SOLIDS FOR WHICH
V = (1/3) Bh
V = (1/3) Bh
PYRAMID
Definition. A pyramid is a
polyhedron of which one
face, called the base, is a
polygon of any number of
sides and the other faces
are triangles which have a
common vertex.
V = (1/3) Bh
PYRAMID
Properties
• The triangular faces are called the lateral
faces.
• The altitude of a pyramid is the length of
the perpendicular dropped from the
vertex to the plane of the base.
V = (1/3) Bh
PYRAMID
Properties
• If a pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to
the base, the lateral edges and the
altitude are divided proportionally; the
section is a polygon similar the base; and
the areas of two such sections are to each
other as the squares of their distances
from the vertex. The base itself may be
considered one of the sections in 2
X x
question. In symbols we write . 2
B h
V = (1/3) Bh
PYRAMID
Properties
• If two pyramids have equal bases and
equal altitudes, by property 3, we can
show that the area of the section of one
pyramid parallel to the base is equal to
the area of the corresponding section of
the other. Hence in accordance with
Cavalieri’s theorem the two pyramids are
equivalent.
V = (1/3) Bh
PYRAMID
Formulas:
Lateral surface (S) S sum of the areas of faces
Surface Analysis. Each of the lateral
faces of a pyramid is a triangle. The
lateral area is the sum of the areas of
these triangular faces.
V = (1/3) Bh
PYRAMID
Formulas:
1
Volume (V) Volume base x altitude
3
1
V Bh
3
V = (1/3) Bh
PYRAMID
Volume Analysis
V = (1/3) Bh
PYRAMID
Volume Analysis
V = (1/3) Bh
PYRAMID
Example:
• In the corner of a cellar is a pyramidal heap of coal. The
base of the heap is an isosceles right triangle whose
hypotenuse is 20 ft., and the altitude of the heap is 7 ft. If
there are 35 [Link]. in a ton of coal, how many tons are there
in this heap?
• The coal considered in the previous problem just fills a
rectangular bin whose floor is 7 ft by 6 ft. Find the depth of
the coal.
V = (1/3) Bh
PYRAMID
Example:
• A pyramid V-ABCD is cut from a cube of edge 12 in. The
vertex V is the midpoint of an upper edge of the cube.
Compute the lateral surface of the pyramid.
V = (1/3) Bh
PYRAMID
Example:
• If a plane is passed through the vertices A, B, and C of the
cube shown in the figure, show that the volume of the
pyramid cut off is one-sixth that of the cube.
V = (1/3) Bh
PYRAMID
Example:
• In the pyramid shown in the figure, the three face angles at
B are each 90°. Calculate the three face angles at A and the
total surface of the solid.
V = (1/3) Bh
REGULAR PYRAMID
Definition. A regular
pyramid is one whose base
is a regular polygon whose
center coincides with the
foot of the perpendicular
dropped from the vertex to
the base.
V = (1/3) Bh
REGULAR PYRAMID
Properties
• The lateral edges of a regular pyramid are
equal.
• The lateral faces of a regular pyramid are
congruent isosceles triangles.
• The altitudes of the lateral faces of a
regular pyramid are equal.
• The slant height of a regular pyramid is
the altitude of a lateral face.
V = (1/3) Bh
REGULAR PYRAMID
Properties
• The altitude of a regular pyramid is equal to the length of
the perpendicular dropped from the vertex to the center of
the base.
• If a regular pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to its base the
pyramid cut off is a regular pyramid.
V = (1/3) Bh
PYRAMID
Formulas:
Lateral surface (S) = ½ perimeter of base x slant height 1
S pl
2
Surface Analysis. In a regular pyramid, let S be the lateral area,
let l be the slant height, and let p be the perimeter of the base.
Since the faces of the pyramid are equal isosceles triangles with
a common altitude l, and since the sum of the bases of these
triangles equals p, the sum of the areas of faces is S = ½ pl.
V = (1/3) Bh
PYRAMID
Formulas:
Volume = 1/3 base x altitude
1
V Bh
3
V = (1/3) Bh
REGULAR PYRAMID
Example:
• A church spire in the form of a regular hexagonal pyramid
whose base edge is 8 ft. and whose altitude is 75 ft. is to be
painted at a cost of 22 cents per square yard. What is the
total cost?
V = (1/3) Bh
REGULAR PYRAMID
Example:
• The roof of a water tower is composed of 6 equal isosceles
triangles whose vertices meet in the center of the roof. If
the inclined edges measure 17 ft. and the height of the roof
is 8 ft. find the number of square feet of tar paper necessary
to cover the roof. (Neglect the waste in lapping, cutting,
etc.)
