g

En

lN
URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

of
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City

ue
ty
College of Engineering and Architecture

er

am
op
- Triangle inscribed in a circle:

S
n

Pr
CORRELATION
do

r.
SOLID MENSURATION

g
za

En
October 07, 2023
Ar

of
TRIANGLES

ty
Area of a Triangle

er
op
on

Pr
ad

𝒂𝒃𝒄
𝑨=
rz

𝟒𝑹
.A

of
Side of a triangle with 3 angles and perimeter known:
lN

ty
𝜽 𝑷=𝒂+𝒃+𝒄

er
ue

𝑷𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨

op
𝒂=
am

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪

n

Pr
o

Given base c and altitude h 𝑷𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩

.S

ad

𝒃=
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪
gr

rz

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = (𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 × 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕)

𝟐 𝑷𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪
En

.A

𝒄=
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒄𝒉
lN

𝟐
Right Triangles
ue

Given two sides a and c and included angle 𝜃

If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right
am

𝟏 angle to the hypotenuse of a right triangle:

on

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒂𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝟐 1. The two triangles formed are similar to each
.S

ad

other and to the given triangle;

Given three sides a, b, and c (use Heron’s Formula)
2. The perpendicular is a mean proportional
r

rz
ng

between the segments of the hypotenuse; and

.A

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = √𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)

3. The square of either side about the right angle
E

lN

equals the product of the whole hypotenuse

of

𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
𝒔= and the segment adjacent to that side.
𝟐
ue
ty

B
er

Given three angles A, B, and C and one side a: D

on
op

Sa

𝒂𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪
ad
Pr

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 =
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨
r.

rz
ng

Triangle circumscribing a circle: C A

.A
E

lN
of

(1) ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪, ∆𝑩𝑫𝑪, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∆𝑨𝑫𝑪 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍

(2) 𝑩𝑫: 𝑪𝑫 = 𝑪𝑫: 𝑨𝑫 𝒐𝒓 (𝑪𝑫)𝟐 = (𝑩𝑫)(𝑨𝑫)
ue
ty

(3) (𝑩𝑪)𝟐 = (𝑨𝑩)(𝑩𝑫)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝑨𝑪)𝟐 = (𝑨𝑩)(𝑨𝑫)

er

m
op

QUADRILATERALS
Sa
Pr

Rectangle
.
gr
En

.A

𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
N
of

𝑺= d
𝟐 a
l
ue
ty

𝑨 = 𝒓𝑺
er

am
op

b
.S
on

Pr

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒂 × 𝒃
gr
ad

𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = 𝟐(𝒂 + 𝒃)
En

𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍, 𝒅 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
rz

of
y
 g
En

lN
URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

of
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City

ue
ty
College of Engineering and Architecture

er

am
op
SQUARE Given diagonals d1 and d2 and included angle 𝜃:

S
𝟏
n

Pr
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝟐
do

r.
Given two sides a and b and one angle A:

g
za

En
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒂𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨
d a
Ar

Rhombus

of
C D

ty
𝒅𝟏

er
a 𝒅𝟐

op
a
on

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒂𝟐

Pr
𝟗𝟎°
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = 𝟒𝒂
ad

𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍, 𝒅 = 𝒂√𝟐
rz

B a A
.A

General Quadrilateral

of
C
lN

b A rhombus is a parallelogram with four equal sides. The

ty
diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at an angle of

er
B c
ue

90°.

op
𝜽
𝒅𝟏
am

a
n

Pr
𝒅𝟐 Given the diagonals d1 and d2:
o
.S

D 𝟏
ad

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
A d 𝟐
gr

Given side a and one angle A:

rz

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒂𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨
En

.A

Given diagonals d1 and d2 and included angle 𝜃:

𝟏
lN

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 Trapezoid

𝟐 a
Given four sides a, b, c, d, and sum of two opposite
ue

angles:
am

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = √(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)(𝒔 − 𝒅) − 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽

on

h
.S

ad

𝒂+𝒃+𝒄+𝒅
𝑺𝒆𝒎𝒊 − 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓, 𝒔 =
r

rz

𝟐
ng

.A

∠𝑨 + ∠𝑪 ∠𝑩 + ∠𝑫
E

𝜽= 𝒐𝒓 𝜽 = b
lN

𝟐 𝟐
of

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with two and only two of

Given four sides a, b, c, d, and two opposite angles B whose sides are parallel.
ue
ty

and D.
er

𝑎+𝑏
on
op

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ×ℎ
Sa

Divide the area into two triangles, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝐶𝐴𝐷: 2

ad
Pr

𝟏 𝟏
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒂𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 + 𝒄𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑫
r.

