Plane and Solid Geometry Formulas
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION COLLEGE
Tacloban City Given four sides a, b, c, d, and sum of two opposite angles:
Prepared by: RTFVerterra
10 sides 11 sides 12 sides 15 sides 16 sides = = = = = decagon undecagon dodecagon quindecagon hexadecagon
RADIUS OF CIRCLES Circle circumscribed about a triangle (Cicumcircle)
A=
(s a)(s b)(s c)(s d) abcdcos2
s=
a+b+c+d 2 A + C B + D = or = 2 2
The content of this material is one of the intellectual properties of Engr. Romel Tarcelo F. Verterra of Asian Development Foundation College. Reproduction of this copyrighted material without consent of the author is punishable by law. Part of: Plane and Solid Geometry by RTFVerterra October 2003
Sum of interior angles The sum of interior angles of a polygon of n sides is: Sum, = (n 2) 180 Sum of exterior angles The sum of exterior angles is equal to 360. = 360
A circle is circumscribed about a triangle if it passes through the vertices of the triangle.
Given four sides a, b, c, d, and two opposite angles B and D: Divide the area into two triangles
Circumcenter of the triangle
a b
r c
r=
A = ab sin B + cd sin D
abc 4A T
AT = area of the triangle
Parallelogram Number of diagonals, D The diagonal of a polygon is the line segment joining two non-adjacent sides. The number of diagonals is given by: n D = (n 3) 2 Regular polygons Circle inscribed in a triangle (Incircle) A circle is inscribed in a triangle if it is tangent to the three sides of the triangle. B Incenter of the triangle
B d1 A
d2
PLANE GEOMETRY
PLANE AREAS Triangle
D a Given diagonals d1 and d2 and included angle : A = d1 d2 sin
Given two sides a and b and one angle A:
r=
B a h c
A = ab sin A
Rhombus
C d1 d2 a
b
A = bh
A B
90 a A
Polygons whose sides are equal are called equilateral polygons. Polygons with equal interior angles are called equiangular polygons. Polygons that are both equilateral and equiangular are called regular polygons. The area of a regular polygon can be found by considering one segment, which has the form of an isosceles triangle. Circumscribing x circle
x R R r Apothem x x Inscribed circle
AT s s = (a + b + c)
c r r b r
Circles escribed about a triangle (Excircles)
A circle is escribed about a triangle if it is tangent to one side and to the prolongation of the other two sides. A triangle has three escribed circles. ra ra c a ra
Given base b and altitude h
Given diagonals d1 and d2:
Given two sides a and b and included angle : A = ab sin Given three sides a, b, and c: (Heros Formula) A= s=
s( s a)(s b)(s c )
a+b+c 2
A = d1 d2
Given side a and one angle A:
A = a2 sin A
Trapezoid
a h b b B d1 d2 a A d D C c
The area under this condition can also be solved by finding one angle using cosine law and apply the formula for two sides and included angle. Given three angles A, B, and C and one side a:
a 2 sin B sin C A= 2 sin A
a+b h A= 2
x = side = angle subtended by the side from the center R = radius of circumscribing circle r = radius of inscribed circle, also called the apothem n = number of sides
= 360 / n
b AT AT AT ra = ; rc = ; rb = s b sa sc
Circle circumscribed about a quadrilateral
Cyclic Quadrilateral
A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the circumference of a circle.
Area, A = R2 sin n = x r n Perimeter, P = n x n2 180 Interior angle = n Exterior angle = 360 / n
Circle
A circle is circumscribed about a quadrilateral if it passes through the vertices of the quadrilateral. r=
b a
r c d
(ab + cd)(ac + bd)(ad + bc ) 4 A quad ( s a)(s b)(s c )(s d)
The area under this condition can also be solved by finding one side using sine law and apply the formula for two sides and included angle. Rectangle
A + C = 180 B + D = 180
Aquad = r D
Area =
( s a)( s b)( s c )( s d)
d b
a+b+c+d s= 2
Circumference = 2 r = D 2 Area, A = r2 = D 4
Sector of a circle
s = (a + b + c + d)
Circle incribed in a quadrilateral b A circle is inscribed in a quadrilateral r if it is tangent to the three a sides of the quadrilateral.
A quad s
Ptolemys theorem
Area, A = ab
Perimeter, P = 2(a + b) Diagonal, d = a 2 + b 2 Square
For any cyclic quadrilateral, the product of the diagonals equals the sum of the products of the opposite sides d1 d2 = ac + bd
POLYGONS
Arc C = r radians = Area = r2 radians = Area = C r
r 180
r 2 360
d ;
abcd
Note: 1 radian is the angle such that C = r.
Segment of a circle
r=
s = (a + b + c + d)
Area, A = a2 Perimeter, P = 4a Diagonal, d = a 2
General quadrilateral b
d a C
a d2 d d1
There are two basic types of polygons, a convex and a concave polygon. A convex polygon is one in which no side, when extended, will pass inside the polygon, otherwise it called concave polygon. The following figure is a convex polygon. 4 4 3
3 2
D
Aquad = r
Area = Asector Atriangle Area = r2 r r2 sin Area = r2 (r sin )
r = angle in radians
SOLID GEOMETRY
POLYHEDRONS
Area = Asector + Atriangle Area = r2 r + r2 sin Area = r2 (r + sin )
Parabolic segment
= 360 - r r
A polyhedron is a closed solid whose faces are polygons.
