Tavisuflebis instituti, 2005

adamianis
uflebebi

Tavisuflebis instituti
 wignis gamocema dafinansebulia demokratiis erovnuli fondis
(National Endowment for Democracy) mier. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod
Tavisuflebis instituti agebs pasuxs am gamocemis Sinaarsze. mas-
Si gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa ar gamoxatavdes demokra-
tiis erovnuli fondis (National Endowment for Democracy) azrs.

avtori:
malxaz narindoSvili

redaqtori:
giorgi melaZe

Tavisuflebis instituti madlobas uxdis TaTia julayiZes da

giorgi qarazaniSvils am wignis momzadebaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis.

\ 2005, Tavisuflebis instituti

ISBN 99940-885-1-3
sarCevi

Tavi 1.
adamianis uflebaTa
zogadi arsi 7

Tavi 2.
adamianis uflebebis
warmoSoba da ganviTareba 16

Tavi 3.
adamianis uflebebis dacvisa
da xelSewyobis regionuli
sistemebi 37

Tavi 4.
sisxlis samarTlis
saerTaSoriso iurisdiqcia 45

Tavi 5.
adamianis uflebebi da
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 47

Tavi 6.
globaluri gamowveva
adamianis uflebebisaTvis 49

Tavi 7.
wamebis akrZalva 51
Tavi 8.
aradiskriminacia 60

Tavi 9.
kanonis uzenaesoba
da samarTliani
sasamarTlo 70

Tavi 10.
religiis
Tavisufleba 78

Tavi 11.
ganaTlebis ufleba 87

Tavi 12.
bavSvTa uflebebi 96

Tavi 13.
gamoxatvisa
da mediis
Tavisufleba 104

Tavi 14.
demokratia 112

6
Tavi 1.
adamianis uflebaTa
zogadi arsi

adamianis uflebaTa sayovel-

Tao deklaracia (1948) adgens ada-
mianis uflebaTa CamonaTvals, ro-
melTac pativi unda scen da daicvan
saxelmwifoebma. es gansazRvruli
uflebebi SeiZleba eqvs jgufad dav-
yoT: usafrTxoebis uflebebi, rom-
lebic icaven adamianebs iseTi dana-
Saulebisagan, rogorebicaa mkvle-
loba, masobrivi xocva-Jleta, wameba
da gaupatiureba; samarTliani sasa-
marTlos ufleba, romelic mimar-
Tulia sasamarTlo sistemis boro-
tad gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg, rac ga-
moixateba sasamarTlos gadawyveti-
lebis gareSe dapatimrebaSi, saidum-
lo sasamarTlo procesebSi da ga-
dametebul sasjelebSi; Tavisufle-
bis uflebebi, romlebic icaven rwme-
nis, gamoxatvis, Sekrebis, gaerTiane-
bisa da gadaadgilebis Tavisufle-
bebs; politikuri uflebebi, romle-
bic icaven politikur procesebSi
monawileobis Tavisuflebas sxva-
dasxva formiT, rogoricaa gaerTi-
aneba, protestis gamoxatva da ar-
CevnebSi xmis micema; Tanasworobis
uflebebi, romlebic iZlevian Ta-

7
nasworuflebiani moqalaqeobis, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobisa da dis-
kriminaciis uaryofis garantiebs; da socialuri (an `keTildReobis~)
uflebebi, romlebic sxva bevr sakiTxTan erTad moiTxoven yvela bav-
Svis ganaTlebis miRebis uzrunvelyofas da ukiduresi siRaribisa
da SimSilisagan dacvas. arsebobs agreTve koleqtiuri uflebebis
cneba. isini ar aris asaxuli sayovelTao deklaraciaSi, Tumca maT
moicavs Semdgom miRebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi. koleq-
tiuri uflebebi moicaven eTnikuri jgufebis dacvas genocidisagan
da saxelmwifoebis mier maT erovnuli teritoriebisa da resursebze
sakuTrebis uflebis dacvas.

Cveni mizania, gavceT pasuxi kiTxvaze, ras warmoadgens adamianis uf-

lebebi, da aRvweroT maTi arsi. SeiZleba, or adamians saerTo zogadi
warmodgena hqondes adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb, magram maTi azrebi
ar emTxveodes erTmaneTs imis Taobaze, warmoadgens Tu ara romelime
konkretuli ufleba adamianis uflebas.

adamianis uflebebi politikuri normebia, romlebic gansazRvraven,

Tu rogor unda epyrobodnen mTavrobebi da institutebi adamianebs.
isini Cveulebrivi zneobrivi normebi ar aris, romlebic mxolod pi-
rovnebaTaSoris qcevas Seexeba (rogorebicaa tyuilisa da Zaladobis
akrZalva). isini ukrZalaven mTavrobebs diskriminacias moqmedebebisa
da politikis ganxorcielebis procesSi da avaleben maT, aRkveTon
diskriminaciis rogorc kerZo, ise sajaro formebi.

adamianis uflebebi arsebobs, rogorc zneobrivi anda samarTlebrivi

uflebebi. adamianis ufleba SeiZleba moicavdes rogorc aqtualur
adamianur zneobriv principebs, romlebsac safuZvlad udevs samarT-
lebrivi uflebebi erovnul doneze (maT SegviZlia `samoqalaqo~ an
`konstituciuri~ uflebebi vuwodoT), ise samarTlebriv uflebas
saerTaSoriso samarTlis sistemaSi. adamianis uflebaTa moZraoba
miiswrafvis, rom adamianis uflebebma oTxive saxiT iarsebos.

adamianis uflebebi mravalricxovani (ramdenime aTeuli) ufroa,

vidre mcireodeni. jon lokiseuli sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da
sakuTrebis uflebebi mcirericxovani da abstraqtulia im uflebeb-
Tan SedarebiT, romlebic dRes miiCneva uflebebad (magaliTad, sa-
marTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, monobis gauqmeba, ganaTlebis xel-

8
misawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa, genocidis akrZalva). adamianis uf-
lebebi icaven adamianebs Rirsebisa da ZiriTadi interesebis Selax-
visagan. adamianis mravali ufleba Tanamedrove problemebs Seexeba
da axlaxan aris Seqmnili.

saerTaSoriso samarTali gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs adamianis uf-

lebebisaTvis globaluri xelmisawvdomobis miniWebis sakiTxSi.

adamianis uflebebi saerTaSoriso normebia, romlebic moicaven yvela

saxelmwifos da dRes mcxovreb yvela adamians.

adamianis uflebebi warmoadgenen minimalur standartebs. maTi mizani

saSinelis Tavidan acileba ufroa, vidre saukeTesos miRweva. ro-
gorc minimaluri standartebi, isini Riad toveben umetes samarT-
lebriv da politikur sakiTxs, raTa erovnul da adgilobriv done-
ebze iqnes miRebuli konkretuli gadawyvetilebebi. es maT saSualebas
aZlevT, ganicadon kulturuli da instituciuri saxecvlilebebi da
datovon didi sivrce demokratiul gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad ad-
gilobriv doneze.

uflebebs xSirad mavaldebulebeli xasiaTi aqvT da valdebulebebs

akisreben TavianT adresatebs, romelTac garkveuli valdebulebebi
da pasuxismgebloba akisriaT. adamianis uflebebi ZiriTadad im sa-
xelmwifos mTavrobas akisreben valdebulebebs, sadac piri cxovrobs
an imyofeba. saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa uflebebi ZiriTadad saqarT-
velos mTavrobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi
da sxva saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebi meoradi, anu `damatebiTi~, adre-
satebi arian. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebi axor-
cieleben saxelmwifoTa mxardaWeras, xelSewyobas da zogjer kriti-
kasac maT mier TavianT movaleobaTa Sesrulebis xelSewyobis mizniT.

adamianis uflebaTa arseboba

adamianis uflebebi dRes, rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise konkretuli

saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis nawilia, magram Tuki adamianis ufle-
bebi mxolod asaxvis gamo iarsebebda, maTi xelmisawvdomoba yovel-
Tvis saSinao da saerTaSoriso politikur viTarebaze iqneboda da-
mokidebuli. mravali adamiani eZebda gzas, raTa mxari daeWira mosaz-

9
rebisaTvis, rom adamianis uflebebs ufro Rrma fesvebi aqvs da ufro
naklebad eqvemdebarebian politikur gadawyvetilebas. am ideis erT-
erT versia isaa, rom adamianebi uflebebiT ibadebian, adamianis uf-
lebebi Tandayolili da ganusxvisebelia. aSS-s damoukideblobis
deklaracia (1776) acxadebs, rom xalxs `maTi Semoqmedis mier aqvs
miniWebuli~ `sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisaken swraf-
vis~ bunebiTi uflebebi. am gagebiT, RmerTi uzenaesi kanonSemoqmedia
da mis mier aris dadgenili adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi.

adamianis uflebebis RmerTis nebisadmi mikuTvneba ukiduresad mra-

valferovan samyaroSi ar uzrunvelyofs maT praqtikul simyares.
samarTalSi asaxva erovnul an saerTaSoriso doneze gacilebiT myar
statuss uzrunvelyofs praqtikuli miznebis misaRwevad.

adamianis uflebebi SeiZleba samarTalSi asaxvisgan damoukideblad

arsebobdes. adamianis uflebebi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc
ZiriTadi zneobrivi normebi, romlebic aRiarebulia yvela an TiT-
qmis yvela adamianuri zneobrivi principis mier. cnobilia, rom ada-
mianTa yvela jgufs aqvs zneobrivi principebi, anu qcevis imperati-
uli normebi, romlebsac keTilgoniereba da faseulobebi udevs sa-
fuZvlad. es zneobrivi principebi Seicaven normebs (magaliTad, uda-
naSaulo adamianis ganzrax mkvlelobis akrZalva) da specifikur fa-
seulobebs (magaliTad, adamianis sicocxlis maRalfaseuloba).

romeli uflebebi warmoadgens adamianis uflebebs?

kiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli uflebebi warmoadgens adamianis

uflebebs, adamianis uflebaTa mraval jgufTan dakavSirebiT war-
moiSoba. imis gadawyvetisas, Tu romeli gansazRvruli uflebebi war-
moadgens adamianis uflebebs, SeiZleba daveyrdnoT saerTaSoriso
deklaracias da evropul konvencias. qvemoT ganxilulia: (1) samoqa-
laqo da politikuri uflebebi; (2) socialuri uflebebi; (3) umcire-
sobaTa da koleqtiuri uflebebi da (4) garemos uflebebi.

samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi

samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi saTaves iRebs iseTi dokumen-

tebidan, rogorebicaa adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia
10
(1789, safrangeTi) da uflebaTa bili (1791, aSS). Tanamedrove wyaro-
ebia adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis pirveli 21 muxli
da iseTi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, rogorebicaa: adamianis uf-
lebaTa da fundamentur TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvencia, saerTa-
Soriso SeTanxmeba samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb,
adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli konvencia da adamianisa da xalxebis
uflebaTa afrikuli qartia.

samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa umetesoba absoluturi ar aris

da SeiZleba SeizRudos sajaro da kerZo interesebiT, Zaladobis Sem-
zRudveli wesebis meSveobiT, samarTlebrivi sasjeliT. saerTaSo-
riso SeTanxmebiT samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb
nebadarTulia uflebaTa SezRudva `erisaTvis safrTxis Semcveli
saerTo-saxalxo ukiduresi aucileblobis~ dros (muxli 4). Tumca
igi krZalavs zogierTi uflebis SezRudvas, maT Soris aris sicocx-
lis ufleba, wamebis akrZalvis, monobis akrZalvis, sisxlis samarT-
lis kanonebisaTvis ukuZalis miniWebis akrZalvis uflebebi da azrisa
da religiis Tavisufleba.

socialuri uflebebi

zemoT ganxilul samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa garda sayo-

velTao deklaracia moicavs agreTve socialur (an keTildReobis)
uflebebs. maT miekuTvneba Tanasworuflebianoba da diskriminaciis
akrZalva qalebisa da umciresobaTa mimarT, samuSaos Sovnis SesaZ-
leblobaTa xelmisawvdomoba, Sromis samarTliani anazRaureba, usaf-
rTxo da janmrTeli samuSao pirobebi, profesiuli kavSirebis Seq-
mnisa da koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis ufleba, socialuri usafrTxoeba,
Sesabamisi cxovrebis standarti (rac moicavs Sesabamis sakvebs, Cacmas
da biniT uzrunvelyofas), janmrTelobis dacva da ganaTleba. es
uflebebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis nawilad iqcnen iseTi saerTaSo-
riso xelSekrulebebis meSveobiT, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso SeTan-
xmeba ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb,
evropis socialuri qartia da san-salvadoris protokoli (1988),
romelmac Sesworeba Seitana adamianis uflebaTa amerikul konven-
ciaSi.

11
umciresobaTa da koleqtiuri uflebebi

umciresobaTa uflebebisaTvis zrunvis sakiTxs didi xnis istoria

aqvs adamianis uflebaTa moZraobis sferoSi. adamianis uflebaTa
dokumentebSi xazgasmulia, rom yvela adamians, maT Soris erovnul
da religiur umciresobaTa jgufebis wevrebsac, erTnairi ZiriTadi
uflebebi aqvT da am uflebebiT sargebloba yovelgvari diskrimi-
naciis gareSe unda SeeZlos. diskriminaciisagan Tavisuflebis uf-
leba mkafiod aris warmoCenili sayovelTao deklaraciaSi da Semdgom
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi. magaliTad, samoqalaqo da politi-
kuri SeTanxmeba, masSi monawile saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs, pativi
scen da daicvan TavianTi xalxis uflebebi `ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis
ferisa, sqesisa, enisa, politikuri an sxvagvari Sexedulebisa, erov-
nuli an socialuri kuTvnilebisa, sakuTrebisa, warmoSobisa an so-
cialuri mdgomareobisa~.

zogierTi standartuli individualuri ufleba gansakuTrebiT mniS-

vnelovania eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebisaTvis. maT miekuT-
vneba gaerTianebis Tavisufleba, Sekrebis Tavisufleba, religiis
Tavisufleba da Tavisufleba diskriminaciisagan. adamianis ufle-
baTa dokumentebi Seicavs aseve uflebebs, romlebic konkretulad
umciresobebs Seexeba da maTTvis dacvis specialur saSualebebs ad-
gens. magaliTad, samoqalaqo da politikuri SeTanxmebis 27-e muxlSi
naTqvamia, rom pirebs, romlebic eTnikur, religiur an enobriv um-
ciresobebs miekuTvnebian, `ar unda eTqvaT uari uflebaze, TavianTi
jgufis sxva wevrebTan erTad isargeblon TavianTi kulturiT, ganacxa-
don da gamoiyenon TavianTi religia an ilaparakon sakuTar enaze~.

1964 wlidan moyolebuli gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia umci-

resobaTa uflebebs ZiriTadad iseT specializebul saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebSi iTvaliswinebs, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso konven-
cia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis gauqmebis Sesaxeb (1965)
da konvencia qalebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diskriminaciis yvela
formis gauqmebis Sesaxeb (1979). ixileT agreTve adgilobrivi xalxe-
bis uflebebis deklaraciis proeqti (1945).

janmrTeli garemos uflebebi

miuxedavad uflebebis raodenobis xelovnurad gazrdis saSiSro-

ebisa, arsebobs absoluturi normebi, romlebic adamianis uflebebad

12
unda iqnes miCneuli, Tumca ZiriTadad isini aseTebad ar aRiqmeba.
bolos da bolos, arsebobs mravali sfero, sadac adamianTa Rirsebas
da fundamentur interesebs mTavrobis moqmedebebisa Tu daudevro-
bis gamo safrTxe emuqreba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs janmrTeli garemos
uflebebi, romlebic xSirad ganisazRvreba, rogorc cxovelTa an
Tavad bunebis uflebebi. amgvari gagebis gamo isini ar Seesabameba
adamianis uflebebis ZiriTad arss, vinaidan am uflebaTa mflobelebs
ar warmoadgenen adamianebi an adamianTa jgufebi. Tumca ufro zomi-
eri formulirebac aris SesaZlebeli; garemos uflebebi SeiZleba ga-
vigoT, rogorc janmrTel da usafrTxo garemoSi cxovrebis ufle-
bebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi ufleba adamianzea orientirebuli: is pirda-
pir ar moicavs cxovelTa moTxovnilebebs, biologiur mravalferov-
nebas an uwyvet ganviTarebas.

usafrTxo garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba SeiZleba SesabamisobaSi iqnes

moyvanili zemoT miTiTebul adamianis uflebaTa ZiriTad arsTan, Tu-
ki igi gagebul iqneba, rogorc ufleba, romelic umTavresad pasuxis-
mgeblobas akisrebs mTavrobebs da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs. igi
mouwodebs maT, daareguliron samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo war-
momadgenelTa qmedebebi usafrTxo garemos SenarCunebis uzrunvel-
sayofad. moqalaqeebi meorexarisxovani adresatebi arian. ufleba
adamianTa usafrTxoebisaTvis garemos minimalur standartebs ufro
adgens da ar mouwodebs garemos dacvis ufro maRali da farTo stan-
dartebisaken.

ramdenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos

socialuri uflebebi adamianis uflebebad

sayovelTao deklaracia Seicavda socialur (an `keTildReobis~) uf-

lebebs, romlebic Seexeboda ganaTlebas, kvebas da saqmianobas. dek-
laraciaSi maTi asaxva did kamaTTan iyo dakavSirebuli (Beetham 1995).
socialuri uflebebi xSirad sasurveli miznebis miRwevis moTx-
ovnebad miiCneva da ara realur uflebebad. maT ar Seicavs evropuli
konvencia (Tumca masSi mogvianebiT Sesworebis saxiT Setanil iqna
ganaTlebis ufleba). samagierod isini Cadebul iqna gansakuTrebul
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaSi _ evropis socialur qartiaSi. rode-
sac gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam daiwyo sayovelTao dekla-

13
raciaSi Semavali uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTalSi gatarebis
procesi, man evropuli sistemis modeli airCia, radgan saerTaSori-
so xelSekrulebaSi Semavali ekonomikuri da socialuri standar-
tebi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebisgan gancalkevebiT ganixi-
la. es saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba _ saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba eko-
nomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb (`socialuri
SeTanxmeba~, 1966) am standartebs uflebebad miiCnevda, Tumca prog-
resulad realizebad uflebebad.

socialuri uflebebis oponentebi maT adamianis uflebebad ar miiC-

neven. socialuri uflebebis winaaRmdeg gavrcelebuli mosazrebebia:
(1) isini ar emsaxurebian WeSmaritad fundamentur interesebs; (2)
isini metad mZime tvirTis saxiT awevT mTavrobebs da gadasaxadis
gadamxdelebs da (3) isini ganuxorcielebelia naklebad ganviTarebul
saxelmwifoebSi (am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT: Beetham 1995;
Cranston 1967, 1973; Howard 1987; Nickel 2005, 2006).

pirvel rigSi SevexoT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs da magaliTad moviSveli-

oT ori socialuri ufleba: cxovrebis Sesabamisi standartis ufleba
da ufaso sajaro ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba. es uflebebi avaleben
mTavrobebs, Seecadon iseTi seriozuli uaryofiTi movlenebis ga-
mosworebas, rogorebicaa SimSili da gaunaTlebloba.

sakvebisa da sicocxlis sxva ZiriTadi materialuri pirobebis mniS-

vnelobis danaxva advilia. isini arsebiTia adamianTa sicocxlisaTvis,
moqmedebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. Tuki es sikeTeebi ar iqneba saTa-
nadod xelmisawvdomi, cxovrebis, janmrTelobisa da Tavisuflebis
mraval interess daemuqreba safrTxe da avadmyofobisa da sikvdili-
anobis seriozuli albaToba warmoiSoba. kavSiri am uflebiT garan-
tirebuli sikeTeebis qonasa da minimalurad kargi cxovrebis qonas
Soris pirdapiri da aSkaraa _ faqtori, rac yovelTvis ar aris damaxa-
siaTebeli adamianis sxva uflebebisaTvis.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobis xelmi-

sawvdomobis nakleboba zRudavs (rogorc absoluturad, ise Seda-
rebiT) adamianebis SesaZleblobas, srulad da efeqturad miiRon mo-
nawileoba TavianTi qveynis politikur da socialur cxovrebaSi (Hod-
gson 1998). ganaTlebis nakleboba zrdis umuSevrobisa da arasakma-
risad dasaqmebis albaTobas.

14
socialuri uflebebis mniSvnelobis mxardasaWerad kidev erTi gzaa
maTi mniSvnelobis warmoCena samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
srulad ganxorcielebisaTvis. Tuki saxelmwifo moaxerxebs SimSilis
aRmofxvras da uzrunvelyofs yvelas mier ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZ-
leblobas, es xels Seuwyobs adamianTa SesaZleblobas, icodnen, gamo-
iyenon da isargeblon TavianTi TavisuflebebiT, samarTliani sasa-
marTlos uflebiT da politikuri monawileobis uflebiT. amis da-
naxva advilia ganaTlebasTan mimarTebiT. gaunaTlebloba bariers
warmoadgens samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis realizaciisaT-
vis, vinaidan gaunaTlebelma adamianebma xSirad ar ician, ra uflebebi
aqvT da ris gakeTeba SeuZliaT am uflebaTa gamosayeneblad da dasa-
cavad. amis danaxva advilia agreTve demokratiuli monawileobis sfe-
roSic. ganaTleba da minimaluri Semosavali ekonomiurad dabal sa-
fexurze mdgom adamianebs ufro uadvilebs, mihyvnen politikas, mo-
nawileoba miiRon politikur kampaniebSi da daxarjon dro da fuli,
rac saWiroa arCevnebze wasasvlelad da xmis misacemad.

saxelmwifoebi, romlebic ar aRiareben da ar axorcieleben soci-

alur uflebebs, mainc saWiroeben, rogorme gaswion xarjebi gaWirve-
bulTa uzrunvelsayofad, vinaidan es saxelmwifoebi _ gansakuTre-
biT maSin, Tuki isini politikuri monawileobis demokratiul uf-
lebebs aRiareben _ ver Seeguebian mosaxleobis didi nawilis SimSils
da usaxlkarobas. mxolod gasul saukuneSi moxerxda mTavrobaTa mier
mxardaWerili socialuri uflebebis meSveobiT gaWirvebulTa uz-
runvelyofis tvirTis mniSvnelovani nawilis Semsubuqeba. socialur
uflebebTan dakavSirebuli gadasaxadebiT xdeba sxva iseT mZime mo-
valeobaTa nawilobrivi Canacvleba, rogoricaa ojaxisa da sazoga-
doebis movaleoba, uzrunvelyon umuSevarTa, avadmyofTa, uunaroTa
da asakovanTa saTanado movla-patronoba. gadawyvetilebis miReba,
ganxorcieldes Tu ara socialuri uflebebi, damokidebulia ara imis
gadawyvetaze, gaweul unda iqnes Tu ara amgvari tvirTi, aramed imis
gadawyvetaze, gagrZeldes Tu ara mTlianad araformaluri uzrun-
velyofis sistemaze dayrdnoba, romelsac arastabiluri sargebeli
moaqvs da romlis xarjebic mZimed awveba ojaxebs, megobrebsa da sa-
zogadoebas.

15
Tavi 2.
adamianis uflebebis
warmoSoba da
ganviTareba

adamianis uflebaTa istoria

adamianis uflebebi _ maTi soci-

aluri fesvebi, daniSnuleba _
kacobriobis istoriuli da so-
cialur-kulturuli ganviTare-
bis Semadgeneli sakiTxia, romel-
mac aTaswleulebi gaiara da Se-
ucvlelad imyofeba politiku-
ri, samarTlebrivi, eTikuri, re-
ligiuri da filosofiuri az-
rovnebis yuradRebis centrSi.
sxvadasxva epoqaSi adamianis uf-
lebebis problema, inarCunebda
ra Tavisi arsiT politikur-sa-
marTlebriv xasiaTs, iZenda re-
ligiur, eTikur an filosofiur
JReradobas socialuri Zalebis,
kulturisa da tradiciebis gada-
nawilebis Sesabamisad.

saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv do-

kumentebSi dafiqsirebuli adami-
anis uflebaTa katalogi im eta-
lonebisa da standartebis xan-
grZlivi istoriuli formirebis
Sedegia, romlebic normebad iqca
Tanamedrove demokratiul sa-

16
zogadoebaSi. aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda individsa da
xelisuflebas Soris urTierTobis formaTa Zieba; sazogadoebrivi
progresisa da Tavisuflebis gzaze kacobriobis ganviTarebis Sesaba-
misad sul ufro aSkarad ikveTeboda miswrafeba saxelmwifos yovlis-
SemZleobis SezRudvis, saxelmwifo organoebisa da Tanamdebobis pir-
Ta TviTneburi qmedebisgan adamianis dacvisa da pirovnebis TviTga-
morkvevisaTvis ufro farTo asparezis miniWebisaken.

adamianis uflebebi _ es aris Tavisuflebis konkretul-istoriuli

safexurebis yvelaze daxvewili samarTlebrivi forma. yvela adamiani
flobs Tandayolil ganusxvisebel uflebas materialur Tu sulier
sikeTeTa gansazRvrul moculobaze, romelTa uzrunvelyofasac xe-
li unda Seuwyos sazogadoebam da saxelmwifom. am sikeTeTa mocu-
loba yovelTvis ganisazRvreboda individis mdgomareobiT sazoga-
doebis klasobriv struqturaSi da materialur warmoebaSi. sazoga-
doebis mkveTri polarizacia misi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze
(monaTmflobeloba, feodalizmi) da civilizaciaTa Tavisebureba (ev-
ropuli, aziuri da sxva) adamianis uflebebs ar aZlevdnen formaluri
Tanasworobis principze dafuZnebuli universaluri xasiaTis SeZe-
nisa da Tanamedrove saxis miRebis SesaZleblobas.

adamianis uflebaTa koncefcia Cvens welTaRricxvamde VI_V saukune-

ebSi Zvel polisebSi (aTeni, romi) Caisaxa, sadac pirvelad warmoiSva
demokratiis ideebi da Seiqmna moqalaqeobis kultura. Zvel poli-
sebSi moqalaqeobasTan, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebuli iyo poli-
tikuri uflebebi: Tavisuflebis ufleba, saxelmwifo saqmeebis ga-
dawyvetaSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba, marTlmsajulebis ganxor-
cielebaSi monawileoba da a. S. amasTan, amgvari uflebebi mxolod
maT eniWebodaT, vinc fizikuri SromiT ar iyo dakavebuli.

Zveli polisebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli moqalaqeobis principis Cake-

tilobisa da SezRudulobis miuxedavad amgvari instituti SeiZleba
mxolod kulturis maRal dones warmoeSva da, Tavis mxriv, am kul-
turis funqcionirebis, ganviTarebisa da gamdidrebis saSualeba iyo.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom im epoqaSi moqalaqeobis idea da instituti
damaxasiaTebeli iyo saxelmwifo wyobilebis mxolod iseTi formi-
saTvis, rogoric iyo politea.

17
Tavdapirveli warmodgenebi moqalaqeobisa da adamianis uflebebis,
TiToeuli moqalaqis polisis keTildReobisaTvis zrunvis Sesaxeb
Camoyalibda im TeoriaTa saerTo kalapotSi, romlebic xazs usvam-
dnen kanonisa da kanonierebis udides mniSvnelobas (platoni, sok-
rate, aristotele, perikle, demosTene da sxva). movlenaTa Semdgomma
ganviTarebam daadastura adamianis uflebaTa da sazogadoebaSi ka-
nonis uzenaesobis principis urTierTqmedebaTa ganuyofloba. isto-
riuli ganviTarebis yoveli axali safexuri adamianis uflebebs axal
Tvisebebs matebda da maT subieqtTa ufro farTo wreze avrcelebda.
es ki xorcieldeboda klasebisa da wodebebis mier TavianTi ufleb-
ebis, Tavisuflebis, misi gafarToebisa da gamdidrebisaTvis brZolis
Sedegad.

adamianis istoriuli Semoqmedebis procesi mniSvnelovanwilad aris

damokidebuli im uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa moculobaze, romle-
bic gansazRvraven mis socialur SesaZleblobebs da keTildReobas,
uzrunvelyofen cxovelmoqmedebis Tvisebas, kavSirebisa da urTi-
erTqmedebaTa sistemas, adamianTa urTierTobebs sazogadoebaSi. ami-
tomac adamianis uflebaTa problema yovelTvis mwvave klasobrivi
brZolebis sagani iyo. brZolebi mimdinareobda im uflebaTa flobisa
da gafarToebisaTvis, romlebic afiqsirebdnen adamianis mdgomare-
obas sazogadoebaSi. da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yoveli axali sa-
fexuri nabiji iyo Tavisuflebis SeZenisa da gafarToebisaken gadad-
gmuli. istoria cxadyofs, rom kacobriobisaTvis ucnobi dro, ro-
desac ar aris saWiro Zalisxmeva adamianis uflebaTa da Tavisuf-
lebaTa dasacavad. yoveli Taoba pasuxobs istoriis mudmiv gamowve-
vas, romelic dakavSirebulia iseTi didi faseulobis dacva-SenarCu-
nebasTan, rogoric aris adamianis Tavisufleba da uflebebi.

adamianis uflebaTa iseTi institutebis formirebis istoriis gac-

noba, rogorebic aris pirovnebis Tavisufleba da xelSeuxebloba,
ufleba sasamarTlo wesiT dacvaze, piris damnaSaved cnoba mxolod
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, saxelmwifo saqmeebis ga-
dawyvetaSi monawileobis ufleba, sityvisa da sindisis Tavisufleba
da sxvebi, cxadyofs adamianis uflebebisa da maTi garantiebis ga-
farToebis TandaTanobiT da gardauval process.

gageba imis Sesaxeb, rom yvela adamiani uflebamosilia, flobdes ada-

mianis uflebebs Tavisi Rirsebidan da adamianurobidan gamomdinare,
18
SedarebiT axalia. Tumca misi fesvebi gadgmulia mravali kulturis
adreul tradiciebsa Tu dokumentebSi.

istoriulad adamianebi uflebebs da pasuxismgeblobas iZendnen maTi

ama Tu im jgufisadmi mikuTvnebis mixedviT _ iqneboda es ojaxi, domi-
nanturi eri, religia, klasi, sazogadoeba Tu saxelmwifo. mraval
sazogadoebaSi arsebobda e. w. `oqros wesis~ _ `nu moeqcevi sxvas ise,
rogorc Sen ar ginda, rom mogeqcnen~ _ msgavsi tradiciebi. induri
vedebi, babilonuri hamurabis kodeqsi, biblia, yurani da konfucis
aforizmebi xuTi uZvelesi werilobiTi wyaroa, romlebic adamianTa
movaleobebis, uflebebisa da pasuxismgeblobebis sakiTxebs Seexeba.
garda amisa, inkebisa da actekebis qcevisa da marTlmsajulebis ko-
deqsebi da irokezebis konstitucia iyo adgilobrivi amerikuli wya-
roebi, romlebic me-18 saukunemde karga xniT adre arsebobda. unda
aRiniSnos, rom yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobda zepiri Tu werilo-
biTi tradicia, romelic qcevisa da moralis wesebsa da marTlmsa-
julebasTan erTad miznad isaxavda Tavisi wevrebis janmrTelobasa
da keTildReobaze zrunvas.

individualur uflebaTa damdgeni iseTi dokumentebi, rogoricaa Ma-

gna Charta Libertatum (1215), inglisuri adamianis uflebaTa bili (1689),
franguli adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia (1789), ame-
rikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia da amerikuli uflebaTa bi-
li (1791), dRevandeli adamianis uflebaTa dokumentebis werilobiTi
winamorbedebia. Tumca mravali am dokumentTaganis politikaSi gamo-
yenebisas xSirad ugulebelyofili iyvnen qalebi, feradkaniani ada-
mianebi da gansazRvruli socialuri, religiuri, ekonomikuri da po-
litikuri jgufebis wevrebi. miuxedavad amisa, Seviwroebulma adami-
anebma am dokumentebSi Camoyalibebuli principebi, romlebic TviT-
gamorkvevis uflebas adgenen, gamoiyenes revoluciaTa mxardasaWe-
rad mTeli msoflios masStabiT.

adamianis Tavisuflebisa da uflebebis ganviTarebis, maTi bunebri-

vad da ganusxviseblad aRiarebis gzaze `winamavalad~ SeiZleba CaiT-
valos inglisi. jer kidev feodalizmis pirobebSi, rodesac mimdina-
reobda politikuri konfliqti samefo xelisuflebasa da gabatone-
bul wodebebs Soris, romlebic moiTxovdnen TviTnebobis SezRudvas
xelisuflebis mxridan, 1215 wels miRebul iqna TavisuflebaTa didi

19
qartia (Magna Charta Libertatum). es aqti aRiarebulia `inglisuri
Tavisuflebis qvakuTxedad~. da miuxedavad imisa, rom is feodaliz-
mis periodis samarTlebrivi dokumenti iyo, swored man Seqmna is sa-
fuZvlebi, romlebmac warmoSves winapirobebi sazogadoebis cxovre-
baSi Tavisuflebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis Semdgomi ganmtkicebi-
saTvis. qartiaSi naTqvamia, rom `qvemoT dawerili Tavisuflebani~
eniWeba samefos yvela Tavisufal adamians, raTa `flobdnen maT~;
gatarebulia adamianis Cinovnikebis TviTnebobisagan, kanonze da-
ufuZnebeli nebismieri jarimebisagan dacvisa da misi ZiriTadi qo-
nebis xelSeuxeblobis idea. `Tavisufal adamians wvrilmani gadacdo-
misaTvis daekisreba jarima mxolod gadacdomis xasiaTis Sesabamisad
da agreTve msxvili gadacdomisaTvis gadacdomis mniSvnelobis Sesa-
bamisad, amasTan, misi ZiriTadi qoneba xelSeuxebeli unda darCes;
aseTive wesiT daekisreba jarima vaWars, da misi saqoneli darCeba
xelSeuxebeli, glexsac, da misi inventari darCeba xelSeuxebeli, Tu
isini dajarimdebian Cveni mxridan, da arc erTi zemoT aRniSnuli
jarimis dakisreba ar moxdeba sxvagvarad, Tu ara samezobloSi arse-
buli patiosani adamianebis ficiT damtkicebuli Cvenebis safuZvel-
ze~.