𝟐 𝟐 Length of dividing line parallel to the two parallel sides

rz
ng

of a trapezoid:
.A

PARALLELOGRAM a
E

lN
of

B C A1
c h
ue
ty

𝒅𝟏
𝒅𝟐 A2
er

𝜽 b
op

Sa

b
Pr

.
gr

A a D 𝒎𝒂𝟐 + 𝒏𝒃𝟐 𝒎 𝑨𝟏
𝒄=√
En

.A

; =
𝒎+𝒏 𝒏 𝑨𝟐
1. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal
N

and so also are the opposite angles.

of

2. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each POLYGONS

l
ue
ty

other. There are two basic types of polygons, a convex and a

er

concave polygon. A convex polygon is one in which no

am

3. If two sides of a quadrilateral are equal and

side, when extended, will pass inside the polygon,
op

parallel, the the other two sides are equal and

otherwise it is called a concave polygon.
.S

parallel, and the figure is a parallelogram.

on

Pr

gr
ad

Polygons are classified according to the number of sides.

En

The following are some names of polygons.

rz

of
y
 g
En

lN
URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

of
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City

ue
ty
College of Engineering and Architecture

er

am
op
No. of Sides Name

S
2 Digon
n

Pr
do

3 Triangle (trigon)

g r.
4 Quadrilateral (tetragon)
za

En
5 Pentagon
Ar

6 Hexagon

of
7 Heptagon

ty
8 Octagon

er
9 Nonagon (enneagon)
10 Decagon

op
11 Undecagon
on

Pr
12 Dodecagon
ad

13 Tridecagon
14 Tetradecagon
rz

15 Pentadecagon
.A

of
16 Hexadecagon 360°
𝜃=
lN

17 Heptadecagon

ty
𝑛
18 Octadecagon 𝑛 2 𝑛

er
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑅 sin 𝜃 = (𝑥 𝑟)
ue

19 Enneadecagon 2 2

op
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 = (𝑛)(𝑥)
am

20 Icosagon
𝑛−2
n

Pr
30 Triacontagon 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝛽 = × 180°
o

𝑛
.S

ad

40 Tetracontagon 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝛼 = 𝜃

50 Pentacontagon
gr

rz

60 Hexacontagon
En

.A

70 Heptacontagon CIRCLES
80 Octacontagon
lN

90 Enneacontagon Circle is a round plane figure whose boundary consists

of points equidistant from a fixed point called the
ue

100 Hectogon
centre.
1000 Chiliagon
am

on

10000 Myriagon
.S

ad

Theorems in Polygons
r

rz
ng

1. The sum of the angles of a convex polygon of “n”

.A

sides is 2(𝑛 − 2) right angles.

E

2. The exterior angles of a polygon, made by

lN
of

producing each of its sides in succession, are

together equal to 4 rights angles or 360°.
ue
ty

3. Homologous parts of congruent figures are

er

equal.
on
op

Sa

ad
Pr

The sum of interior angles 𝜃 of a polygon of “n” sides is:

r.

rz

𝑆𝑢𝑚, ∑ 𝜃 = (𝑛 − 2) × 180°
ng

Arc – a part of the circumference of a circle.

.A

The sum of the exterior angles 𝛽 is equal to 360°.

E

lN

Circumference – the “perimeter” of the circle.

of

The diagonal of a polygon is the line segment joining

two non-adjacent sides. The number of diagonals is
ue
ty

Chord – a line segment that joins any two points on the

given by: circle’s circumference.
er

𝑛
𝐷 = (𝑛 − 3)
op

Sa

2 Diameter – the biggest chord of a circle. It is equal to

Pr

twice the length of the radius.

