UNIT-2 HEALTH CARE

DELIVERY SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY
DRASHTI PATEL
 INTRODUCTION
Health care delivery system is defined as
the aggregate of institutions, organizations,
and persons who enter the health care
system, who have a responsibility which
include the promotion of health, prevention
of illness, detection and treatment of
disease, and rehabilitation.
HEALTH PROMOTION
DEFINITION

"The process of enabling people to increase

control over and improve their health. To reach a
state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being, an individual or group must be able to
identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy
needs, and to change or cope with the
environment.”
-WHO
 APPROACHES OF HEALTH
PROMOTION
1] Creating healthy cities:
 Being a healthy city depends not only on health
infrastructures, but also on a commitment to
improving a city’s environment in political,
economic, and social areas.
 The aims of this is to:
 Create a health-supportive environment.
 Achieve a good quality of life.
 Provide basic sanitation and hygiene needs.
2] Improving health literacy:
Health literacy implies the achievement
of a level of knowledge, personal skills,
and confidence to take action to improve
personal and community health by
changing personal lifestyles and living
conditions.
3] Making every school a health
promoting school:
WHO and UNESCO have launched a new
initiative “Making every school a health-
promoting school through the
development and promotion of global
standards for health promoting schools."
4] Promoting health and
wellbeing:

Good health and wellbeing

promotes confidence, independent
thinking and positive attitude
among people.
LEVEL OF DISEASE PREVENTION

Definition of Prevention

“Activities designed to protect patients or

the members of the public from actual or
potential health threats and their harmful
consequences.”
-Dictionary of Epidemiology
1] Primordial Prevention
2] Primary Prevention
3] Secondary Prevention
4] Tertiary Prevention
1] PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION

Primordial prevention is defined as the

prevention of risk factors themselves,
beginning with change in social and
environmental conditions in which
these factors are observed to develop
and continue in high-risk children,
adolescents, and young adults.
Following strategies are the part of
primordial prevention.
1] Health education: Main intervention is
educating people about adopting healthy
lifestyle and discouraging harmful habits.
2]Environmental modification: Many
adult health problems (e.g., obesity, and
hypertension) have its origin in childhood,
because this is the time when lifestyles are
formed (e.g., smoking, eating patterns, and
physical exercise).
Primordial prevention begins in childhood
by modifying environment.

Good food and nutrition.

Regular physical activities.
Prevention of alcohol and drug use.
 Ensuring basic needs of all, such as food,
housing, etc.
 2] PRIMARY PREVENTION

Primary prevention includes action taken

prior to the onset of disease, which removes
the possibility that the disease will ever
occur.
Primary prevention is achieved by following
two components or aspects :
1] health promotion
2] specific protection.
1] Health promotion
 Main aims of health promotion are to enable
people to increase control over health and to
improve the overall health.
 It is achieved by doing the following activities for
the prevention of diseases such as:
Health education.
Environmental modifications.
Lifestyle and behavioral changes.
Nutritional changes.
2] Specific protection
 It includes the following measures for the
prevention of specific diseases.
Immunization such as BCG, DPT, MMR
vaccines.
Use of specific supplements and nutrients
such as vitamin A for children, iron-folic acid
tablets for pregnant
 Safety related to use of drugs and ingestion of
healthy food.
 3] SECONDRY PREVENTION

It is defined as an action that the progress of a

disease at its stage and prevents complications.
Basically, secondary prevention attempts to
arrest the disease process, restore health by
seeking out unrecognized disease and treating
it before irreversible pathological changes take
place and reverse spread of infectious disease.
 It includes the
1] Early diagnosis
2] Treatment.
1] Early diagnosis:
 The early diagnosis helps in early disease
detection, which helps to prevent disease and
worsening of symptoms. In simple words early
diagnosis leads to a better prognosis. The benefits
of early diagnosis are enlisted.
 Stops the disease process.
 Restores the health.
 Treat the disease before irreversible pathological
changes occur.
 Reverse the spread of infectious disease.
 Screening surveys play an important role in
various chronic diseases, such as heart
disease, stroke, cancer, etc.
2] Treatment:
It includes various treatment modalities.
Treatment can be in the form of diet
modification, environmental, or taking some
medication on low doses.
 4] TERTIARY PREVENTION

 It is used when the disease process has advanced

beyond its early stages. It is defined as "all the
measures available to reduce or limit impairments
and disabilities and to promote the patient
adjustment to current conditions." Intervention that
should be accomplished in the stage of tertiary
prevention is disability limitation and rehabilitation.
 It includes two components :
1] Disability limitation
2] Rehabilitation
1] Disability limitation: It includes the
prevention of transition of disease process
from impairment &handicap.