`TavisuflebaTa didi qartiis~ 39-e muxli Seicavs debulebas, romel-

sac kvlavac didi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sfero-
Si _ adamianis damnaSaved aRiareba mxolod sasamarTlo gadawyveti-
lebisa da qveynis kanonebis safuZvelze: `arc erTi Tavisufali ada-
miani ar SeiZleba iyos dapatimrebuli, cixeSi Casmuli, qonebaCamor-
Tmeuli, kanongareSed gamocxadebuli an sxvagvarad Seviwroebuli,
da arc Cven wavalT da arc sxvebs gavgzavniT mis winaaRmdeg, Tu ara
mis TanasworTa mier gamotanili kanonieri ganaCenisa da qveynis ka-
nonebis safuZvelze~.

qartia iTvaliswinebs yvelas uflebas, datovon samefo da dabrun-

dnen ukanve sruli usafrTxoebis qveS (samefos saerTo interesebis
Sesabamisad konfiskacia dasaSvebia mxolod `mcire xniT saomari
periodis dros~) (muxli 42). masSi gaTvaliswinebulia mosamarTlis,
konsteblis, Serifisa da beilifis Tanamdebobebze mxolod iseTi pi-
rebis daniSvna, romlebmac `ician samefos kanonebi da aqvT maTi dac-
vis survili~; yvelas (rogorc saeroebis, aseve sasulieroebis) val-
debulebaa, vasalebTan urTierTobebSi daicvan qartiaSi asaxuli

20
Cveulebebi da Tavisuflebebi. Tuki mefe `arRvevs qartiiT moniWe-
bul da damtkicebul mSvidobas da Tavisuflebebs~, nebadarTulia
ajanyebis ufleba `mTeli miwis saTvistomosTan erTad~ (muxli 61).

`TavisuflebaTa did qartias~ akritikeben masSi asaxuli uflebebis

feodalur-wodebrivi xasiaTis gamo, radgan aviwydebaT misi warmo-
Sobis istoriuli konteqsti. dokumentSi arsebuli im iZulebiTi xa-
siaTis daTmobebisa da misi wodebrivi tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiTac
ki ar SeiZleba am dokumentSi asaxuli principebis maRali faseulobis
araRiareba: Tanamdebobis pirebis qmedebaTa kanonTan Sesabamisoba,
gadacdomisa da sasjelis Tanafardoba, damnaSaved aRiareba sasamar-
Tlos mier, ZiriTadi qonebis SenarCuneba, qveynis datovebisa da
ukanve dabrunebis Tavisufleba, dabolos, ajanyebis ufleba `mTeli
miwis saTvistomosTan erTad~ TavisuflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevaSi.

am samarTlebriv aqtSi Cadebuli ideebi, romlebmac dros gauswro da

romelTa mTliani realizaciac, rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebeli iyo im
periodSi da TviTon mefeebis mier irRveoda, cxadyofen, Tu ratom
iwyeba adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis is-
toriis aTvla `TavisuflebaTa didi qartiiT~. es aris sawyisi doku-
menti, romelmac aiZula monarqi, mieca Sepireba, rom daicavda kano-
nebsa da Tavisuflebebs.

adamianis uflebaTa garantiis gamyarebisa da xelisuflebis TviTne-

bobis SezRudvis sferoSi Semdgom nabijad mogvevlina 1679 wels Ha-
beas Corpus Amendment Act-is miReba. am dokumentma daawesa pirov-
nebis xelSeuxeblobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani procesualu-
ri garantia, romelic SemdgomSi myarad damkvidrda ara mxolod in-
glisSi, aramed mraval sxva qveyanaSic. Habeas Corpus _ es aris sasa-
marTlo brZaneba, romelic egzavneba patimrobaSi myofis zedamxed-
velobaze pasuxismgebel Tanamdebobis pirs. igi miznad isaxavda,
Tavidan aecilebina pirTa didi xniT gaCereba cixeSi, Tuki kanoniT
SesaZlebeli iyo maTi TavdebiT gaTavisufleba. Serifi, cixis ufrosi
an nebismieri sxva piri, romlis zedamxedvelobis qveSac imyofeba da-
patimrebuli, valdebulni arian, maTTvis brZanebis wardgenidan sami
dRis vadaSi Seasrulon igi da mihgvaron dapatimrebuli an dakave-
buli im lord-kanclers, lord-beWdis mcvels, mosamarTleebs an sa-
samarTlo baronebs, romelTaganac momdinareobs brZaneba. Tanamde-

21
bobis pirma, romelsac mihgvares dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli, ori
dRis vadaSi unda gaaTavisuflos igi patimrobidan, amasTan, erTi an
ramdenime Tavdebobis miRebisa da gansazRvruli Tanxis Setanis
Semdeg winaswar unda miiRos misgan valdebuleba, rom wardgeba sasa-
marTlos winaSe kanoniT miTiTebul vadaSi. TavdebiT gaTavisufleba
gamoiricxeboda mZime sisxlis samarTlebrivi danaSaulis Cadenis an
saxelmwifo Ralatis SemTxvevaSi. Tanamdebobis piris mier Habeas
Corpus brZanebis Seusrulebloba isjeboda jarimiT dapatimrebuli
an dazaralebuli piris sasargeblod (xuTasi girvanqa sterlingis
odenobiT, muxli IX) da iTvleboda, rom piri ar Seesabameboda daka-
vebul Tanamdebobas.

Habeas Corpus Act-ma daadgina wesi, romlis mixedviTac dauSvebeli

iyo erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis ganmeorebiT dakaveba an dapatim-
reba (muxli V).

Habeas Corpus-is procedura warmoadgenda xelisuflebis TviTnebo-

bisa da ukanonobis SezRudvis fasdaudebel saSualebas, radgan miz-
nad isaxavda, gamoericxa samefo xelisuflebis faruli represiebi,
upirveles yovlisa, opoziciis mimarT, romelic warmodgenili iyo
burJuaziis formirebuli klasiT. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom igi Ta-
namedrove msoflioSic inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas pirovnebis
xelSeuxeblobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani garantis saxiT.

1689 wlis uflebaTa bili (The Bill of Rights) miznad isaxavda parlamen-
tis rolis gazrdas, romlis Tanxmobis gareSec dauSvebeli iyo ka-
nonebis SeCereba, gadasaxadebis gadaxdevineba `gvirgvinis sasargeb-
lod~, mSvidobianobis dros mudmivi armiis Sekreba da Senaxva. mefis-
Tvis peticiebiT mimarTva xelqveiTTa uflebaa da amitom ukanonod
gamocxadda `amgvari peticiebisaTvis yovelgvari dakaveba an devna~.
bili Seicavda sxvadasxva garantiebs, romlebic mimarTuli iyo ga-
dametebuli sasamarTlo gadasaxadebis, gadametebuli jarimebis,
mkacri da uCveulo sasjelebisa da konfiskaciebis winaaRmdeg, rom-
lebic gasamarTlebamde gamoiyeneboda garkveuli pirebis mimarT.

masSi dadgenilia parlamentSi sityvis, ganxilvebisa da aqtebis Ta-

visufleba, romelic `ar unda SeizRudos an daeqvemdebaros ganxil-
vas romelime sasamarTloSi an sxva adgilas, garda TviT parlamen-
tisa~.

22
xalxis sruli da Tavisufali warmomadgenlebis saxiT Sekrebilma
pirebma am aqtSi aRadgines da ganamtkices TavianTi Zveli uflebani
da Tavisuflebani, da `isini eZeben, moiTxoven da daJinebiT amtkice-
ben yvela am punqtis, rogorc erTad, ise cal-calke aRebulis, mixed-
viT TavianT udavo uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs; da amtkiceben, rom
aranair gancxadebas, ganaCenas, faqtsa da qmedebas, mimarTuls xal-
xis sazianod zemoT aRniSnuli romelime punqtis mixedviT, samo-
mavlod ar SeiZleba hqondes raime Sedegi an gamodges magaliTad~.

1701 wlis gvirgvinis Semdgomi SezRudvisa da qveSevrdomis ufle-

baTa da TavisuflebaTa uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb aqtSi (Act of Settle-
ment) pirvelad aris Tavmoyrili debulebebi, romlebSic aRiarebu-
lia inglisis kanonebis bunebiTi xasiaTi, da rom es kanonebi `warmo-
adgenen misi xalxis Tandayolil uflebebs, da yvela mefem da dedo-
falma, romlebic iqnebian am samefos taxtis mflobelebi, unda mar-
Tos samefo kanonebis Sesabamisad, da yvela mosamsaxurem da Tanam-
debobis pirma unda imsaxuros amave kanonebis Sesabamisad~.

im aqtebis CamonaTvali, romlebiTac dadgenilia kanonTa uzenaesoba

da pirovnebis uflebaTa garantiebi, SeiZleba Seivsos 1628 wlis uf-
lebis Sesaxeb peticiiTa da 1701 wlis dafuZnebis Sesaxeb aqtiT. Tu-
ki gverds avuvliT am samarTlebrivi aqtebis wodebriv-klasobriv
xasiaTs da im istoriul pirobebSi maTi realizaciis SeuZleblobas,
sasurveli iqneboda yuradRebis mipyroba im ideebisa da principebis
simdidrisaTvis adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi, romlebic adamianis
uflebebis Tanamedrove katalogsa da koncefciebSi Sevida. maTi fes-
vebi politikuri da samarTlebrivi azrovnebis siRrmeSia, romlebic
warmoiqmna X V I I saukuneSi inglisSi mimdinare burJuaziuli revolu-
ciis dros. am epoqis gamoCenili moazrovneebis _ j. miltonis, T.
hobsis, j. lokis _ naSromebSi xazgasmuli iyo Tavisuflebis, adami-
anis bunebiTi uflebebis, saxelmwifos adamianTa Tavisufali SeTan-
xmebis Sedegad warmoSobisa da misi bunebiT kanonebze dafuZnebis
Sesaxeb ideebi. am koncefciebma udidesi gavlena iqonies adamianis
uflebaTa Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebaze ara mxolod ing-
lisSi, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebis sakanonmdeblo praqtikazec am
sferoSi.

pirvel rigSi laparakia amerikis SeerTebul Statebze, romelic 1776

wels damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde inglisis koloniuri bato-

23
nobis qveS imyofeboda. X V I I saukunis amerikuli burJuaziuli revo-
lucia ara mxolod socialuri, aramed erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
xasiaTisac iyo, rac koloniuri batonobisagan damoukideblobisaT-
vis brZolaSi gadaizarda.

unda aRiniSnos, rom adamianis Tavisuflebisa da uflebebis ganviTa-

rebaSi Tavisi wvlili Seitana inglisis batonobis qveS myofma Crdi-
loeT amerikis zogierTma koloniam. virjiniaSi 1601 wels miRebuli
pirveli koloniuri qartia koloniis mcxovreblebs aniWebda `yvela
uflebas, privilegias da imunitets... imgvarad, TiTqos isini icav-
dnen kanonis moTxovnebs da daibadnen inglisis farglebSi~. masaCu-
setsis 1641 wlis TavisuflebaTa aqtSi detalurad iyo dafiqsire-
buli im ZiriTad uflebaTa wre, romelTagan mravali SemdgomSi Seta-
nil iqna amerikul uflebaTa bilSi. sxva qartiebma, kerZod pensilva-
niis qartiam, gansazRvruli zemoqmedeba iqonies pirovnebis ufleba-
Ta dacvis saSualebebze. yvela am dokumentSi aSkarad ikveTeba `Tavi-
suflebaTa didi qartiisa~ da inglisSi ufro mogvianebiT miRebuli
aqtebisa da precedentebis gavlena.

T. jefersonis, b. franklinis, T. peinis, j. medisonisa da sxvaTa po-

litikur ideebSi ganviTarebulia bunebiT-samarTlebrivi doqtrinis,
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis, adamianis Tavisuflebisa da ufle-
bebis principebi. adamianis bunebiTi Tandayolili uflebebis kon-
cefcia sul ufro da ufro myar adgils ikavebda amerikis politikur
doqtrinebSi, koloniuri batonobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul argumenta-
ciaSi da sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi. virjiniis konventis mier 1776 wlis
12 ivniss mowonebuli virjiniis uflebaTa deklaraciiT, romlis
avtorad mogvevlina jorj medisoni, dadgenilia, rom yvela adamiani
Tavisi bunebiT aris Tanabrad Tavisufali, damoukidebeli da flobs
ganusxvisebel uflebebs, romlebzec mas ar SeuZlia uaris Tqma, Sedis
ra sazogadoebaSi, da verc Tavis STamomavlebs ver CamoarTmevs am
uflebebs. adamianis ganusxvisebel uflebebs miekuTvneboda `sicocx-
liTa da TavisuflebiT tkboba sakuTrebis SeZenisa da flobis meSve-
obiT, rasac uTanabrdeba bednierebisa da usafrTxoebisaken swrafva
da maTi mopoveba~ (muxli 1). virjiniis uflebaTa deklaraciis ufle-
bebis ideebi da kompleqsi SemdgomSi ganmeorda da ganviTarda damo-
ukideblobis deklaraciaSi da uflebaTa bilSi (aSS-s konstituciis
pirvel aT SesworebaSi).

24
umniSvnelovanesi istoriuli dokumenti, romelSic ganviTarebulia
adamianisa da xalxis Tavisuflebisa da ganusxvisebeli uflebebis
ideebi _ damoukideblobis deklaracia (deklaracia dawerilia T.
jefersonis mier) erTxmad iqna miRebuli cameti SeerTebuli Statis
mier da damtkicebuli mesame kontinenturi kongresis mier 1776 wlis
4 ivliss. man xorci Seasxa pirovnebis Tavisuflebis, misi avtonomiis
sawyisebs da daadgina, rom isini eqvemdebarebian dacvas saxelmwifos
nebismieri xelyofisagan. adamianis Tavisuflebisa da uflebebis idea
xelisuflebaTa danawilebisa da federalizmis ideebTan erTad
amerikuli konstitucionalizmis ZiriTad postulatebs warmoad-
gens.

deklaraciaSi gamoxatulia eris TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, `rodesac

movlenaTa msvlelobas mivyavarT iqamde, rom erTi eri iZulebuli
xdeba, Tavi gaiTavisuflos politikuri marwuxebisagan, riTac is
dakavSirebulia sxva erTan, da daikavos damoukidebeli da Tanabari
adgili msoflios saxelmwifoebs Soris, ris uflebac mas miniWebuli
aqvs bunebisa da misi Semoqmedis kanonebis ZaliT...~ es ganamtkicebs
eris uflebas, Secvalos an gaauqmos mmarTvelobis iseTi forma, ro-
melic damRupveli xdeba adamianis uflebaTa uzrunvelyofisaTvis,
da SemoiRos axali mmarTveloba, romelic efuZneba mmarTvelobis
organizaciis iseT principebsa da formebs, romlebic `yvelaze uke-
Tesad uzrunvelyofen xalxis usafrTxoebas da bednierebas~. `...ro-
desac erTsa da imave mizanTan ucvlelad dakavSirebuli borotad
gamoyeneba da Zaladoba mowmoben mzakvrul ganzraxvaze, aiZulon eri,
Seeguos SeuzRudav despotizms, amgvari mmarTvelobis Camogdeba da
samomavlod usafrTxoebis axali garantiebis Seqmna eris uflebad
da valdebulebad iqceva~. deklaraciaSi detalurad aris Camoyali-
bebuli, rogorc `uricxvi usamarTlobisa da Zaladobis krebuli~,
is faqtebi da garemoebebi, romlebmac gamoiwvies britaneTis gvir-
gvinTan ganxeTqileba da gaerTianebuli koloniebis Tavisufal da
damoukidebel Statebad gamocxadeba. am faqtebsa da garemoebebs
Soris aris didi britaneTis mefis uari saerTo keTildReobisaTvis
sasargeblo da aucilebeli kanonebis miRebaze, mniSvnelovani kano-
nebis moqmedebis SeCereba, warmomadgenelTa palatis daTxovna, sxva
deputatebis arCevaze uaris Tqma, winaaRmdegoba marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcielebaze, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organizaciis Sesaxeb
kanonebis miRebaze uaris Tqma, xalxis Seviwroeba gamogzavnili Ci-

25
novnikebiT, xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe gadasaxadebis dakisreba da sxv.
`xelmwife, romelsac tiranis yvela Tviseba axasiaTebs, ar SeiZleba
iyos Tavisufali eris mmarTveli~.

usamarTlobaTa da ZaladobaTa krebuls deklaracia ukavSirebs saka-

nonmdeblo organoebis uflebaTa SezRudvas, usamarTlo kanonebis
Tavs moxvevas, winaaRmdegobas `saerTo keTildReobisaTvis~ sasar-
geblo kanonebis miRebaze. amitom aucilebelia iseTi mmarTvelobis
dadgena, romelic Tavis uflebamosilebas ganaxorcielebs Tavad mis
mier marTuli xalxis TanxmobiT, da romlis ZiriTadi mizani iqneba
adamianis ganusxvisebeli uflebebis uzrunvelyofa. `Cven gamov-
divarT im aSkara WeSmaritebidan, rom yvela adamiani Tanasworia da
Semoqmedis mier miniWebuli aqvs gansazRvruli ganusxvisebeli ufle-
bebi, romelTac miekuTvneba sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebi-
saken swrafva~.

rogorc teqstidan Cans, amerikis revoluciis mamebis yvela amaRle-

buli Tavisuflebis moyvaruli sulieri naazrevi eyrdnoboda bune-
biT-samarTlebriv doqtrinas. T. peini bunebiT uflebebad miiCnevda
`yvela inteleqtualur da sulier uflebas, iseve rogorc adamianis
uflebas, miaRwios keTildReobas da bednierebas, Tuki amiT ar izRu-
deba sxvebis bunebiTi uflebebi~.

1787 wlis aSS-s konstituciaSi ar aris moxseniebuli arc adamianis

bunebiTi uflebebi da arc maTi CamonaTvali. Tumca preambula Se-
icavs umniSvnelovanes faseul principebs, romelTa gareSec SeuZle-
belia adamianis uflebaTa uzrunvelyofa. `Cven, SeerTebuli Sta-
tebis xalxi, ufro srulyofili kavSiris Seqmnis, marTlmsajulebis
dadgenis, Sida simSvidis garantirebis, erToblivi Tavdacvis uzrun-
velyofis, sayovelTao keTildReobisaTvis xelSewyobisa da CvenTvis
da Cveni STamomavlobisaTvis Tavisuflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT vacxa-
debT da vadgenT winamdebare konstitucias amerikis SeerTebuli Sta-
tebisTvis~.

konstituciaSi adamianis uflebaTa CamonaTvalis ararseboba mniSvne-

lovanwilad dakavSirebulia amerikul doqtrinebSi maT bunebiT-
samarTlebriv ganmartebasTan. konstituciis zogierTi damfuZnebe-
li (magaliTad, a. hamiltoni) miiCnevda, rom adamianis bunebiTi ufle-
bebi ar unda dadgeniliyo pozitiuri kanoniT, da rom maTi CamonaT-

26
vali SeiZleboda amomwuravi yofiliyo, rasac SeiZleba saSiSroeba
gamoewvia. Tumca amgvarma midgomam kritika da ukmayofileba gamo-
iwvia da kinaRam SeaCera konstituciis miReba. konstituciis mowoneba
gadaido masSi Sesabamisi Sesworebebis Setanis Sesaxeb mtkice dapire-
bis miRebamde. d. medisonma da T. jefersonma Seadgines konstituciis
SesworebaTa seria da 1791 wlis 15 dekembers ZalaSi Sevida amerikuli
uflebaTa bili _ `pirovnuli Tavisuflebisa da adamianuri Rirsebis
didi amerikuli qartia~, romelic Seicavda konstituciis pirvel aT
Sesworebas.

uflebaTa bilma daafiqsira adamianis umTavresi ZiriTadi uflebebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom am uflebaTagan zogierTi formulirebulia, ro-
gorc akrZalvebi federaluri xelisuflebis mimarT, raTa am ukanas-
knelma ar gamosces adamianis bunebiTi uflebebis SemzRudveli kano-
nebi. amgvarad, I SesworebaSi aRniSnulia: `kongresma ar unda gamosces
arc erTi kanoni, romelic Seexeba religiis dadgenas an krZalavs
misiT Tavisufal sargeblobas, an zRudavs sityvis an beWdvis Tavi-
suflebas, an xalxis mSvidobiani Sekrebisa da mTavrobisaTvis Tavisi
saCivrebis dasakmayofileblad peticiebiT mimarTvis uflebas~. amg-
vari forma mniSvnelovanwilad gamowveuli iyo amerikelTa undob-
lobiT saxelmwifo xelisuflebisadmi da adamianis mimarT xelisuf-
lebis mxridan TviTnebobis SezRudvisken swrafviT. amitomac adami-
anis uflebebi formulirebulia ara rogorc individis qcevis wesebi,
ara rogorc gansazRvruli moqmedebebis Sesrulebis uflebebi (es
uflebebi mas dabadebidan aqvs miniWebuli), aramed rogorc xelisuf-
lebis uflebamosilebaTa SezRudvebi, raTa man ar daarRvios indivi-
dis Tavisuflebis ufleba. I I SesworebaSi aRniSnulia, rom ar unda
SeizRudos xalxis ufleba, Seinaxos da ataros iaraRi. V I I I Sesworeba
iTvaliswinebs, rom ar unda iqnes moTxovnili zedmeti gadasaxadebi,
ar unda moxdes gadametebuli jarimebis dakisreba, da ar unda Se-
efardos sastiki da uCveulo sasjelebi. IV da V SesworebebSi gvxvdeba
aseTi formulirebebi: amgvarad, `ar unda dairRves~ piris ufleba,
daculi iyos piradi, komunikaciis, qonebis usafuZvlo Cxrekisgan
da dapatimrebisgan; `arc erTi piri ar SeiZleba micemul iqnes sisx-
lis samarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi... Tu ara didi Jiuris mier wardgeni-
li an gamotanili gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis safuZvelze~.

mxolod VI SesworebaSi gamoiyeneba formula `braldebuls ufleba

aqvs~.

27
amgvari formulirebebi axasiaTebs adamianis uflebaTa `pirveli Ta-
obis~ sakanonmdeblo aRiarebas, anu liberalur-demokratiul (samo-
qalaqo da politikur) uflebebs, romelTa warmoSobac gamoiwvia
burJuaziulma revoluciebma da romlebic gamoxataven individis e.w.
`negatiur~ Tavisuflebas, anu mis TviTgamorkvevaSi da avtonomiaSi
nebismieri, maT Soris saxelmwifo, Carevisagan Tavisuflebas (sindi-
sis, sityvis, beWdvis, Sekrebis, peticiebis Tavisuflebani da sxva).
amgvari xasiaTisaa konstituciis zogierTi Semdgomi Sesworebac.

konstituciuri normebisa da principebis, federaluri kanonebis,

Statebis kanonebis gafarToebiT mravalricxovanma sasamarTlo ga-
dawyvetilebebma mniSvnelovnad gaafarToes uflebaTa bilis moqme-
debis sfero. Statebis konstituciebi, miuxedavad maTi miRebis Tari-
Risa, sxvadasxvagvari modifikaciebiT imeorebdnen damoukideblobis
deklaraciisa da uflebaTa bilis debulebebs. amgvarad, masaCusetsis
Statis konstituciis (1780 w.) preambulaSi xazgasmulia adamianis
uflebaTa bunebiTi xasiaTi; masaCusetsis respublikis mcxovrebTa
uflebebis deklaraciis (romelic masaCusetsis konstituciis pir-
vel ganyofilebas warmoadgens) I muxliT dadgenilia yvela adamianis
Tanasworoba da bunebiTi uflebebi da mocemulia am uflebaTa Camo-
naTvali. ukve 1970 wels miRebuli ilinoisis Statis konstitucia
aseve Seicavs uflebaTa bils da adgens uflebaTa ganusxviseblobas,
rwmenis Tavisuflebas, saTanado samarTlebriv proceduras da ka-
nonis winaSe Tanaswor dacvas, sityvis Tavisuflebas, Sekrebisa da
peticiebis Tavisuflebas, pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobis garantiaTa
sistemas da sxv.

aRniSnuli mowmobs, rom damoukideblobis deklaraciam, aSS-s kon-

stituciam da uflebaTa bilma safuZveli Cauyares grZelvadian tra-
dicias, romelsac ucvleli, droisgan damoukidebeli mniSvneloba
aqvs. miT ufro mniSvnelovani iyo es istoriuli dokumentebi XV I I I
saukunis bolos, rodesac mkvidrdeboda burJuaziuli wyoba, mimdi-
nareobda TviTmpyrobelobisagan da TviTnebobisagan pirovnebis dac-
vis saSualebaTa Zebna.

amave periodSi evropaSi moxda didi franguli revolucia, romlis

mniSvnelobac gascda erTi saxelmwifos farglebs da didi gavlena iqo-
nia sazogadoebrivi viTarebis Secvlaze bevr qveyanaSi, feodalur-
absolutistur wesebTan brZolaze, romlebic dafuZnebuli iyo

28
mmarTveli klasebis privilegiebze, CinovnikTa TviTnebobasa da ukano-
nobaze, pirovnebisa da sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis garantiebis
ararsebobaze. revoluciam wamoayena Tanasworobis, Zmobis, samarTli-
anobis principebi, romelTa mixdeviTac unda momxdariyo revoluciis
gamarjvebis Semdeg damkvidrebuli axali sazogadoebis formireba.

franguli revolucia iyo ara marto triumfi, aramed tragediac im

xalxisa, romelmac iakobinelTa diqtaturis yvela saSineleba gamos-
cada. Tumca man datova didi samarTlebrivi dokumenti _ 1789 wlis
adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia. masSi aisaxa ganma-
naTleblobis epoqis humanuri ideebi _ Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba,
erovnuli suvereniteti, sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba, kanonis
avtoriteti, adamianis uflebebi. volteris, monteskiesa da rusos
politikur-samarTlebrivi da zneobrivi ideebi is fundamenti iyo,
romelzec viTardeboda Tavisufali azrovneba, TviTnebobasTan da
absolutizmTan Seurigebloba, kanonisa da adamianis ganusxvisebeli
uflebebis winaSe qedis moxra, `saerTo keTildReobisaken~ swrafva.

deklaraciis preambulaSi aRniSnulia, rom `adamianis uflebaTa ugu-

lebelyofa warmoadgens sazogadoebriv ubedurebaTa da mTavrobaTa
garyvnilebis erTaderT mizezs~. sxva sityvebiT, mxolod adamianis
uflebaTa dacviT aris SesaZlebeli sazogadoebrivi ubedurebis Ta-
vidan acileba da sazogadoebis normaluri cxovrebis uzrunvel-
yofa. amitom, frangi xalxis warmomadgenlebma, Seqmnes ra erovnuli
kreba, `miiRes gadawyvetileba, daedginaT sazeimo deklaraciiT ada-
mianis bunebiTi, ganusxvisebeli da wminda uflebebi~, raTa sakanon-
mdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaTa qmedebani Seesabamebodnen
politikuri institutis mizans, rom moqalaqeTa moTxovnebi, romle-
bic amieridan ubralo da udavo principebs efuZneba, konstituciisa
da saerTo keTildReobis dacvisaken miiswrafodnen.

pirveli muxli acxadebs, rom `adamianebi ibadebian da rCebian Tavisu-

falni da uflebebiT Tanasworni~; meore muxli _ rom `yovelgvari
politikuri kavSiris mizania adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli
uflebebis uzrunvelyofa. maT miekuTvneba Tavisufleba, sakuTreba,
usafrTxoeba da Cagvrisadmi winaaRmdegoba~.

deklaraciaSi adamianis uflebebi gadmocemulia formulirebiT, ro-

melic dRemde inarCunebs Tavis sicxadesa da garkveulobas: `azris

29
Tavisufali gamoxatva warmoadgens adamianis erT-erT uZvirfases
uflebas; amitom yvela moqalaqes SeuZlia Tavisuflad gamoxatos
azri, weros, beWdos da pasuxi agos mxolod am Tavisuflebis kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevebSi~ (muxli 11);
`kanoniT dadgenil unda iqnes mxolod mkacrad da udavod aucile-
beli sasjelebi; aravin ar SeiZleba daisajos, Tu ara samarTaldar-
Rvevis Cadenamde miRebuli da gamoqveynebuli da saTanadod gamoyene-
buli kanonis safuZvelze~ (muxli 8); `vinaidan nebismieri adamiani
udanaSaulod iTvleba, vidre ar dadgindeba misi braleuloba, iseT
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac aucilebeli xdeba piris dapatimreba, nebis-
mieri zedmetad mkacri zoma, romlis gamoyenebac ar warmoadgens auci-
leblobas, umkacresad unda aRikveTos kanoniT~ (muxli 9) da sxva.

deklaraciis me-4 muxlSi pirvelad aris formulirebuli principi,

romelic Sevida msoflios mravali qveynis Tanamedrove konstitu-
ciebSi da adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso-samarTlebriv
aqtebSi: `Tavisufleba aris SesaZlebloba, akeTo yvelaferi, rac
zians ar ayenebs sxvas. amgvarad, nebismieri adamianis bunebiTi uf-
lebebis ganxorcieleba SezRudulia mxolod im farglebiT, romle-
bic uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis aseTive uflebebiT
sargeblobas. es farglebi SeiZleba dadgenil iqnes mxolod kanoniT~.
Tavisuflebis farglebi gamoxatulia me-5 muxlSic: `kanons ufleba
aqvs, SezRudos mxolod iseTi qmedebebi, romlebic zianis momtania
sazogadoebisaTvis. yvelaferi, rac ar aris akrZaluli kanoniT, neba-
darTulia, da aravin ar SeiZleba aiZulo, akeTos is, rac kanoniT ar
aris dadgenili~.

mkafiod da lakonurad aris ganmtkicebuli pirovnebisa da misi sa-

kuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis garantiebi (muxlebi 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 17).

niSandoblivia, rom deklaracia, gamomdinareobs ra bunebiT-samar-

Tlebrivi doqtrinis ideidan, aRiarebs da xazs usvams saxelmwifos
rols adamianis uflebaTa garantiebis uzrunvelyofaSi: `adamianisa
da moqalaqis uflebaTa garantiebisaTvis aucilebelia saxelmwifo-
ebrivi Zala. igi iqmneba yvelas interesebSi da ara imaTi piradi sar-
geblobisaTvis, visac igi aqvs mindobili~ (muxli 12). Sesabamisad,
`sazogadoebas ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos nebismieri Tanamdebobis piri-
sagan misi saqmianobis angariSi~ (muxli 15).

