figure 1 shows a simplified block diagram of a binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)

transmitter. The time for one signaling element is 0.2 ms and the output phase for each
binary input is given by Table 1. For a given input data stream of 110100:

Bipolar Balanced Bandpass Modulated

Modulator Filter PSK
Data Stream
Output

Reference Carrier
Oscillator
cos (210kt)

Figure 1: BPSK Transmitter

Table 1: Truth Table

Binary Input Output Phase

0 180o
1 0o

(a) Sketch the waveform of the input and modulated signal at the original carrier
frequency.
[4 marks]
(b) Determine the bit rate and the baud rate.
[2 marks]
(c) Draw the output spectrum of the modulated signal. (Label and calculate all
pertinent frequencies).
[2 marks]

Page 4 of 9
 EECB353, Semester I 2010/2011

(d) You are requested to modify the BPSK transmitter to transmit a quaternary phase-
shift keying (QPSK) signal. Design this system with the following constraints:
Use the same reference carrier oscillator as in Figure 1.
Use only one reference carrier oscillator.
Utilize only +90 phase-shift network.
Use diagram to explain your answer. Then by showing all the outputs from the
balanced modulators, construct the truth table and sketch the phasor diagram for
each binary signal of your designed QPSK transmitter.

[7 marks]

Page 5 of 9
 EECB353, Semester I 2010/2011

QUESTION 3 [25 marks]

(a) Figure 2 below depicts a simplified scheme for code division multiple access
(CDMA) encoding with 2 users. Both users utilized a PN code of 8 bits.
User A

1
Data bits

-1 Transmitted
Slot 1 Slot 0
signal
PN codes
User B +

1
Data bits

-1
Slot 1 Slot 0
PN codes

Slot 1 Slot 0

Figure 2: CDMA Encoding

(i) What are the spreading codes for both users? State assumption used.
[3 marks]
(ii) Prove that PN codes for User A and User B are orthogonal.
[2 marks]
(iii) Why it is preferable for all CDMA signals to have orthogonal PN codes?
[1 mark]
(iv) Determine the transmitted signals for Slot 0 and Slot 1.
[2 marks]
(v) If the transmitted bit signal is despread at the receiver, show that the bit
value assigned for User A is 1 at Slot 0 and 0 at Slot 1.
[6 marks]

Page 6 of 9
 EECB353, Semester I 2010/2011

(b) Design a time division multiplying (TDM) system that will accommodate two
2400 bps synchronous digital inputs and an analog input that has a bandwidth of
2700 Hz. Assume that the analog input is sampled at 1.11111 times the Nyquist
rate and converted into 4-bit PCM words. Draw a block diagram for your design
and indicate the data rate at various points on your diagram.
[6 marks]
(c) Five channels, each with a 100 kHz bandwidth, are to be frequency division
multiplexed. If there is a need for a guard band of 10 kHz between the channels:
(i) What is the function of a guard band?
[1 mark]
(ii) Draw the multiplexed output spectrum.
[2 marks]
(iii) What is the minimum bandwidth of the link?
[2 marks]

Page 7 of 9
 EECB353, Semester I 2010/2011

QUESTION 4 [20 marks]

(a) Table 2 below shows the operation of four-level frequency hopping spread
spectrum (FHSS) for one complete period of the PN sequence. The individual
channel bandwidth is 150 kHz and the hopping occurs once every 5s.

Table 2: Operation of 4-FHSS System

Input data 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
PN seq 000 010 011 001 001 010 100 000
Freq seq f2 f10 f16 f8 f7 f11 f20 f4

(i) Determine the baud rate and chip rate.

[2 marks]
(ii) Determine the type of FHSS used and explain your answer.
[2 marks]
(iii) Calculate the processing gain and the total bandwidth for FHSS.
[2 marks]
(iv) If the same PN sequence is used to spread the input data of 110100, what
is the frequency sequence?
[3 marks]
(v) Suppose one of the carrier frequency used in the system is 250 kHz and let
f = 25 kHz. Determine the frequencies used to transmit each of the
possible data combinations.
[2 marks]

Page 8 of 9
 EECB353, Semester I 2010/2011

(b) Barker codes 1110010 is used to spread each data bit in a direct sequence spread
spectrum (DSSS) system. For a data stream of 1010 with bit duration of 100 s:
(i) Determine the chip rate and processing gain.
[2 marks]
(ii) What is the transmission bit rate?
[1 mark]
(iii) Determine the spread sequence if an exclusive-OR (XOR) is used to
spread the code.
[2 marks]
(iv) Draw the spectrum of data signal. Label the bit rate.
[2 marks]
(v) Draw the spectrum of spread spectrum signal if the spread spectrum signal
is modulated with 1MHz carrier. Label all the frequencies.
[2 marks]

QUESTION 5 [10 marks]

Consider the following block of 60 characters:

(a) Determine the probability of each character.

[3 marks]
(b) Construct the Huffman code tree and obtain the code for each character.
[5 marks]
(c) Calculate the average number of bits (length) per character.
[2 marks]

-END OF QUESTION PAPER-

Page 9 of 9