Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MATH and GEAS Formulas
MATH and GEAS Formulas
Given:
Vtotal = V1 V2
f ( x)
(x r)
DIGIT AND NUMBER PROBLEMS
Remainder Theorem: Remainder = f(r)
Factor Theorem: Remainder = zero 100h + 10t + u 2-digit number
MIXTURE PROBLEMS
Quantity Analysis: A + B = C
Composition Analysis: Ax + By = Cz where: x = distance traveled by the
minute hand in minutes
WORK PROBLEMS x/12 = distance traveled by the hour
hand in minutes
Rate of doing work = 1/ time
Rate x time = 1 (for a complete job)
Combined rate = sum of individual rates
d = a2 a1 = a3 a2 ,...etc Common
difference
DIOPHANTINE EQUATIONS
If the number of equations is less than the
number of unknowns, then the equations are
called Diophantine Equations.
n
S= (a1 + an ) Sum of ALL
2 terms
ALGEBRA 3
n Fundamental Principle:
S= [2 a1 + (n 1) d ] Sum of ALL If one event can occur in m different ways, and
2 terms after it has occurred in any one of these ways, a
second event can occur in n different ways, and
then the number of ways the two events can
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (GP) occur in succession is mn different ways
- RATIO of any 2 adj, terms is always constant
- Calcu function: EXPONENTIAL (EXP) PERMUTATION
nPn = n!
a ( r n 1)
S= 1 r >1 Sum of ALL
r 1 terms, r >1
Permutation of n objects with q,r,s, etc. objects
are alike
n!
a1 (1 r n ) P=
S= r <1 Sum of ALL
q!r!s!...
1 r terms, r < 1
th
r term in the expansion (x + y) n P = nCr pr qn-r
r th term = nCr-1 (x)n-r+1 (y)r-1 p = probability that the event happen
q = probability that the event failed
term involving yr in the expansion (x + y)n
VENN DIAGRAMS
r n-r r
y term = nCr (x) (y) Venn diagram in mathematics is a diagram
representing a set or sets and the logical,
relationships between them. The sets are drawn
sum of coefficients of (x + y)n
as circles. The method is named after the British
mathematician and logician John Venn.
Sum = (coeff. of x + coeff. of y) n
sum of coefficients of (x + k)n
SINE LAW
Angle () Measurement
a b c
NULL = 0 = =
ACUTE 0 < < 90 sin A sin B sin C
RIGHT = 90
COSINE LAW
OBTUSE 90 < < 180
STRAIGHT =180 a2 = b2 + c2 2 b c cos A
REFLEX 180 < < 360
FULL OR PERIGON = 360
b2 = a2 + c2 2 a c cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 2 a b cos C
Pentagram golden triangle (isosceles)
TRIANGLES
Area = r ( s a )
QUADRILATERALS
d1 d 2= ac + bd Ptolemys Theorem
PRISM A. Tetrahedron
B. Hexahedron (Cube)
C. Octahedron
V = Bh D. Dodecahedron
E. Icosahedron
A(lateral) = PL
A(surface) = A(lateral) + 2B
where: P = perimeter of the base
L = slant height
B = base area
Truncated Prism
heights
V = B
number of heights
Pentagon Dodecahedron
Hexahedron
Icosahedron
Tetrahedron
Octahedron
h
V = ( A1 + A2 + A1 A2
Name 3
Triangle
A( lateral ) = ( R + r ) L
Triangle
Triangle
Type of
Square
FACE
SPHERE
FACES
No. of
12
20
6
4 3
4
V = r
3
EDGES
A( surface ) = 4r 2
No. of
30
30
12
12
6
SPHERICAL LUNE
VERTICES
12
8
4
r 2 (deg)
A( surface ) =
Formulas for
90
V = 7.66 x 3
V = 2.18 x 3
VOLUME
2 3
2 3
x
x
V = x3
12
3
V=
V=
SPHERICAL ZONE
is that portion of a spherical surface between two parallel
Where: x = length of one edge planes. A spherical zone of one base has one bounding
plane tangent to the sphere.
SOLIDS WITH CURVED SURFACES
A( zone ) = 2 r h
CYLINDER
V = Bh = KL SPHERICAL SEGMENT
is that portion of a sphere bounded by a zone and the
planes of the zones bases.
A(lateral) = PkL = 2 r h
h 2
V = (3r h)
A(surface) = A(lateral) + 2B 3
h
Pk = perimeter of right section V = (3a 2 + h 2 )
K = area of the right section 6
B = base area h
L= slant height V = (3a 2 + 3b 2 + h 2 )
6
CONE
1 SPHERICAL WEDGE
V = Bh is that portion of a sphere bounded by a lune and the
3 planes of the half circles of the lune.