30
me-16 muxlSi gamoxatulia samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos umniSvnelo-
vanesi principebi: uflebaTa garantiebis uzrunvelyofa da xelisuf-
lebis danawileba: `sazogadoebas, sadac ar aris uzrunvelyofili
uflebaTa garantiebi da ar arsebobs xelisuflebis danawileba, ara
aqvs konstitucia~, anu samarTlebrivi organizacia.

Cven dawvrilebiT davaxasiaTeT sxvadasxva epoqasa da sxvadasxva qve-

yanaSi adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb Seqmnili iuridiuli aqtebi, raTa
gveCvenebina im normebis, institutebisa da principebis istoriuli
fesvebi, romlebic aiTvisa saerTaSoriso samarTalma adamianis uf-
lebaTa dacvis mizniT. adamianis damnaSaved aRiareba mxolod sasa-
marTlo gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, samarTaldarRvevisa da sasje-
lis Tanafardoba, `saTanado samarTlebrivi procedura~, udanaSa-
ulobis prezumfcia da pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobis sxva garantiebi,
kamaTis, sityvis, beWdvis, religiis Tavisufleba, sakuTari qveynis
datovebisa da ukan dabrunebis ufleba, peticiebis ufleba, Tanamde-
bobis pirTa pasuxismgebloba adamianis uflebaTa darRvevisaTvis _
es da sxva uflebani, romlebic humanur faseulobaTa oqros fondSi
Sevida, pirvelad iqna gadmocemuli TavisuflebaTa did qartiaSi,
ganviTarebuli inglisur uflebaTa bilSi, Habeas Corpus Act-Si,
damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi, amerikul uflebaTa bilSi, adamiani-
sa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciaSi. am faseulobaTa genezisi-
saTvis Tvalyuris devnebisas ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT Zvelber-
Znuli filosofia, romelmac impulsi misca adamianis bunebiTi uf-
lebebis Sesaxeb swavlebis ganviTarebas, agreTve reformaciisa da
ganmanaTleblobis periodis postulatebi, romlebmac wamoayenes
socialuri samarTlianobisa da Tanasworobis ideebi.

saWiroa yuradRebis gamaxvileba bunebiT-samarTlebrivi swavlebis

ganmsazRvrel rolze adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa ganviTa-
rebaSi, maTi prioritetis aRiarebaSi, saxelmwifosa da Tanamdebobis
pirTa mxridan TviTnebobis SezRudvaSi. gaerTianebuli erebis orga-
nizaciis mier 1948 wels miRebuli adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaraciis preambulaSi aRniSnulia, rom `adamianTa ojaxis yvela
wevrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirsebis, Tanaswori da ganuyofeli uf-
lebebis aRiareba warmoadgens Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobisa da
sayovelTao mSvidobis safuZvels~. pirveli muxli adgens bunebiTi
doqtrinis wamyvan ideas: `yvela adamiani ibadeba Tavisufali da Ta-

31
naswori Tavisi RirsebiTa da uflebebiT. maT miniWebuli aqvT goneba
da sindisi da erTmaneTis mimarT Zmobis suliskveTebiT unda iqce-
odnen~.

adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis preambulaSi ganmeore-

bulia debuleba, romelic pirvelad formulirebul iqna Tavisuf-
lebaTa did qartiaSi da SemdgomSi dadgenil iqna damoukideblobis
deklaraciaSi: Tuki ar xdeba kanonis, uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
dacva, xalxs aqvs ajanyebis ufleba; im mTavrobis Camogdeba, romelic
arRvevs adamianis uflebebs, aris xalxis ara marto ufleba, aramed
valdebulebac. es Tezisi Semdegi saxiT aris gamoxatuli: `aucile-
belia, uflebebs icavdes kanonis Zala, raTa adamiani iZulebuli ar
gaxdes, mimarTos ajanyebas, rogorc ukanasknel saSualebas tiraniisa
da Cagvris winaaRmdeg~.

rodesac meore msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna gaerTianebuli erebis

organizacia, wesdebaSi Cawerili misi miznebidan da principebidan
erT-erTs warmoadgenda ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli da
humanitaruli xasiaTis problemebis gadawyvetaSi saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis ganxorcielebis aucilebloba da adamianis uflebe-
bisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebisadmi, yvelas mimarT, rasis, sqesis,
enisa da religiis miuxedavad, pativiscemis xelSewyoba da ganviTa-
reba. am miznis wamoyeneba iyo reaqcia adamianis uflebaTa masobriv
da uxeS darRvevebze, romlebic xdeboda meore msoflio omis winare
da misi mimdinareobis periodebSi. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso
bilis Seqmnis idea cariel adgilze ar warmoSobila. igi eyrdnoboda
warsulis demokratiul kulturul tradiciebs, wamyvan saxelmwi-
foTa samarTlebriv azrovnebasa da kanonmdeblobaSi formirebul
universalur zogadsakacobrio faseulobaTa gamocxadebis aucileb-
lobas. amitomac uflebaTa saerTaSoriso bilis pirveli dokumenti
_ adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia _ mokle vadaSi Seiqmna;
amasTan, masSi ar iqna gamorCenili arc erTi iseTi principi da norma
adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa sferodan, romlebic humani-
taruli ganviTarebis oqros fonds Seadgenen.

Tumca im periodSi demokratiuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi msof-

lios yvela saxelmwifos monapovars ar warmoadgendnen. amitomac
sayovelTao deklaracia, romelic demokratiul principebsa da nor-

32
mebs Seicavda, sarekomendacio xasiaTisa iyo da msoflios yvela
saxelmwifos sTavazobda adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa
katalogs am sferoSi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobis ganviTa-
rebis magaliTis, standartis saxiT: `generaluri asamblea adamianis
uflebaTa am sayovelTao deklaracias iseT amocanad acxadebs, rom-
lis Sesrulebas unda eltvodes yvela xalxi da yvela saxelmwifo,
raTa yoveli adamiani da sazogadoebis yoveli organo, niadag gaiT-
valiswinebs ra am deklaracias, miiswrafodes, swavla-ganaTlebis
meSveobiT xeli Seuwyos am uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa pativiscemas
da maTi sayovelTao da efeqtiani aRiareba-ganxorcielebis uzrun-
velyofas nacionaluri Tu saerTaSoriso progresuli RonisZiebebiT
rogorc organizaciis wevr saxelmwifoTa xalxebSi, ise am saxelmwi-
foebis iurisdiqciisadmi daqvemdebarebul teritoriaTa xalxebSi~.

sayovelTao deklaracia Seicavda uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa gam-

didrebul nusxas, romelic moicavda ara mxolod samoqalaqo da po-
litikur, aramed XIX saukunis dasasruls formirebul da XX sa-
ukuneSi ganviTarebul socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul ufle-
bebsac. Tumca adamianis uflebaTa `pirveli Taobis~ _ samoqalaqo da
politikuri uflebebis _ ZiriTadma principebma da normebma ukve
daamtkices TavianTi cxovrebiseuloba da efeqturoba demokratiul
samarTlebriv saxelmwifoTa praqtikaSi. amitomac udavoa maTi gav-
lena adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganvi-
Tarebaze.

bunebrivi iyo sapirispiro procesic _ saerTaSoriso samarTlis de-

mokratiuli samarTlebrivi ideebisa da normebis zegavlena erov-
nuli kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebaze. amas mowmobs is faqti, rom ita-
liis, iaponiisa da germaniis federaciuli respublikis omisSemdgom
konstituciebSi adamianis uflebebi didi moculobiT iyo warmod-
genili moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da movaleobebis Sesaxeb specialur
ganyofilebebSi. safrangeTSi ZiriTadi politikuri da samoqalaqo
uflebebi ganmtkicda 1946 wlis konstituciis preambulaSi adami-
anisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciaze miTiTebiT. gasuli sa-
ukunis 70-ian wlebSi saberZneTSi, portugaliasa da espaneTSi
miRebulma `meore talRis~ burJuaziulma konstituciebma ganamtki-
ces adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa kidev ufro vrceli
sistema. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi miTiTebulia, rom `1948 wlis Semdeg

33
miRebuli erovnuli konstituciebidan ara nakleb 90-isa Seicavs im
fundamenturi uflebebis nusxas, romlebic an gadmobeWdilia dek-
laraciis debulebebidan, an Sevidnen konstituciebSi deklaraciis
gavleniT~.

sayovelTao deklaraciamac da uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa sferoSi

Seqmnilma yvela Semdgomma saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivma dokumen-
tmac iqonies da kvlavac aqvT didi gavlena erovnuli kanonmdeblobis
ganviTarebaze. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, vinaidan ama Tu im
saerTaSoriso dokumentebis wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis, mas Semdeg,
rac isini Sesabamis procedurebs gaivlian, am dokumentebSi arsebuli
miTiTebebi savaldebulo xdeba. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom saerTa-
Soriso-samarTlebrivi aqtebis mravali muxli iwyeba sityvebiT: `am
paqtis monawile yvela saxelmwifo valdebulebas iRebs...~; `wevri
saxelmwifoebi yvela adamianisaTvis uzrunvelyofen...~; `wevri
saxelmwifoebi pasuxismgebelni arian...~; `wevri saxelmwifoebi iReben
yvela saTanado zomas...~ da a. S.

aRniSnuli iZleva safuZvels, davaskvnaT, rom adamianis uflebaTa

da TavisuflebaTa sferoSi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi da saerTaSoriso
samarTlis ganviTarebis procesisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia urTierT-
Sevseba da urTierTzemoqmedeba.

Tanamedrove samarTalSi maTi gamocxadebis drois Sesabamisad miRe-

bulia adamianis uflebaTa dayofa sam Taobad. pirvel Taobas miekuT-
vneba samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi, romlebic warmoadgenen
individis `negatiuri~ Tavisuflebis gamoxatulebas da miznad isaxa-
ven adamianis dacvas nebismieri saxis ukanono Carevisagan (maT Soris
saxelmwifos mxridanac). termini `negatiuri~ am SemTxvevaSi gulisx-
mobs saxelmwifos an nebismieri piris valdebulebas, Tavi Seikavos
garkveuli moqmedebisgan. magaliTad, samoqalaqo uflebebia: reli-
giis, gamoxatvis, gaerTianebis, Sekrebis da manifestaciis uflebebi.
am uflebebis ganxorcielebisas piri daculi unda iyos, rom saxelm-
wifo ukanonod ar akrZalavs eklesiis mSeneblobas da qadagebas, ma-
nifestaciisa da mitingis Catarebas, fondis, kavSirisa da sxva tipis
organizaciis Seqmnas da a. S. am uflebaTa ganxorcielebisas pirvel
rigSi saxelmwifoa SezRuduli da misi Zalauflebaa Sekvecili.

34
meore Taobas miakuTvneben socialur-ekonomikur uflebebs, rom-
lebsac `pozitiurs~ uwodeben, vinaidan maT uzrunvelsayofad Cve-
ulebriv saWiroa saxelmwifoTa mxridan konkretul moqmedebaTa gan-
xorcieleba. `pozitiuri~ am SemTxvevaSi niSnavs saxelmwifos valde-
bulebas, Seqmnas pirobebi da xeli Seuwyos adamianTa iseTi intere-
sebis ganxorcielebas, rogoricaa: ganaTleba, dasaqmeba, jandacva da
a. S. saxelmwifoebi konstituciiT an sxva kanonebiT iReben Tavis Tav-
ze aseT valdebulebebs da saqarTvelos magaliTze SegviZlia dava-
saxeloT Tundac saxelmwifos valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos sabazo
ganaTleba yvela moqalaqisTvis.

dabolos, mesame Taobas miekuTvneba e. w. `koleqtiuri~ uflebebi,

anu xalxTa uflebebi. maT Cveulebriv miakuTvneben ganviTarebis uf-
lebas, mSvidobis, jansaRi garemos, kacobriobis saerTo memkvidre-
obis uflebebs da sxv. xalxTa uflebebi ar warmoadgens konkretulad
individTa uflebebs, isini ekuTvnis adamianTa koleqtivs, romlebic
ayalibeben xalxs an ers, da es uflebebi ar SeiZleba realizebul
iqnes calkeuli pirovnebis mier. xalxTa uflebebis realizaciis pro-
cesSi yoveli calkeuli piri, romelic Sedis ama Tu im xalxis Semad-
genlobaSi, sargeblobs Tavisi uflebebiT da TavisuflebebiT (sity-
vis, beWdvis, Sekrebis Tavisuflebebi, arCevnebSi monawileobis ufle-
ba da a. S.) da gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas ama Tu im sakiTxis
mimarT. swored aseTi saxiT gamoxatuli umravlesobis azri Seadgens
mTeli eris nebas.

xalxTa uflebebidan erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania TviTgamor-

kvevis ufleba. yvela ers aqvs TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. am uflebis
ZaliT isini Tavisuflad adgenen TavianT politikur statuss da Ta-
visuflad uzrunvelyofen TavianT ekonomikur, socialur da kul-
turul ganviTarebas. erTi eris TviTgamorkvevam ar unda miayenos
ziani sxva xalxTa uflebebs. es ufleba unda ganxorcieldes saerTa-
Soriso samarTlis sxva sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da
normebis dacviT, maT Soris saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobisa
da suverenitetis dacviT. amitom TviTgamorkvevis ufleba ar unda
ganimartos mxolod, rogorc eris ufleba, Seqmnas Tavisi sakuTari
saxelmwifo. TviTgamorkvevis formebi SeiZleba mravalgvari iyos _
nacionalur-kulturuli avtonomiidan federalizmis sxvadasxva
formebamde.

35
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi dacul unda iqnes
yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe, rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis,
religiis, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebis, nacionaluri an soci-
aluri warmoSobis, qonebrivi mdgomareobis, dabadebis an sxva garemo-
ebebis miuxedavad.

36
 Tavi 3.
adamianis uflebebis
dacvisa da xelSewyobis
regionuli sistemebi

adamianis uflebebis dacvis uni-

versalur instrumentebTan erTad
arsebobs regionuli sistemebic,
romlebic xSirad uflebebis dac-
vis ufro maRal standartebs uz-
runvelyofs.

regionuli sistemebis upirateso-

ba is aris, rom maT saCivrebis dak-
mayofilebis ukeTesi saSualeba
aqvT. rac Seexeba sasamarTloebs,
isini savaldebulo gadawyvetile-
bebs iReben xolme da adamianis uf-
lebebis komisiaTa rekomendaciebs
qveynebi, rogorc wesi, seriozu-
lad iTvaliswineben. maTi meSve-
obiT SesaZloa erovnuli kanon-
mdeblobac ki Seicvalos, raTa is
SesabamisobaSi iqnes moyvanili ada-
mianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso
valdebulebebTan. amasTan, regi-
onuli sistemebi ufro met yurad-
Rebas iCenen kulturuli da re-
ligiuri problemebisadmi, Tu amis
safuZvliani mizezi arsebobs.

37
evropa
adamianis uflebebis evropuli sistema sami nawilisgan Sedgeba: ev-
rosabWos sistema, evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis orga-
nizacia da evropis kavSiri.

adamianis uflebebis evropuli sistema yvelaze daxvewili regionuli

sistemaa. is meore msoflio omis dros adamianis uflebebis masob-
rivi darRvevebis sapasuxod Camoyalibda. adamianis uflebebi, ka-
nonis uzenaesoba da pluralisturi demokratia evropis samarTleb-
rivi wyobis qvakuTxedia.

evrosabWo
mTavari instrumenti adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia (1950) da
misi 13 damatebiTi oqmia. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani me-6 da me-13
oqmebia sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, rac adamianis uflebebis
evropul sistemas amerikulisgan ganasxvavebs. aseve aRsaniSnavia
me-11 oqmi, romelic adamianis uflebebis evropul komisias da evro-
pul sasamarTlos erTi mudmivi evropuli sasamarTloTi cvlis. ev-
ropuli konvencia ZiriTadad samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs
Seicavs. evropis socialuri qartia (1961) yuradRebas ekonomikur
da socialur uflebebze amaxvilebs, Tumca iseTi mniSvnelovani ar
aris, rogoric konvencia.

wamebisa da sxva sastiki, arahumanuri da damamcirebeli mopyrobisa

da dasjis winaaRmdeg sferoSi gardatexa moaxdina evropulma kon-
venciam (1948), romelic ayalibebs evropul komisias wamebis da sxva
sastiki, arahumanuri da damamcirebeli mopyrobisa da dasjis aRsak-
veTad. komisia konvenciis wevr qveynebSi agzavnis delegaciebs daka-
vebis adgilebis mosanaxuleblad. Sesabamisad, sistemis logika mis
prevenciulobaSi mdgomareobs, nacvlad ex post facto dacvisa,
romelic adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciasa da sasamarTlos
jer kidev axasiaTebs.

evropuli CarCo xelSekruleba erovnuli umciresobebis dacvisTvis

(1995) evropaSi umciresobaTa uflebebTan dakavSirebiT problemebis
zrdis sapasuxod Seiqmna. es problemebi sabWoTa kavSirisa da iugos-
laviis socialisturi respublikis daSlisa da ufro zogadad evro-
paSi 1990-ian wlebSi TviTgamorkvevis procesis Sedegia.

38
konvenciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian, daicvan erov-
nuli umciresobebis wevrTa individualuri uflebebi, magram amas-
Tanave iseTi pirobebi unda Seqmnan, rom umciresobebs saSualeba
hqondeT, sakuTari kultura da identuroba SeinarCunon da ganavi-
Taron. Tumca aRmasrulebeli meqanizmi moxsenebiTi sistemiT Semo-
ifargleba.

1. evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo

evropaSi adamianis uflebebis dacvis mTavari meqanizmia evropis

adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo strasburgSi, romlis savaldebulo
iurisdiqciac evrosabWos yvela wevri saxelmwifos mieraa aRiarebu-
li. mosamarTleTa raodenoba evrosabWos wevrTa raodenobas emTx-
veva. yvela saqmeSi CarTulia e. w. `saxelmwifo mosamarTle~, romelic
sasamarTlos exmareba saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis ukeT gagebaSi.
Tumca daniSnuli mosamarTleebi personaluri statusiT moRvawe-
oben.

sasamarTloSi saCivris misaRebad unda arsebobdes Semdegi garemo-

ebebi:

evropis adamianis uflebaTa konvencia da misi damatebiTi oqmebis

darRvevis faqti;
mosarCele darRvevis msxverpli unda iyos;
yvela adgilobrivi samarTaldamcavi meqanizmi amowuruli unda
iyos;
sarCeli Setanili unda iyos saSinao samarTaldamcavi meqanizmebis
amowurvidan araumetes eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi.

sarCelis miRebis SemTxvevaSi Svidi mosamarTlisgan Semdgari palata

sarCelis xarisxs ganixilavs. maTi gadawyvetileba sabolooa, Tu miiC-
neven, rom sarCeli arasaTanado mniSvnelobisaa.

evropis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi savaldebuloa da SesaZloa

zaralis anazRaurebasac uzrunvelyofdes. gadawyvetilebebis aR-
srulebas uzrunvelyofs ministrTa komiteti. dResdReobiT siste-
mis mTavari problema sarCelebis didi raodenobaa.

39
2. evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis adamianis
uflebebis sistema

euTos ar gaaCnia samarTlebrivi wesdeba, misi deklaraciebi da re-

komendaciebi mxolod politikuri xasiaTisaa da ar aris iuridiulad
savaldebulo. miuxedavad amisa, konferenciebsa da eqspertTa Sex-
vedrebze miRebuli sxvadasxva valdebulebebi, romelTa Sesrule-
basac wevri qveynebis warmomadgenelTa sabWo akontrolebs, monito-
ringis ufro warmatebuli meqanizmia. civi omis dros `helsinkis pro-
cesma~ mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs So-
ris TanamSromlobis CamoyalibebaSi da misi gagrZelebisTvis Semd-
gom ufro farTo evropaSi.

euTo garkveul aqtivobebs axorcielebs adamianis uflebebisa da gan-

sakuTrebiT umciresobaTa uflebebis sferoSi. is agreTve wamyvan
rols asrulebs euTos savele misiebSi. amisaTvis euTos aqvs adami-
anis uflebebis departamenti da hyavs adamianis uflebebis oficre-
bi, romlebic mivlinebulni arian qveynebSi, raTa zedamxedveloba ga-
uwion da moxsenebebi gaakeTon adamianis uflebebis arsebul mdgo-
mareobaze, agreTve xeli Seuwyon adamianis uflebebis dacvas. euTo
aseve daxmarebas uwevs adamianis uflebebis saxelmwifo institutebs
im qveynebSi, sadac misiebi hyavs wargzavnili.

euTo mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda demokratiuli arCevnebis dak-

virvebisas evropis ramdenime qveyanaSi, romlebic pluralistul de-
mokratiebad gardaqmnis procesSi arian. euTos mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seaqvs agreTve evropaSi konfliqtebis mogvarebisa da konfliqtis
Semdgomi rekonstruqciis procesSi.

3. evrokavSiris politika adamianis uflebebis dargSi

evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba, romelic 1957 w. Seiqmna, ar exeboda

iseT politikur sakiTxebs, rogoricaa adamianis uflebebi da evro-
pis integracia, Tumca demokratia da adamianis uflebebis koncefcia
evropis samarTlebrivi wyobis wamyvani sakiTxi gaxda. mTavari roli
evropis sasamarTlom Seasrula. man Camoayaliba adamianis uflebebis
iurisdiqcia, romelic momdinareobda `wevri qveynebis saerTo kon-
stituciuri tradiciebidan~ da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebidan,

40
romlebsac wevri qveynebi iyvnen mierTebulni, magaliTad adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli konvenciidan. zogierTi ufleba aigo sazogado-
ebrivi samarTlis zogad principebze, rogoricaa qonebis ufleba,
Sekrebis an religiis Tavisufleba, an Tanasworobis principi, rac
evropis sazogadoebriv samarTalSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.

1980-iani wlebidan evropis Tanamegobrobam SeimuSava adamianis uf-

lebebis politika mesame samyaros qveynebTan dakavSirebiT, rac
agreTve aisaxa e. w. `kopenhagenis kriteriumebSi~ axali saxelmwifo-
ebis cnobisTvis samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi.

2000 wels mowveul iqna konventi evrokavSiris fundamentur ufle-

baTa qartiis dasawerad, romelic 2000 wels nicis samitze iqna miRe-
buli. dResdReobiT es qartia evropis adamianis uflebebis yvelaze
Tanamedrove dokumentia. sayovelTao deklaraciis msgavsad is mo-
icavs rogorc samoqalaqo da politikur, ise ekonomikur, socialur
da kulturul uflebebs, amasTan mas iuridiulad savaldebulo sta-
tusi ar aqvs. Tumca is SeiZleba im savaldebulo debulebaTa ganmar-
tebad CaiTvalos, radgan Seicavs adamianis uflebebis ramdenime
valdebulebas, romlebic sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis
nawilsac Seadgenen. 1995 wlidan moyolebuli evrokavSiri Tavis
ormxriv xelSekrulebebSi moicavs adamianis uflebaTa klauzulebs.
mosalodnelia, rom evropis konstitucia, romelic axla muSavdeba,
sabolood gadawyvets adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa evropuli qar-
tiisTvis iuridiuli statusis miniWebis sakiTxs.

evropis kavSiri adamianis uflebebis politikas SeimuSavebs rogorc

saSinao, ise sagareo urTierTobebisTvis, sadac is zogadi sagareo
da usafrTxoebis politikis nawils Seadgens. evrokavSiris sabWos
mier gamoqveynebuli yovelwliuri moxseneba adamianis uflebebis
Sesaxeb xazs usvams am politikis mniSvnelobas. sabWo akeTebs sajaro
gancxadebebs, magram is kulisebs miRmac aqtiuria: awarmoebs `adami-
anis uflebebis diplomatias~ da marTavs `dialogs adamianis ufleb-
ebze evropis komisiasTan erTad zogierT qveyanasTan, magaliTad
CineTTan da iranTan. evrokavSiri gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs
wamebis, sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg brZolas.

1998 w. venaSi daarsda evrokavSiris rasizmisa da qsenofobiis moni-

toringis centri, raTa gadawyvitos evropaSi rasizmisa da qseno-

41
fobiis mzardi problema. imave wels mecamete muxli daemata evropis
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebas, romelic sazogadoebas saSu-
alebas aZlevs, daamarcxos diskriminacia rasis, eTnikuri warmomav-
lobis, religiis an rwmenis, asakis, SezRuduli fizikuri SesaZleb-
lobebis an seqsualuri orientaciis safuZvelze.

evrokavSiri did yuradRebas uTmobs agreTve Tanasworuflebianobis

sakiTxs. wevri qveynebi valdebulni arian, misdion `qalebisa da mama-
kacebisTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis~ princips da maTTvis Tanabari
SesaZleblobebi uzrunvelyon.

amerika
adamianis uflebebis Sidaamerikuli sistemis arseboba daiwyo adami-
anis uflebebisa da movaleobebis amerikuli deklaraciiT, romelic
1948 w. iqna miRebuli amerikis organizaciis qartiasTan erTad. am
organizaciis mier 1959 w. daarsebuli Sidaamerikuli komisia adami-
anis uflebaTa dacvis sistemis mTavari organoa.

1969 wels ZalaSi Sevida amerikis konvencia adamianis uflebebis Se-

saxeb. mogvianebiT mas daemata ori oqmi: erTi ekonomikur, socialur
da kulturul uflebebze da meore sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis Sesa-
xeb. aSS am konvenciis wevri ar aris, Tumca komisia vaSingtonSia gan-
lagebuli. konvencia gaTvaliswinebulia agreTve adamianis ufle-
baTa Sidaamerikuli sasamarTlosTvis, romelic 1979 wels daarsda
da ganlagebulia kosta-rikaSi. iqve mdebareobs `adamianis uflebebis
Sidaamerikuli instituti~.

qalTa uflebebis dacvis yvelaze mZlavri instrumentia Sidaameri-

kuli konvencia qalTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis aRkveTis, dasjis da aR-
mofxvris Sesaxeb (balem do paras konvencia), romelic ZalaSi 1955 w.
Sevida. konvenciis Tanaxmad, savaldebuloa regularuli angariSis
wardgena qalTa Sidaamerikuli komisiisaTvis, romelic 1928 wlidan
funqcionirebs. arsebobs agreTve specialuri momxsenebeli qalTa
uflebebis Taobaze.

adamianebs, jgufebsa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs SeuZliaT pe-

ticiiT mimarTon adamianis uflebaTa Sidaamerikul komisias, romelsac
SeuZlia moiTxovos informacia adamianis uflebebis dasacavad miRebuli

42
zomebis Sesaxeb. Sidaamerikuli sasamarTlosTvis mimarTva mxolod
komisiis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli, romelic wyvets, Tu romeli saqme unda
ganixilos sasamarTlom. sasamarTlos SeuZlia agreTve sarekomendacio
azris gamoTqma konvenciis interpretaciis Taobaze. komisiis msgavsad
sasamarTlos eqvsi wevri hyavs da mudmivmoqmedi ar aris.

komisias SeuZlia awarmoos gamoZieba adgilze da aqveynebs specialur

moxsenebebs gansakuTrebul sakiTxebze. ramdenime arasamTavrobo
organizacia exmareba adamianis uflebebis darRvevis msxverplT, ra-
Ta maTi saqmeebi adamianis uflebaTa Sidaamerikul komisiasa da sa-
samarTlos gadaeces.

afrika
adamianis uflebebis afrikuli sistema 1981 wels Seiqmna adamianisa
da xalxTa uflebebis Sesaxeb afrikuli qartiis miRebiT. mis safuZ-
velze arsebobs adamianisa da xalxTa uflebebis afrikuli komisia,
romelic 11 wevrisgan Sedgeba da gambiaSi mdebareobs. dReisaTvis
afrikis kavSiris 53-ive wevrma qveyanam moaxdina qartiis ratifikacia,
romelic adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciis midgomas
imeorebs da erT dokumentSi uyris Tavs adamianis uflebebis yvela
kategorias. preambulaSi aRniSnulia `afrikuli civilizaciis fase-
uloba~, rac xels uwyobs adamianisa da xalxTa uflebebis afrikul
koncefcias. adamianis uflebebis garda is acxadebs xalxTa ufle-
bebs, ganmartavs valdebulebebs ojaxisa da sazogadoebis mimarT, ra-
sac, miuxedavad amisa, praqtikaSi naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs.

komisia farTo mandatiT sargeblobs adamianis uflebebis xelSewyo-

bis sferoSi. mas SeuZlia agreTve miiRos saCivrebi qveynebisgan (rac
jerjerobiT ar momxdara), adamianebisa da jgufebisgan. miRebis kri-
teriumebi farToa da iTvaliswinebs agreTve urTierTobas arasam-
Tavrobo organizaciebTan darRvevebis msxverplTa saxeliT. miuxe-
davad amisa, komisias ar SeuZlia miiRos iuridiulad savaldebulo
gadawyvetilebebi. es iyo erT-erTi mizezi qartiis oqmis miRebisa
adamianisa da xalxTa uflebebis afrikuli sasamarTlos dafuZnebis
Taobaze, romelic ZalSi Seva mas Semdeg, rac 15 qveyana moaxdens mis
ratifikacias. sasamarTlos SemadgenlobaSi Seva 11 mosamarTle. mi-
uxedavad amisa, adamianebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT, pirdapir mimarTon
sasamarTlos, Tu saxelmwifo amasTan dakavSirebiT specialur

43
gancxadebas gaakeTebs. sxva SemTxvevaSi mas saCivrebis miReba mxolod
komisiis gavliT SeuZlia, iseve, rogorc Sidaamerikul sistemaSi.

komisia aqveynebs regularul moxsenebebs TiToeul qveyanaze, Tumca isini

xSirad aradamakmayofileblad asaxavs mdgomareobas adamianis uflebebis
mxriv. gaeros praqtikis msgavsad komisias hyavs specialuri momxseneblebi
araoficialuri, TviTneburi aRsrulebis Taobaze, cixeebSi da dakavebis
pirobebTan dakavSirebiT da qalTa mdgomareobaze.

komisia aseve agzavnis sagamoZiebo misiebs da awyobs Sexvedrebs gansa-

kuTrebul SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebiT. afrikis arasamTavrobo orga-
nizaciebs ufleba aqvT, daeswron komisiis yvela sajaro Sexvedras.
isini xSirad warudgenen komisias darRvevebis saqmeebs da xels uwyo-
ben komisiis saqmianobas. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom mTavrobebi qar-
tias erovnul samarTlebriv sistemebSic iyeneben.

gaeros bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis mixedviT 1990 wels miRebul

iqna afrikis qartia bavSvTa uflebebisa da keTildReobis Sesaxeb.
qartiiT gaTvaliswinebulia afrikis eqspertTa komiteti bavSvTa
uflebebisa da keTildReobis Taobaze, romelic weliwadSi erTxel
mainc unda Seikribos. Tumca am qartiis ratifikaciis procesi fer-
xdeba da Sedegebis winaswarmetyveleba rTulia.

sxva regionebi
arabuli qartia adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb SeimuSaves arabma eq-
spertebma da damtkicebul iqna arabuli qveynebis ligis sabWos mier
1994 w., Tumca 2002 wlamde ZalaSi ar Sesula.

miuxedavad samxreT aziis asociaciis mravali mcdelobisa, bavSvTa

keTildReobis regionul uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebiT 2002 w.
mieRo konvencia, jer ver moxerxda aziaSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
instrumentis miReba an adamianis uflebebis komisiis daarseba. Tumca
mimdinareobs regionuli integracia Asean-isa da azia-wynari okeanis
adamianis uflebaTa saxelmwifo institutebis forumis farglebSi,
rac SesaZloa aziis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis komisiis SeqmniT dam-
Tavrdes. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis doneze 100-ze metma aziurma ara-
samTavrobo organizaciam 1998 w. miiRo `aziis adamianis uflebaTa
qartia~, rogorc saxalxo qartia.