2] Rehabilitation: It is the combined and

coordinated use of medical, social,
educational, and vocational measures for
training and retraining the individual to the
highest possible level of functional ability.
 HEALTH CARE SERVICES

Health care services are the services

provided to individuals/families or
communities by health care
professional for health promotion,
maintenance , monitoring or
restoration of health.
The institution providing such services
are called as health care agencies
 CHARACTRISTICS OF HEALTH
CARE SERVICE
1. Relevance- should be need based
2. Comprehensive- service should
include the promotion, protection early
diagnosis treatment limitation of
disability and rehabilitation
3. Adequacy- should be proportionate to
the requirement
4. Availability- available for
whole population without any
discrimination
5.Affordability- services should
be affordable to all the strata of
the society
TYPES OF HEALTH CARE AGENCIES

1. HOSPITALS
OPD service
Day care center
Indoor patient
Emergency
2. CLINICS
Mobile clinics
Dispensaries

3. EXTENDED CARE AGENCIES

Hospice
Rehab center
Deaddication center
1] HOSPITALS
The word hospital derived from the Latin
word hospital is which in turn derived from
French word "hospes that means "a host or a
guest". The hospital is health care institution
providing treatment to patients with
specialized staff and equipment.
Hospitals have varied departments like:
A. Outpatient services:
Patients who do not need
hospitalization can be delivered health
care services in short period of time,
usually done in OPDs for example -
patients coming to health care agency
for doctor's consultation, or coming for
dressing.
B. Day care center's - are
the areas or departments
chemotherapy or pain
management clinic counseling
etc. Patients are admitted for
few hours.
C. Emergency- is a department
where on the treatment is provided
mainly for the life threatening
conditions or when the treatment is
needed in odd hours (like patient
became dehydrated at night then would
come to emergency for the treatments
as routine facilities are closed at night).
2] CLINICS/DAY CARE CENTRES
A department of hospital which provides medical care
on OPD basis or without hospitalization for example -
Chemo Day Care clinic or Pain clinic.
A. Ambulatory Care Centers and Clinics (Mobile
Clinics)
It may be located in hospitals or they may be free
standing services provided by a group of health care
providers who work together. Ambulatory care centers
and clinics are often located in convenient are as such as
shopping malls or other community facilities.
B. Dispensaries- are health care
agencies that provide primary care
and basic treatment for common
ailments like fever cough cold or
providing first aid. Dispensaries a
specific locality and have facilities
of lab , pharmacy and referral
3] EXTENDED CARE AGENCIES
Extended-care services provide
medical and or nonmedical care for
people with chronic illnesses or
Extended care may last for periods
ranging from days to years, Facilities
that provide this care are often
independent but may be associated
with a hospital.
A] Hospice Services-Hospice is
a program of palliative and
supportive care services providing
physical, psychological, social, and
spiritual care for dying people, their
families, and other loved ones.
The interdisciplinary hospice team:
Manages the patient's pain and symptoms.
Assists the patient with emotional, psychosocial ,
and spiritual aspects of dying.
Provides needed drugs, medical supplies, and
equipment.
Instructs the family on how to care for the patient.
Delivers special services like speech and physical
therapy.
B]. Rehabilitation Centers-
Rehabilitation centers specialize in services
for patients requiring physical or emotional
rehabilitation and for treatment of chemical
dependency. Rehabilitation centers often
use a multidisciplinary team composed of
health care providers, nurses,
physiotherapist , occupational therapists,
and counselors.
C]. Deaddiciton Centers-
Deaddiciton centers are
specialized clinics where
patients with addictions are
treated and helped to come out
of addiction.