2 1 1
6 6
Area =
2 bh 3
Given diagonals d1 and d2 and included angle :
A = d1 d2 sin
Polygons are classified according to the number of sides. The following are some names of polygons. 3 sides 4 sides 5 sides 6 sides 7 sides 8 sides 9 sides = = = = = = = triangle quadrangle or quadrilateral pentagon hexagon heptagon or septagon octagon nonagon
h b
PRISM
Ellipse
Area = a b Perimeter, P P = 2
a2 + b2 2
b b
A prism is a polyhedron whose bases are equal polygons in parallel planes and whose sides are parallelograms. Prisms are classified according to their bases. Thus, a hexagonal prism is one whose base is a
Plane and Solid Geometry Formulas
hexagon, and a regular hexagonal prism has a base of a regular hexagon. The axis of a prism is the line joining the centroids of the bases. A right prism is one whose axis is perpendicular to the base. The height h of a prism is the distance between the bases. Like prisms, cylinders are classified according to their bases. Fixed straight line Directrix Azone = 2rh Volume =
h (3r h) 3
2
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ELLIPSOID
Z b a c r h Y Volume = b
Prolate spheroid
4 abc 3
a X
h h Ab Volume = Ab h Volume = Ab h
Rectangular parallelepiped Right circular cylinder
Spherical segment of two bases
Ab As = 2rh
h 2 (3a + 3b 2 + h2 ) Volume = 6
Spherical cone or spherical sector
Volume = Ab h = r2 h c b Lateral area, AL AL = Base perimeter h AL = 2 r h
CONE
r h h r r Volume = r
d2 d1 a
Volume = Ab h = abc Lateral area, AL = 2(ac + bc) Total surface area, AS = 2(ab + bc + ac) Face diagonal, d1 = Space diagonal, d2 =
a2 + c 2
1 2 A zone r = r 2 h 3 3
Prolate spheroid is formed by revolving the ellipse about its major (X) axis. Thus from the figure above, c = b, then, 4 Volume = ab 2 3 arcsin e As = 2b2 + 2ab e e= a2 b2 / a
A cone is the surface generated by a straight line, the generator, passing through a fixed point, the vertex, and moving along a fixed curve, the directrix. Similar to pyramids, cones are classified according to their bases. Vertex Ab = base area h = altitude Generator Directrix Ab
1 Ab h 3
Spherical lune and wedge
Oblate spheroid
a2 + b2 + c 2
Prolate spheroid is formed by revolving the ellipse about its minor (Z) axis. Thus from the figure above, c = a, then, r
Cube (Regular hexahedron) Volume = Ab h = a3 Lateral area, AL = 4a2 Total surface area AS = 6a2 Face diagonal a d1 = a 2 Space diagonal
Volume =
4 2 a b 3 b 2 1 + e ln 1 e e
Lune
Wedge
As = 2a2 +
r 2 90
d2 d1 a a
d2 = a 3
Truncated prism
A lune 4r 2 = 360 4 3 r Vwedge = 3 360
Alune =
PARABOLOID OF REVOLUTION
Vwedge =
r 3 270
h r Volume =
1 2 r h 2
AR = area of the right section n = number of sides h4 h1 AR
h n
Volume =
Spherical polygons
Right circular cone r = base radius h = altitude
h r
A spherical polygon is a polygon on the surface of a sphere whose sides are arcs of great circles. n = number of sides; r = radius of sphere E = spherical excess a A d D C c A1 r b B
h3 h2 L = slant height = r + h 1 1 2 Ab h = r h 3 3 Lateral area, AL = r L
2 2
AL =
3/2 3 4r r 2 + h2 r 2 2 4 3h
Volume = AR
PYRAMIDS
Volume =
PRISMOIDAL RULE
A pyramid is a polyhedron with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet at a common point called the vertex. Similar to prisms, pyramids are classified according to their bases. Vertex Ab = area of the base h = altitude, perpendicular distance from the vertex to the base Ab Volume =
1 Ab h 3
Frustum of a cone
Am
A2
A1 = lower base area A2 = upper base area h = altitude
A2 h A1
r 2E 180 E = sum of angles (n 2)180
Area =
L/2
L/2 L L [A 1 + 4A m + A 2 ] 6
Spherical pyramid
h Volume = A 1 + A 2 + A 1A 2 3
A D r r
B C
Volume =
Frustum of right circular cone
R = lower base radius r = upper base radius; r h R L = slant height = Volume =
h = altitude
r = radius of sphere E = spherical excess of the polygon E = sum of angles (n 2)180
r 3E Volume = 540
The prismoidal rule gives precise values of volume for regular solid such as pyramids, cones, frustums of pyramids or cones, spheres, and prismoids.
SIMILAR SOLIDS
Frustum of pyramid
A frustum of a pyramid is the volume included between the base and a cutting plane parallel to the base. A1 = lower base area A2 = upper base area h = altitude
SOLID OF REVOLUTION
h2 + (R r ) 2
Two solids are similar if any two corresponding sides or planes are proportional. All spheres, cubes are similar. Axis of rotation x1 x2 x1 x2
A2 h A1
h A 1 + A 2 + A 1A 2 3
h 2 2 R + r + Rr 3 Lateral area = (R + r) L
cg
x1 R
First proposition of Pappus
x2
SPHERE
4 3 r 3 Surface area, As = 4r2
x1
x2
For all similar solids:
x As1 = 1 x As 2 2
2
Volume =
Volume =
CYLINDERS
Spherical segment of one base
The surface area generated by a surface of revolution equals the product of the length of the generating arc and the distance traveled by its centroid. As = L 2 R Second proposition of Pappus The volume area generated by a solid of revolution equals the product of the generating area and the distance traveled by its centroid. Volume = A 2 R
and
V1 V2
x = 1 x 2
A cylinder is the surface generated by a straight line intersecting and moving along a closed plane curve, the directrix, while remaining parallel to a fixed straight line that is not on or parallel to the plane of the directrix.
Where As is the surface, total area, or any corresponding area. The dimension x may be the height, base diameter, diagonal, or any corresponding dimension.
h r r r r