44
Tavi 4.
sisxlis samarTlis
saerTaSoriso
iurisdiqcia

sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso

sasamarTlo Camoyalibda, rogorc
mudmivmoqmedi tribunali, 1998 w.
romSi miRebuli statutis Tanaxmad.
misi iurisdiqcia moicavs iseT dana-
Saulebs, rogoric aris genocidi,
kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
danaSauli, rac gamoixateba samoqa-
laqo mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg sis-
tematur TavdasxmaSi, maT Soris ga-
upatiurebis, seqsualuri monobis,
iZulebiT dafexmZimebis an seqsu-
aluri Zaladobis sxva SemTxvevebi,
agreTve xalxis Zaladobrivi gziT
gataceba da msgavsi arahumanuri
aqtebi, rac adamianebs did fizikur
da sulier tkivils ayenebs.

yofili iugoslaviis sisxlis samar-

Tlis saerTaSoriso tribunali uSiS-
roebis sabWos mier Seiqmna 1993
wels haagaSi, rogorc specialuri
tribunali, romelic ganixilavda
adamianis uflebaTa masobriv dar-
Rvevebs yofili iugoslaviis teri-
toriaze. mis kompetenciaSi Sedis
Jenevis 1994 wlis konvenciis dar-
Rvevebze muSaoba, romelSic Sedis
45
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis msxverplTa dacva, kacobriobis winaaR-
mdeg mimarTuli danaSauli, rogoricaa mkvleloba, wameba, gaupati-
ureba an sxva msgavsi arahumanuri qmedebebi, Cadenili SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtisa da genocidis dros. iugoslaviis tribunals hyavs sa-
erTo prokurori ruandis saerTaSoriso kriminalur tribunalTan,
romelic aruSaSi 1994 w. genocidis Semdeg daarsda. specialuri tri-
bunalebi funqcionirebs agreTve siera-leonesa da kambojaSi.

iseve, rogorc iugoslaviisa da ruandis tribunalebi, saerTaSoriso

kriminaluri sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia erovnuli iurisdiqciis da-
matebaa. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifos ar Seswevs unari an
ar surs gaasamarTlos damnaSaveebi, saqmes saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo
iRebs. yvela tribunali eyrdnoba individualuri pasuxismgeblobis
princips, miuxedavad braldebulis samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobisa.

46
Tavi 5.
adamianis uflebebi da
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

adamianis uflebaTa sistemis Camo-

yalibebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelova-
nia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis zegav-
lena, rac ZiriTadad arasamTavro-
bo organizaciebisgan modis. isini
adamianis uflebebis xelSewyobisa
da dacvisTvis mTavari moqmedi pi-
rebi arian samoqalaqo sazogado-
ebaSi. arasamTavrobo organizaci-
ebi xSirad erTi romelime mimarTu-
lebiT muSaoben, magaliTad, gamo-
xatvis Tavisuflebis, mediis Tavi-
suflebis an wamebis, arahumanuri da
damamcirebeli mopyrobis aRkveTis
uzrunvelsayofad. iseTi organiza-
cia, rogoricaa Amnesty Internationl,
xelisuflebaze zemoqmedebis miz-
niT specialur meTodebs mimar-
Tavs. aseTi strategia, romelic da-
moukidebeli mediis meSveobiT xor-
cieldeba, SeiZleba Zalze efeqturi
gamodges. arasamTavrobo organiza-
ciebis xelisuflebaze da saerTa-
Soriso sazogadoebaze zemoqmede-
bis meqanizmia maRali donis moxse-
nebebi, romlebic faqtebze dayrd-
nobiT iqmneba. arasamTavrobo orga-
nizaciebis kidev erTi efeqturi

47
midgomaa saerTaSoriso makontrolebeli organoebisaTvis `Crdilo-
vani moxsenebis~ wardgena saxelmwifos oficialuri angariSebis pa-
ralelurad.

adamianis uflebebis damcvelTa deklaraciis (generaluri asambleis

1998 w. rezoluciis) Tanaxmad, adamianis uflebebze momuSave xalxs
da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs saqmianobisTvis saTanado Tavisuf-
leba unda mieniWoT da daculi unda iyvnen yovelgvari devnisgan.
zogierT qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa damcvel saerTaSoriso or-
ganizaciebs akritikeben da TavianTi saqmianobis gamo idevnebian.
msoflioSi uamravi SemTxveva yofila, rodesac adamianis uflebebis
damcveli aqtivistebi daupatimrebiaT TavianTi kanonieri saqmiano-
bisTvis. saxelmwifom es aqtivistebi unda daicvas ara marto sakuTa-
ri warmomadgenlebisgan _ policiisgan, aramed Zaladobrivi dajgu-
febebisganac.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi mTavar rols asruleben agreTve ada-

mianis uflebebis swavlebaSi kurikulumis SeqmniT, treningebis Cata-
rebiTa da saWiro masalebis momzadebiT. globalur doneze didi
mniSvneloba hqonda gaeros adamianis uflebaTa aTwleuls, romelmac
ganviTarebad qveynebSi xeli Seuwyo adamianis uflebaTa saswavlo
institutebis Seqmnas.

arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa qselma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

SeiZina qalTa TanasworuflebianobisTvis da maTi dacvisTvis brZo-
laSi.

48
 Tavi 6.
globaluri gamowveva
adamianis
uflebebisaTvis

ramdenime aTeuli wlis warmate-

buli saqmianobis Sedegad adami-
anis uflebebis ZiriTad gamowve-
vad iqca valdebulebaTa Sesru-
leba. ramdenime axali meTodi iqna
SemuSavebuli imisaTvis, rom gaZ-
lierdes adamianis uflebaTa im-
plementacia adgilobriv da saer-
TaSoriso doneze, maT Soris, sa-
erTaSoriso sazogadoebis ufro
aqtiuri damokidebuleba, rac ga-
moixateba adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis saerTaSoriso misiebSi war-
momadgenlebis wargzavnasa da ada-
mianis uflebebis pativiscemis ins-
titucionalizaciaSi, rasac sava-
raudod aseve mZlavri prevenci-
uli Sedegebi unda mohyves.

adamianis uflebaTa pativiscema

adgilobriv da erovnul doneze
Zlierdeba aseve adgilobrivi ins-
titutebis SesaZleblobaTa gaz-
rdiT, anu adamianis uflebaTa po-
pularizaciisa da monitoringis-
Tvis adamianis uflebebis erov-
nuli institutebis Camoyalibe-

49
biT. am procesSi mTavar rols asruleben arasamTavrobo organiza-
ciebi, rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi. jer kidev
arsebobs standartebis Camoyalibebis problema iseT sferoebSi,
rogoricaa, magaliTad bavSvTa uflebebis dacva, bioteqnologia,
genuri inJineria da adamianis organoebiT vaWrobis sakiTxebi.

amave dros arsebuli adamianis uflebebi ufro TvalsaCino gaxdeba

ZiriTad uflebebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT. axal midgomas saWi-
roebs agreTve yuradRebis gamaxvileba adamianis uflebebsa da huma-
nitarul samarTals Soris kavSirebis gaRrmavebaze. igive exeba ada-
mianis uflebebsa da ltolvilTa samarTals, rogorc ltolvilTa
problemebis aRkveTis, ise maTi dabrunebis sakiTxis doneze. iZule-
biT gadaadgilebul pirebTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs saxelmZRvanelo
principebi. es ukavSirdeba adamianis uflebebisa da konfliqtebis
prevenciis sakiTxs, agreTve konfliqtis Semdgomi reabilitaciis
sakiTxs, rac adamianis uflebebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis safuZvel-
ze unda ganxorcieldes.

angariSvaldebuleba adamianis uflebebis darRvevisaTvis da maTi

pativiscema globaluri problemaa. es unda moeTxovebodes ara marto
calkeul pirebs, aramed iseT arasaxelmwifoebriv aqtorebs, rogo-
ricaa transnacionaluri korporaciebi, da mTavrobaTSoris orga-
nizaciebs: msoflio banks, saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds da msof-
lio savaWro organizacias.

axali gamowveva adamianis usafrTxoebisa da adamianis uflebebis

dacvis sakiTxSi ganpirobebulia saxelmwifoebis mier gaZlierebuli
antiteroristuli zomebis miRebiT 11 seqtembris Semdeg, romelic
nawilobriv adamianis uflebebis SezRudviT dasrulda.

50
Tavi 7.
wamebis akrZalva

`dauSvebelia vinmes mimarT wamebis

an sastiki, araadamianuri Tu Rir-
sebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis an sas-
jelis gamoyeneba~.

adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao

deklaracia, me-5 muxli

samyaro wamebis gareSe

farTod gavrcelebuli mosazrebis

sawinaaRmdegod, rom wameba mxo-
lod Rarib da `aracivilizebul~
sazogadoebebSi xdeba, wamebis praq-
tika msoflio masStabiT saxelmwi-
foTa 2/3-Si gvxvdeba, maRalganvi-
Tarebuli qveynebis CaTvliT. gan-
sxvaveba mxolod wamebisa da sas-
tiki mopyrobis sxva saxeebis gamo-
yenebis raodenobasa da formebSia.

wamebis akrZalva absoluturi xasi-

aTisaa, rac mravali saerTaSoriso
SeTanxmebiT aris uzrunvelyofi-
li. adamianis ufleba wamebisgan
Tavisuflebaze uflebaTa im ricxvs
ganekuTvneba, romelTa SezRudvac

51
saxelmwifos aranairi safuZvliT ar SeuZlia. akrZalvis miuxedavad,
rogorc wamebis, ise araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis
SemTxvevebi Zalze xSirad xdeba.

Tanamedrove epoqaSi saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ganviTarebulma mov-

lenebma da informaciis gavrcelebis meTodebis srulyofam SesaZ-
lebeli gaxada wamebasa da sastiki mopyrobis sxva formebze msof-
lios yuradRebis koncentrireba. SemuSavda wamebis akrZalvisa da
prevenciis mkacri saerTaSoriso standartebi. maTi aRsrulebis uz-
runvelyofis mizniT Seiqmna uamravi sagamoZiebo, monitoringisa Tu
zedamxedvelobis funqciebis matarebeli organizacia rogorc erov-
nul, ise saerTaSoriso doneze.

ra aris wameba?

wamebis samarTlebrivi cneba mocemulia gaerTianebuli erebis orga-

nizaciis konvenciaSi wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rir-
sebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisa da sasjelis winaaRmdeg (saqarTvelos mi-
er ratificirebul iqna 1994 wlis 22 seqtembers). konvenciis pirvel
muxlSi vkiTxulobT:

`wameba aris Tanamdebobis piris an oficialuri uflebamosilebis

Semsruleblis an misi waqezebiT an TanxmobiT sxva piris ganzraxi
qmedeba, romelic adamians ayenebs mZime tkivils an tanjvas, rogorc
fizikurs, ise fsiqologiurs...~

rogorc vxedavT, wameba mxolod fizikuri tkivilis gamomwvevi qme-

deba ar aris. igi SeiZleba fsiqologiur zemoqmedebaSic gamoixatos.

fizikuri an fsiqologiuri tkivilis Segnebuli miyeneba rogorc

wamebis, ise araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis damaxa-
siaTebeli niSania. gansxvaveba araadamianur, Rirsebis Semlaxav mopy-
robasa da wamebas Soris damokidebulia Cadenili qmedebis bunebaze,
mizansa da gamovlenili sisastikis simZimeze. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, rac ufro sastik, mtkivneul da mizanmimarTul qmedebasTan
gvaqvs saqme, miT ufro izrdeba imis albaToba, rom igi wamebad CaiT-
valos.

52
wamebis mizani SeiZleba iyos rogorc pirisgan ama Tu im informaciis
an aRiarebis miReba, ise misi dasja im qmedebisaTvis, romelic man an
sxva pirma Caidina, an romlis CadenaSic igi aris eWvmitanili. wameba
an sastiki mopyrobis sxva forma SesaZloa aseve piris daSinebis an
iZulebis mizans emsaxurebodes an sxva, maT Soris diskriminaciaze
(diskriminacia erovnuli an eTnikuri warmoSobis, rasis, kanis feris
da a. S. mixedviT) damyarebuli, mizeziT iyos ganpirobebuli.

wamebad ar CaiTvleba is fsiqologiuri Tu fizikuri tanjva an tki-

vili, romelic kanonieri sanqciisa da sasjelis gamoyenebis dros
SeiZleba ganicados adamianma (mag., sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis ga-
mocxadebisas).

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia gamovyoT wamebis

sami ZiriTadi elementi:
Segnebuli qmedeba, romelic iwvevs sastik fizikur an fsiqolo-
giur tanjvas;
qmedeba emsaxureba gansazRvrul mizans;
qmedeba Cadenilia Tanamdebobis piris an oficialuri uflebamo-
silebis Semsruleblis mier.

wamebis meTodebi _ rogor xdeba wameba?

nebismieri sagani, dawyebuli wyliT da gagrZelebuli sayofacxov-

rebo sagnebiT, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos wamebis iaraRad. Tumca
dResdReobiT wamebis meTodebi imdenad ganviTarda, rom zogierTi
maTgani ar tovebs xilul kvals msxverplis sxeulze, magram ziani
moaqvs adamianis Sinagani organoebisa da fsiqologiuri mdgomare-
obisaTvis.

wamebis meTodebi SeiZleba or ZiriTad jgufad davyoT: fizikuri

da fsiqologiuri.

fizikuri wameba iwvevs msxverplis sastik tkivils da tanjvas. fizi-

kuri wamebisaTvis yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebadi meTodebia cema
xelketebiT da rkinis sagnebiT, aseve eleqtroSokis, gagudvisa da
sigaretiT dawvis xerxebi.

53
fsiqologiuri wameba moicavs gamofitvisa da deprivaciis iseT me-
Todebs, rogoricaa sakvebis, wylis, Zilisa da sanitaruli saSuale-
bebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis CamorTmeva. fsiqologiur wamebad
CaiTvleba aseve komunikaciis SesaZleblobis CamorTmevis xerxi, ro-
goricaa TavisuflebaSezRuduli piris sruli mowyveta gare samya-
rosgan an sxva patimrebisgan. aRsaniSnavia aseve iZulebisa da daSi-
nebis meTodi, rac sxvaTa wamebis yurebis iZulebaSi, sikvdiliT das-
jis muqaraSi an sistematur damcirebaSi vlindeba. aseve xSirad ga-
moiyeneba sqesobrivi Zaladoba, rogorc orive _ fsiqologiuri da
fizikuri _ wamebis meTodi.

wamebis motivebi _ ratom xdeba wameba?

wamebis motivebi mravalgvaria. Zalauflebis demonstrirebis an

ubralod sisustis dafarvis survili xSirad gadaizrdeba xolme wa-
mebaSi an sastiki mopyrobis sxva formaSi.

Tu istorias gadavavlebT Tvals, wameba ZiriTadad politikuri

represiis, dasjisa da SurisZiebis saSualeba iyo. dRes igi, rogorc
wesi, informaciisa da aRiarebis miRebis iaraRad gamoiyeneba.

wameba xSirad adamianis daSinebis, aseve masSi usargeblobisa da da-

ucvelobis grZnobis gaRvivebis da Sedegad misi pirovnulobis dan-
grevis mizniT gamoiyeneba.

yvela msgavsi qmedeba, riTac ar unda iyos igi motivirebuli, did

zegavlenas axdens wamebis msxverplze. fizikur reabilitacias
xSirad wlebi sWirdeba, wamebis fsiqologiuri Sedegebi ki msxver-
plis mTel cxovrebas gasdevs kvalad.

wamebis, araadamianuri
da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis msxverplni da Camdenni

wamebis msxverpli SeiZleba gaxdes yvela, gansakuTrebiT im sazoga-

doebaSi, sadac ar arsebobs kanonis uzenaesobis tradicia. sastik
mopyrobas ZiriTadad vxvdebiT sapatimroebSi, policiis ganyofile-
bebsa da Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sxva adgilebSi.

dakavebuli pirebi da patimrebi adamianebis gansakuTrebulad dauc-

veli jgufia, vinaidan isini TiTqmis srulad arian damokidebulni

54
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebze. dakavebis adgili Tavisi arsiT Ca-
ketili sivrcea, Sesabamisad dakavebuli pirebi xSirad sazogadoebis
yuradRebisgan mowyvetilad grZnoben Tavs. es imiTac aris ganpiro-
bebuli, rom arcTu iSviaTad isini adamianTa im kategorias ganekuT-
vnebian, romelTa mimarT sazogadoebis did nawils arakeTilganwyo-
bili damokidebuleba aqvs.

wamebisa da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis msxverplad xSirad gvevli-

nebian umciresobebis (socialuri, religiuri, eTnikuri da a. S.) war-
momadgenlebi, aseve sxva qveynis moqalaqe ltolvilebi da TavSesaf-
ris maZiebelni.

wamebis akrZalvis saerTaSoriso standartebis

Sesruleba da kontroli

1948 wlidan moyolebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis debulebebi wame-

bisa da sastiki, araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis akr-
Zalvis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda da gaumjobesda. mravalma
saxelmwifom moaxdina amgvari debulebebis Semcveli saerTaSoriso
aqtebis ratificireba.

saerTaSoriso doneze gaeros wamebis sawinaaRmdego komiteti da ga-

eros specialuri momxsenebeli wamebis sakiTxebze arasamTavrobo or-
ganizaciebTan mWidro TanamSromlobiT zedamxedvelobas uweven
saxelmwifoebis mier wamebis sawinaaRmdego saerTaSoriso standar-
tebis dacvas.

gaeros wamebis sawinaaRmdego komiteti Seiqmna wamebisa da sxva sasti-

ki, araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis winaaRmdeg gaeros
konvenciis me-17 muxlis safuZvelze da amowmebs konvenciis wevri
saxelmwifoebis angariSebs wamebis faqtebis Taobaze, romelTa ward-
genac yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel unda moxdes. xsenebuli komiteti
uflebamosilia, moiTxovos damatebiTi informaciis warmodgena
qveynebis angariSebSi moyvanili faqtebis Taobaze.

specialuri momxseneblis instituti Seiqmna gaeros adamianis ufle-

baTa komisiis rezoluciiT wamebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Se-
mowmebis, sando informaciis moZiebisa da mis safuZvelze efeqturi
reagirebisaTvis. specialuri momxsenebeli komisias yovelwliurad

55
warudgens moxsenebas gaweuli samuSaos Sesaxeb, sadac mimoxilulia
qveynebSi arsebuli wamebis praqtika da SemuSavebulia rekomendaci-
ebi misi aRmofxvrisaTvis.

konvencia wamebisa da sxva sastiki,

araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis winaaRmdeg
_ fakultatiuri oqmi

2002 wels niu-iorkSi gamarTul gaeros generaluri asambleis sxdo-

maze SemuSavebul iqna wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri da Rir-
sebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis sawinaaRmdego konvenciis fakultatiuri
oqmi. oqmis mizania wamebisa da sastiki mopyrobis sxva formebis aRk-
veTa saerTaSoriso da erovnul doneze saeqsperto organizaciebis
SeqmniT, romlebic regularulad Seamowmeben Tavisuflebis SezRud-
vis adgilebs maTi sistematuri monaxulebis gziT. es organizaciebi
Tavisuflebis SezRudvis adgilebis Semowmebis Sedegebis mixedviT
SeimuSaveben rekomendaciebs TavisuflebaSezRuduli pirebisadmi
mopyrobisa da dakavebulTa pirobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT.

vizitebi Tavisuflebis SezRudvis adgilebSi wamebis faqtebis aRk-

veTisa da dakavebul pirTa pirobebis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi yve-
laze efeqturi saSualebaa. Sesabamisad oqmi wingadadgmuli nabijia
wamebis, araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis rogorc sa-
erTaSoriso, ise erovnuli prevenciis meqanizmebis gaZlierebis
TvalsazrisiT.

wamebis sruli aRmofxvra mxolod maSin gaxdeba SesaZlebeli, rode-

sac saerTaSoriso standartebi qveynebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
aisaxeba. swored amitom sasicocxlod aucilebelia erovnuli kanon-
mdeblobis harmonizacia saerTaSoriso standartebTan da wamebis
faqtebis monitoringis erovnuli sistemebis Seqmna.

wamebisa da araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisa

da sasjelis aRsrulebis evropuli komiteti

wamebis Tavidan acilebis evropuli komiteti Seiqmna wamebisa da ara-

adamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisa da sasjelis aRsrulebis
evropuli konvenciis safuZvelze. komiteti Sedgeba eqimebis, advo-

56
katebisa da policiis, Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebisa da adami-
anis uflebebis sakiTxebSi momuSave eqspertebisgan.

komiteti TavisuflebaSezRuduli pirebisadmi mopyrobas policiis

ganyofilebebSi, sapatimroebSi, fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoebSi da
Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sxva adgilebSi vizitebis gziT amowmebs.
komisia periodulad amowmebs konvenciis wevr saxelmwifoebs, Tumca
aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi specialur vizitebsac axorcielebs. ko-
mitetis daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi Sedis konfidencialur moxse-
nebaSi Sesabamisi qveynis mTavrobis mimarT. konfidencialurobis
mizani komitetsa da mTavrobas Soris konstruqciuli da ndobaze
dafuZnebuli urTierTobis uzrunvelyofaa.

Tuki romelime saxelmwifo uars ganacxadebs komitetTan Tanam-

Sromlobaze da misi rekomendaciebis Sesrulebaze, wamebis Tavidan
acilebis evropuli komiteti uflebamosilia, gamoiyenos politi-
kuri zewolis meTodi sajaro gancxadebis gakeTebiT.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis saqmianoba

1961 wlis maisSi britanelma advokatma gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT

`miviwyebuli patimrebi~, riTac faqtobrivad saTave daedo msoflio
masStabiT wamebis aRmofxvrisa da zogadad adamianis uflebaTa sa-
kiTxebze momuSave yvelaze warmomadgenlobiTi da efeqturi saerTa-
Soriso moZraobis `Amnesty International~-is Camoyalibebas. moZraoba
milionze meti wevrisgan Sedgeba da moicavs daaxloebiT 7 800 adgi-
lobriv, axalgazrdul, specialistTa da profesiul jgufebs 100-
mde qveyanaSi.

`Amnesty International~ yovelwliurad axorcielebs adamianis ufle-

bebTan dakavSirebul programebs. 2000 wlis oqtomberSi man SeimuSava
wamebis prevenciis ramdenimepunqtiani programa. `Amnesty Internati-
onal~ yvela saxelmwifos mouwodebs wamebis prevenciisaTvis auci-
lebeli Semdegi zomebis miRebas:

1. wamebis oficialuri gakicxva

saxelmwifos yvela umaRlesma Tanamdebobis pirma mkveTrad uaryo-
fiTi damokidebuleba unda daafiqsiros wamebis mimarT. samarTal-
damcavi organoebis warmomadgenlebs unda ganemartoT, rom wamebis
arc erTi faqti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba Sewynarebuli.

57
2. dakavebul pirTa izolaciis SezRudva
wameba xSirad xdeba msxverplis izolaciaSi yofnis dros, rodesac
SeuZlebelia gare samyarosTan kavSiris damyareba da im adamianebTan
dakavSireba, romelTac potenciurad xelewifebaT daxmarebis aRmo-
Cena. xelisufleba valdebulia, uzrunvelyos, rom piris izolaciaSi
yofna misi wamebis SesaZleblobad ar iqces. Zalze mniSvnelovania,
rom dakavebulis naTesavebs, advokatebs da eqimebs operatiulad Se-
eZloT maTTan dakavSireba da Sexvedra.

3. saidumlo dakavebis akrZalva

xSirad wameba saidumlo Senobebsa Tu oTaxebSi mimdinareobs, rogorc
wesi, mas Semdeg, rac xdeba msxverplTa `gauCinareba~. Sesabamisad
uzrunvelyofil unda iqnes, rom advokatebisa da naTesavebisaTvis
zustad iyos cnobili dakavebulTa adgilsamyofeli.

4. dacvis garantiebi dakiTxvisa da dakavebisas

qveynis xelisufleba valdebulia, regularuli zedamxedveloba ga-
uwios dakavebisa da dakiTxvis procesSi kanoniT dadgenili proce-
durebis dacvas. dakavebisas pirovnebas dauyovnebliv unda ecnobos
Tavisi uflebebis, maT Soris policielTa mxridan mopyrobis Taobaze
saCivris wardgenis uflebis, Sesaxeb. aucilebelia Tavisuflebis
SezRudvis adgilebis sistematuri damoukidebeli Semowmeba.

5. wamebis Sesaxeb saCivarTa miukerZoebeli gamoZieba

qveynis xelisufleba valdebulia, uzrunvelyos wamebis Sesaxeb yvela
saCivris miukerZoebeli da efeqturi gamoZieba. aucilebelia momCi-
vanTa da mowmeTa dacva daSinebis yovelgvari mcdelobisgan.

6. wamebis gziT miRebuli Cvenebebis dauSvebloba

qveynis xelisufleba valdebulia, uzrunvelyos, rom wamebis saSu-
alebiT miRebul aRiarebas da sxva mtkicebulebebs iuridiuli Zala
ar gaaCndes.

7. wamebis akrZalva kanonis safuZvelze

qveynis xelisufleba valdebulia, sisxlis samarTlebriv danaSaulad
gamoacxados wameba. wamebis akrZalvis moTxovnis ugulebelyofa da-
uSvebelia nebismieri garemoebis arsebobis miuxedavad, saomari viTa-
rebisa da sagangebo mdgomareobis CaTvliT.

58
8. wamebaSi braldebulTa samarTlebrivi devna
wamebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebi marTlmsajulebis winaSe unda war-
dgnen. am principis gamoyeneba savaldebuloa miuxedavad damnaSavisa
Tu msxverplis erovnuli Tu eTnikuri warmomavlobisa, religiuri
Tu rasobrivi kuTvnilebisa.

9. specialuri momzadeba
aucilebelia patimarTa zedamxedvelobasa da dakiTxvaSi monawile
xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa mudmivi treningi, romlis ganmav-
lobaSic maT unda ganemartoT, rom wameba danaSauls warmoadgens
da isini valdebulni arian, ar daemorCilon nebismier brZanebas wame-
bis Sesaxeb.

10. kompensacia da reabilitacia

wamebis msxverpls da masze materialurad damokidebul pirs unda
hqondeT finansuri kompensaciis miRebis SesaZlebloba. wamebis
msxverpli aseve uzrunvelyofili unda iyos samedicino momsaxure-
biT da reabilitaciis absoluturi uflebiT.

11. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis ratifikacia

saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian, moaxdinon wamebis sawinaaRmdego
garantiebis Semcveli ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso aqtebis, maT Soris sa-
moqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtisa da misi
fakultatiuri oqmis, ratifikacia, romelic uzrunvelyofs indivi-
dualuri saCivrebis miRebis proceduras.

