Changing patterns of life, work and leisure have a significant impact on health.

Work and leisure

should be a source of health for people. The way society organizes work should help create a
healthy society. Health promotion generates living and working conditions that are safe,
stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable.

Systematic assessment of the health impact of a rapidly changing environment - particularly in

areas of technology, work, energy production and urbanization - is essential and must be
followed by action to ensure positive benefit to the health of the public. The protection of the
natural and built environments and the conservation of natural resources must be addressed in
any health promotion strategy.

Strengthen Community Actions

Health promotion works through concrete and effective community action in setting priorities,
making decisions, planning strategies and implementing them to achieve better health. At the
heart of this process is the empowerment of communities - their ownership and control of their
own endeavours and destinies.

Community development draws on existing human and material resources in the community to
enhance self-help and social support, and to develop flexible systems for strengthening public
participation in and direction of health matters. This requires full and continuous access to
information, learning opportunities for health, as well as funding support.

Develop Personal Skills

Health promotion supports personal and social development through providing information,
education for health, and enhancing life skills. By so doing, it increases the options available to
people to exercise more control over their own health and over their environments, and to make
choices conducive to health.

Enabling people to learn, throughout life, to prepare themselves for all of its stages and to cope
with chronic illness and injuries is essential. This has to be facilitated in school, home, work and
community settings. Action is required through educational, professional, commercial and
voluntary bodies, and within the institutions themselves.

Reorient Health Services

The responsibility for health promotion in health services is shared among individuals,
community groups, health professionals, health service institutions and governments.

They must work together towards a health care system which contributes to the pursuit of health.
The role of the health sector must move increasingly in a health promotion direction, beyond its
responsibility for providing clinical and curative services. Health services need to embrace an
expanded mandate which is sensitive and respects cultural needs. This mandate should support
the needs of individuals and communities for a healthier life, and open channels between the
health sector and broader social, political, economic and physical environmental components.
Reorienting health services also requires stronger attention to health research as well as changes
in professional education and training. This must lead to a change of attitude and organization of
health services which refocuses on the total needs of the individual as a whole person.

Moving into the Future

Health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday life; where they learn,
work, play and love. Health is created by caring for oneself and others, by being able to take
decisions and have control over one's life circumstances, and by ensuring that the society one
lives in creates conditions that allow the attainment of health by all its members.

Caring, holism and ecology are essential issues in developing strategies for health promotion.
Therefore, those involved should take as a guiding principle that, in each phase of planning,
implementation and evaluation of health promotion activities, women and men should become
equal partners.

1. DIAGNOSIS:

It is first step in the control of a disease. The disease should be diagnosed and treated
immediately and effectively. This will prevent the spread of an infection.

2. NOTIFICATION:

As soon as a disease is detected, it should be notified immediately to the local health authority.
This helps in taking immediate preventive measures to control the spread of the disease.

3. ISOLATION:

The infected patient must be isolated in hospital or at home, if hospitalization is not possible. The
period of isolation depends on the period of communicability of the disease. Isolation of the
infected patient prevents the spread of infection.

4. TREATMENT:

Treatment should be given to the infected patient and also to the carrier of the infection.
Sometimes all the people in the community are treated, even if they do not have the disease.
These measures effectively prevent the spread of infection.

5. QUARANTINE:

It means isolation of healthy and normal persons till the incubation period of a disease is over.
These healthy persons might have come in contact with the disease without actually suffering
from it. So quarantine is necessary
to prevent the spread of infection from these persons to others who have not been exposed to the
disease. Quarantine is necessary for international travellers who have the possibility of carrying
infections.

6. INVESTIGATION:

The health authorities should conduct field investigation of infected person and also infected
areas. Suspected and also infected cases must be confirmed by laboratory tests.

7. DISINFECTION:

Disinfection of the excreta and articles used by the patient will prevent the spread of infection.
Disinfection must be done both when the patient is suffering from the disease and after recovery
or death.

8. BLOCKING OF TRANSMISSION:

Most of the diseases spread through water, air and insect. So adequate measures should be taken
to prevent the spread of infection through these channels.

i) Water borne infections can be prevented by boiling water and also milk.

ii) Air bone infections can be prevented by wearing masks, isolating the patient in a separate
room, dust control and disinfection of air.

iii) Insect born diseases can be prevented by using suitable insecticides.

9. IMMUNISATION:

It is a very effective and easy method by which communicable diseases can be prevented. He
diseases which can be effectively controlled by immunization are small pox, poliomyelitis,
diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, tuberculosis and measles.

10. HEALTH EDUCATION:

The public should be taught about the importance of maintaining a clean environment,
immunization etc. It involves the responsibility of paramedical persons and the co- operation of
the public.

Introduction

There is an important distinction among the 3 terms, prevention, control, and eradication.
Prevention is of most immediate concern to the individual veterinarian in private practice.
Prevention can be defined as inhibiting the introduction of disease into an area, herd, or
individual.

Control is a more appropriate term when disease is already present. Control efforts consist of the
steps taken to reduce the problem to a tolerable level.

Eradication is the final step in disease control efforts; it consists of complete elimination of the
disease-producing agent from a defined geographic region.

Disease control

The success of control programs, particularly those in which the disease has been eradicated, has
been based on the epidemiologic principle of interrupting the cycle of infection at its weakest
link.

Levels of prevention

Prevention of disease is divided into 3 levels. Primary prevention is aimed at maintaining a

healthy population; i.e., preventing the occurrence of disease. Secondary prevention (also called
disease control) attempts to minimize resultant damage after disease has occurred and primary
prevention has failed. Tertiary prevention consists of rehabilitation after primary and secondary
prevention have failed.

Primary prevention involves the healthy population. Secondary and tertiary Prevention is aimed
at the diseased or patient population. The economic aspect of disease prevention is of paramount
importance; particularly in considering food animals. Simply stated, as one progresses from
primary through secondary to tertiary prevention, the cost per animal unit usually increases.

The principles of rehabilitation and restoration

LTC Nursing Assistant Trainer, November 18, 2010

Rehabilitation and restorative nursing care are designed to assist residents to attain and maintain
the highest level of physical, mental, and psychological function possible in light of each
residents unique situation. Both types of care are based on a belief in the dignity and worth of
each resident. The residents individual abilities, strengths, and needs are considered. The
principles of restorative nursing care apply to all residents. They are:

Begin treatment early. Starting restorative care soon after admission or early in the disease will
improve the outcome.
Activity strengthens and inactivity weakens. Keep residents as active as possible. Encourage
independence, even if the resident is cognitively impaired.
Prevent further disability. For example, nursing personnel develop a preventive care plan for
high-risk conditions, such as falls, pressure ulcers, contractures, and deformities. Practice safety.
Stress the residents ability and not the disability. Emphasize what the resident can do. Avoid
expressions such as, You cant use your right arm. Instead, say, You can use your left arm.
 Do not assume the resident cannot complete a task until youve tried, particularly with residents
who are cognitively impaired.
Treat the whole person. You cannot isolate a medical problem from the rest of the person.
Consider all of the residents strengths and needs. Use and build on the strengths to overcome
the needs.