V = (1/3) Bh
REGULAR PYRAMID
Example:
• Find the area of the base of a regular square pyramid whose
lateral faces are equilateral triangles and whose altitude is 8
in.
V = (1/3) Bh
CONICAL SURFACE
Definition. A conical surface
is a surface generated by a
moving straight line
(generator) which always
intersects a fixed plane curve
(directrix) and which always
passes through a fixedpoint
(vertex) not in the plane of
the curve.
V = (1/3) Bh
CONICAL SURFACE
Properties
• An element of a conical surface
is the generator in any
particular position.
• Any line, not an element,
tangent to any curve on a
conical surface is tangent to
the surface.
• A plane is tangent to a conical
surface if it contains an
element of the conical surface
and a line tangent to the
surface.
V = (1/3) Bh
CONE
Definition. A cone is the
solid bounded by a conical
surface (lateral surface)
whose directrix is a closed
curve, and a plane (base)
which cuts all the elements
V = (1/3) Bh
CONE
Properties
• The altitude of a cone is the
perpendicular distance from
the vertex to the plane of
the base.
• Every section of a cone
made by a plane passing
through its vertex and
containing two points of the
base is a triangle.
V = (1/3) Bh
CONE
Properties
• The axis of a cone is the
straight line joining the vertex
with the center of the base (if
the base has a center).
• A right section of a cone is a
section perpendicular to its axis
and cutting all the elements.
• A circular cone is a cone whose
right section is a cicle.
V = (1/3) Bh
CONE
Formulas:
Volume = 1/3 base x altitude
1
V Bh
3
V = (1/3) Bh
CONE
Example:
• A conical pile of sand 6 ft. in height has a volume of
27 cu. ft. If the bottom of the pile is on level
ground, how much ground does it cover?
V = (1/3) Bh
CONE
Example:
• The vertex of the cone shown in the figure is at the
midpoint of an upper edge of the cube; the base of
the cone is a circle inscribed in the lower base of
the cube. If the edge of the cube is 12 in., find the
volume of the cone.
V = (1/3) Bh
CONE
Example:
• In the triangular pyramid shown in the figure each
face angle at O is 90°. Find the volume of a cone
whose vertex is at V and whose base is a circle
inscribed in the base ABO of the pyramid.
V = (1/3) Bh
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
Definition. A right circular cone is a circular cone
whose axis is perpendicular to its base.
V = (1/3) Bh
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
Properties
• The slant height of a right circular cone is the length of an
element.
• The altitude of a right circular cone is the distance between the
vertex and the center of the circle which forms its base.
V = (1/3) Bh
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
Properties
• A section of a right circular cone parallel
to the base is a circle whose center is
on the axis of the cone.
• A section of a right circular cone which
contains the vertex and two points of
the base is an isosceles triangle.
V = (1/3) Bh
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
Properties
• A right circular cone is a solid generated
by rotating a right triangle about one of
its legs as an axis; the surface generated
by the hypotenuse of the triangle is the
lateral area of the cone, and the area of
the base of the cone is the surface
generated by the leg which is not the
axis of rotation.
• All elements of a right circular cone are
equal.
V = (1/3) Bh
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
Formulas:
• Lateral area = (1/2)circumference of base x slant height.
S = (1/2)cl
V = (1/3) Bh
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
Formulas:
• Volume = (1/3)base x altitude
V = (1/3)Bh
V = (1/3) Bh
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
Example:
• The liquid content of a glass is in the form of a cone
of base diameter 3 in. If the glass contains 10 fluid
oz., and 1 fluid oz. = 1.805 cu. in., what is the
greatest depth of the liquid?
V = (1/3) Bh
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
Example:
• The solid consists of a right circular cylinder of
diameter d and altitude h, surmounted by a cone of
diameter of base d and altitude h/2. (a) Write a
formula for the volume. (b) Find the volume, given d
= 4.42 in. and h = 5.17 in.
Similar Figures
Similar Polyhedron
• polyhedrons that have the same number of faces,
respectively similar and similarly placed, and have
their corresponding polyhedral angles equal
Similar Figures
Formulas 2
s x
2.
S X
3
v x
3.
V X
x y
.
X Y
V = (1/3) Bh
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
Example:
• A piece of lead pipe of inner diameter 2 ¼ in., outer
diameter 2 ⅝ in., and length 16 ft., has been melted
in an open conical pot of radius 10 in. and altitude
15 in. Find the depth of the molten metal.