A(lateral ) = rL r 3 (deg)
V =
270
Line 1 Ax + By + C1 = 0
Slope and y-intercept form
Line 2 Bx Ay + C2 = 0
y = mx + b
PLANE AREAS BY COORDINATES
Ax1 + By1 + C
d=
A2 + B 2
Note: The denominator is given the sign of B
Discriminant Equation**
where: a = distance from focus to vertex
Circle B2 - 4AC < 0, A = C A=C = distance from directrix to vertex
AC
Parabola B2 - 4AC = 0 AXIS HORIZONTAL:
same sign
Sign of A
Ellipse B2 - 4AC < 0, A C Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
opp. of B
E
CIRCLE k=
A locus of a moving point which moves so that its 2C
distance from a fixed point called the center is constant. substitute k to solve for h
c = a 2 b2
c = a 2 + b2
d = distance from center to directrix
a = distance from center to vertex Length of latus rectum:
c = distance from center to focus
2b 2
STANDARD EQUATIONS
LR =
a
Transverse axis is horizontal
Eccentricity:
( x h) 2
(y k) 2
c a
=1 e= =
a2 b2
a d
Transverse axis is vertical:
( y k ) 2 ( x h) 2 POLAR COORDINATES SYSTEM
=1
a2 b2
x = r cos
GENERAL EQUATION
y = r sin
Ax2 Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Coordinates of the center: r= x2 + y2
D E
h= ; k = y
2A 2C tan =
x
If C is negative, then: a2 = C, b2 = A
If A is negative, then: a2 = A, b2 = C
R2 E
A= dC
=0
180 dx
d du dv
(u + v ) = +
R = radius of the sphere dx dx dx
E = spherical excess in degrees, d dv du
(uv ) = u +v
dx dx dx
E = A + B + C 180 du dv
v u
d u
= dx 2
dx
dx v v
TERRESTRIAL SPHERE d n du
(u ) = nu n 1
Radius of the Earth = 3959 statute miles dx dx
du
Prime meridian (Longitude = 0) d
u = dx
dx 2 u
Equator (Latitude = 0) du
c
d c dx
Latitude = 0 to 90 =
dx u u 2
dn
( xe n
) = ( x + n ) e X
dx n
INTEGRAL
csc h udu = coth u + C
2
du du u
u = ln u + C u a
2 2
= cosh 1
a
+C
au
= +C du 1 a
u
u
a du = sinh 1 + C
ln a u +a2 a
2 u
e du = e + C
u u
du 1 1 u
a 2 u 2 = a tanh a + C.............. u < a
sin udu = cos u + C du 1 1 u
Whole Parabola
Plane Areas bounded by a curve and the coordinate
axes:
2
x2
y= h
A = ( y( up ) y( down ) )dx 5
x1
y2
Triangle
A = ( x( right ) x(left ) )dy
1 2
y1 x = b= b
3 3
Plane Areas bounded by polar curves: 1 2
y= h= h
1 2 2 3 3
A = r d
2 1
LENGTH OF ARC
y1
2
y2
A y = dA y
y1
V x = dV x
CALCULUS 2 x1
y2
V y = dV y
TIP 1: Problems will usually be of this nature:
Find the area bounded by
Find the area revolved around.. y1
V = 2 RL dy
x2 = final value of elongation
x1 Force = (density)(volume) = v
A = dS 2 r Density:
x1 a 3b
Iy =
Moment of Inertia about the y- axis:
4
y2
I y = x 2 dA FLUID PRESSURE
y1
F = wh A = h A
Parallel Axis Theorem
The moment of inertia of an area with respect to any
F = wh dA
coplanar line equals the moment of inertia of the area
with respect to the parallel centroidal line plus the area
F = force exerted by the fluid on one side of
times the square of the distance between the lines.
the area
h = distance of the c.g. to the surface of liquid
I x = Ixo = Ad 2 w = specific weight of the liquid ()
A = vertical plane area
Triangle
bh 3
Ix =
12
bh3
I xo =
36
Circle
r 4
I xo =
4
Half-Circle
r 4
Ix =
8
Quarter-Circle
r 4
Ix =
16
P Q = P Q sin T1 = ( wx1 ) 2 + H 2
i j k
P Q = Px Py Pz
Qx Qy Qz
T2 = ( wx2 ) 2 + H 2
y2 = S 2 + c 2
2 2
S + y1
x1 = c ln 1
c 1 2
S + y2 S = V0 t at
x 2 = c ln 2 2
c
V = V0 at
Span = x1 + x 2
V 2 = V0 2aS
2
Total length of cable = S1 + S2
Values of g,
W
REF = ma = a
2
V
Rmax = 0 = 45 g
g
Weight
BANKING ON HI-WAY CURVES
=
Volume
water = 9.81 kN/m2 SI
water = 45 lbf/ft2 cgs
Ideal Banking: The road is frictionless
V2
tan =
gr ENGINEERING
Non-ideal Banking: With Friction on the road MECHANICS 3
V2
tan( + ) = ; tan = IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
gr
T = W sec Impulse, I
F V2 I = Ft
tan = =
W gr Momentum, P
f =
1 g P = mV
frequency
2 h
Potential Energy
PE = mgh = Wh
Momentum lost = Momentum gained Kinetic Energy
1
m1V1 + m2V2 = m1V1' + m2V2' KE linear = mV 2
2
m1 = mass of the first body 1 2
m2 = mass of the second body KE rotational = I V = r
V1 = velocity of mass 1 before the impact 2
V2 = velocity of mass 2 before the impact
V1 = velocity of mass 1 after the impact I = mass moment of inertia
V2 = velocity of mass 2 after the impact = angular velocity