59
Tavi 8.
aradiskriminacia

`yvelas aqvs ufleba, isargeblos

deklaraciaSi ganmtkicebuli uf-
lebebiT da TavisuflebebiT yo-
velgvari diskriminaciis gareSe,
ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa,
sqesisa, enisa, religiisa, politi-
kuri an sxva Sexedulebisa, erov-
nuli an socialuri warmoSobisa,
qonebrivi mdgomareobisa, dabade-
bis adgilis an sxva niSnisa...~

adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao

deklaracia, me-2 muxli

diskriminacia:
dausrulebeli brZola
TanasworobisaTvis

principi, romlis mixedviTac yve-

la adamiani dabadebiT Tanasworia
da Tanabari uflebebiT sargeb-
lobs, adamianis uflebaTa cnebis
qvakuTxedia da TiToeuli adami-
anis Tandayolili Rirsebidan ga-
momdinareobs. amis miuxedavad Ta-
nasworobis am bunebiTi uflebis
sruli realizeba arasodes momx-
dara. adamianTa modgmis dasawyi-
sidan diskriminacia sxvadasxva for-

60
miT vlindeboda da yovelTvis problemas warmoadgenda. diskrimi-
naciis msxverplni arian gansxvavebuli religiuri, erovnuli Tu eT-
nikuri kuTvnilebis, seqsualuri orientaciis, fizikuri an fsiqo-
logiuri naklis mqone adamianebi. diskriminaciis aRmoCena iolia
Cven mier gamoyenebul leqsikaSic, romliTac sakuTar Tavs, xSirad
aragamiznulad, zogjer ki mizanmimarTuladac, sxvebisgan ganvas-
xvavebT. diskriminaciis imdenad mravalricxovani saxeoba arsebobs,
rom savaraudod yvelas ganucdia igi ama Tu im formiT.

am TavSi aqcenti gakeTdeba diskriminaciis yvelaze gavrcelebul

formebze, kerZod diskriminaciaze rasis, kanis ferisa da eTnikuri
warmoSobis mixedviT, qsenofobiasa da SeuwynareblobasTan dakavSi-
rebul sxvadasxva problematur sakiTxze.

istoriulad biologiuri gansxvavebebi borotad gamoiyeneboda

`uzenaesi~ da `umdablesi~ rasebis arsebobis gamarTlebisa da rasis
niadagze adamianebis dayofisaTvis. magaliTad, Carlz darvinis Te-
oriebi evoluciisa da Zlieris gadarCenis Sesaxeb rasobrivi upi-
ratesobis `mecnieruli~ dasabuTebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda. diskri-
minaciisa da rasizmis formebi asaxuli iyo aseve kastebis indur
sistemasa da Zveli saberZneTisa da CineTis koncefciebSi kulturu-
li upiratesobis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, rasizmis preistoria msoflio
masStabiT ebraelebis devniT iyo gamorCeuli. espaneTis koloniurma
mmarTvelobam, gansakuTrebiT XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, pirvelad daawesa
Tanamedrove rasobrivi kasturi sazogadoeba `axal samyaroSi~ (samx-
reT amerikis kontinenti), sadac `sisxli~ uzenaes principad iqca. am
sistemis msxverplad iqcnen aborigeni indielebi da afrikidan de-
portirebuli monebi. `axal samyaroSi~ termini `negri~ `umdablesi~
rasis wevri monis sinonimad gamoiyeneboda. me-18 saukunis bolosa
da me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi rasizmis ideologia sxva ganzomilebaSi
gadaizarda. amerikaSi samoqalaqo omis Semdgom Statebis konfede-
raciaSi rasobrivma dapirispirebam da ku-kluqs-klanis mier Savkani-
anTa Seviwroebam daisadgura. evropeli kolonistebic sargeblob-
dnen am ideologiiT, cdilobdnen ra socialuri darvinizmis Teoriis
gavrcelebas afrikis kontinentze TavianTi Zalauflebis dawesebisa
da SenarCunebisaTvis. me-20 saukune gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda ra-
sizmis gamovlinebis formebis mravalferovnebiT: nacisturi reJimis
rasobrivi SuRli evropaSi, instituciuri rasobrivi diskriminacia

61
samxreT afrikis aparTeidis sistemaSi an eTnikurad da rasobrivad
motivirebuli genocidebi yofil iugoslaviasa da ruandaSi.

aseTi istoriuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT diskriminaciis sa-

yovelTao akrZalva aisaxa TiTqmis yvela saerTaSoriso xelSekru-
lebasa da erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi. amis miuxedavad, diskriminacia
rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, rwmenis, msoflmxedvelobis, eTnikuri,
kulturuli da socialuri warmoSobis, sqesobrivi orientaciisa da
sxva niSnebis mixedviT adamianis uflebaTa im kategorias ganekuT-
vneba, romelic yvelaze xSirad irRveva Tanamedrove msoflioSi.

diskriminaciis gansazRvreba

arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba, erTi mxriv, pirad mosazrebebsa

da, meore mxriv, maT safuZvelze motivirebul konkretul qmedebebs
Soris. pirveli TiToeuli adamianis pirad cxovrebas miekuTvneba,
meore ki gulisxmobs qcevas, romelic sxvebsac Seexeba. sanam mosaz-
reba qmedebaSi ar gadaizrdeba, is ar ayenebs zians sxvebs da ar eqvem-
debareba akrZalvas kanonis safuZvelze. Tumca, rogorc wesi, rasis-
tuli da qsenofobiuri Sexedulebebi xSirad damcirebaSi, Seuracx-
yofasa da TviT fizikur agresiaSic ki gadaizrdeba xolme. aseTi qme-
debebi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc diskriminacia da garkveuli
pirobebis arsebobisas kanoniT isjeba.

tradiciulad adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso

meqanizmebi saxelmwifos diskriminaciuli zemoqmedebisgan adamianis
dacvis principis uzrunvelyofazea orientirebuli. amis mizezia
damkvidrebuli Sexeduleba, rom diskriminaciis ZiriTadi subieqtebi
saxelmwifoebi arian. es midgoma mxolod ukanasknel xanebSi Seicvala
diskriminaciis ufro metad gaazrebiT, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
mravali diskriminaciuli incidentis inciatorebi swored kerZo
pirebi arian.

diskriminaciis definicia: diskriminacia, rogorc gamorCeva, Sez-

Rudva an upiratesobis miniWeba Tanabari uflebebisa da maTi dacvis
uaryofis mizniT, aris Tanasworobis principis Selaxva da adamianis
Rirsebis xelyofa. gansxvavebuli mopyrobis mizezebze saubrisas
SeiZleba gamovyoT diskriminacia rasis, eTnikuri warmoSobis, kanis

62
feris, sqesis, religiis, sqesobrivi orientaciisa da sxva niSnebis
safuZvelze, Tumca aseve aucilebelia imis mxedvelobaSi miRebac,
rom yvela saxis gamorCeuli damokidebuleba ar aris diskriminacia
adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis TvalsazrisiT. amis miuxedavad, mxo-
lod gonivrul da obieqtur kriteriumze damyarebuli gamorCeuli
mopyroba SeiZleba iyos gamarTlebul demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.

magaliTi: saqarTvelos konstituciis 28-e muxlis Tanaxmad, arCev-

nebsa da referendumSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba ara aqvs moqa-
laqes, romelic sasamarTlom qmeduunarod cno an sasamarTlos gana-
CeniT sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebaSi imyofeba.

diskriminaciis sami ZiriTadi elementi: zogadad SeiZleba gamoiyos

sami mTavari elementi, romlebic saerToa diskriminaciis yvela for-
misaTvis:
qmedebebi, romlebic diskriminaciad iTvleba: gamorCeva, Sez-
Rudva da upiratesobis miniWeba.
diskriminaciis mizezebi, iseTi personaluri maxasiaTeblebi, ro-
goricaa rasa, kanis feri, erovnuli/eTnikuri warmoSoba, sqesi,
asaki da a. S.
diskriminaciis miznebi anda Sedegebi: diskriminaciis msxverplTa
mier sakuTari uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT sargeblobis
aRkveTa. erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvaoT pirdapiri diskrimina-
cia, rodesac piri garkveuli adamianis/jgufis diskriminacias
isaxavs miznad, da arapirdapiri diskriminacia, rodesac erTi Se-
xedviT sruliad neitraluri qmedeba de facto iwvevs erTi adami-
anis/jgufis gamorCevas.

diskriminaciis sxva mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebi: rogorc wesi,

diskriminacias sazogadoebaSi moqmedi gavleniani jgufebi axorci-
eleben. gavlenis safuZvels SeiZleba warmoadgendes raodenobrivi
upiratesoba (umravlesoba VS. umciresoba) an Zalaufleba (maRali
klasi VS. dabali klasi). Tavisi gavlenis wyalobiT erTi jgufi me-
ores ise epyroba, rogorc naklebad mniSvnelovans da xSirad uaryofs
mis wevrTa uflebebs.

aseve aRsaniSnavia pozitiuri diskriminaciis, anu `pozitiuri moqme-

debis~, sakiTxi. es termini aRwers xelisuflebis mier miRebul speci-

63
alur zomebs, romlebic gamiznulia de facto Tanasworobis uzrun-
velyofisa da diskriminaciis instituciuri formebis aRmofxvri-
saTvis. instituciur diskriminaciaSi igulisxmeba iseTi politika,
kanonebi da Cveulebebi, romlebic iwveven sistematur uTanas-
worobasa da diskriminacias sazogadoebaSi, organizaciasa Tu dawe-
sebulebaSi. amis miuxedavad, pozitiuri moqmedebis sakiTxi garkveul
problemebTan aris dakavSirebuli im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi faq-
tobrivad erTi jgufis gamorCevas niSnavs warsuli uTanasworobis
kompensirebis mizniT. amis magaliTia garkveuli jgufebisTvis _
mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebisaTvis, eTnikuri umciresobebi-
saTvis _ fundamenturi TavisuflebebiT sargeblobis Tanabari Se-
saZleblobebis uzrunvelyofa, gansakuTrebiT ganaTlebisa da dasaq-
mebis sferoebSi.

am saxis gamorCeuli damokidebuleba mxolod maSin ar CaiTvleba dis-

kriminaciad, Tu is samarTliani da gonivrulia, ar iwvevs adamianis
uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT Tanaswor safuZvelze sargeblobis
uflebis gauqmebas an darRvevas da emsaxureba:
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis ganxorcielebis Tanabari SesaZ-
leblobebis uzrunvelyofas;
sazogadoebrivi mravalferovnebis, TviTmyofadobisa da TiTo-
euli pirisa da jgufis Tavisufali ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofas.

rasizmi

rasizmi udidesi zianis momtania pirTa garkveuli jgufis izolaciis,

adamianebisaTvis sulieri tkivilis miyenebisa da sazogadoebis daq-
saqsvis TvalsazrisiT. aqtiuri rasizmi, iseve, rogorc rasaze dam-
yarebuli privilegiis pasiuri miReba, damangrevelad zemoqmedebs ra-
sobrivi usamarTlobis SemoqmedTa da msxverplTa mentalur janmr-
Telobasa da fsiqologiur mdgomareobaze. rasizmisa da masTan dakav-
Sirebuli Seuwynareblobis mizezebi da Sedegebi kompleqsuri xasi-
aTisaa da moicavs samarTlebriv daucvelobas da diskriminacias, eko-
nomikur zians da saganmanaTleblo saSualebebis araxelmisawvdomobas,
socialur da politikur marginalizacias da fsiqologiur tanjvas.

ar arsebobs `rasizmis~ sayovelTaod aRirebuli gansazRvreba. ra-

sizmi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc Segnebuli an gauazrebeli rwme-
na erTi rasis Tandayolil upiratesobaSi meoresTan SedarebiT, an

64
imgvari mopyroba da qmedebaTa iseTi sistema, romelic miznad isaxavs
sazogadoebaSi rasobriv ierarqiaze damyarebuli wesrigis damkvid-
rebas, romlis saTaveSic imyofeba erTi jgufi, rogorc uflis nebis
gamomxatveli.

termini `rasizmi~ did kamaTs iwvevs, vinaidan igi sxvadasxva rasebis

arsebobis varauds emyareba, rac Tanamedrove msoflioSi rasizmis
realuri mniSvnelobis damaxinjebaa. dResdReobiT `rasa~ socialur
konstruqciad ganixileba da aqcenti ufro kulturul gansxvavebeb-
ze keTdeba, vidre biologiur niSnebze. aqedan gamomdinare, ukve Seg-
viZlia vilaparakoT `kulturul rasizmze~, romelic savaraudod Ta-
namedrove rasistTa msoflmxedvelobisa da qmedebebis gacilebiT
srulfasovani aRweraa. rasizmi, rogorc azrovnebis mimarTuleba,
TavisTavad zianis momtania, Tumca ar eqvemdebareba kanonismier Sez-
Rudvas manam, sanam konkretul qmedebebSi ar gadaizrdeba. es niSnavs,
rom mxolod rasistuli Sexedulebebi, rogorc aseTi, ar warmoadgens
adamianis uflebaTa darRvevas. azrisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba ada-
mianis fundamenturi uflebaa da absoluturi xasiaTisaa, anu ar eq-
vemdebareba SezRudvas. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca mosazreba dis-
kriminaciul politikaSi an jgufebis kulturul gamijvnaSi aisaxeba,
SegviZlia vilaparakoT diskriminaciul qmedebaze an rasobriv dis-
kriminaciaze, romelic kanoniT isjeba.

rasizmi sxvadasxva doneze arsebobs, rac damokidebulia msxverplsa

da rasists Soris urTierTobasa da gamoyenebul Zalauflebaze:
personaluri done (vinmes damokidebuleba, mosazreba, mrwamsi);
interpersonaluri done (qceva sxvebis mimarT);
kulturuli done (Rirebulebebi da sazogadoebrivi qcevis we-
sebi);
instituciuri done (kanonebi, Cveulebebi, tradiciebi).

rasizmisa da rasobrivi diskriminaciis instituciuri formis yve-

laze TvalsaCino magaliTi iyo samxreT afrikaSi arsebuli apar-
Teidis sistema, romlis kanonmdebloba struqturirebulad axdenda
SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa segregacias.

1965 wels miRebuli gaeros konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis ne-

bismieri formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb moicavs rasobrivi diskrimi-
naciis yovlismomcvel samarTlebriv definicias.

65
konvenciis 1-li muxlis Tanaxmad: `konvenciis miznebisaTvis termini
`rasobrivi diskriminacia~ niSnavs nebismier gansxvavebas, gamorCevas,
SezRudvas an upiratesobas rasis, kanis feris, erovnuli an eTnikuri
warmoSobis gamo, rac gamiznulia an Sedegad moaqvs Tanabar safuZ-
velze adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa aRiarebis, ga-
moyenebisa da ganxorcielebis SezRudva an gauqmeba sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis politikur, ekonomikur, kulturul an sxva sferoebSi~.

rasobrivi Zaladoba rasizmis zemoqmedebis gansakuTrebiT Tvalsa-

Cino magaliTia. rasobrivi Zaladoba ZiriTadad gamoixateba adamianis
an adamianTa jgufis winaaRmdeg Zaladobisa da agresiis specifikuri
aqtebis ganxorcielebaSi rasis, kanis feris, erovnuli an eTnikuri
warmoSobis gamo. garkveuli jgufisgan mtris xatis Seqmna im soci-
aluri da politikuri garemos ZiriTadi nawilia, sadac siZulvilze
damyarebuli Zaladobis faqtebi xdeba.

qsenofobia

qsenofobia gulisxmobs avadmyofur SiSs ucxoelTa an ucxo saxelm-

wifoTa mimarT. igi aseve aRwers im damokidebulebas an qmedebas,
romelic gamoarCevs an xSirad amcirebs adamianebs im warmodgenaze
dayrdobiT, rom isini ucxoebi arian Temis, sazogadoebis an erovnuli
identurobisaTvis.

gansxvaveba rasizmsa da qsenofobias Soris SeiZleba mniSvnelovani

iyos samarTlebrivi an akademiuri TvalsazirisiT, Tumca rasistuli
da qsenofobiuri qcevis Sedegebi yovelTvis msgavsia. rasistuli ga-
movlinebebi gansakuTrebiT mZime zemoqmedebas bavSvebze axdens, rad-
gan rasobrivi diskriminaciis sakuTar Tavze gadatana dabneulobisa
da SiSis usastikes gancdas iwvevs maTSi.

magaliTi: gaeros sakomiteto mosmenisas, romelzec bavSvebze rasiz-

mis zegavlenis sakiTxi ganixileboda, kongoeli qalbatoni mouyva
damswre sazogadoebas, rom pirvelad rasistuli damokidebuleba sa-
kuTar Tavze dabadebisas gamoscada. samSobiaroSi erT-erTma meddam
uari ganacxada garTulebuli mSobiarobisas aucilebel daxmarebaze,
vinaidan dedamisi warmoSobiT qveynis sxva regionidan iyo. rodesac
gaizarda, mixvda, rom misi warmomavloba _ tomi, saidanac iyo warmo-

66
SobiT, ena, romelzec laparakobda da regioni, sadac cxovrobda _
misi cxovrebis TiToeul aspeqtze axdenda gavlenas, ramac masSi
usargeblobis, SiSisa da uuflebobis gancda gamoiwvia.

Seuwynarebloba da crurwmena

Seuwynarebloba: penis universiteti Tavis saprogramo gancxadebaSi

Seuwynareblobas gansazRvravs `damokidebulebad, SegrZnebad an
mrwamsad, romliTac adamiani gamoxatavs Tavis siZulvils sxva adami-
anebis an adamianTa jgufis mimarT maTi rasis, kanis feris, erovnuli
warmoSobis, sqesis, sqesobrivi orientaciis, politikuri an religi-
uri mrwamsis gamo~.

crurwmena: crurwmenis klasikuri gansazRvreba Camoyalibebulia

harvardis gamoCenili fsiqologis gordon olportis mier, romlis
mixedviTac `crurwmena aris mcdar da jiut ganzogadebaze dafuZne-
buli antipaTia. igi SeiZleba gamoxatul iqnes adamianTa garkveuli
jgufis an misi calkeuli wevrebis mimarT~.

orive SeiZleba iolad iqces nebismieri saxis diskriminaciuli qme-

debis motivaciad. zogadad Seuwynarebloba da crurwmena ganixileba,
rogorc rasizmisa da qsenofobiis safuZveli da sawyisi wertili.

eTnikuri crurwmenis cneba, romelic aRwers erTi jgufis kultu-

rul upiratesobas meoresTan SedarebiT, mxolod ukanasknel xanebSi
iqna SemuSavebuli. magaliTad, evropaSi gavrcelebulia antiTurqu-
li, antipolonuri crurwmena. msgavsi crurwmena gamiznulia gark-
veuli jgufis kulturul-religiur maxasiaTeblebze (warmosaxviTsa
Tu realurze) TavdasxmisaTvis da `kulturuli rasizmis~ msgavsia.

`erT dRes rom gaviRviZoT da yvela erTi rasis, aRmsareblobisa

da kanis feris vixiloT, mainc vipoviT mizezebs crurwmenisTvis~.
jorj aitkeni

qsenofobiisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg brZola gansakuTrebiT

rTulia. erTi mxriv, isini personalur maxasiaTeblebs aRweren da
Sesabamisad adamianis piradi cxovrebis nawilsac moicaven. imis mi-
uxedavad, rom piradi mosazrebebi cvlilebas eqvemdebareba (ganaT-

67
lebis, cnobierebis amaRlebisa da dialogis gziT), aucilebelia
sifrTxilis gamoCena imis gasarkvevad, sad mTavrdeba ganaTleba da
sad iwyeba indoqtrinacia! Tumca, meore mxriv, aseve mniSvnelovania
aSkara zRvris gavleba Seuwynareblobasa da Semwynareblobas Soris.
aseve ar unda daviviwyoT termin SemwynareblobasTan dakavSirebuli
sirTuleebi, vinaidan, garkveulwilad, igi ukve Seicavs yalb SegrZne-
bas upiratesobisa, rodesac mxolod vitanT vinmes arsebobas, Tumca
sinamdvileSi pativs ar vcemT mas.

saerTaSoriso standartebi

monobis, kolonializmisa da, upirveles yovlisa, meore msoflio

omis dros miRebuli gakveTilebis Sedegs warmoadgens diskrimina-
ciis sawinaaRmdego principebis inkorporacia erovnul konstitu-
ciebsa da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebSi. rasobrivi diskriminaciis
sawinaaRmdego yvelaze mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso dokumentia kon-
vencia diskriminaciis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb, romelic
saqarTvelos mier ratificirebul iqna 1999 wlis 16 aprils. igi
efuZneba TiToeuli adamianis Rirsebisa da Tanasworobis principebs,
kicxavs rasobrivi diskriminaciis nebismier formas da saxelmwifo-
ebs avaldebulebs jerovani zomebis gatarebas maT aRmosafxvrelad.

konvencia valdebulebebs akisrebs rogorc saxelmwifoebs, ise,

garkveulwilad, kerZo seqtorsac:

pativiscemis valdebuleba: am TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifoebs ekrZa-

lebaT sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba. sxva sityvebiT, es aris saxelmwifos
valdebuleba, `ar imoqmedos~, Tuki ar arsebobs specialuri samar-
Tlebrivi daTqma.
dacvis valdebuleba: aq igulisxmeba saxelmwifos movaleoba, da-
icvas Tavisi moqalaqeebi maTi uflebebis darRvevisgan. diskri-
minaciis TvalsazrisiT, es wesi kerZo pirebs Sorisac moqmedebs.
saxelmwifo valdebulia, garkveul doneze (individebis kerZo
cxovrebaSi uxeSi Carevis gareSe) aqtiurad imoqmedos individTa
mier gamovlenili rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad.
aRsrulebis valdebuleba: es valdebuleba saxelmwifoebisgan
moiTxovs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebaTa realize-

68
 bisaTvis aucilebeli samarTlebrivi, administraciuli da sasa-
marTlo zomebis miRebas.

kerZo seqtors, iseve rogorc xelisuflebas, diskriminaciasa da

rasizmTan brZolis didi SesaZlebloba aqvs. kerZo seqtorSi dasaq-
mebuli adamianebi sazogadoebis udides nawils Seadgenen, Sesabamisad
diskriminaciul da rasistul midgomasTan brZola yvelaze efeqtu-
rad samoqalaqo sazogadoebas xelewifeba.

aseve gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia mediis roli rasobrivi dis-

kriminaciis aRkveTis TvalsazrisiT. samwuxarod, mediis mravali sa-
Sualeba eTnikuri da rasobrivi diskriminaciis propagandas eweva.
mediis SesaZleblobebi SeiZleba davinaxoT ruandaSi moqmedi radios
`Mille Collines~ SemTxvevaSi, romelic samoqalaqo omis dros rasistul
propagandas eweoda da eTnikuri wmendis mTavari wamqezebeli iyo.

69
Tavi 9.
kanonis uzenaesoba da
samarTliani sasamarTlo

kanonis uzenaesobis Sinaarsi

kanonis uzenaesoba moicavs ro-

gorc adamianis uflebebs, ise po-
litikur, konstituciur da samar-
Tlebriv sakiTxebs. nebismieri de-
mokratiuli sazogadoeba, rome-
lic cdilobs, xeli Seuwyos ada-
mianis uflebebs, unda aRiarebdes
kanonis, rogorc fundamenturi
principis, uzenaesobas. moqalaqe-
ebi sajaro organoebis TviTne-
buri qmedebebisgan daculni arian
maSin, roca maTi uflebebi kano-
nebSia Cadebuli. es kanoni ki saja-
rod unda iyos cnobili, Tanabrad
unda exebodes yvelas da efeqtu-
rad unda tardebodes.

kanonis uzenaesobis ararseboba

adamianis uflebebis Sesrulebis
mTavari dabrkolebaa. is uzrun-
velyofs adamianebs Soris urTi-
erTobebis samarTlian marTvas da,
amgvarad, xels uwyobs demokrati-
ul mravalferovnebas. kanonis uze-
naesoba agreTve amkvidrebs mmar-
TvelTa angariSvaldebulebas da

70
maT kontrols kanonis meSveobiT. samarTliani sasamarTlo kanonis
uzenaesobis mTavari elementia. kanonis uzenaesoba pirvel rigSi
gulisxmobs aradiskriminaciuli kanonebis arsebobas. Tumca maT ar-
sebobas cxovrebaSi efeqturi gatarebis gareSe azri ar aqvs. amgva-
rad, saxelmwifom unda daamkvidros iseTi institutebi, romlebic
daicaven samarTlebriv sistemas _ sasamarTloebi, prokurorebi da
policia. es institutebi adamianis uflebebis garantirebis valde-
bulebas atareben.

samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba ukavSirdeba marTlmsajulebas

(mis ganxorcielebas) rogorc samoqalaqo, ise sisxlis samarTlis kon-
teqstSi. saTanado marTlmsajulebas ori aspeqti aqvs: instituciona-
luri (mag., sasamarTlos damoukidebloba da miukerZoebloba) da
proceduruli (mag., mosmenis samarTlianoba). yvelas aqvs ufleba,
Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad xeli miuwvdebodes mxareTa Tanasworo-
baze dafuZnebul swraf, uwyvet, sajaro, damoukidebel, miukerZo-
ebel da kanonier sasamarTloze. samarTliani sasamarTlos principi
icavs sxvadasxva individualur uflebebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen
marTlmsajulebas eWvmitanilad cnobis momentidan ganaCenis aRsru-
lebamde. saerTaSoriso debulebebi samarTliani sasamarTlos uf-
lebis Sesaxeb Tanabrad exeba yvela sasamarTlosa da tribunals. mra-
val qveyanaSi arsebobs samxedro da specialuri sasamarTloebi, rom-
lebic im gansakuTrebuli procedurebis Sesrulebas uwyobs xels,
romlebic marTlmsajulebis normalur standartebs ar Seesabameba.

braldebulis uflebebis minimaluri standartebi:

1. TiToeuli adamiani Tanaswori unda iyos sasamarTlosa da tri-
bunalis winaSe da Tanabrad unda sargeblobdes marTlmsajulebis
minimaluri garantiebiT;
2. yvelas aqvs ufleba, xeli miuwvdebodes efeqtur da samarTlian
sasamarTloze;
3. tribunali unda iyos kanonieri, damoukidebeli da miukerZoebe-
li;
4. yvelas aqvs ufleba, isargeblos samarTliani da sajaro mosmeniT.
amgvarad, sayovelTao sajaro mosmena mxolod gansakuTrebul Sem-
TxvevebSi unda SeizRudos;
5. yvelas aqvs ufleba, iTvlebodes udanaSaulod, sanam misi danaSa-
uli kanoniT dadgenili wesiT ar dadgindeba;

71
6. yvelas aqvs ufleba, misi gasamarTleba moxdes xangrZlivi dayov-
nebis gareSe;
7. yvelas aqvs ufleba, gasamarTleba misi TandaswrebiT moxdes.
braldebuls aqvs ufleba, sakuTari arCevanis safuZvelze isar-
geblos samarTlebrivi rCeviT, dacviTa da warmomadgenlobiT.
yvelas aqvs ufleba, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT miiRos informacia
Tavisi uflebebisa da maTze uaris Tqmis samarTlebrivi Sedegebis
Sesaxeb;
8. braldebuls aqvs mowmis gamoyvanisa da braldebis mxaris mowme-
ebis dakiTxvis ufleba. mxareebs mtkicebulebebis Segrovebis Ta-
nabari uflebebi aqvT. braldebuls ufleba aqvs, ar aRiaros dana-
Sauli da ar misces Cveneba sakuTari Tavis an axloblebis winaaR-
mdeg;
9. braldebuls aqvs ufleba, isargeblos ufaso samarTlebrivi da
Tarjimnis daxmarebiT saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi;
10. aravin agebs pasuxs im qmedebisTvis, romelic Cadenis dros sa-
marTaldarRvevad ar iTvleboda Sida an saerTaSoriso samarTlis
Sesabamisad. yvelas aqvs ufleba, isargeblos axali kanoniT, rome-
lic aumjobesebs mis mdgomareobas. kanons, Tu is ar amsubuqebs
an ar auqmebs pasuxismgeblobas, ukuqceviTi Zala ar aqvs.

kanonisa da sasamarTlos winaSe Tanasworoba

Tanasworobis garantia kanonis uzenaesobis erT-erTi umTavresi

principia. is krZalavs diskriminaciul kanonebs da uzrunvelyofs
sasamarTlos Tanabari xelmisawvdomobisa da sasamarTlos mier Ta-
nabrad mopyrobis uflebas. am uflebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani as-
peqtia mxareTa Tanasworuflebianoba, rac gulisxmobs procesSi mo-
nawile TiToeuli mxarisTvis sakuTari poziciis warmosadgenad Ta-
nabari SesaZleblobis micemas ise, rom arc erT mxares ar mieniWos
raime arsebiTi upiratesoba. amasTan, nebismier braldebuls aqvs uf-
leba, moepyran zustad ise, rogorc sxva braldebulebs, yovelgvari
diskriminaciis gareSe. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanabari mopyroba
ar niSnavs identur mopyrobas. Tanasworuflebianoba administraci-
uli da sasamarTlo sistemis mier daculi unda iqnes msgavs obieqtur
faqtebTan mimarTebaSi. roca faqtebi gansxvavdeba, Tanasworufle-
bianobis principi gansxvavebul mopyrobas moiTxovs.

efeqturi da samarTliani marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba gu-

lisxmobs, rom saxelmwifos ar aqvs ufleba, SezRudos an gamoricxos

72
saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilva garkveul sferoSi an adamianTa garkve-
uli wrisTvis.

damoukidebloba da miukerZoebloba

kanonis uzenaesobis funqcionirebisTvis erT-erTi aucilebeli ele-

mentia samarTlebriv sistemaSi damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli sa-
samarTlo. xelisuflebis dayofis principis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo
xelisufleba absoluturad gamijnuli unda iyos sakanonmdeblo da
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisgan.

mosamarTlis Tavisufleba damoukidebeli marTlmsajulebis RerZia.

Tu mTavrobas mosamarTlis daTxovna nebismier dros SeuZlia, mosa-
marTleTa institucionaluri damoukidebloba ar aris uzrunvel-
yofili. ar Sedgeba samarTliani sasamarTlo procesi, Tu sasamar-
Tlo an mosamarTleebi finansurad, politikurad an sxva raime gziT
ganicdian zewolas, an arasasamarTlo organoebis kontrols qveS
arian. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Secvla arasasamarTlo organos
mier SeuZlebelia, garda amnistiis SemTxvevisa, romelsac saxelmwi-
fos meTauri acxadebs.

sajaro mosmena

marTlmsajulebisadmi ndobis ganmtkicebisa da mxareTa samarTliani

mosmenisTvis procesi Ria unda iyos. samarTlianoba ara marto unda
xorcieldebodes, aramed misi danaxvac unda iyos SesaZlebeli, sa-
zogadoebam unda icodes, rogor xdeba samarTlianobis aRsruleba
da ra gadawyvetilebebi miiReba. sajaro mosmenas eswrebian sazoga-
doebis da presis warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac saSualeba aqvT, pro-
cesis msvleloba mxareebis sityvieri gancxadebebis safuZvelze Se-
afason. sajaroobis principi aucileblad unda iyos daculi, wina-
aRmdeg SemTxvevaSi moxdeba sazogadoebis gamoricxva. daxuruli
procesebis SemTxvevaSic ki, mkacrad gansazRvruli gamonaklisebis
garda, gadawyvetileba sajaro unda gaxdes.

udanaSaulobis prezumfcia

udanaSaulobis prezumfcia aRniSnavs nebismieri braldebulis uf-

lebas, CaiTvalos udanaSaulod da mas moepyran, rogorc udanaSa-

73
ulos, vidre kanonis Sesabamisad samarTliani sasamarTlo mis bra-
leulobas ar daamtkicebs. es principi moqmedebs pirovnebaze eWvis
mitanis momentidan da sruldeba varaudis dadasturebiT. amgvarad,
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeSi braldebis mxarem unda daamtkicos bral-
debulis danaSauli da safuZvliani eWvis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
braldebuli ar unda iqnes cnobili damnaSaved. aravinaa valdebuli,
amtkicos sakuTari udanaSauloba. yvelas aqvs ufleba, iTvlebodes
udanaSaulod manam, sanam misi danaSauli kanoniT dadgenili wesiT
ar dadgindeba.

udanaSaulobis prezumfcia mosamarTleebisgan moiTxovs, Tavi Seika-

von saqmis winaswari gansjisgan. es exeba agreTve sasamarTlo proces-
Si monawile yvela sajaro moxeles. miuxedavad amisa, am uflebis dar-
Rvevad ar iTvleba oficialuri organos mier sazogadoebis infor-
mireba gamoZiebis msvlelobis Sesaxeb an eWvmitanilis vinaobis dasa-
xeleba, Tu pirovneba braldebulad ar cxaddeba.

garda zemoT CamoTvlili uflebebisa, braldebuls aqvs ufleba, misi

gasamarTleba moxdes xangrZlivi dayovnebis gareSe, Tumca sasamar-
Tlo procesis dawyeba damokidebulia saqmis viTarebaze da mis sir-
Tuleze. sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulSi braldebul nebismier pirs
aqvs agreTve kvalificiuri samarTlebrivi rCeviT sargeblobis da
dacvis ufleba piradad an advokatis meSveobiT. braldebuls SeuZ-
lia, Tavad airCios damcveli da Tu mas advokatis ayvanis SesaZleb-
loba ar aqvs, saxelmwifo garkveul SemTxvevebSi valdebulia, mas
ufaso samarTlebrivi daxmareba gauwios. braldebulis uflebaa ag-
reTve, gasamarTleba moxdes misi TandaswrebiT.

braldebuls aqvs mowmeebis gamoZaxebisa da dakiTxvis da sakuTari

mowmeebis wardgenis ufleba, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs, dakiTxos
rogorc sakuTari, ise braldebis mxaris mowmeebi. Tu braldebuli
ar laparakobs sasamarTloSi gamoyenebul enaze, mas ufleba aqvs,
isargeblos Tarjimnis ufaso daxmarebiT, maT Soris dokumentebis
Targmnisas. es ufleba exeba rogorc adgilobriv, ise ucxo qveynis
moqalaqeebs.

kanonis araukuqmediToba uzrunvelyofs nebismieri adamianis ufle-

bas, pasuxi ar agos im danaSaulisTvis, romelic Cadenis droisTvis

74
kanoniT ar isjeboda. es ufleba aRiniSneba laTinuri fraziT Nulla
Poena Sine Lege. sasjelis ZiriTadi mizania samarTlianobis aRdgena,
danaSaulis prevencia, amdenad, sasjeli ar SeiZleba iyos danaSaulis
disproporciuli, sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi. aseve
dauSvebelia gasamarTlebis Semdeg imave qmedebisTvis piris ganme-
orebiTi devna.

gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebi

kanonis uzenaesobis princips zogadad yvela aRiarebs, Tumca arse-

bobs kulturuli gansxvavebebi, roca saqme exeba am principis arsis
interpretacias sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansx-
vavebaa amerikul da aziur midgomas Soris. amerikeli iuristebi kano-
nis uzenaesobas miaweren sakuTari samarTlebrivi sistemis iseT ma-
xasiaTeblebs, rogoricaa nafic msajulTa instituti, ZalauflebaTa
gamijvna da sxv. azielebi ki xazs usvamen kanonis regularuli da
efeqtiani gamoyenebis mniSvnelobas ise, rom aucilebeli ar iyos mis-
dami mTavrobis Zalauflebis daqvemdebareba.

zogierT gardamavali demokratiis qveyanaSi arsebul problemebs

kulturul mravalferovnebas ver mivawerT. es ufro imis bralia,
rom moqalaqeebs naklebad aRelvebT saxelisuflebo da samarTleb-
rivi sistemebi, romlebic proteqciuli da korumpirebulia, ris ga-
moc danaSauli da samoqalaqo Zaladoba matulobs. saqme isaa, rom
efeqturi kanonis uzenaesobis damkvidrebas dro da finansuri re-
sursebi sWirdeba. iq, sadac politikuri liderebi pativs ar scemen
demokratiul Rirebulebebs da samoqalaqo uflebebs, rTulia sasa-
marTlos damoukideblobis miRweva. miuxedavad amisa, ekonomikuri
globalizaciis epoqaSi izrdeba saerTaSoriso stabilurobis, anga-
riSvaldebulebisa da gamWvirvalobis saWiroeba, risi garantirebac
SeuZlia mxolod reJims, romelic pativs scems kanonis uzenaesobas.

implementacia da monitoringi

adamianis uflebebis dacva saxelmwifos Sida doneze iwyeba, aqedan

gamomdinare, kanonis uzenaesobis danergva damokidebulia saxelm-
wifos survilze, daamkvidros iseTi sistema, romelic uzrunvel-
yofs kanonis uzenaesobas da sasamarTlos samarTlian meTodebs. sa-

75
xelmwifoebma unda Seqmnan institucionaluri infrastruqtura, ro-
melic aucilebelia marTlmsajulebisTvis, aseve cxovrebaSi gaata-
ron kanonebi da regulaciebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen samarTlian
da obieqtur sasamarTlo devnas.

kanonis uzenaesobis cneba mWidro kavSirSia demokratiis ideasTan

da agreTve Zalze mniSvnelovania sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis-
Tvis, amdenad, misi ganxorcieleba damokidebulia am Rirebulebebis
realizebaze. gardamavali saxelmwifoebis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom
kanonis uzenaesobis damkvidreba ar xerxdeba, Tu politikuri lide-
rebi ar iziareben ZiriTad demokratiul principebs da, amgvarad,
xels uwyoben korufciul da kriminalur sistemebs.

rogorc wesi, kanonis uzenaesobis ganmtkiceba korufciisa da poli-

tikosTa TviTnebobis aRkveTis erTaderT saSualebad iTvleba. mxo-
lod am gziTaa SesaZlebeli adamianis uflebebis pativiscema. amis
cxovrebaSi gatarebisTvis sami nabijia aucilebeli: pirveli, arse-
buli kanonebis gadasinjva da, Tu saWiroa, kodificireba; meore,
marTlmsajulebis institutebis gaZliereba; bolos, xelisuflebis
mier kanonis dacvis gazrda, pirvel rigSi sasamarTlos damoukideb-
lobis uzrunvelyofa.

arsebobs specifikuri sakonsultacio organoebi evrosabWos venis

komisiis msgavsad, romelic Seqmnilia kanonis uzenaesobis xelSewyo-
bisTvis.

rogorc wesi, adamianis uflebaTa debulebebi saxelmwifos konsti-

tuciaSia Cadebuli. saerTaSoriso doneze adamianis uflebebs saer-
TaSoriso xelSekrulebebi icavs. rogorc ki saxelmwifo ama Tu im
xelSekrulebis wevri gaxdeba, is valdebulia, daicvas da qveyanaSi
gaataros dokumentis debulebebi. saerTaSoriso samarTali ar ad-
gens implementaciis wesebs, es SidasamarTlebriv wyobazea damoki-
debuli.

adamianis uflebebis Sesrulebis monitoringisTvis zogierTi xel-

Sekruleba, magaliTad, gaeros paqti samoqalaqo da socialur ufle-
baTa Sesaxeb, uzrunvelyofs sameTvalyureo meqanizms. es meqanizmi
Sedgeba moxsenebiTi sistemisgan, rac gulisxmobs saxelmwifos val-

76
debulebas, regularulad moaxsenos adamianis uflebaTa mdgomare-
obis Sesaxeb Sesabamis saerTaSoriso organos. magaliTad, gaeros ada-
mianis uflebebis komiteti akeTebs komentars imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
arTmevs Tavs saxelmwifo xelSekrulebiT nakisr valdebulebebs, da
agreTve iZleva rekomendaciebs.

adamianis uflebebis zogierTi xelSekruleba uzrunvelyofs agreT-

ve saCivrebis meqanizms. qveyanaSi yvela sasamarTlo saSualebis amo-
wurvis Semdeg adamianis uflebebis darRvevis msxverpls SeuZlia mi-
marTos gaeros komitets, evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos,
adamianis uflebebis Sidaamerikul an afrikul komitetebs.

saerTaSoriso tribunalebi

ruandasa da iugoslaviaSi ganxorcielebuli genocidiT gamowveuli

saerTaSoriso reaqciis Sedegad Seiqmna ori saerTaSoriso tribuna-
li, romelTac unda aReZraT saqme SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros
Cadenili yvelaze sastiki danaSaulebisTvis. tribunalebis warmate-
buli saqmianobis miuxedavad maT brals sdeben ukanonobaSi, akriti-
keben saeWvo meTodikisaTvis, arasworad braldebuli pirebisTvis
kompensaciis ararsebobis gamo da dacvis mxarisadmi mtruli damoki-
debulebisTvis. am naklovanebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saerTaSoriso
sazogadoeba apirebs, ise gardaqmnas sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSo-
riso sasamarTlo, rom meti pasuxismgebloba saxelmwifoebs daekis-
roT da yuradReba kanonis uzenaesobis ganmtkicebaze gamaxvildes.

Suamdgomloba da arbitraJi

saxelmwifoebi gamalebiT cdiloben davis gadawyvetis alternati-

uli meTodebis moZebnas sasamarTlo procesis gasamartiveblad.
Suamdgomloba aris davis mogvarebis xerxi mesame mxaris daxmarebiT.
arbitraJi aris davis mogvarebis saSualeba arbitris gadawyvetile-
bis safuZvelze, romelic savaldebuloa orive mxarisTvis. mravali
qveyana sasamarTlomdel etapze savaldebulo Suamdgomlobas mimar-
Tavs. sasamarTlo procesis saWiroeba mxolod Suamdgomlobis wa-
rumateblobis SemTxvevaSi Cndeba. miuxedavad amisa, zogierTs miaC-
nia, rom es meTodi adamians uzRudavs sasamarTlos xelmisawvdomo-
bas, radgan xangrZlivi da ZviradRirebuli sasamarTlo Ziebis al-
ternativam SesaZloa mxareebi aiZulos, gamosavali ipovon.

77
Tavi 10.
religiis Tavisufleba

`yvelas aqvs ufleba azris, sindi-

sisa da religiis Tavisuflebaze.
es ufleba moicavs religiisa da
rwmenis Secvlis Tavisuflebas,
aseve erTpirovnulad an sazoga-
doebis sxva wevrebTan erTad, ker-
Zod an sajarod religiisa da
rwmenis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas
RvTismsaxurebis, ritualebis Ses-
rulebis, wes-Cveulebebis dacvis
an swavlebis gziT~.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaracia, me-18 muxli

religiis Tavisufleba:
gasavleli xangrZlivi gza

milionobiT adamians swams, rom

arsebobs Zala, romelic sulierad
gvmarTavs. saukuneebis manZilze
mravali ganicdida Seviwroebas da
devnas imisaTvis, rac swamda an ar
swamda. dResac imaves mowmeni varT.
Cveni welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi
romis imperiaSi jer qristianebs,
SemdgomSi ki eretikosebad Serac-
xulT devnidnen, mesame saukuneSi
budistebs aviwroebdnen indoeTSi,

78
mecxre saukunidan moyolebuli evropaSi araqristianebi gaxdnen
religiuri Seuwynareblobis msxverplni. mravali aseTi magaliTis
moyvana SeiZleba msoflio istoriidan. dResac vxvdebiT devnas
religiur niadagze mraval arsebul konfliqtSi morwmuneebsa da
aramorwmuneebs, multireligiur qveynebSi tradiciuli da `axali~
religiebis warmomadgenlebs, an oficialuri religiis mqone saxel-
mwifoebsa da im individebs Soris, romlebic ar ganekuTvnebian mas
(mag., `eTnikuri wmenda~ bosniaSi, religiuri dapirispireba Crdilo-
eT irlandiaSi).

religiuri mrwamsi mWidro kavSirSia adamianis sulier, Sinagan samya-

rosTan, vinaidan yvelaze Rrma pirad warmodgenebs Seexeba samyaros
warmoSobisa da masSi adamianis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. mrwamsi aseve
kulturuli identurobis gamoxatvis ZiriTadi elementia. garda ami-
sa, xSirad religia da rwmena politikisa da politikosebis saqmi-
anobis arealSi eqceva. zogjer religias da rwmenas politikuri mi-
zanSewonilobidan gamomdinare iyeneben da is xelisuflebisaken
swrafvis iaraRad iqceva. yovelive es religiis Tavisuflebas yve-
laze mgrZnobiare Temad aqcevs adamianis yvela sxva uflebas Soris.

`aravin ar aris bunebiT SezRuduli erTi eklesiis an seqtis msa-

xurebiT, aramed yvela nebayoflobiT uerTdeba im sazogadoebas,
sadac miaCnia, rom ipova is aRmsarebloba, romelic yvelaze misa-
Rebia RmerTisaTvis. imedi gadarCenisa, iyo ra erTaderTi mizezi
am sazogadoebaSi misi Sesvlisa, Sesabamisad gaxdeba erTaderTi
mizezi masSi darCenisa... aqedan gamomdinare, eklesia aris am mizni-
saTvis nebayoflobiT gaerTianebul adamianTa sazogadoeba~.
jon loki, werili Semwynareblobis Sesaxeb, 1689

ra aris religia?

ar arsebobs religiis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli gansazRvreba. `re-

ligia~ etimologiurad momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan religare,
rac `makavSirebels~ niSnavs. religia aris is, rac morwmunes `uzenaes
WeSmaritebasTan~ akavSirebs. religiis dRemde SemoTavazebuli gan-
sazRvrebebis ganuyofel elements warmoadgens rwmena uzenaesis ar-
sebobaSi. am `uzenaess~ normatiuli funqcia aqvs da morwmuneni val-
debulni arian, Seasrulon TavianTi religiiT dadgenili wesebi. maT
aseve evalebaT TavianTi religiuri mrwamsis gamoxatva RvTismsaxu-
rebis an kultis garkveuli formiT.
79
ra aris rwmena?

rwmena ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre religia. igi moicavs religias,

Tumca ar aris SezRuduli am ukanasknelis tradiciuli mniSvnelo-
biT. rwmena, rogorc wesi, ganisazRvreba gansazRvruli ideis an faq-
tis WeSmaritebis gonebriv aRiarebad. saerTaSoriso dokumentebis
Tanaxmad, termini rwmena faravs arareligiuri adamianebis ufleb-
ebsac, rogorebic arian aTeistebi (romelTac ar swamT RmerTi) an
agnostikosebi (romelTac ar SeuZliaT gadaWriT ganacxadon, arse-
bobs Tu ara RmerTi). rwmenis iseTi nairsaxeobebi, rogoricaa poli-
tikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli an samecniero mrwamsi, ar eqceva
mocemuli dacvis farglebSi.

ra aris religiis Tavisufleba?

saerTaSoriso samarTalSi religiis Tavisufleba daculia, rogorc

azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba. religiisa da rwmenis Ta-
visufleba Tavisi yvelaze uxeSi gagebiT moicavs uflebas garkveuli
religiuri midgomis an normebis aRiarebaze an araRiarebaze. azrisa
da sindisis Tavisufleba ki gulisxmobs adamianis uflebas nebismieri
sakiTxis Sesaxeb azris gamoTqmaze, personaluri msoflmxedvelobis
qonasa da gansazRvruli religiis an rwmenis mimdevrobaze, rogorc
erTpirovnulad, ise sazogadoebis sxva wevrebTan erTad misi gamo-
xatvis gziT.

azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba upirobod daculi fase-

ulobebia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom araviTari pirobiT ar SeiZleba ada-
mianis iZuleba, gaamxilos Tavisi azrebi an gaxdes ama Tu im religiis
an rwmenis mimdevari.

saerTaSoriso standartebi

adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me-18 muxli religiis

Tavisuflebas `yvelas~ uflebad aRiarebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi
icavs mozardebsa da zrdasrulebs, ucxoelebsa da Tanamemamuleebs,
rogorc umciresobaTa religiuri jgufebis, ise dominanti religi-
ebis warmomadgenlebs. deklaraciis am muxliT miniWebuli uflebis
CamorTmeva dauSvebelia TviT sagangebo mdgomareobis an saomari vi-
Tarebis dros.

80
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis me-18
muxlSi mocemulia is uflebebi, romlebsac religiis Tavisuflebis
cneba moicavs:
RvTismsaxurebisa da Sekrebis (religiasa da rwmenasTan mimarTe-
baSi) da am miznisaTvis Sesabamisi adgilebis dafuZnebisa da Senar-
Cunebis Tavisufleba;
Sesabamisi religiisa da rwmenis ritualebisa da wes-Cveulebebi-
saTvis aucilebeli masalebis Seqmna, miReba da gamoyeneba;
individebisa da organizaciebisgan saqvelmoqmedo saxis finan-
suri da sxva saxis daxmarebis Txovnisa da miRebis Tavisufleba;
religiisa da rwmenis moTxovnebis Sesabamisi liderebis momzade-
bis, daniSvnis an arCevis Tavisufleba;
adamianis mier sakuTari religiisa da rwmenis mixedviT dasvenebis
dReebis dacvisa da wminda dReebis aRsaniSnavi ceremoniebis
Sesrulebis Tavisufleba;
religiis Tavisufleba samuSao adgilebze locvis, Sesabamisi sa-
mosis tarebisa da dieturi sakvebis miRebis uflebis CaTvliT;
Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba RvTismsaxurebisa da re-
ligiuri ritualebis SesrulebisaTvis;
adamianis mier sakuTari rwmenis gacxadebis Tavisufleba;
religiis Secvlis an uaryofis ufleba;
ufleba religiuri ganaTlebis miRebaze `bavSvis saukeTeso inte-
resebis~ gaTvaliswinebiT.

koleqtiuri Tavisufleba

religiis Tavisufleba ar gulisxmobs mxolod calkeuli individebis

mier zemoT CamoTvlili uflebebiT sargeblobas. religiisa da rwme-
nis gamoxatva SeiZleba sazogadoebaSi da, Sesabamisad, xSirad sazo-
gadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi. es niSnavs morwmuneTaTvis Sekrebi-
sa da gaerTianebis uflebis miniWebas.

religiuri gaerTianebebi

religiur safuZvelze Seqmnili calkeuli organizaciebi aseve sar-

gebloben religiis TavisuflebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sruli dacviT.
maTi uflebebi moicavs:
Sesabamisi saqvelmoqmedo da humanitaruli organizaciebis Camo-
yalibebis Tavisuflebas;

81
 religiuri publikaciebis Seqmnis, gamoqveynebisa da gavrcelebis
Tavisuflebas;
mosaxerxebel adgilebSi religiisa da rwmenis swavlebis Tavisuf-
lebas.

aradiskriminaciulobis principi

akrZalulia dikriminacia da Seuwynarebloba religiur niadagze. es

gulisxmobs religiisa da rwmenis mixedviT gamorCevis, upiratesobis
miniWebisa da SezRudvis dauSveblobas. religiuri diskriminaciisa
da Seuwynareblobis akrZalva ZiriTadad sajaro samsaxurs moicavs,
Tumca ar aris SezRuduli misiT da kerZo seqtorsac Seexeba. es niS-
navs, rom arc saxelmwifos da arc kerZo damqiravebels ar aqvT uf-
leba, diskriminaciuli damokidebuleba gamoiCinon adamianis mimarT
religiis niadagze.

ganaTleba

mSoblebs ufleba aqvT, Tavad gadawyviton, rogor aRzardon Svilebi

sakuTari mrwamsis Sesabamisad. saxelmwifo valdebulia, pativi sces
am uflebas da moaxdinos misi realizeba saxelmwifo saganmanaTleb-
lo sistemaSi. termini `bavSvis saukeTeso interesebisaTvis~ miznad
isaxavs mSoblebis moqmedebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas mxolod iq,
sadac religiurma qmedebam SeiZleba ziani miayenos bavSvis fizikur
an gonebriv mdgomareobas (magaliTad, sakuTari religiuri Sexedu-
lebebis gamo mSoblis uari bavSvis mkurnalobaze).

rwmenis gamoxatva

religiuri rwmenis gamoxatvis Tavisufleba moicavs Sesabamisi rwme-

nis mixedviT swavlebis, RvTismsaxurebis, ritualebisa da wes-Cve-
ulebebis Sesrulebis samarTlebriv dacvas. TiToeul adamians aqvs
ufleba, ilaparakos Tavisi rwmenis Sesaxeb, aswavlos igi, Seasrulos
misi ritualebi martom an sxvebTan erTad, daicvas dieturi moTxov-
nebi da ataros Sesabamisi samosi.

religiis gamoxatvis Tavisufleba absoluturi ufleba ar aris. igi

SeiZleba SeizRudos sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebidan

82
gamomdinare, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, janmrTelobisa da sxvaTa uf-
lebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis mizniT. nebismieri SezRudva
aucileblad proporciul xasiaTs unda atarebdes da kanoniT unda
iyos gansazRvruli. magaliTad, religiis Tavisuflebis SezRudva
dasaSvebia, rodesac saqme gvaqvs adamianebis msxverplad SewirvasTan,
TviTmkvlelobasTan an sxva, adamianis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobi-
saTvis saSiS qmedebasTan.

religia da saxelmwifo

religiis Tavisuflebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT erT-erTi yvelaze

sadavo sakiTxia urTierToba saxelmwifosa da religiebs an rwmenebs
Soris. arsebobs religiur rwmenasTan saxelmwifos urTierTobis
ramdenime modeli: saxelmwifo religiebi, dawesebuli eklesiebi,
saxelmwifos neitraluri damokidebuleba religiebis mimarT, ofi-
cialuri religiis ararseboba, saxelmwifosa da religiis gamijvna,
samarTlebrivad aRiarebuli religiuri jgufebis dacva.

saerTaSoriso standartebi ar Seicavs moTxovnas saxelmwifosa da

religias Soris romelime konkretuli saxis urTierTobis damyarebis
Taobaze. erTaderT saerTaSoriso moTxovnas warmoadgens is, rom
nebismieris saxis urTierToba ar unda iwvevdes im pirTa diskrimina-
cias, romlebic ar warmoadgenen oficialur an aRiarebul religias.

apostasia _ rwmenis arCevisa da Secvlis Tavisufleba

saerTaSoriso standartebiT religiis Secvlisa da uaryofis ufle-

bis TvalsaCino dacvis miuxedavad sakiTxi kvlav inarCunebs Tavis
sadavoobas. istoriulad qristianoba, islami da sxva religiebi sas-
jelis sxvadasxva saxes iTvaliswinebdnen msgavsi tipis qmedebisaTvis.
TviT dResac apostasia (rwmenisgan gandgoma) sastikad isjeba im qvey-
nebSi, sadac sazogadoeba islamis SariaTis tradicias emyareba. es
religiis Tavisuflebisa da sxva uflebaTa gaazrebaSi kulturuli
sxvaobebis naTeli ilustraciaa. amis miuxedavad saerTaSoriso stan-
dartebiT erTmniSvnelovnad aris garantirebuli ufleba Tavisuf-
lad da yovelgvari iZulebis gareSe adamianis mier religiis arCeva-
ze.

83
prozelitizmi _ rwmenis gavrcelebis ufleba

adamians aqvs sakuTari rwmenis gavrcelebisa da sxvaTa waxalisebis

ufleba, Seicvalon sakuTari rwmena sxva religiis sasargeblod, sanam
yovelive es iZulebisa da Zaladobis gareSe xdeba. aseT qmedebas
prozelitizmi an evangelizmi ewodeba. centralur-aRmosavleT ev-
ropasa da afrikaSi xSirad xdeba konfliqtebi adgilobriv eklesiebsa
da misioneruli saqmianobiT dakavebuli religiebis warmomadgenlebs
Soris. calkeul SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifoebi krZalavdnen aseT qme-
debebs. Tumca adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali erTmniS-
vnelovnad moiTxovs saxelmwifoebisgan gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis
dacvas da morwmuneTa uflebis uzrunvelyofas, CaerTon prozeli-
tizmis araZaladobriv formebSi.

keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba samxedro samsaxurisadmi

kulturuli sxvaobebi ganapirobebs gansxvavebuli midgomis arsebo-

bas sxvadasxva qveynebSi savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurisadmi ke-
Tilsindisier winaaRmdegobasTan dakavSirebiT. SesaZlebelia piris
gaTavisufleba samxedro ZalebSi savaldebulo samsaxurisgan, Tuki
sasikvdilo Zalis gamoyeneba seriozul winaaRmdegobaSi modis mis
sindisTan. mraval qveyanaSi SeiniSneba msgavsi uflebis aRiarebis
tendencia (mag., saqarTvelo, aSS, safrangeTi, avstria da a. S.), sadac
uzrunvelyofilia alternatiuli samsaxuri. meore mxriv, aseve bevr
qveyanaSi ar sargeblobs aRiarebiT keTilsindisieri winaaRmdegoba
samxedro samsaxurisadmi da adamians SeiZleba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa
Seefardos samxedro samsaxurze uaris gamo.

saerTaSoriso standartebis implementacia da monitoringi

religiis Tavisuflebis dacvis uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebul

ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens savaldebulo saerTaSoriso aqtebis
ararseboba. gaeros mier 1981 wels miRebul deklaracias religiisa
da rwmenis niadagze nebismieri saxis diskriminaciisa da Seuwynareb-
lobis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi zemoqmede-
bis moxdenis SesaZlebloba aqvs, Tumca igi mxolod CveulebiTi saer-
TaSoriso samarTlis deklaraciul debulebebs Seicavs. garda amisa,
deklaracia xelSekruleba ar aris da Sesabamisad mavaldebulebel
xasiaTs ar atarebs.

84
aRniSnuli problema aqtualuri ar aris evropaSi, vinaidan adamianis
uflebaTa evropis konvencia uzrunvelyofs religiis Tavisuflebis
adekvaturi dacvis SesaZleblobas. konvenciis safuZvelze Seqmnilia
adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo, romelic uflebamosilia, ganixi-
los moqalaqeTa individualuri saCivrebi religiis Tavisuflebis
darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT.

ris gakeTeba SegviZlia Cven?

Cven SegviZlia dasabami davudoT diskriminaciisa da religiuri Se-

uwynareblobis aRmofxvras sxvaTa uflebebis pativiscemiT. reli-
giuri Semwynarebloba moicavs sxva rwmenis mimdevarTa pativiscemas,
imis miuxedavad, rom SesaZlebelia, maTi rwmena arasworad migvaCndes.
Semwynareblobisa da pativiscemis aseTi kultura Cvengan moiTxovs
uaris Tqmas sxva rwmenis mimdevarTa diskriminaciaze an Seuracxyo-
faze da pativiscemis gamoCenas adamianis fundamenturi uflebis mi-
marT, iyos gansxvavebuli.

rwmenaTaSorisi dialogi
religiuri pluralizmis misaRwevad

ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze gaZlierda eklesiebisa da morw-

muneTa interesi religiuri da kulturuli pluralizmis sakiTxebis
irgvliv dialogis dawyebaze. am survilma praqtikaSicpova asaxva,
ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada sxvadasxva religiuri sazogadoebebis ur-
TierTanamSromloba adamianTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi konfliqte-
bis mogvarebisa da mSvidobis miRwevis mizniT. wamyvan saerTaSoriso
arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, romelTa mizanic religiuri dialo-
gis xelSewyobaa, warmoadgens: msoflio eklesiaTa sabWo, religiisa
da mSvidobis msoflio konferencia, religiaTa msoflio parlamenti
da a. S. Seqmnilia mravali regionuli organizacia dialogis gziT
rwmenaTaSorisi konfliqtebis mogvarebisa da Tavidan acilebis miz-
niT (mag., SuaaRmosavleTSi moqmedi samRvdeloeba mSvidobisaTvis,
sadac erTad iyrian Tavs rabinebi, mRvdlebi, pastorebi da imamebi
regionSi mSvidobis dasadgurebis xelSewyobis ganzraxviT).

kultebi, seqtebi da axali religiuri moZraobebi

dauSvebelia religiis Tavisuflebis viwrod interpretacia. axali

religiuri mimdinareobebi da religiuri umciresobebi iseTive dac-

85
viT unda sargeblobdnen, rogoriTac tradiciuli msoflio reli-
giebi. es principi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria ukanaskneli aTwle-
ulebis manZilze religiuri umciresobebisa da axali religiuri
mimdinareobebis Seviwroebis SemTxvevebisa da maT mimarT ganxorci-
elebuli diskriminaciuli qmedebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. axali reli-
giuri mimdinareobebi ZiriTadad cnobilia `kultisa~ da `seqtis~ sa-
xelwodebiT. orive termini sakmaod orazrovania, Tumca seqta, ro-
gorc wesi, ewodeba disidenturi tipis iseT religiur jgufs, rome-
lic gamoeyo ZiriTad religias, maSin, roca kultad ganixileba reli-
giur rwmenaTa araRiarebuli sistema, romelsac Tan axlavs gansakuT-
rebuli ritualebi.

religiuri eqstremizmi da misi Sedegebi

2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg naTeli gaxda, rom terorizmi imaze

metad iyenebs religiur rwmenas Tavis iaraRad, vidre odesme. aseTi
kombinacia Zalze saxifaToa, vinaidan igi msoflios `karg~ da `cud~
adgilebad yofs, xolo adamianebis diferencirebas religiuri
mrwamsis mixedviT axdens.

rodesac eqstremistuli Tavdasxmebis Semdeg eqstremistebi acxade-

ben, rom maT danaSauli `RvTis saxeliT~ Caidines, xdeba religiis
Tavisuflebis borotad gamoyeneba politikurad motivirebuli qme-
debebisa da moTxovnebis dafarvisaTvis. rwmenis niadagze Cadenili
teroristuli aqtebis momravleba metyvelebs ara religiur mrwam-
sze dafuZnebul gansxvavebul kulturebs Soris konfliqtze, ara-
med Seuwynareblobasa da umecrebaze damyarebuli dapirispirebis
arsebobaze.

86
 Tavi 11.
ganaTlebis ufleba

`...ganaTleba mimarTuli unda iyos

adamianis pirovnebis sruli ganvi-
Tarebisa da adamianis uflebaTa da
ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa pativis-
cemis gazrdisken...~
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaracia, 26-e muxli

preistoria da Sinaarsi

evropaSi ganmanaTleblobis epo-

qamde ganaTleba mSoblebisa da ek-
lesiis pasuxismgeblobis sagans
warmoadgenda. mxolod Tanamed-
rove saero saxelmwifos Camoya-
libebasTan erTad gaxda ganaTle-
ba sazogadoebis sazrunavi. XVI-XVI I
saukuneebSi cnobili filosofo-
sebi jon loki da Jan Jak ruso sa-
kuTar naSromebSi ganaTlebis uf-
lebis Tanamedrove koncefcias
exebodnen.

XIX saukuneSi socializmisa da li-

beralizmis gaCenasTan erTad ga-
naTleba adamianis uflebebis

87
sferoSi moeqca. aqedan moyolebuli ganaTlebis fundamenturi uf-
leba da saxelmwifos valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos ufaso ganaTleba,
aisaxa sxvadasxva qveynis konstituciebSi, agreTve arasakonstitucio
kanonmdeblobaSi. meoce saukunis ganmavlobaSi ganaTlebis ufleba
Caido sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaSi.

XXI saukuneSi TiTqmis miliardma wera-kiTxvis ucodinarma adamianma

Seabija. es msoflios mosaxleobis meeqvsedi an indoeTis mTeli mo-
saxleobaa da es ricxvi dRiTidRe matulobs.

ganaTlebis ufleba SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc `SesaZleblobis

ufleba~. es ufleba adamians saSualebas aZlevs, ukeT warmarTos sa-
kuTari cxovreba, ganiviTaros pirovneba, SeiZinos is codna da unar-
Cvevebi, rac aucilebelia kerZo da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi war-
matebis Tanabari SesaZleblobisTvis, SeiTvisos adamianis uflebe-
bisa da Tavisuflebebis pativiscemisa da Semwynareblobis faseulo-
bebi, moemzados aqtiuri da pasuxismgebeli moqalaqeobisTvis. erTi
sityviT, ganaTlebis ufleba adamians saSualebas aZlevs, isargeblos
sxva uflebebiT.

mravali samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa

informaciis Tavisufleba, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, arCevnebSi mo-
nawileobis ufleba, damokidebulia ganaTlebis minimalur doneze
mainc. agreTve zogierTi ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli
uflebis gamoyeneba, magaliTad samuSaos arCevis ufleba, Tanabari
Sromis Tanabari anazRaurebis ufleba, samecniero da teqnologiuri
progresis SedegebiT sargeblobis ufleba da umaRlesi ganaTlebis
miRebis ufleba, SesaZlebelia mxolod ganaTlebis garkveuli donis
miRwevis Semdeg. igive marTebulia kulturul cxovrebaSi monawile-
obasTan dakavSirebiT. eTnikuri da enobrivi umciresobebisTvis ga-
naTleba sakuTari kulturuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisa da
ganmtkicebis ZiriTadi saSualebaa.

ganaTlebas aseve SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos urTierTgagebas, toleran-

tulobas, erebsa da umciresobebs Soris pativiscemasa da megobro-
bas da adamianis uflebebis universaluri kulturis Camoyalibebas.

ganaTleba ufro metia, vidre kiTxvis, weris an daTvlis swavla. Tvi-

Ton sityvas `Educatio (`ganaTleba~) laTinuri safuZveli aqvs da niS-

88
navs `vinmes gaZRolas~. adamianis ganaTlebis ufleba moicavs dawye-
biTi, saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis sayovelTao xelmisawvdomo-
bas. uamravi adamiani moklebulia dawyebiT ganaTlebasac ki, amitom
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso standartebiT saxelmwifo uzrun-
velyofs saxelmwifo enaze ufaso dawyebiTi, sabazo da saSualo ga-
naTlebis sayovelTao xelmisawvdomobas da savaldebuloobas.

ganaTlebis uflebisa
da saxelmwifo valdebulebebis Sinaarsi

ganaTlebis uflebas myari safuZveli aqvs adamianis uflebebis saer-

TaSoriso samarTalSi. is ganmtkicebulia adamianis uflebebis mra-
val universalur da regionul dokumentSi.

ganaTlebis fuZemdebluri ufleba xelisuflebisgan moiTxovs gar-

kveul qcevas TiToeuli adamianis mimarT. saxelmwifo valdebulia,
pativi sces, daicvas da Seasrulos ganaTlebis ufleba.

pativiscemis valdebuleba saxelmwifos ukrZalavs aRiarebuli uf-

lebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sawinaaRmdego qcevas, am uflebebis aR-
srulebaSi Carevas an mis SezRudvas. saxelmwifoebma pativi unda scen
mSobelTa Tavisuflebas, SvilebisaTvis SearCion kerZo an saxelmwi-
fo skola, uzrunvelyon maTi religiuri da moraluri ganaTleba sa-
kuTari rwmenis Sesabamisad. saWiroa Tanaswori midgoma rogorc go-
gonebisa da biWebis swavlebisadmi, ise yvela religiur, eTnikur Tu
enobriv jgufTan mimarTebaSi.

dacvis valdebuleba saxelmwifosgan moiTxovs, sakanonmdeblo an

sxva saSualebiT aRkveTos da akrZalos individualuri uflebebisa
da Tavisuflebebis darRveva mesame piris mier. saxelmwifo unda iyos
imis garanti, rom kerZo skolebi ar mimarTaven diskriminaciul praq-
tikas an moswavleTa fizikur dasjas.