Regular Polygons
.
gr

Polygons whose sides are equal are called equilateral Radius – a straight line from the center to the circle’s
En

.A

polygons. Polygons with equal interior angles are called circumference.

equiangular polygons. Polygons that are both
N
of

equilateral and equiangular are called regular polygons. Secant of a circle – a line that cuts the circle at two
l

The area of a regular polygon can be found by points.

ue
ty

considering one segment, which has the form of an

er

am

isosceles triangle. Sector – an area enclosed by two radii and an arc.

op

.S

Segment – an area enclosed by a chord and an arc.

on

Pr

gr
ad

Tangent of a circle – a line that touches the circle at

En

one point, called the point of tangency.

rz

of
y
 g
En

lN
URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

of
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City

ue
ty
College of Engineering and Architecture

er

am
op

S
n

Pr
do

g r.
za

En
Ar

of
ty
er
op
on

Pr
ad

Area of a Circle
rz

𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐
.A

of
𝝅𝑫𝟐
𝑨=
lN

ty
Circumference

er
ue

𝑪 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 = 𝝅𝑫

op
am

xx------------------------nothing follows-----------------------xx
n

Pr
o
.S

PREPARED BY:
ad
gr

rz

ENGR. SAMUEL N. ARZADON, RMEE

En

.A

Mechanical Engineering Department

lN
ue
am

on
.S

ad
r

rz
ng

.A
E

lN
of

ue
ty
er

on
op

Sa

ad
Pr

r.

rz
ng

.A
E

lN
of

ue
ty
er

m
op

Sa
Pr

.
gr
En

.A
N
of

l
ue
ty
er

am
op

.S
on

Pr

gr
ad

En
rz

of
y
 g
En

lN
URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

of
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City

ue
ty
College of Engineering and Architecture

er

am
op
Exercises. Solve the following problems. 10. PXII-40. The area of a regular decagon inscribed in a

S
1. The area of an isosceles triangle is 36 cm2. The circle of 15 cm diameter is:
n

Pr
included angle between the equal sides is 30°. a. 156 sq.cm
do

r.
Determine the length of the unequal side. b. 158 sq.cm

g
za

En
a. 12 c. 165 sq.cm
Ar

b. 3.21 d. 177 sq.cm

of
c. 6.21 11. PXII-38. A polygon has 170 diagonals. How many
d. 9.21 sides does it have?

ty
2. The area of a right triangle is 88.48 m2 and its a. 60

er
perimeter is 46.37 m. Find the sum of the shorter leg b. 70

op
and the longer leg. c. 80
on

a. 24 d. 90

Pr
b. 36 12. PXII-44. If a regular polygon has 27 diagonals, then it
ad

c. 27 is a:
rz

d. 30 a. hexagon
.A

3. P is a point on BC of the triangle ABC such that 𝐴𝐵 = b. nonagon

of
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝑃. If 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐶, find the value of angle ABC. c. pentagon
lN

ty
a. 60 d. heptagon

er
b. 48 13. PXII-46. A regular octagon is inscribed in a circle of
ue

c. 36 radius 10. Find the area of the octagon.

op
am

d. 84 a. 228.2 sq. units

n

Pr
4. PXII-19. One side of a parallelogram is 10 m and its b. 288.2 sq. units
o
.S

ad

diagonals are 16 m and 24 m, respectively. Its area is: c. 282.8 sq. units
a. 156.8 sqm d. 238.2 sq. units
gr

rz

b. 185.6 sqm 14. PXII-48. Two sides of a parallelogram neasure 68 cm

En

.A

c. 158.7 sqm and 83 cm and the shorter diagonal is 42 cm.

d. 142.3 sqm Determine the smallest interior angle of the
lN

5. PXII-15. A man measuring a rectangle “x” meters by parallelogram.

ue

“y” meters, makes each side 15% too small. By how a. 23.87 deg.
many percent will his estimate for the area be too b. 30.27 deg.
am

small? c. 49.45 deg.

on

a. 23.55% d. 12.65 deg.