V1 V2 =
2 2
Solid sphere: I mr
5
Type of collision e Kinetic Energy
2 2
ELASTIC
100% 0 < e >1 Thin-walled hollow sphere: I= mr
conserved 3
INELASTIC
Not 100% e=0 1 2
conserved
Solid disk: I= mr
PERFECTLY
INELASTIC
Max Kinetic
Energy Lost
e =1 2
1 2
Solid Cylinder: I=mr
Special Cases 2
1
Hollow Cylinder: I = m( router rinner )
2 2
2
m = mass of the body
r = radius
hr
e= e = cot tan
hd
W
P= = F V Q = mL
t
1 watt = 1 Newton-m/s Q = heat needed to change phase
m = mass
1 joule/sec = 107 ergs/sec L = latent heat (fusion/vaporization)
(+) = heat is entering (substance melts)
1 hp = 550 lb-ft per second () = heat is leaving (substance freezes)
= 33000 lb-ft per min
= 746 watts Latent heat of Fusion solid to liquid
Latent heat of Vaporization liquid to gas
LAW ON CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it Values of Latent heat of Fusion and
can be change from one form to another Vaporization,
Sensible Heat is the heat needed to change the LAW OF CONSERVATION OF HEAT
temperature of the body without changing its phase. ENERGY
When two masses of different temperatures are
combined together, the heat absorbed by the lower
Q = mcT temperature mass is equal to the heat given up by the
higher temperature mass.
Q = sensible heat
m = mass Heat gained = Heat lost
c = specific heat of the substance
T = change in temperature
Cwater = 1 BTU/lbF
Cwater = 1 cal/gmC
Cwater = 4.156 kJ/kg
Cice = 50% Cwater
Csteam = 48% Cwater
P N/mm2 = MPa
axial = axial
A
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
Paxial Area
= 14.7 psi
axial = axial/tensile/compressive stress = 1.032 kgf/cm2
P = applied force/load at centroid of xsectional area = 780 torr
A = resisting area (perpendicular area) 101.325 kPa = 1.013 bar
= 1 atm
Shearing stress
the stress developed when the force is applied parallel to = 780 mmHg
the resisting area. = 29.92 in
Pappliedl Area r D
T = =
s = shearing stress t 2t
P = applied force or load
A = resisting area (sheared area) B. Longitudinal stress (also for Spherical)
Bearing stress
r D
L = =
the stress developed in the area of contact (projected
area) between two bodies.
2t 4t
P P
b = =
A dt
T = tangential/circumferential/hoop stress
P Abaering L = longitudinal/axial stress, used in spheres
r = outside radius
b = bearing stress D = outside diameter
P = applied force or load = pressure inside the tank
A = projected area (contact area) t = thickness of the wall
d,t = width and height of contact, respectively F = bursting force
= Y Young ' s Modulus of Elasticity
= E Modulus of Elasticity
s =E s s Modulus in Shear
V =EV V Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
1
Ev compressibility
PL
=
AE
= elongation
= P = applied force or load
L A = area
= strain L = original length
= elongation E = modulus of elasticity
L = original length = stress
= strain
Elastic Limit the range beyond which the material
WILL NOT RETURN TO ITS ORIGINAL SHAPE when
unloaded but will retain a permanent deformation
b. Due to its own mass
F = P(1 + i ) n
Ordinary Annuity
m
NR
ER = 1 + 1
A = uniform periodic amount or annuity
m
Perpetuity or Perpetual Annuity
ER NR ; equal if Annual
A
i = rate of interest per period P=
NR = nominal rate of interest i
m = number of interest periods per year
n = total number of interest periods
N = number pf years
ER = effective rate of interest
d [(1 + i ) m 1]
Dm =
i
Cm = C0 Dm
(1 + q) n (1 + i ) n 1 i = standard rate of interest
P = C if q i
qi
Sum of the Years Digit (SYD) Method
(1 + q) n (1 + i ) n 2(n m + 1)
F = C if q i
qi
d m = (C 0 C n )
n(n + 1)
Cn Cn(1 + i) n (2n m + 1)m
P= P= if q = i Dm = (C 0 C n )
1+ q 1+ q
n( n + 1)
n(n + 1)
sec ond SYD =
q= 1 2
first
C = initial cash flow of the geometric gradient series Cm = C0 Dm
which occurs one period after the present
SYD = sum of the years digit
q = fixed percentage or rate of increase
dm = depreciation at year m
Dm = C0 Cm BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS
CC = C 0 + P
CC = Capitalized Cost
C0 = first cost
P = cost of perpetual maintenance (A/i)
AC = d + C 0 (i ) + OMC
AC = Annual Cost
d = Annual depreciation cost
i = interest rate
OMC = Annual operating & maintenance cost