Sesrulebis valdebuleba SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc uflebis

Tanmimdevruli realizaciis valdebuleba. unda ganvasxvaoT warmar-
Tvisa da dasrulebis valdebulebebic.

warmarTvis valdebuleba exeba saxelmwifos mier konkretuli qmede-

bis ganxorcielebas. ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa
89
saerTaSoriso paqtis Tanaxmad, im saxelmwifoebma, sadac jer ar aris
ufaso da savaldebulo dawyebiTi ganaTleba, `unda SeimuSaon moqme-
debis detaluri gegma ufaso da savaldebulo ganaTlebis principis
Tanmimdevruli danergvisTvis Sesaferisi drois ganmavlobaSi~.

aucilebeli standartebi:
ufaso da savaldebulo dawyebiTi ganaTleba;
yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi saSualo ganaTleba;
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisad yvelasaTvis xelmisaw-
vdomi umaRlesi ganaTleba;
gaZlierebuli fundamenturi ganaTleba maTTvis, visac arasruli
dawyebiTi ganaTleba aqvs;
wera-kiTxvis ucodinarobisa da gaunaTleblobis aRmofxvra saer-
TaSoriso TanamSromlobis meSveobiT da gansakuTrebiT ganviTa-
rebadi qveynebis saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

amrigad, ganaTlebis uflebis mTavari arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi:

ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba Tanasworuflebianobisa
da aradiskriminaciis principisa da nebismieri saxis skolis arCevis
Tavisuflebis safuZvelze.

ganaTlebis uflebasTan mimarTebaSi saxelmwifo valdebuleba oTxi

elementisgan Sedgeba: uzrunvelyofa, xelmisawvdomoba, misaRebi
forma, adaptacia.

uzrunvelyofa

savaldebulo da ufaso dawyebiTi ganaTleba aucilebeli winapirobaa

ganaTlebis uflebis uzrunvelyofisTvis. dawyebiTi skolis garanti-
rebisTvis saWiroa mniSvnelovani politikuri da finansuri valdebu-
leba. marTalia, saxelmwifo ar aris ganaTlebis erTaderTi mimwode-
beli, magram adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali mas aval-
debulebs ukanaskneli saSualebis uzrunvelyofas ise, rom dawyebiTi
skola yvela saskolo asakis bavSvisTvis iyos xelmisawvdomi. Tu sko-
lebi ar aris sakmarisi saskolo asakis bavSvebisTvis, saxelmwifos
valdebuleba am SemTxvevaSi ar sruldeba da ganaTlebis xelmisawv-
domobis ufleba realizebas saWiroebs.

90
saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofa ganaTlebis ufle-
bis Zalze mniSvnelovani elementia. `ufaso ganaTlebis Tanmimdevru-
lad warmodgenis~ moTxovna ar niSnavs, rom saxelmwifos SeuZlia,
TviTon moixsnas sakuTari valdebulebebi.

xelmisawvdomoba

xelisuflebam unda aiRos pasuxismgebloba ganaTlebis uflebis

Sesrulebaze, sul mcire, arsebuli saganmanaTleblo institutebis
xelmisawvdomobis garantirebiT yvela gogonasTvis, biWisTvis,
qalisa da kacisTvis Tanabrad, Tanasworuflebianobisa da aradiskri-
minaciulobis safuZvelze.

Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofis pozitiuri valdebuleba

gulisxmobs rogorc fizikur, ise SemoqmedebiT miRwevadobas. insti-
tutebis fizikuri xelmisawvdomoba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
ufrosebisa da unarSezRudulebisTvis. SemoqmedebiTi xelmisawvdo-
moba niSnavs, rom gamomricxavi barierebi moxsnili unda iyos, maga-
liTad, saxelmZRvaneloebidan unda amoiRon stereotipuli ideebi
mamakacisa da qalis rolis Sesaxeb, rogorc es gaTvaliswinebulia
konvenciaSi qalTa winaaRmdeg diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmof-
xvris Sesaxeb.

misaRebi forma

es elementi gulisxmobs, rom mSoblebsa da Svilebs unda hqondeT

maTTvis misaRebi ganaTlebis tipis arCevis ufleba, agreTve unda
arsebobdes kerZo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa Seqmnisa da mar-
Tvis ufleba. moswavleebsa da mSoblebs aqvT ufleba, iyvnen Tavisuf-
lebi indoqtrinaciisgan, iseTi masalis iZulebiTi swavlisgan, rome-
lic ewinaaRmdegeba moswavlis religiur da sxva rwmenebs.

swavlebis enis sakiTxi aseve winaaRmdegobebiTaa aRsavse. ar arsebobs

sayovelTao ufleba enobrivi umciresobebisTvis, rom maTi mSobliuri
ena iswavlebodes skolaSi. socialur da politikur uflebaTa sa-
erTaSoriso paqtSi mxolod isaa aRniSnuli, rom enis praqtika ar unda
aikrZalos. umciresobebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso dokumentebi erT-

91
mniSvnelovnad aRiareben mSobliuri enis swavlis uflebas, Tumca
ganaTlebis mSobliur enaze miRebis sakiTxi jerjerobiT gaurkveve-
lia. samwuxarod, zogierT umciresobas sakuTari enis swavlis saSu-
alebac ar aqvs, magaliTad, boSebs evropaSi an avstraliis aborigenebs.

adaptacia

Cveulebriv, is, rasac bavSvi skolaSi swavlobs, unda ganisazRvrebo-

des misi momavali saWiroebebis mixedviT. ganaTlebis sistema mor-
gebuli unda iyos moswavleebze da iTvaliswinebdes bavSvis intere-
sebs, agreTve socialur ganviTarebas da winsvlas rogorc saxelm-
wifo, ise saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT.

xelisufleba unda iyos imis garanti, rom ganaTlebis uflebas pativs

scemen, icaven da asruleben. miuxedavad amisa, es movaleoba mxolod
saxelmwifos ar ekisreba. ganaTlebis uflebis danergvis xelSewyoba
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis movaleobacaa.

saxelmwifo moxsenebebi da SedarebiTi maCveneblebi am sakiTxis ga-

kontrolebis saukeTeso saSualebaa. am indikatorebiT Cven SegviZlia
vimsjeloT ganaTlebis uflebis araTanabar implementaciaze msof-
lios sxadasxva regionSi.

miuxedavad sagrZnobi warmatebisa bavSvebisTvis ganaTlebis uflebis

uzrunvelyofis sakiTxSi, jer kidev arsebobs mravali gadauWreli
problema: diskriminacia, uTanasworoba, ignorireba da eqspluata-
cia, romelic zemoqmedebs gogonebze, qalebsa da umciresobebze. sa-
zogadoebam Tavisi Zalisxmeva unda mimarTos socialuri da kultu-
ruli wesebis Sesacvlelad, romlebic am jgufebs uzRudaven sakuTa-
ri uflebebiT sargeblobis saSualebas da, amgvarad, xels uwyoben
maT daucvelobas.

implementacia da monitoringi

Seqmnis dRidan gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam aRiara `saerTa-

Soriso TanamSromlobis aucilebloba ekonomikuri, socialuri,
kulturuli an humanitaruli xasiaTis saerTaSoriso problemebis
gadasawyvetad~.

92
saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba informaciis, codnisa da teqnologi-
ebis gacvlis meSveobiT Zalze mniSvnelovania ganaTlebis uflebis
SesrulebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
rogorc Cans, ganaTlebis ufleba ekonomikuri aucileblobaa, razec
damokidebulia am qveynebis ganviTareba. ganaTleba yvela saxelmwi-
fos mier unda ganixilebodes, rogorc grZelvadiani, prioritetuli
investicia, radgan is aumjobesebs adamianur resursebs, rac mniSv-
nelovani Senatania erovnuli ganviTarebis procesSi.

ganaTlebis, rogorc adamianuri kapitalis ganviTarebaSi Cadebuli

investiciis, mniSvnelobas xazs usvamen saerTaSoriso safinanso ins-
titutebic. ZiriTadi ganaTlebis efeqturi uzrunvelyofa damoki-
debulia politikur Sexedulebebsa da nebaze, romelic ganmtkicebu-
lia Sesabamisi fiskaluri, ekonomikuri, savaWro, Sromis, dasaqmebis
da janmrTelobis dacvis politikiT. am miznis misaRwevad gansakuT-
rebiT mniSvnelovania politikuri da finansuri valdebuleba, sa-
xelmwifo seqtoris wamyvani roli, samarTlianoba am seqtorSi, sa-
ganmanaTleblo gadasaxadebis Semcireba, saganmanaTleblo refor-
mebis ganviTarebis sxva strategiebTan integracia.

ganaTlebis uflebis sruli aRsrulebisTvis saWiroa instituciuri

mxardaWera. am kuTxiT iunesko wamyvan rols asrulebs, radgan ganaT-
leba misi saqmianobis ZiriTadi sferoa. iuneskos SemuSavebuli aqvs
sxvadasxva meqanizmebi, romlebic ganaTlebis uflebasTan dakavSi-
rebuli valdebulebebis ukeT SesrulebisTvisaa gamiznuli. ganaT-
lebaSi diskriminaciis sawinaaRmdego konvenciis wevrma qveynebma
iuneskos yovelwliurad unda warudginon moxsenebebi, Tu ra saka-
nonmdeblo da administraciul zomebs mimarTaven isini konvenciis
sasargeblod.

ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa komiteti, rogorc

makontrolebeli organo, zedamxedvelobas uwevs ekonomikur, soci-
alur da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis Sesrulebis
process paqtis wevr qveynebSi. implementaciis procesis xelSewyo-
bisTvis yuradReba unda mieqces SedarebiT maCveneblebs, rogoricaa:
wera-kiTxvis ucodinarTa xvedriTi wili, registraciis koeficienti,
swavlis damTavrebisa da Sewyvetis koeficienti, moswavleebisa da
maswavleblebis proporcia, ganaTlebaze gaweuli saxelmwifo xar-

93
jebis Sefardeba mTlian saxelmwifo xarjebTan an sxva seqtoris xar-
jebTan.

`ganaTleba Tavisuflebis ufro kargi damcvelia, vidre mudmivi

jari~.
edvard evereti

implementaciis problemebi

socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesruleba xSi-

rad mniSvnelovan kapitaldabandebebs saWiroebs. mraval qveyanaSi
ganaTlebaze saxelmwifo saxsrebis mTavari nawili ixarjeba.

xSirad bavSvebisTvis ganaTlebis uflebiT sargeblobis mTavar dab-

rkolebas siRaribe warmoadgens. rogorc wesi, msoflioSi bavSvebis
90% skolaSi Sedis. mTavari problemebi Semdeg warmoiSveba, roca
moswavleTa didi nawili swavlas Tavs anebebs an erTsa da imave klasSi
ramdenjerme rCeba.

finansebis nakleboba saTanado organoebs saSualebas ar aZlevs,

aaSenon axali skolebi, xeli Seuwyon maswavlebelTa momzadebis cent-
rebis funqcionirebas, SearCion kompetenturi maswavleblebi da ad-
ministraciuli personali, skolebi uzrunvelyon saswavlo masale-
biT da sxva resursebiT, aseve uzrunvelyon normaluri satranspor-
to sistemis arseboba. yvelaferi es pirdapiraa damokidebuli sa-
xelmwifos ekonomikur SesaZleblobebze. siRaribis gamo ojaxebs ar
SeuZliaT gadaixadon swavlis da saswavlo masalebis safasuri. si-
Raribe aseve iwvevs SimSils, ramac SeiZleba gamousworebeli ziani
miayenos bavSvis ganviTarebad tvins.

ganaTlebis uflebis cxovrebaSi efeqturi gatarebis kidev erTi

xelisSemSleli faqtoria farTod gavrcelebuli bavSvis Sroma. sam-
wuxarod, mraval ojaxs sWirdeba is damatebiTi Semosavali, romel-
sac bavSvebis mier gaweuli samsaxuris sanacvlod iRebs da amis gamo
ojaxs ar SeuZlia bavSvis skolaSi gaSveba.

94
siRaribe da bavSvTa Sroma xels gansakuTrebiT gogonebis ganaTlebas
uSlis. bevr gogonas imisaTvis, rom iarsebos, mZime Sroma uwevs sak-
maod adreul asakSi. maT aseTi simZime awvebaT ara marto ojaxis saWi-
roebebidan gamomdinare, aramed socialuri molodinebis gamoc, rac
ukavSirdeba adreul dedobas da Zvelmodur damokidebulebebs. go-
gonebis ganaTlebis Sesaxeb tradiciul Sexedulebebs jer kidev didi
zegavlena aqvs da mSoblebs gogonebis skolaSi Seyvanis survils
ukargavs. gogonebisTvis ganaTlebis miRebisa da TviTrealizaciis
SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofa mzardi saerTaSoriso sazrunavia.

saerTaSoriso da Sida SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi da socialuri

uTanxmoeba cxovrebis normalur temps arRvevs. saswavlo procesi
ferxdeba, roca skolebi konfliqtis regionTan axlos mdebareobs.
humanitaruli samarTliT uzrunvelyofili garantiebis miuxedavad
skolebze Tavdasxmis SemTxvevebi mainc arsebobs. es ganaTlebis uz-
runvelyofis kidev erTi dabrkolebaa.

95
Tavi 12.
bavSvTa uflebebi

`bavSvis mimarT nebismieri qmede-

bis ganxorcielebisas saxelmwifo
Tu kerZo socialuri uzrunvel-
yofis dawesebulebis, sasamarT-
los, administraciuli Tu sakanon-
mdeblo organoebis mier upirve-
lesi yuradReba unda daeTmos bav-
Svis interesebis ukeT uzrunvel-
yofas...~
bavSvTa uflebebis gaeros
konvenciis me-3 muxli

bavSvTa uflebebis buneba

da Sinaarsi

bavSvTa uflebebis koncefcia ada-

mianis uflebebis zogadi moZra-
obidan ganviTarda, Tumca mis srul-
yofaze aseve didi zegavlena mo-
axdina ukanaskneli 300 wlis man-
Zilze socialur, saganmanaTleb-
lo da fsiqologiur sferoebSi gan-
viTarebulma movlenebma. meoce
saukunis 70-ian wlebSi bavSvis gan-
viTarebis axleburi koncefciis
formirebis Sedegad bavSvis dauc-

96
velobis sakiTxebidan aqcentis gadatana moxerxda misi avtonomiis,
uflebaunarianobis, TviTgamorkvevisa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
monawileobis Temebze tradiciuli paternalisturi Sexedulebebis
sawinaaRmdegod, rom bavSvi mxolod mSoblebis kontrolis obieqts
warmoadgens. yovelive aman mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia poli-
tikur procesebze, rac dagvirgvinda gaerTianebuli erebis orga-
nizaciis mier 1989 wlis 20 noembers bavSvTa uflebebis sferoSi pir-
veli savaldebulo saerTaSoriso aqtis _ bavSvTa uflebebis konven-
ciis _ miRebiT (saqarTvelos mier ratificirebulia 1999 wlis 5
Tebervals).

bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis ZiriTadi debulebebi

a) bavSvis uflebaunarianoba

yvela adamianis Rirsebis pativiscemis niadagze bavSvTa uflebebis

konvencia bavSvs sakuTari uflebebis matareblad aRiarebs. es imas
niSnavs, rom bavSvis uflebebi ar aris warmoebuli misi mSoblebis an
sxva nebismieri zrdasruli adamianis uflebebidan. swored es aris
bavSvTa uflebebis koncefciis fuZemdebluri principi, rom bavSvi,
rogorc Rirsebis matarebeli subieqti da sazogadoebis srulfa-
sovani moqalaqe, uflebamosilia, gaaprotestos da Secvalos misTvis
miuRebeli diskriminaciuli midgoma da qmedebebi.

realurad bavSvebi mSoblebze arian damokidebulni (fizikuri da

fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis, materialuri saxsrebis/Semosavlis
naklebobis gamo) da nebismieri saxis cvlileba am ukanasknelTa ekono-
mikur da socialur yofaSi uciloblad aisaxeba bavSvis cxovrebaze.
aqedan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebuli zrunva bavSvebis interesebze ar
gulisxmobs socialurad privilegirebuli jgufis Seqmnas. meore mxriv,
es aris aucilebeli piroba sazogadoebaSi bavSvebis statusis amaRle-
bisa im donemde, rom maT SeeZloT sakuTari interesebis dacva (maT So-
ris sasamarTlos gziT). mxolod am SemTxvevaSi moxdeba bavSvebis,
rogorc socialuri jgufis, interesebis aRqma seriozulad.

`asi bavSvi, asi individi, romlebic srulfasovani adamianebi

arian, _ ara momavlis adamianebi, aramed adamianebi axla _ dRes~.
ianuS korCaki,
`How to Love a Child~ (`rogor gviyvardes bavSvi~) (1919)

97
b) yovlismomcveli midgoma bavSvis mimarT

bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia unikaluri tipis dokumentia, vinaidan

igi adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb pirveli saerTaSoriso xelSekru-
lebaa, romelSic kombinirebulia erTdroulad ekonomikuri, soci-
aluri da kulturuli, aseve samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi.
am konvenciaSi yovlismomcveli midgomaa SemuSavebuli bavSvebis uf-
lebebis Sesaxeb. igi gacilebiT Sors midis, vidre bavSvTa uflebebis
adrindeli deklaraciebi, romlebic bavSvebis aRzrdis procesSi maT
daculobaze akeTebdnen aqcents, radgan Seicavs aseve debulebebs
bavSvis identurobis, TviTgamorkvevisa da monawileobis uzrunvel-
yofis Taobaze.

g) bavSvis _ mSoblis _ saxelmwifos urTierTdamokidebuleba

bavSvTa dacvis konvencia Tanabrad axdens bavSvis rogorc avtonomi-

uri, ise dacviTi tipis uflebebis garantirebas. konvencia gamokve-
Tilad aRiarebs mSoblis `uflebas, valdebulebas da pasuxismgeb-
lobas~ bavSvis `aRzrdasa da ganviTarebaze~. Tumca mSoblis es
pasuxismgebloba SezRudulia `bavSvis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas-
Tan Sesabamisobis~ standartiT. es imas niSnavs, rom mSobels ar gaaC-
nia absoluturi Zalaufleba Svilze. rac Seexeba saxelmwifos mona-
wileobas bavSvis aRzrdis procesSi, upirvelesi pasuxismgebloba
TavianTi Svilebis ganaTlebaze mSoblebs akisriaT, Tumca rodesac
ar SeuZliaT an ar aqvT survili, Tavi gaarTvan sakuTar valdebu-
lebebs, sruliad legitimuria saxelmwifos/sazogadoebis mxridan
Careva bavSvis interesebidan gamomdinare.

d) bavSvebis mimarT diskriminaciis akrZalva

konvencia naTlad krZalavs diskriminaciul damokidebulebas bavS-

vebis mimarT, ayalibebs ra grZel CamonaTvals im safuZvlebisa, ro-
melTa mixedviTac dauSvebelia diferenciacia: `rasa, kanis feri, sqe-
si, ena, religia, politikuri da sxva Sexeduleba, erovnuli, eTnikuri
an socialuri warmoSoba, qonebrivi mdgomareoba, qmeduunaroba, da-
badebis adgili an sxva nebismieri statusi~.

98
 `Cemi ocnebaa, rom Cemma patara Svilebma odesme icxovron qveya-
naSi, sadac maT gansjian ara kanis feris, aramed maTi pirovnuli
Tvisebebis mixedviT~.
martin luTer kingi (meoce saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aSS-Si
samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis lideri)

e) bavSvis saukeTeso interesebi

`nebismieri naciis momavali perspeqtiva SeiZleba Sefasdes misi

axalgazrdobis dRevandeli mdgomareobiT~.
jon kenedi

mesame muxlis Tanaxmad, bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis saxelmZRva-

nelo principia `bavSvis saukeTeso interesebi~. am debulebiT aqcen-
tirebulia bavSvis interesebis gaTvaliswinebis upirvelesi auci-
lebloba. igi ar aris SezRuduli bavSvebTan pirdapir SexebaSi myofi
qmedebebiT (mag., ganaTleba, meurveobis Taobaze sasamarTlo saq-
meebi), aramed moicavs yvelafer mniSvnelovans, ramac SesaZlebelia
pirdapiri an arapirdapiri gavlena iqonios bavSvze (maT Soris da-
saqmebis politika, sabiujeto saxsrebis ganawileba). es niSnavs ro-
gorc kerZo, ise saxelmwifo seqtorSi moRvawe piris valdebulebas,
nebismieri qmedebis ganxorcielebamde gaiTvaliswinos misi SesaZlo
gavlena bavSvebze.

v) `bavSvis~ gansazRvreba bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis mixedviT

bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia `bavSvs~ gansazRvravs Tvramet wlamde

asakis adamianad, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac esa Tu is saxelmwifo
srulwlovanebis miRwevis sxva asaks aRiarebs. am ukanasknel SemTxve-
vaSi, srulwlovanebis miRwevis asakis Semcirebisas, saxelmwifoebi
valdebulni arian, daicvan konvenciiT ganmtkicebuli principebi
nebismier niadagze diskriminaciis dauSveblobisa da bavSvis sauke-
Teso interesebis gaTvaliswinebis Taobaze.

z) konveciiT daculi uflebebi: monawileoba _ dacva _ uzrunvelyofa

bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis me-12 muxliT garantirebulia bav-

Svis ufleba monawileobaze. kerZod, am muxlis mixedviT saxelm-

99
 wifoebi valdebulni arian, uzrunvelyon sakuTari Sexedulebebis
Camoyalibebis unaris mqone bavSvis ufleba, Tavisuflad gamoT-
qvas es Sexedulebebi masTan dakavSirebul nebismier sakiTxze.
amasTan bavSvis am Sexedulebebs saTanado yuradReba unda daeT-
mos bavSvis asakisa da mowifulobis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT. bavSvis
mosazrebisaTvis `saTanado yuradRebis~ mipyroba am debulebis
ZiriTadi elementia. igi moiTxovs bavSvebis garkveuli donis Car-
Tulobas, rac maT SesaZleblobas miscems, realuri zegavlena iqo-
nion gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze (mag., sasamarTloSi meur-
veobis Taobaze samarTalwarmoebis dros). garda amisa, bavSvTa
uflebebis konvencia bavSvebs sxva mniSvnelovan politikur da
samoqalaqo uflebebsac aniWebs, rogoricaa sindisis, religiis,
Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba, aseve ufleba wamebisa da
ukanono dakavebisgan dacvaze, samarTliani sasamarTlos garan-
tiebi da a. S.
rac Seexeba dacviTi tipis uflebebs, bavSvTa uflebebis konven-
ciis safuZvelze bavSvebi sargebloben dacviT `nebismieri saxis
fizikuri da gonebrivi Zaladobisgan, gaufrTxilebeli, eqsplu-
ataciuri, sastiki da zianis mimyenebeli mopyrobisgan, mSoblebis,
kanonieri meurvis an mzrunvelis an sxva nebismieri piris meurve-
obasa da mzrunvelobaSi yofnis dros~ (yovelive es aseve Seexeba
skolaSi gamosayenebel disciplinur zomebs). bavSvebis dacviTi
garantiebi aseve ganmtkicebulia konvenciaSi Semavali ekonomi-
kuri da sqesobrivi eqspluataciis, trefikingisa da toqsikoma-
niis sawinaaRmdego debulebebiT.
bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciiT garantirebuli bavSvis ufleba
uzrunvelyofaze moicavs uflebas janmrTelobaze, ganaTlebaze,
socialur usafrTxoebasa da cxovrebis adekvatur standartze.

yovelive zemoTqmulis garda konvencia amkvidrebs axal standarts,

kerZod masSi gaTvaliswinebulia bavSvis ufleba Tavisi identurobis,
ojaxuri da sxva socialuri tipis urTierTobis dacvaze, aseve uf-
leba dasvenebaze, Tavisufal droze, TamaSsa da kulturul saqmi-
anobaze, SezRudvebi bavSvebis sazRvargareT gaSvilebaze, saxelmwi-
fos valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos nebismieri formis Zaladobisa da
eqspluataciis msxverpli bavSvebis gamojanmrTeleba da reabilita-
cia.

100
 `Tu mtkice da xangrZlivi mSvidobis damkvidreba gvsurs, bavSve-
biT unda daviwyoT~.
mahaTma gandi

gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebi

bavSvTa uflebebis dacva naTels hfens bavSvebis statuss sazogado-

ebaSi, maT cxovrebiseul pirobebs da mibaZvis obieqtebs. ufro metic,
es mravlismetyvelia ojaxisa da qalTa statusis Sesaxeb Sesabamis
sazogadoebaSi.

bavSvTa uflebebis sferoSi yvelaze mwvave davis sagania fizikuri

dasjis sakiTxi. maSin, roca msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi moqmedi
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi zrdasrulebs Soris sxvisTvis gamiznu-
lad zianis miyenebas danaSaulad CaTvlida, igive principi ar gamo-
iyeneba bavSvebTan mimarTebaSi. amis sanacvlod xSirad gadaawydebiT
diskusiebs rogorc fizikuri dasjis `gonivruli~ zomisa da saSu-
alebebis, ise am procesis dros eqimis daswrebis aucileblobis Ta-
obaze. gasaocaria, magram msoflios mxolod 10 qveyanaSi aris calsa-
xad akrZaluli bavSvebis fizikuri dasja.

sxva sadavo sakiTxs warmoadgens gogonebis statusi (mag., biWebi-

saTvis upiratesobis miniWeba ojaxSi, ganaTlebaSi, dasaqmebaSi, reli-
giuri samarTlis SezRuduli interpretacia gogonebis sawinaaRm-
degod da a. S.).

`nuTu SesaZlebelia, arsebobdes imaze wminda valdebuleba, rogo-

ricaa bavSvis uflebebis dacvis movaleoba iseve gulmodgined,
rogorc sxva nebismieri adamianis uflebebs vicavT? nuTu SesaZ-
lebelia, arsebobdes imaze didi gamocda liderebisaTvis, rogo-
ricaa yvela bavSvisaTvis am Tavisuflebebis uzrunvelyofis amo-
cana nebismier qveyanaSi, yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe?!~
kofi anani,
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri mdivani

implementacia da monitoringi

rogorc wesi, adamianis uflebebis dacvis sferosaTvis damaxasiaTe-

belia sxvaoba principebsa da praqtikas Soris. bevris mtkicebiT, es

101
sxvaoba gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemia bavSvebis uflebebTan mimar-
TebaSi. amis mravali mizezi arsebobs (bavSvTa uflebebis sakiTxi
xSirad mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul Se-
xedulebebTan `ojaxuri faseulobebisa~ da `kulturul-religiuri
tradiciebis~ Sesaxeb), Tumca erT-erT mTavar xelSemwyob faqtors
albaT bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis implementaciaze zedamxedve-
lobis sistemis araefeqturobac warmoadgens.

konvencia Tavisi debulebebis implementaciaze monitoringis gan-

xorcielebis mxolod erT meqanizms iTvaliswinebs, kerZod konven-
ciis monawile saxelmwifoebis valdebulebas, warudginon angariSebi
sazedamxedvelo organos, bavSvTa uflebebis komitets. am proce-
duris mixedviT, saxelmwifo valdebulia, warudginos komitets an-
gariSi konvenciis moTxovnebis cxovrebaSi gatarebis mizniT miRe-
buli zomebis Taobaze. komiteti Seiswavlis am angariSebs da `qvey-
nebis mTavrobebTan konstruqciuli dialogis farglebSi~ gamoscems
SeniSvnebs, aseve SeimuSavebs rekomendaciebs.

ar arsebobs monitoringis sxva meqanizmebi, romlebsac adamianis uf-

lebebis dacvis sxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi iTvaliswinebs (indi-
vidualuri saCivris wardgenisa da gamoZiebis procedura). amis
miuxedavad komitetis saqmianoba sakmaod inovaciuria da yvelana-
irad cdilobs tradiciuli meqanizmebis ararsebobis kompensirebas.
pirvel rigSi Sesabamis qveyanaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
srulfasovani suraTis misaRebad igi cdilobs arasamTavrobo orga-
nizaciaTa mozidvas, raTa maT sakuTari angariSebi waradginon bav-
SvTa uflebebTan dakavSirebiT. garda amisa, komitetis iniciativiT
yovelwliurad tardeba sazogadoebrivi forumebi specifikuri sa-
kiTxebis gansaxilvelad (mag., `bavSvi da ojaxi~, `Sidsi~) maTze saer-
TaSoriso sazogadoebis yuradRebis koncentrirebis mizniT.

rac Seexeba konvenciis implementaciaze monitoringis ganxorciele-

basTan dakavSirebiT zomebis miRebas erovnul doneze, 2002 wels bav-
SvTa uflebebis sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil gaeros specialur sesiaze Se-
muSavebuli dokumenti mouwodebs saxelmwifoebs, daafuZnon bavSvTa
uflebebis dacvaze monitoringis ganxorcielebis organoebi, rogo-
ricaa damoukidebeli ombudsmeni bavSvTa sakiTxebze, da uzrun-
velyon maTi saqmianoba. ombudsmenma unda uzrunvelyos rogorc sa-

102
Civrebis miRebis, bavSvebisa da mSoblebisaTvis konsultaciis gawe-
vis, ise bavSvTa uflebebis dacvaze zedamxedvelobis ganxorciele-
bis meqanizmebi.

msoflio masStabiT mraval qveyanaSi mimdinareobs erovnuli kanonm-

deblobis SesabamisobaSi moyvana bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis debu-
lebebTan. ufro metic, bevrgan xdeba konvenciis aRiareba erovnuli
kanonmdeblobis nawilad da Cveulebriv praqtikad aris qceuli misi
uSualo gamoyeneba erovnul sasamarTloebSi bavSvTa uflebebze sa-
marTalwarmoebisas. saqarTvelos konstitucia aRiarebs saerTaSo-
riso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis upirates iuridiul Zalas
Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobasTan mimarTebaSi da Sesabamisad
saqarTvelos erovnuli kanonmdeblobis nawilad aqcevs bavSvTa uf-
lebebis konvencias.

103
Tavi 13.
gamoxatvisa da mediis
Tavisufleba

`yvelas aqvs ufleba azrisa da misi

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze. es uf-
leba moicavs yovelgvari Carevis
gareSe azris qonis, informaciisa da
ideebis moZiebis, miRebisa da gavr-
celebis Tavisuflebas mediis nebis-
mieri saSualebis gamoyenebiT da
sazRvrebis miuxedavad~.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaracia, me-19 muxli

warsuli
da dRevandeli mniSvneloba

azrisa da misi gamoxatvis Tavi-

sufleba _ romelic moicavs in-
formaciisa da ideaTa miRebisa da
gavrcelebis Tavisuflebas nebis-
mieri mediasaSualebis gamoyene-
biT (sayovelTao deklaraciis me-
19 muxli) _ erT-erTi ZiriTadi
politikuri da samoqalaqo ufle-
baa, romelic yvela sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso doku-
mentiT aris ganmtkicebuli. bri-
tanelma filosofosma jon sti-

104
uart milma presis Tavisuflebas uwoda `dacvis gadamwyveti saSu-
aleba korufciuli da tiranuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg~ (On Li-
berty, 1859). igi demokratiuli sistemis fuZemdebluri uflebaa,
sadac yvelas da ara mxolod Sesabamisi saxelmwifos moqalaqes aqvs
ufleba, ganacxados is, rasac fiqrobs da akritikos xelisufleba.
1941 wlis ianvarSi aSS-s prezidentma ruzveltma sityvisa da
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba erT-erTad moixsenia im oTx fundamentur
Tavisuflebas Soris, romlebzec unda dafuZnebuliyo momavali
msoflio wesrigi meore msoflio omis Semdgom. informaciis
xelmisawvdomoba da gavrceleba sazRvrebis miuxedavad Ria da
pluralisturi sazogadoebis uzrunvelyofis ZiriTadi elementia.