.S

ad

b. 25.67% 15. P-352. A lighthouse is 10 units of length northwest of

r

c. 27.75% a dock. A ship leaves the dock at 8:00 am and travels

rz
ng

d. 72.25% west at 12 units of length per hour. At what time will

.A
E

6. PXII-16. The length of the side of a square is increased the ship be 8 units of length from the lighthouse?
lN

by 100%. Its perimeter is increased by: a. 8:54 am

of

a. 25% b. 8:45 am
ue
ty

b. 100% c. 8:59 am
er

c. 200% d. 9:04 am
on
op

d. 300% 16. P-354. From the third floor window of a building, the
Sa

7. PXII-20. If the sides of the parallelogram and an angle of depression of an object on the ground is
ad
Pr

included angle are 6, 10, and 100 degrees 35°58’, while from a sixth floor window, 9.75 m above
r.

rz
ng

respectively, find the length of the shorter diagonal. the first point of observation, the angle of depression
.A

a. 10.63 is 58°35’. How far is the object from the building?

E

b. 10.37 a. 9.70 m
lN
of

c. 10.73 b. 10.70 m
ue

d. 10.23 c. 11.70 m
ty

8. PXII-21. The area of a rhombus is 132 sq. cm. If its d. 8.70 m

er

shorter diagonal is 12 cm, the length of the longer 17. P10-47. In an isosceles right triangle, the hypotenuse
op

Sa

diagonal is: is how much longer than its sides?

Pr

a. 20 cm a. 2 times
.

b. 21 cm
gr

b. √2 times
c. 22 cm c. 1.5 times
En

.A

d. 23 cm d. None of the above

N

9. PXII-24. A rectangle ABCD which measures 18 by 24 18. P10-44. Find the value of sin(90 + A)
of

units is folded once, perpendicular to diagonal AC, a. cos A

l
ue
ty

so that the opposite vertices A and C coincide. Find b. -cos A

er

the length of the fold.

am

c. sin A
op

a. 2 d. -sin A
.S

b. 7/2 19. P10-41. Find the value of y: 𝑦 = (1 + cos 2𝜃) tan 𝜃.

on

Pr

c. 54/2 a. cos 𝜃
gr
ad

d. 45/2 b. sin 𝜃
En

c. sin 2𝜃
rz

of
y
 g
En

lN
URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

of
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City

ue
ty
College of Engineering and Architecture

er

am
op
d. cos 2𝜃

S
20. P11-9. The sides of a triangle ABC are AB = 15 cm, BC
n

Pr
= 18 cm, and CA = 24 cm. Determine the distance
do

r.
from the point of intersection of the angular

g
za

En
bisectors to side AB.
Ar

a. 5.21 cm

of
b. 3. 78 cm
c. 4.73 cm

ty
d. 6.25 cm

er
21. P11-10. If AB = 15 cm, BC = 18 cm, and CA = 24 cm, find

op
the point of intersection of the angular bisector from
on

the vertex C.

Pr
a. 11.3
ad

b. 12.1
rz

c. 13.4
d. 14.3
.A

of
22. P11-11. In triangle ABC, angle C = 70 degrees; angle A
lN

ty
= 45 degrees; AB = 40 m. What is the length of the

er
median drawn from the vertex A to side BC?
ue

a. 36.8 m

op
am

b. 37.1 m
n

Pr
c. 36.3 m
o
.S

ad

d. 37.4 m
23. P11-12. The area of a triangle whose angles are
gr

rz

61°9’32”, 34°14’46”, and 84°35’42” is 680.60. The

En

.A

length of the longest side is:

a. 35.53
lN

b. 54.32
ue

c. 52.43
d. 62.54
am

24. The sides of a triangular lot are 130 m, 180 m, and 190
on

m. The lot is to be divided by a line bisecting the

.S

ad

longest side and drawn from the opposite vertex.

r

The length of this dividing line is:

rz
ng

a. 100 meters
.A
E

b. 130 meters
lN

c. 125 meters
of

d. 115 meters
ue
ty

25. From a point outside of an equilateral triangle, the

er

distance to the vertices are 10 m, 10 m, and 18 m. Find

on
op

the dimension of the triangle.

Sa

a. 25.63
ad
Pr

b. 45.68
r.

rz
ng

c. 19.94
.A

d. 12.25
E

lN
of

ue
ty
er

m
op

Sa
Pr

.
gr
En

.A
N
of

l
ue
ty
er

am
op

.S
on

Pr

gr
ad

En
rz

of
y