`batono Cemo, me ar viziareb Tqvens Sexedulebebs, magram Tavs

gavwirav Tqveni uflebisaTvis, gamoxatoT isini~.
volteri (1694-1778)

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aris CarCo ufleba, romelic iseTi elemen-

tebisgan Sedgeba, rogoricaa informaciis Tavisufleba da presis,
iseve rogorc zogadad mediis, Tavisufleba. igi emyareba azris Tavi-
suflebas da Tavisi arsiT mWidro kavSirSia masTan. azris gamoxatvis
formebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan azris individualuri gamoxat-
viT dawyebuli da mediis instituciuri TavisuflebiT damTavrebu-
li. azris Tavisufleba absoluturi samoqalaqo uflebaa, maSin, roca
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba politikuri uflebaa, romelic SeiZleba
garkveul SezRudvebs daeqvemdebaros.

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba ormxrivi uflebaa: mosazrebebisa da ideebis

gavrcelebisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da informaciisa da ideaTa
moZiebisa da miRebis Tavisufleba rogorc sityvierad, ise werilo-
biTi, beWdviTi an xelovnebis formiT, an sxva nebismieri mediasaSu-
alebiT, axali teqnologiebis CaTvliT. saboloo jamSi gamoxatvis
Tavisufleba komunikaciis uflebis ganuyofeli nawilia.

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi elementebia:

1. yovelgvari Carevis gareSe azris qonis ufleba (azris Tavisuf-

leba);

105
2. informaciisa da ideaTa moZiebis, miRebisa da gavrcelebis Tavi-
sufleba (sityvis Tavisufleba, informaciis Tavisufleba):
sityvierad, werilobiTi, beWdviTi an xelovnebis formiT;
nebismieri mediasaSualebiT (mediis Tavisufleba);
sazRvrebis miuxedavad (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Tavisuf-
leba).

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ZiriTad SezRudvebs Seicavs samoqalaqo

da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis me-10 muxli. igi krZa-
lavs omisa da erovnuli, rasobrivi an religiuri SuRlis gaRvivebas,
romelic moicavs mowodebas diskriminaciisa da Zaladobisadmi. sa-
xelmwifos ekisreba valdebuleba, aRasrulos es valdebulebebi
erovnuli kanonmdeblobis gziT.

mediis roli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi

media pluralizmi pluralisturi sazogadoebis aucilebeli elemen-

tia. ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi demokratiis xarisxi SeiZleba presisa
da mediis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis donis mixedviT Sefasdes.
pirveli, rasac avtoritaruli an diqtatoruli reJimebi akeTeben
Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis, aris gamoxatvisa da mediis Tavi-
suflebaTa SezRudva an saerTod aRmofxvra. mediis Tavisuflebis
uzrunvelyofasTan erTad, romelsac meoTxe xelisuflebasac uwo-
deben sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
Semdeg, umniSvnelovanesia Jurnalistebisa Tu mediasaSualebaTa
mflobelebis mxridan gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gamoCena, raTa
maT ar Selaxon sxvaTa uflebebi TavianTi saqmianobis procesSi. es
ki iseTi samarTlebrivi sistemis Seqmnas moiTxovs, romelic, erTi
mxriv, uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebrivi mediasaSualebebis damouki-
deblobas da kerZo saSualebaTa Soris pluralizmis arsebobas, xo-
lo, meore mxriv, zedamxedvelobs mediis saqmianobas mis mier obieq-
turobis, samarTlianobisa da eTikis normebis dacvis mizniT.

media da umciresobebi

umciresobebi, gansakuTrebiT erovnuli umciresobebi, xSirad awy-

debian mediis xelmisawvdomobasa da sakuTar enaze mediasaSualebebis
arsebobasTan dakavSirebul problemebs. maTi gadaWrisaTvis ga-
miznul specialur savaldebulo standartebs Seicavs erovnuli um-

106
ciresobebis dacvis evropis CarCo konvencia, miRebuli evropis sab-
Wos mier 1995 wels. konvenciis Sesabamisad erovnul umciresobaTa
warmomadgenlebsac aqvT azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. saxelm-
wifo Tanamdebobis pirebi valdebulni arian, pativi scen maT Tavi-
suflebas informaciisa da ideaTa moZiebaze, miRebasa da gavrce-
lebaze umciresobaTa enebze, sazRvrebis miuxedavad. dauSvebelia
maT mimarT diskriminacia mediis xelmisawvdomobis TvalsazrisiT.
aseve dauSvebelia, maT xeli SeeSaloT sakuTari beWdviTi an eleqt-
ronuli mediis SeqmnaSi kanonis farglebSi.

regionuli da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb evropis konvenciis me-11

muxli saxelmwifoebs avalebs samauwyeblo saSualebebis mier umci-
resobis enaze programebis Seqmnis uzrunvelyofas, an erTi radios
an televiziis arsebobas mainc, romelic mauwyeblobas umciresobaTa
enebze ganaxorcielebs.

mowodeba omisken da SuRlis gaRviveba

samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis me-10 mux-

lis Tanaxmad, kanonmdeblobiT akrZaluli unda iyos nebismieri mo-
wodeba omisken.

`pirvelad sityvebi klavs, tyviebi mxolod Semdeg~.

adam miniki, poloneli mwerali

yofili iugoslaviis teritoriaze warmoebuli omebis inspirirebaSi

saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam Tavisi wili pasuxismgebloba daakisra me-
dias, romelic omis, SuRlisa da eTnikuri wmendis propagandas ewe-
oda. 1994 wels ruandaSi momxdar ZaladobaSi, ramac milionamde adami-
anis sicocxle Seiwira, ZiriTad damnaSaved cnobil iqna radio Mille
Colline-s programebi. `ar daxocoT es taraknebi tyviebiT, xanjlebiT
aCexeT isini nakuwebad~ _ iyo erT-erTi Zaladobisken momwodebeli uam-
ravi gancxadebidan. krizisis dasrulebis Semdeg saomari moqmedebebis
waqezebaSi pasuxismgebel JurnalistTa umravlesoba daapatimres.

media da internetqseli

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis 2001 wlis angariSis mixedviT

ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi internetis momxmarebelTa raode-

107
nobis zrdam arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia. 1995 wlis maCvenebelTan
SedarebiT (16 milioni) internetis momxmarebelTa raodenoba 2000
wlisTvis 25-jer gaizarda da 400 milion adamians miaRwia. 2002
wlisTvis internetis momxmarebelTa raodenobam 1 miliards miaRwia.
msoflio qselis aseTma masStaburma zrdam udidesi zegavlena moax-
dina mediaze, radgan mravali siaxle SesTavaza rogorc Jurnalis-
tebs, ise gamomcemlebs. TviT mcire mediakompaniebsac gauCndaT glo-
baluri publikisaTvis xmis miRwevis SesaZlebloba. Sedegad saxelm-
wifo kontrolisa da cenzurisaTvis Tavis arideba gacilebiT ioli
gaxda.

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis darRveva, safrTxe da riski

praqtikaSi adamianis am fuZemdebluri uflebis darRvevis mravali

faqtis mowmeni varT msoflios mraval qveyanaSi mediisa da gamoxat-
vis Tavisuflebaze dawesebuli usamarTlo SezRudvebis gziT. Re-
posrters Withour Boarders-is Tanaxmad, 2001 wels 21 Jurnalisti iqna
mokluli da 489 dapatimrebuli TavianTi profesiuli movaleobis
Sesrulebis gamo.

arsebobs aseve cenzuris safrTxe, romelic SesaZlebelia gamovlin-

des saxelmwifo cenzuraSi an cenzuraSi ekonomikuri an sxva saSu-
alebebis gamoyenebiT. saxelmwifo cenzura imaSi gamoixateba, rom
garkveuli statiebis publikacia mxolod mTavrobis Tanxmobis Sem-
deg aris SesaZlebeli, rogorc es aRmosavleT evropis mraval soci-
alistur qveyanaSi xdeboda civi omis dasrulebamde. cenzuris mizezi
SeiZleba ekonomikuri interesebic gaxdes. magaliTad, rodesac sam-
xedro industria cdilobs, is statiebi aRkveTos, romlebic kriti-
kuli xasiaTisaa omis mimarT.

cenzura SesaZloa TviTcenzuris saxiTac gamovlindes, rodesac ga-

dawyvetilebis miRebamde Jurnalisti an mediasaSualebis mflobeli
politikur an sxva interesebs iRebs mxedvelobaSi. dabolos, gadawy-
vetilebebma informaciis gavrcelebis Taobaze SeiZleba gamoricxos
is informacia, romelic kargad ar iyideba, aseve umciresobaTa mo-
sazrebebi.

108
legitimuri SezRudvebi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze

azris Tavisufleba ar eqvemdebareba aranair SezRudvas da absolu-

turi xasiaTisaa. rac Seexeba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas, igi SeiZleba
daeqvemdebaros legitimur SezRudvebs. samoqalaqo da politikuri
uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis me-13 muxlis Tanaxmad, gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebaze SeiZleba dawesdes SezRudvebi, romlebic kanoniTaa
gaTvaliswinebuli da aucilebelia:
sxvaTa uflebebisa da reputaciis dacvisaTvis;
erovnuli uSiSroebis an sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvisaTvis;
sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis an moralis dacvisaTvis.

adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-10 muxlSi warmodgenil

dasaSveb SezRudvaTa CamonaTvali ufro vrceli, magram gacilebiT
konkretulia. mis mixedviT gamoxatvis Tavisufleba SeiZleba daeq-
vemdebaros im pirobebs, SezRudvebs an sasjels, romlebic gansazR-
vrulia kanoniT da aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi erov-
nuli uSiSroebis, teritoriuli mTlianobis an sazogadoebrivi usaf-
rTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare. aseTi SezRudvebi SeiZleba ga-
marTlebuli iyos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT Semdegi legitmuri
miznebi aqvT:
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevis an danaSaulis aRkveTa;
janmrTelobis an moralis dacva;
sxvaTa uflebebisa da reputaciis dacva;
konfidencialurad miRebuli informaciis gamJRavnebis Tavidan
acileba;
sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da misi miukerZoeblobis SenarCuneba.

kanoniT gansazRvruli niSnavs imas, rom SezRudvas unda Seicavdes

mxolod parlamentis mier miRebuli kanoni da ara mTavrobis mier
gamocemuli brZaneba an gankarguleba. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi aucileblobis moTxovna. igi gamoxat-
visa da mediis Tavisuflebas Ria da pluralisturi sazogadoebis
koncefciasTan akavSirebs, romelic demokratiuli saSualebebiT
imarTeba. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo yovelTvis Zal-
ze mkacrad moiTxovda am moTxovnis dakmayofilebas, rac kargad Cans
aseve egreT wodebuli lingensis saqmidan. 1986 wels adamianis uf-

109
lebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom, romelic strasburgSi imyofeba, am
saqmeze daadgina, rom politikosis mimarT dasaSvebi kritikis far-
glebi gacilebiT farToa, vidre Cveulebrivi adamianis mimarT da
dauSvebelia Jurnalistis SezRudva reputaciis dacvis motiviT.

implementacia da monitoringi

arsebobs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis realizebis xelSemwyobi instru-

mentebisa da procedurebis farTo speqtri. gamoxatvis Tavisufle-
bis dacvisaTvis aucilebeli minimaluri standartebi dadgenilia sa-
yovelTaod aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso aqtebiT. es ufleba ganmtkice-
bulia msoflio masStabiT saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis konstitu-
ciebSi. gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT aseve gansa-
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mediisa da komunikaciis Taobaze arsebuli
kanonebi da regulaciebi. maTi meSveobiT xorcieldeba Tavisuflebis
dakonkreteba da rogorc konstituciuri, ise saerTaSoriso debu-
lebebis cxovrebaSi gatareba.

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sferoSi saerTaSoriso standartebisa da

adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebaze zedamxedvelobis ganxor-
cielebisTvis monitoringis mravali meqanizmi arsebobs. magaliTad,
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb gaeros konvenciis sa-
fuZvelze saxelmwifoebs aqvT valdebuleba, yovel 5 weliwadSi wa-
radginon angariSebi saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesrulebis Ta-
obaze, romlebsac samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis gaeros ko-
miteti ganixilavs. garda amisa, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sa-
samarTlo uflebamosilia, miiRos saCivrebi saxelmwifoebis mier
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis darRvevis Taobaze da miiRos gadawyveti-
lebebi, romelTa aRsrulebac savaldebuloa evropis sabWos wevri
saxelmwifoebisTvis.

gaeros wesdebis safuZvelze Seqmnilia azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavi-

suflebis mxardaWerisa da dacvis specialuri momxseneblis institu-
ti, romelic gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komisias moaxsenebs msoflio
masStabiT gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sferoSi arsebuli mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb, aseve SeimuSavebs rekomendaciebs Seqmnili mdgomareobis ga-
mosasworeblad.

110
euTos wevr 55 saxelmwifoSi moqmedebs euTos warmomadgeneli mediis
Tavisuflebaze. misi ZiriTadi funqciaa, misdios saxelmwifoSi medi-
is seqtorSi ganviTarebul movlenebs da xeli Seuwyos Tavisufali,
damoukidebeli da pluralisturi mediis Seqmnas, rac gadamwyveti
faqtoria Tavisufali, Ria sazogadoebisa da angariSvaldebuli xe-
lisuflebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis saerTaSoriso valdebulebebisa
da euTos standartebis Sesabamisad.

profesiul gaerTianebaTa
da arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa roli

iseTi profesiuli gaerTianebebi, rogoricaa JurnalistTa saerTa-

Soriso asociacia an presis saerTaSoriso instituti, cdiloben, yov-
lismomcveli informacia moipovon sxvadasxva qveynebsa Tu regioneb-
Si mediis Tavisuflebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. isini gansakuTrebul
aqcents akeTeben gamoxatvisa da mediis Tavisuflebis darRvevis faq-
tebze, cdiloben, operatiuli daxmareba aRmouCinon darRvevebis
msxverplT, awarmoeben kampaniebs Tavisufali mediis mxardasaWerad
da amzadeben angariSebs iseTi mniSvnelovani problemebis Taobaze,
rogoricaa medis koncentracia an saxelmwifos struqturaTa saqmi-
anobis gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis informaciis Tavisuf-
lebis moTxovnebis Sesruleba. TavianT saqmianobaSi maT daxmarebas
aRmouCenen iseTi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic presisa
da mediis Tavisuflebis dacvze axdenen specializacias an zogadad
adamianis uflebebis mxardaWeraze arian orientirebulni. isini aseve
TiTqmis yovelTvis erToblivad miznad isaxaven adamianis uflebebis
aRkveTas, kritikuli Jurnalistebis gaCumebisaTvis gamiznuli mkac-
ri ciliswamebis kanonmdeblobis SemsubuqebisaTvis kampaniebis war-
moebas.

111
Tavi 14.
demokratia

`yvelas aqvs ufleba, monawileoba

miiRos Tavisi qveynis marTva-gam-
geobaSi uSualod an Tavisuflad
arCeul warmomadgenelTa meSve-
obiT.

yvelas aqvs ufleba Tavisi qveynis

sajaro samsaxuris Tanabar xelmi-
sawvdomobaze.

xalxis neba unda iyos saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis safuZveli. es neba
unda gamoixatos periodul da ga-
uyalbebel, sayovelTao da Tanas-
wor arCevnebSi faruli kenWisy-
riT an sxva ekvivalenturi Tavisu-
fali saarCevno procedurebiT~.

adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao

deklaracia, 21-e muxli

demokratia xSirad ganmartebulia,

rogorc xalxis mmarTveloba. Tum-
ca misi gansazRvra arc ise iolia
_ demokratia mmarTvelobis for-
maa, igi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes

112
ideologiad, romelic mraval gansxvavebul modelSi aisaxeba ro-
gorc TeoriaSi, ise praqtikaSi.

demokratia mWidro kavSirSia adamianis uflebaTa principebTan da

SeuZlebelia arsebobdes nebismieri adamianis Rirsebisadmi sruli
pativiscemis uzrunvelyofis gareSe. dReisaTvis demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis forma udavod yvelaze produqtiulia adamianis uf-
lebaTa dacvisa da adamianis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis Tval-
sazrisiT. demokratia sasicocxlod damokidebulia moqalaqeTa in-
teresebsa da aqtiur monawileobaze.

ra aris demokratia da rogor viTardeba igi?

demokratia aris mmarTvelobis forma, sadac xelisuflebis wyaro

xalxia. sityva `demokratia~ warmodgeba ZvelberZnuli sityvebidan:
`demos~ niSnavs xalxs da `kratos~ _ mmarTvelobas. demokratiis
eqsperimenti pirvelad aTenSi ganxorcielda. gadawyvetilebebs
aTenis moqalaqeebi pirdapiri kenWisyriT iRebdnen. kenWisyraSi mo-
nawileobis miRebis ufleba mxolod zrdasrul mamakacebs hqondaT.
qalebi, bavSvebi, monebi da ucxoelebi ar sargeblobdnen am uflebiT.
aTenis demokratia uSualo demokratiis nairsaxeobas warmoadgenda.

Tanamedrove demokratiis principi ki me-17 saukuneSi ganviTarda

kalvinisturi religiuri moZraobidan, gansakuTrebiT SotlandiaSi.
yvelas Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis idea aRmocenda da SemdgomSi
ganviTarda ganmanaTleblobis periodSi da demokratiis fuZemdeb-
lur Rirebulebad iqca.

pirveli Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifo amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi Camoyalibda, xolo pirveli evropuli saxelmwifo, rome-
lic demokratiul principebze dafuZnda, iyo safrangeTi demokra-
tiuli revoluciis Semdeg. 1945 weli aRsaniSnavia dasavluri li-
beraluri demokratiis gavrcelebiT msoflio masStabiT da mis mier
mmarTvelobis alternatiuli avtoritaruli reJimebis CanacvlebiT.
faSisturi reJimebis damarcxebis Sedegad me-20 saukuneSi daZleul
iqna demokratiis krizisi evropaSi. dekolonizaciis procesisa da
dasavleTis mier xalxebis TviTgamorkvevis uflebis aRiarebis Sede-
gad demokratiuli procesebi mraval yofil koloniaSi ganviTarda.

113
diqtatoruli reJimebi espaneTSi, portugaliaSi, saberZneTSi, argen-
tinasa da urugvaiSi demokratiuli mmarTvelobiT Seicvala. ber-
linis kedlisa da komunizmis ngrevasTan erTad demokratiam kidev
ufro ganimtkica poziciebi. Tumca jer kidev yvela im qveyanaSi, sa-
dac Teoriul doneze mxars uWeren demokratias, rogorc mmarTve-
lobis formas, praqtikaSi srulad ar scemen pativs demokratiul
principebs.

Tanamedrove demokratiis fuZemdebluri elementebi

Zalze rTulia imis Sefaseba, Tu rogoria demokratiis xarisxi ama

Tu im qveyanaSi, Tumca sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli is ZiriTadi
elementebi, romlebic yoveli demokratiuli sazogadoebis safuZ-
vels qmnian.

`demokratiul sistemaSi yvelaze susts iseTive SesaZleblobebi

unda hqondes, rogoric yvelaze Zliers~.
mahaTma gandi

Tanasworoba _ Tanasworobis principi gulisxmobs, rom yvela ada-

miani dabadebiT Tavisufalia da unda sargeblobdes sazogadoebis
politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis Tanabari SesaZleblobiT, da
yvela Tanasworia kanonis winaSe.
monawileoba _ demokratia ar arsebobs monawileobis gareSe. mona-
wileoba sazogadoebriv da politikur procesebSi demokratiuli
sistemis Seqmnis winapirobaa. demokratia monawileobis formaa,
Tumca es ukanaskneli ufro farTo cnebaa da ar Semoifargleba
mxolod politikiT, aramed ekonomikur da socialur sferoeb-
sac moicavs. Tumca mxolod monawileoba ar SeiZleba gaxdes de-
mokratiis garanti.
umravlesobis xelisufleba da umciresobis uflebebi _ Tumca
demokratia definiciurad xalxis mmarTvelobas niSnavs, Tavisi
arsiT igi umravlesobis xelisuflebaa. igi aseve gulisxmobs um-
ravlesobis valdebulebas, pativi sces umciresobaTa uflebebs
da gaiTvaliswinos maTi gansxvavebuli moTxovnilebani. am valde-
bulebis Sesruleba sazogadoebaSi demokratiuli Rirebulebebis
mxardaWeris indikatoria.

114
kanonis uzenaesoba da samarTliani sasamarTlo _ demokratiis
mizania, aRkveTos erTi adamianis an adamianTa mcire jgufis mier
Zalauflebis TviTneburi ganxorcieleba sxvebze. kanonis uzena-
esoba uzrunvelyofs samarTlebrivi wesrigis arsebobas saxelm-
wifoSi, romliTac garantirebulia yvelas Tanasworoba kanonis
winaSe, saxelmwifo Zalauflebis SezRudva da damoukidebeli da
samarTliani sasamarTlo xelisuflebis xelmisawvdomoba.
adamianis uflebebis pativiscema _ imis aRiareba, rom yvela ada-
miani dabadebiT Tanaswori da Tavisufalia, demokratiuli sazo-
gadoebis arsebobis safuZvelia. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
sistemaSi saxelmwifo pativs scems adamianis uflebebs da uz-
runvelyofs maTi sruli realizebis Tanabar SesaZleblobas yve-
lasTvis. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli mxarda-
WeriT sargeblobs iseTi uflebebi, rogoricaa Sekrebis, gamoxat-
vis, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba. magram mxolod samoqa-
laqo da politikuri uflebebis uzrunvelyofas ar ZaluZs mSvi-
dobisa da adamianis usafrTxoebis garantiis Seqmna. aucilebelia
aseve fuZemdebluri ekonomikuri, kulturuli da socialuri
moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswineba demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis
sasurveli garemos Sesaqmnelad.
politikuri pluralizmi _ sazogadoebaSi arsebuli Sexedulebe-
bisa da ideebis konsolidaciisa da sazogadoebriv debatebSi war-
modgenis funqcia politikur partiebs ekisrebaT. mxolod poli-
tikuri pluralizmis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli cvalebadi moTxov-
nilebebisadmi adaptirebadi moqnili struqturebis, rogorc
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis safuZvlis, SenarCuneba.
Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebi _ arCevnebi demokratiis
yvelaze fundamenturi da unikaluri damaxasiaTebeli niSania.
mmarTvelobis arc erTi sxva forma ar utovebs xalxs politikuri
xelmZRvanelobis SerCevis SesaZleblobas. arCevnebSi maT SeuZ-
liaT gamoxaton rogorc cvlilebis, ise arsebuli politikuri
kursis SenarCunebis survili.
xelisuflebis danawileba _ jon lokis mier SemoTavazebuli da
monteskies mier ganviTarebuli Teoria xelisuflebis danawi-
lebis Sesaxeb demokratiis fundamenturi principia. am principis
Tanaxmad, xelisufleba dayofilia sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel
da sasamarTlo Stoebad, romlebic damoukideblad funqcioni-

115
 reben da angariSvaldebulni arian rogorc erTmaneTis, ise xalxis
winaSe. amgvari sistema kontrolis adekvatur meqanizmebs uzrun-
velyofs da aRkveTs saxelmwifo Zalauflebis borotad gamoye-
nebas.

demokratiis formebi

Tanamedrove demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi warmodgenili mmarTve-

lobis sistemebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. libera-
lur demokratiul modelebTan mimarTebaSi erTmaneTisgan ganasxva-
veben pirdapir da warmomadgenlobiT demokratias.

pirdapiri demokratia mmarTvelobis iseTi formaa, sadac politi-

kuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis uflebis realizeba xdeba pirdapiri
wesiT moqalaqeTa mTeli erTobliobis mier, romlebic umravlesobis
wesis procedurebs eqvemdebarebian. aseTi modeli ganxorcielebadia
mxolod ukiduresad patara saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebSi. Sesa-
bamisad arc erTi Tanamedrove demokratiuli sistema srulad ar
efuZneba pirdapiri demokratiis principebs, Tumca garkveulwilad
Seicavs mis calkeul elementebs. pirdapiri demokratiis institu-
tebis magaliTebia referendumi, saerTo-saxalxo gamokiTxva (plebis-
citi), saxalxo sakanonmdeblo iniciativa da a. S.

warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia mmarTvelobis iseTi formaa, sadac

xalxis ufleba politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze xorciel-
deba ara uSualod, aramed arCeuli da mis winaSe angariSvaldebuli
warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT. warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis ori
ZiriTadi elementia mmarTvelTa gamijvna marTvis obieqtebisgan da
perioduli arCevnebi, rogorc xalxis mier mmarTvelTa kontrolis
saSualeba.

warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia asocirebulia mmarTvelobis or

ZiriTad sistemasTan: saparlamento da saprezidento demokratias-
Tan.

saparlamento demokratia: mmarTvelobis am formaSi centralur

rols parlamenti TamaSobs. aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas xelmZ-
Rvanelobs premier-ministri, romelic damokidebulia parlamen-

116
 tis ndobaze. qveynis meTaurs mxolod mcire aRmasrulebeli uf-
lebamosileba aqvs an saerTod ar gaaCnia igi da mxolod warmo-
madgenlobiT funqcias asrulebs.
saprezidento demokratia: aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas xelmZ-
Rvanelobs saxelmwifos meTauri (prezidenti), romelic pirdapi-
ri wesiT airCeva xalxis mier da ar aris damokidebuli parlamen-
tis ndobaze.

demokratiul saxelmwifoSi mniSvnelovani sxva sakiTxebi

urTierToba umravlesobasa da umciresobas Soris da gansakuT-

rebiT politikuri umciresobis dacva erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiT-
xia. umciresoba unda daemorCilos umravlesobis gadawyveti-
lebebs, amitom aucilebelia umciresobis warmomadgenelTa uf-
lebebis pativiscemisa da maTi politikuri nebis mxedvelobaSi mi-
Rebis samarTliani donis garantireba.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba demokratiis formirebisa da mis irgvliv
gamarTuli debatebis ZiriTadi sagania. demokratia saWiroebs
Tavisufal da aqtiur adamianebs, iseve rogorc pasuxismgebel mo-
qalaqeebs. mxolod Tavisufal da aqtiur moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT,
angariSvaldebuli amyofon mTavroba misi winasaarCevno dapireb-
ebis mimarT.
Tavisufali da damoukidebeli media nebismieri demokratiis fu-
Zemdebluri principia. sainformacio saSualebebis kontroli
dResdReobiT faqtobrivad gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesis
uzurpirebis sinonimuria demokratiul wyobilebaSi. Jurnal-
gazeTebi, televizia, radio Tu interneti gadamwyvet rols Tama-
Sobs demokratiul saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebaSi. adamianebs, sazo-
gadoebebsa da saxelmwifoebs erTmaneTTan komunikaciis SesaZ-
lebloba unda hqondeT. eleqtoratis mier arCevanis gakeTebisaT-
vis xelis Sewyobis mizniT aucilebelia maTi informireba arCevis
msurvelTa miznebis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba
adamianis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani uflebaa funqcioni-
rebadi demokratiis realizaciis TvalsazrisiT.
demokratia da adamianis uflebebi ganuyofeli kategoriebia. am
TvalsazrisiT adamianis yvela uflebis uzrunvelyofas gadamwy-
veti mniSvneloba eniWeba demokratiisaTvis. garkveuli saxelmwi-
foebis samarTlebrivi sistemebi ganasxvaveben adamianis uflebeb-

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 sa da moqalaqeTa uflebebs. es imaSi gamoixateba, rom calkeuli
politikuri uflebebiT mxolod Sesabamisi qveynis moqalaqeebi
sargebloben.

adamianis uflebebis garantireba mxolod demokratiis pirobebSia

SesaZlebeli. Tumca mxolod formaluri demokratia ver uzrunvel-
yofs adamianis uflebebis realizacias. Sesabamisad adamianis ufleb-
ebis realizacia demokratiis sicocxlisunarianobis indikatoria.

implementacia da monitoringi

srulyofili demokratia ar arsebobs da arc arasodes arsebobda.

Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi demokratiis ZiriTadi
elementebis integracias axdenen sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Tanaswo-
robis, aradiskriminaciisa da socialuri samarTlianobis uzrunvel-
sayofad. demokratia mudmivi interaqciis, srulyofisa da reguli-
rebis procesia ZiriTad sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebebsa da maT uz-
runvelsayofad arsebul socialur struqturebs Soris.

arsebobs demokratiis principis damcavi mravali meqanizmi rogorc

saerTaSoriso, ise regionalur doneze. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
evropis konvencia, romelic konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebis wina-
aRmdeg Civilis SesaZleblobas iZleva misi debulebebis darRvevi-
saTvis, amis saukeTeso magaliTia. demokratia konvenciiT aRiarebu-
li da, amdenad, misi Sesabamisi mmarTvelobis erTaderTi formaa.
1967 wels daniam, SvedeTma da norvegiam aRZres saCivari saberZneTis
winaaRmdeg, sadac sastiki samxedro reJimi damyarda. amis Semdeg sa-
berZneTi gamovida konvenciidan, magram sasamarTlo samarTalwarmo-
eba gagrZelda, rac saberZneTis evropis sabWodan gaZevebiT dasrul-
da. 1974 wels saberZneTSi demokratiuli wyobilebis damyarebasTan
erTad igi daubrunda evropis sabWos da konvenciasac SeuerTda, da-
iwyo aseve samxedro reJimis msxverplTa reabilitaciis procesi.

rasakvirvelia, demokratiis uzrunvelyofis mizniT Seqmnili yvela

meqanizmi ar aris iseTi efeqturi, rogoric evropis sabWos mier mi-
Rebuli saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi, Tumca arsebobs demokratiisaT-
vis mebrZoli mravali sxva organizacia. 1990 wels euTos (evropis

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usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia) egidiT Seiqmna
demokratiuli institutebisa da adamianis uflebaTa ofisi varSa-
vaSi, romlis amocanacaa daxmarebis aRmoCena euToSi Semavali saxel-
mwifoebisaTvis demokratiuli institutebis mSeneblobasa da gaZ-
lierebaSi. igi dakvirvebas axorcielebs erovnul arCevnebze demok-
ratiul principebTan maTi Sesabamisobis Semowmebis mizniT.

demokratia da globalizacia

tradiciulad politikuri monawileoba SemosazRvrulia erovnuli

sazRvrebiT. gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic zegavlenas axdens adami-
anebis cxovrebze, rogorc wesi, miiReboda konkretuli saxelmwifos
teritoriaze. globalizaciis epoqaSi mravali gadawyvetileba da
maTi Sedegi scildeba erovnul sazRvrebs. iseTi axali globaluri
moTamaSeebi, rogorebicaa mravalerovnuli kompaniebi da saerTaSo-
riso organizaciebi, did zegavlenas axdenen socialur-ekonomikur
cvlilebebze mTel msoflioSi. globalizacias SeuZlia aseve demok-
ratiis gavrcelebas Seuwyos xeli axali teqnologiebisa da infor-
maciis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofis gziT.

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